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Phenomenology is often mistakenly understood as both introspectionist and anthropocentric and thus as incapable of providing us with objective knowledge. While clearly wrong, such critiques force us to spell out how the life world that is given in human experience is in fact not anthropocentric and not incompatible with science. In this article we address this by adapting a recent proposal to extend the key methodological principle of cognitive semiotics, phenomenological triangulation, along two planes. The first is horizontal and concerns the dimensions of Self, Others and Things, as irreducibly interrelated dimensions of the life world. The second is vertical, and deals with the way phenomena are accessed: from a first-person (philosophical), second-person (empirical in a qualitative sense) and third-person (scientific in a quantitative sense) perspective. With each perspective, the life world becomes correspondingly extended beyond direct experience. It is thus neither static nor confining. We exemplify each step with corresponding research, also providing examples of how non-human animals and not only human beings may serve as Others, thus addressing the critique of anthropocentrism. We conclude by pointing out how, despite some theoretical differences, the focus on subjectivity and the explicit or implicit adoption of the principle of phenomenological triangulation can serve as common ground for cognitive semiotics and biosemiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that Husserl's manuscripts on intersubjectivity discover a decisive role for self-movement in the constitution of the shared world. I explore two complementary constitutive functions. The first enables empathetic apperception by closing the divergence in sense between the original ego, which does not find itself at a location, and the alter ego, which is found over there. By traversing distances with its organically articulated Leibkörper, the original ego establishes an analogy between self-movement and thing-movement that guides the recognition of another ego in space. The second accounts for the exchangeability of perspectives between differently located subjects. The restricted motility of the Leibkörper is discovered against the background of ideal but motivated possibilities of going to any distant perspective. These possibilities are rooted in the purely kinaesthetic potential of the Leib. To inhabit another perspective need not involve changing the world. This evidence underlies the Weltanschauung according to which what appears from the other's perspective is a possible appearance for me. Taken together, these two constitutive functions show how self-movement discloses a definite but accidental location from which the ego shares the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discussion of how the UK can remain coherent as a multinational state needs to focus not on what powers might be given away to the regions and nations but on how to facilitate a sharing of power between different parts of the UK. This article examines how far programmes for constitutional reform, including the Welsh Senedd's document Reforming our Union and the Labour Party's A New Britain, have recognised the need for power-sharing in their discussion of matters like the reform of the House of Lords and the role of the Supreme Court. The conclusion is that current views of the sovereignty of the Westminster Parliament are incompatible with any meaningful constitutional reform. To change this would require a willingness to have constitutional arrangements much closer to those of the European Union, the very organisation which the UK decided in 2016 that it wanted to leave. It would also require seeing Northern Ireland less as a 'troublesome province' which needs to have its own form of government, but as an example of how progress can be made through power-sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Dereito Actual is the property of Asociacion Xuristas en Accion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human rights and intellectual property, two subjects of law that were once strangers, are now becoming increasingly close. These two subjects have developed in virtual isolation from each other. But in the last few years, international standard setting activities have begun to map previously uncharted intersections between intellectual property laws on the one hand and human rights law on the other. This paper explores into the question whether there is a relationship between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Right and if there is a relationship whether there is a conflict or coexistence between the two. This paper revels about how historically both Human Rights and Intellectual Property Rights were considered two different isolated branches of law though IPR being mentioned under various instruments including under Article 15 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Further it talks how this relationship was developed with the help of various instruments and realizing the relationship between the same. It also delves with the vague relationship between IPR and Indian Constitution. Further concluding this paper, the researcher mentions about the relationship of IPR between human rights of Right to Education. It also talks about relationship between Medical Patents and Right to Health. Relationship of Human Rights and IPR have to be re-examined because of various impacts of human rights and IPR such as the right to health have become much more visible following the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by