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Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polyethylene terephthalate-based glitters (PET glitters) are a potential source of primary microplastics in the environment. However, the bioeffects of PET glitters and the associated leachates remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the individual and combined toxicity of five colors (silver, black, red, green, and blue) of PET glitters and their corresponding leachates on the cellular responses of Desmodesmus sp. The results indicated that the photosynthesis of Desmodesmus sp. could be partly affected by PET glitters through the shading effect, but not that of growth. Conversely, the leachates of red and green PET glitters significantly inhibited the growth of the microalga, suggesting a higher risk associated with additives leached from these colors of PET glitters. Furthermore, the adverse effects of the co-occurrence of PET glitters and leachates were closely related to oxidative stress responses in the microalgal cells, along with a color effect, which could be mainly attributed to variations in the composition and abundance of toxic additives in different colors of PET glitters. Overall, our findings provide insights into the ecological risks posed by glitters in aquatic environments and emphasize the importance of considering color factors in assessing microplastics toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong edge-coloring of a graph G is an edge-coloring in which every color class is an induced matching, and the strong chromatic index χ s ′ (G) is the minimum number of colors needed in strong edge-colorings of G. A graph is 2-degenerate if every subgraph has minimum degree at most 2. Choi, Kim, Kostochka, and Raspaud (2016) showed χ s ′ (G) ≤ 5 Δ + 1 if G is a 2-degenerate graph with maximum degree Δ. In this article, we improve it to χ s ′ (G) ≤ 5 Δ − Δ 1 / 2 − ϵ + 2 when Δ ≥ 4 1 / (2 ϵ) for any 0 < ϵ ≤ 1 / 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many strongly correlated transition metal insulators are colored, even though they have band gaps much larger than the highest energy photons from the visible light. An adequate explanation for the color requires a theoretical approach able to compute subgap excitons in periodic crystals, reliably and without free parameters—a formidable challenge. The literature often fails to disentangle two important factors: what makes excitons form and what makes them optically bright. We pick two archetypal cases as examples: NiO with green color and MnF2 with pink color, and employ two kinds of ab initio many body Green's function theories; the first, a perturbative theory based on low-order extensions of the GW approximation, is able to explain the color in NiO, while the same theory is unable to explain why MnF2 is pink. We show its color originates from higher order spin-flip transitions that modify the optical response, which is contained in dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT). We show that symmetry lowering mechanisms may determine how 'bright' these excitons are, but they are not fundamental to their existence. Strongly correlated transition metal insulators are often coloured. Understanding the underlying optical response from first-principles calculations is challenging. Now, ab initio many body Green's function theories are shown to reproduce the colours of NiO and MnF2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color serves as an important cue in graphics, arts and in many computer vision applications. We reliably and effortlessly name colors and communicate them with their names. However, many applications such as graphics, color design, palette generation and color selection tools demand numerical values of colors. Predicting and communicating colors by their numerical values is less intuitive and difficult task as it is a mapping of millions of colors for a specific color space. To bridge the gap between linguistic color names and numerical color values, in this paper, we present neural network architectures that predict a point in color space for a given color name. Proposed models provide user interface between colors and names by learning the language semantics and mimic human level comprehension of color descriptions to predict colors and modify them with respect to linguistic adjectives of color names. We consider color prediction as a regression problem and solve it as a language modeling task. Color descriptions are taken as text sequences and each sentence is represented with word-level tokenization. Each token is transformed into a word vector in the latent space using CBOW word embeddings model. Word vectors representing color names are fed as input to neural networks and trained with normalized R, G, B values as supervision information. Trained models are capable of predicting color for a given color name and modify colors for different nouns and adjectives associated with color names. We also built color generation models based on pre-trained word embeddings to overcome the limited availability of large linguistic color name datasets. These pre-trained models perform well with datasets containing few thousand color names. We then present two recommendation engines that suggest similar color palette to user given color name. These recommendation engines enhance the color vocabulary and assist users in the color selection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color of sweet cherry fruits is an important indicator of their appearance and quality. That influences the purchasing desires of consumers. We performed a multi-omics analysis of two different colors of sweet cherry fruits (yellow "Bing Hu" and dark-red "Hong Deng" fruits). A total of 12 flavonoid differential metabolites, including hesperetin, rutin, and