Husserl's (1913/1962, 1925/1977, 1931/1960, 1948/1973, 1954/1970) long term interest in problems of "constitution" at transcendental, psychological, and intersubjective levels, this study originally took up the question of the constitution of social perception in the context of the psychodiagnostic interview. More simply, the research question was: how do psychologists participate in forming a clinical impression? As reported earlier (Churchill 1984a, 19984b, 1998, 2006), data consisted of descriptions obtained from two clinical psychologists reflecting upon their experience during the interview phase of a diagnostic assessment, each of which was videotaped for later reference. These descriptions were obtained in writing, and served as a basis for further elaborating and clarifying their experience through a series of collaborative interviews. The descriptions and interview data were collated into a text of statements for each participant representing different perceptual "moments" distinguishable within the psychologist's experience. The researcher performed an "intentional analysis" of these experiential moments within the data, posing the following question: What does this statement reveal about the meaning-constituting activity of the psychologist during this moment of the clinical encounter? The "intentional structure" of clinical impression formation was articulated in terms of three interconnected and essential constituents – constitutive projects and interests, modes of attention, and modes of explication – all characteristic of the psychologist's presence to a patient. The current paper offers a further reflection upon the methodological virtues of the phenomenological method of intentional analysis with an aim to clarify how psychologists can fruitfully apply this philosophical psychological method in qualitative research investigations on perception, cognition, attention, attribution, reflexivity, and psychological understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After many years of apartheid rule, South Africa held its first democratic elections in 1994. As evident in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, a commitment to establish developmental and human rights became an imperative doctrine. Three government spheres were established here: national, provincial and local. The latter is the sphere closest to the public and is constitutionally mandated to render and deliver sustainable essential services. Since 1994, significant strides have been made by the local sphere of government with both successes and failures. South Africa's legal and policy framework transformation took place between 1993 and 2000 through changes in legislation, proclamations, white papers and by-laws. However, the elements of bad governance since 1994 have created a loss of confidence and service delivery hindrances in South African local government. Much of the population, especially the previously marginalised, face inadequate health services, unclean water and poorly maintained infrastructure and housing because some state institutions have become paralysed due to corruption and maladministration. This article aims to delve into the constitutional and legislative framework of local government in South Africa. The premise from which this article moves is that the quality of governance at the local government level directly impacts service delivery and is, therefore, critical to understanding some of the constitutional and legislative underpinnings driving local government. Municipalities should ensure that all actions and conducts comply with the statutes (acts of parliament, legislations and laws) and regulatory documents (white papers, official rules and regulations and by-laws) to local government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How much should we fear that a president will break the law to pursue power—then use their office to avoid legal accountability? Political scientists studying the presidency have often overlooked the risk of what we here call a criminal president. Donald Trump's presidency spotlighted that risk and has begun to shift the field's focus toward not just presidential power but presidential constraints. We believe this shift should continue. In this review, we aim to set an agenda that makes the danger of a criminal president central to understanding the presidency more broadly. Situating the criminal presidency within wider questions about legal and constitutional constraints on presidential power, we emphasize the unique risks to democracy that a president unbound by law can pose. We call for a greater focus on the legal rules governing the executive branch—especially unitary executive ideas—and the policies needed to hold criminal presidents accountable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The administration managing public services and activities is generally organized according to two main systems. These systems are centralisation and decentralisation, or local administrations. It is stated in the Constitution of the Turkish Republic that the establishment and duties of the administration will be based on the principles of central management and local management. Generally, centralisation is the provision of some public services and activities from a single point, from the state centre. Local administration is the provision of some public services and activities by public legal entities outside the general administrative hierarchy, organised outside the state. The administration of Türkiye is separated into two as general administration or centralisation, and local administrative