quercetin, and 18 differential structural genes, including PAL, CHS, FLS, and DFR, were identified. Possible key regulatory genes for the second stage of color change (from green to yellow) of "Bing Hu" sweet cherry fruits were identified as SBP, bHLH, WD40, and bZIP, which regulated the accumulation of flavonoids, including hesperetin and naringenin. In addition, the possible important roles of transcription factors, which were mainly MYB, bHLH, AP2, and WRKY, in the third stage of color change in both fruits were also identified. This study offers new insights into the changes in fruit coloration between yellow and dark-red sweet cherries, while the analysis of key metabolites and differential genes lays a molecular foundation for future color improvement and breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coloring of a planar semiregular tiling is an assignment of a unique color to each tile of. If G is the symmetry group of , the coloring is said to be perfect if every element of G induces a permutation on the finite set of colors. If is k‐valent, then a coloring of with k colors is said to be precise if no two tiles of sharing the same vertex have the same color. In this work, perfect precise colorings are obtained for some families of k‐valent semiregular tilings in the plane, where k ≤ 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total polyphenol and total flavonoid assays were performed to characterize the relationships between the color of Peucedanum japonicum (PJ) seed coat and stem and the content of phytochemical compounds. The samples were divided into two groups based on their stem and seed coat color, with each group containing 23 samples. The stem color group was subdivided into green, light red, and red, whereas the seed coat color group was divided into light brown, brown, and dark brown. In the stem color group, the light red stems exhibited the highest content of phytochemical compounds, with levels over 10% higher than those of the stems of the other colors. Moreover, among the top ten samples with the highest total polyphenol content, eight samples were light red, and the light red group also exhibited the highest total flavonoid content among the examined color groups. In terms of the seed coat color, the plants grown from dark brown seeds exhibited the highest contents of both total polyphenols and total flavonoids. In conclusion, PJ plants with dark brown seeds and light red stems contained the highest levels of phytochemical compounds. Collectively, our findings provide a valuable basis for future seed selection of PJ for pharmaceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to study the effects of lighting colors and litter type on growth performance, blood parameters and digestive enzyme activity of broiler chickens. A total number of 336 unsexed hatched chicks (broilers, Indian River IR) were used for 5 weeks. Chicks were allocated in four lighting color: White (WC), Blue (BC), Green (GC), Mixed (BC × GC) light colors. Each color group was further divided in two litter type (sand (SL) and wood shavings (WL)). Chicks of each group were distributed into three replicates. The obtained results revealed that the lighting colors and litter type significantly affected on final body weight and weight gain. Highly significant (P<0.01) increase in body weight and body weight gain were observed in chicks reared under W color WC and SL litter type. Chicks reared on SL litter type showed significantly the highest average of FC, but the lowest values were recorded in WL litter type. Mortality rate during all period (1-35 day) was not significantly affected by lighting colors. The highest value of digestive enzymes activity (DEA) were observed in GC light group while; the lowest values were recorded in group of WC light. Significant interaction effects (P<0.001) were found in plasma lipid profile. It can be concluded that using white and green light color with sand litter could improve growth performance, blood parameters and digestive enzyme activity in broilers chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects usually have cryptic colors to avoid detection by visually hunting predators. However, if the insects acquire toxic or repellent substances against predators, some of them develop conspicuous coloration to exhibit their unpalatability. Such warning colors allow insects to survive. In the nine‐spotted diurnal moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), we found the above‐ground pupating species to have conspicuous colored pupae, but the ground‐surface pupating species to have cryptic colored pupae. In this study, the relationships between unpalatability and coloration of these pupae are examined among three species of Amata and one species of Syntomoides. Pupae of the two species (A. germana and A. flava) are conspicuous in their color pattern with seven black dotted lines longitudinally on their pale‐yellow bodies. These pupae are exposed to the aerial predators in a coarse silk mesh hanging from leaves and/or branches. The other two species (A. fortunei and S. imaon) pupate in spaces under stones, fallen twigs and leaves on the ground surface, and the pupae in a coarse silk cocoon is cryptic dark brown. Their pupation site selections are reproduced in the rearing glass vessels. Palatability assessment using lizards as a potential predator suggests that pupae of A. germana, A. flava and A. fortunei are unpalatable and the lizard's feeding response decreases with experience. However, pupae of S. imaon are all eaten (palatable). Finally, the possible evolutionary scenario of pupal colors of these four species is discussed in relation to pupation site selection and palatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoiding detection is vital for the survival of many animals. Factors