authorities. The central administration is separated into two as capital organization and provincial organisation. The local administrative authorities are also separated into two as the management bodies directed towards the locality and those directed towards the service. The management bodies directed towards the locality are stated in the Constitution (provincial administration) in the form of municpality and village, and it is stated that their decision-making bodies will be formed through election by legally proscribed voters. The municipal bodies listed among local administrations in the Constitution are stated as the city council, the municipal council and the mayor in the Municipality Law no. 5393. Members of the city council and the mayor are selected through direct election by the voters. The municipal council is a mixed committee formed of members elected by the city council from among its own members and senior municipal managers appointed by the mayor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Francisco Rubio Llorente was not only a theoretical constitutionalist, but also a practical one. As General Secretary of The Congress of Deputies during the years 1978 and 1979, he played an unquestionable role in its organization and functioning as a democratic chamber during the Transition and the Constituent Process; as magistrate, and later President of the Constitutional Court, he played a key role in the development of this important body. His intellectual work not only laid the foundation of modern constitutional Law, it also contributed decisively in creating a school formed around his figure, characterized by rigour in knowledge, critical spirit in debates, tolerance without any kind of sectarism, and, of course, independence of judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Politica: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales is the property of Departamento De Historia del Pensamiento y de los Moviemientos Sociales y Politicos (Madrid) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the role of Intergovernmental Relations (IGR) in shaping interactions among Nepal's different levels of government. This article examines how IGR has evolved, its functionality, and its challenges, focusing on the structural and systemic barriers to its effectiveness. Using qualitative research, data was collected through interviews with 28 key informants, including members of the National Coordination Council, chief ministers, LG Associations, and federal ministries from April to October 2022. Findings show that, despite constitutional and legal mechanisms like the Constitutional Bench, Interprovincial Council, and National Coordination Council, IGR remains inefficient. Key barriers include a lack of willpower, self-interest, and a failure to innovate. These issues hinder the constitutional bench, with over 300 pending cases, and the IPC struggles due to the Prime Minister's reluctance to devolve power. The NCC faces internal political conflicts, and the Intergovernmental Fiscal Council deals with grant distribution, tax collection, and fiscal federalism challenges. Other challenges include weak participatory practices, complex procurement, and a rigid resource distribution system. As a result, the paper demonstrates that federalism implementation still faces significant challenges despite federal, provincial, and local cooperation. The issues include ambiguous jurisdictions, political disagreements, inefficient bureaucracies, and unclear fiscal mechanisms. It is essential for Nepal's federalism to be effectively implemented that there is strong political commitment, supportive institutions, and a culture of governance emphasizing policy coherence and public service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Diagnosis and treatment in tibetan medicine depends on individual underlying constitution. • We develop a new theory-based constitution assessment tool for practitioners and the lay public. • This new tool is tested in large, diverse samples and has high validity and reliability. Previous studies have attempted to develop measurement tools for constitutional identification in Traditional Tibetan Medicine (TTM), but they have limitations. We developed a new constitution self-assessment tool that is more firmly grounded in the Gyüzhi , the foundational text of Tibetan Medicine. This new self-assessment tool takes the form of a questionnaire in which the items represent the diagnostic criteria of the three central elemental dynamics of Tibetan medicine (rLung, Tripa, Béken) and are related to the body, psychology, and diet preferences. We tested versions of the new questionnaire in three samples of Tibetan adults (total n = 973) in Qinghai Province and evaluated its validity in 90 respondents randomly selected from the main samples. These respondents completed the questionnaire and were independently evaluated by Tibetan Medicine experts using traditional methods of constitution identification. A comparison of the results led us to revise the original questionnaire. Based on expert advice, we combined similar and overlapping items to simplify and improve the scale. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess internal consistency and indicated that the final scale is reliable. There was 80–93 % agreement between experts' identifications and self-assessment responses in the survey when both types of data were available. The Traditional Tibetan Medicine (TTM) constitution scale developed in this paper has a strong basis in theory and TTM practice. It can be used by Tibetan medical practitioners, other health care providers, researchers, and the lay public to identify individual constitution and help determine appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) focuses on making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Although the goal primarily addresses urban development, its principles also extend to rural areas, but the extent to which South Africa's legal and policy frameworks empower traditional authorities to contribute to the development of their communities, particularly towards achieving SDG11, remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates how South Africa's national legislative frameworks on traditional leadership have been applied to support the advancement of SDG 11. It examines the legal provisions within the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, and relevant legislation to determine whether these frameworks provide a strong legal basis for promoting SDG 11 through the empowerment of traditional leadership. This study employs a desktop research methodology involving a comprehensive review of relevant laws, policies, and case law. Secondary data were gathered from case studies, journal articles, books, case laws, and credible internet sources. The findings suggest that the traditional authority system is deeply embedded within the South African Constitution, as well as legislative and policy frameworks, and has been effectively leveraged to advance SDG 11. Key insights emphasise the constitutional and legal recognition of traditional authorities and highlight the enforcement of traditional leadership roles and functions through various legal cases, and SDG 11-aligned programmes in South Africa. The areas where the role and functions of traditional leadership intersect with SDG 11 and rural development include security and safety, community participation, land management and sustainable settlements, cultural heritage and community identity, disaster management, and environmental stewardship. The empowerment of traditional leadership in South Africa has significant implications for achieving SDG 11 and rural development. These implications include enhanced local governance and service delivery, increased accountability and transparency, balanced ruralurban linkages, promotion of environmental stewardship, and the fostering of inclusive development. It also strengthens rural resilience, preserves cultural heritage, promotes sustainable resource management, and improves community engagement. However, challenges related to power dynamics, equity, and the need for policy integration and cohesion must be addressed to ensure that traditional leadership empowerment contributes effectively to sustainable development in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Intituto de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Section 282(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (CFRN, 1999) vests appellate and supervisory jurisdiction on the Customary Court of Appeal (CCA) on civil matters involving questions of customary law. Section 282(2) of the CFRN, 1999 grant the State House of Assembly (SHA) the vires to prescribe additional jurisdiction on the CCA by prescribing questions it can determine. Pursuant to this, some SHA have conferred original jurisdiction on the CCA contrary to the intendment of section 282(1) of the CFRN, 1999. This article adopts desk-based method in interrogating the jurisdiction of the Customary Court of Appeal under the CFRN, 1999. It examines decisions of appellate courts with the aim of determining whether or not these decisions are a stultification of the jurisdiction of the CCA or adherent to constitutional prescription? It argues that the act of conferring original jurisdiction by some SHA on the CCA runs afoul of section 282(1) of the CFRN, 1999. It discusses challenges inherent with the purportedly conferred original civil jurisdiction of the CCA hinged on the composition requirement of the CCA under the CFRN, 1999 and appeals procedure. It recommends constitutional amendment as a way to addressing the quagmires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamic Revolution of Iran stands as one of the most significant socio-political events of the last century. Like all major revolutions, it possesses a strategic model essential for sustaining its trajectory, achieving its multifaceted ideals, and serving as a paradigm for other nations. By establishing a framework underpinned by the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Velayat-e Faqih) and the Constitution, the revolution aimed to extend spiritual blessings globally through the Iranian nation. To ensure the revolution's evolutionary progress and to effectively address emerging challenges, a strategic model must be developed based on an analysis of the nation's experiences over the years. This study seeks to propose such a model, drawing from the discourse of the Imams and the Constitution. The research is developmental in purpose and employs a descriptive-analytical, exploratory approach. The primary sources include the guidance and directives of Imam Khomeini (May God Bless him), Imam Khamenei (May God Protect him), and the Con- stitution of the Islamic Republic. Using qualitative methods and MAXQDA software, the findings are categorized into three dimensions: fundamental values, objectives, and policies of the Islamic Revolution. The study also offers actionable recommendations for sustaining the revolution's core ideals and addressing its future challenges effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas is the property of Revista Faculdad de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)