extrinsic to animals, such as the visual complexity of the background, have been shown to impede the detection of animals. Studies using artificial and natural backgrounds have attributed background complexity to various visual features of the background. One feature that has received less attention is the diversity of color (hue) in the background. We used chickens and artificial backgrounds containing perceptually distinct elements in experiments to test whether color and luminance diversity affect detection time. We found that color diversity in the background impeded detection, while color diversity in prey and luminance diversity in the background did not impede detection. We also did not find an effect of luminance contrast on detection time. Our study suggests a prey animal can benefit in terms of increased detection times by predators when resting on backgrounds with enhanced color diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay reviews the psychological and physiological evidence for Opponent-Colors Theory and concludes the theory is wrong. Behavioral work shows that the theory's three appearance mechanisms (red-versus-green, blue-versus-yellow, and black-versus-white) are not necessary to describe color. Physiological work shows that neural color-encoding mechanisms are not characterized by tuning to the opponent colors of the theory. Contrary to Opponent-Colors Theory, the color-encoding mechanisms of the brain are not evident in perception. A new Utility-Based Coding framework is described, by which color depends on many interacting brain areas. Encoding mechanisms efficiently capture and transmit to the cortex as much chromatic information as possible given selective pressures for both color and high acuity vision, while appearance reflects adaptable neural operations that optimally support behavior under changing contexts and objectives. Hering's Opponent-Colors Theory has been central to understanding color appearance for 150 years. It aims to explain the phenomenology of colors with two linked propositions. First, a psychological hypothesis stipulates that any color is described necessarily and sufficiently by the extent to which it appears reddish-versus-greenish, bluish-versus-yellowish, and blackish-versus-whitish. Second, a physiological hypothesis stipulates that these perceptual mechanisms are encoded by three innate brain mechanisms. We review the evidence and conclude that neither side of the linking proposition is accurate: the theory is wrong. We sketch out an alternative, Utility-Based Coding, by which the known retinal cone-opponent mechanisms represent optimal encoding of spectral information given competing selective pressure to extract high-acuity spatial information; and phenomenological color categories represent an adaptive, efficient, output of the brain governed by behavioral demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast, rectangles of the trichromat of color make no stripe since the newly combined illuminators reveal white pixel boundaries for the rectangles (Fig. The image seems counterintuitive; that is, the rectangles of the trichromat of light reveal clear stripes of their CMY components on their edges, while the rectangles of the trichromat of color do not. The color rectangles of the trichromat of color have no separation, while rectangles of the trichromat of light have clear stripes of their CMY color components on their edges. The color rectangles of the trichromat of light have no separation,[13] while rectangles of the trichromat of color have clear stripes of their RGB color components on their edges. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we consider equitable oriented colorings of graphs. Such coloring is a natural combination of two well‐known colorings: oriented coloring and equitable coloring. An oriented k $k$‐coloring ϕ $\phi $ of an oriented graph G→ $\overrightarrow{G}$ is an arc‐preserving homomorphism from G→ $\overrightarrow{G}$ into an oriented graph H→ $\overrightarrow{H}$ on k $k$ vertices, or colors. We say that the coloring is equitable if for every two colors c1,c2∈V(H→) ${c}_{1},{c}_{2}\in V(\overrightarrow{H})$, we have ∣∣ϕ−1(c1)∣−∣ϕ−1(c2)∣∣≤1 $| | {\phi }^{-1}({c}_{1})| -| {\phi }^{-1}({c}_{2})| | \le 1$. This paper presents the following results: we show that there is an undirected graph G $G$ such that every orientation of G $G$ is equitably oriented 5‐colorable, and we show that there is an orientation of G $G$ that cannot be colored with six colors. In other words, there is a gap in the set of numbers of colors that can be used for equitable oriented coloring of G $G$. Additionally, we concentrate on paths and show that there is an orientation of a path that requires four colors to be equitably oriented colorable. On the other hand, we show that every orientation of any path is equitably oriented k $k$‐colorable, for every k≥5 $k\ge 5$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of colors and the usage rates in interior spaces on the spatial perceptions of users. With this objective, a living space was designed in a manner that would have three different colors (warm, neutral, and cool) and usage rates at 10%, 50%, and 100% and digital visuals were prepared. A total of 233 subjects participated in the research questionnaire and the data obtained were analyzed. In conclusion, it was determined that the living spaces which were colored at a low rate were perceived more positively according to the Semantic Differentiation Scales compared to the completely colored spaces. The spaces where warm and cool colors were used at the rate of 10% were perceived as more spacious and beautiful compared to the spaces where colors were used at the rates of 50% and 100%, whereas it was observed that when the values received were from positive to negative, they were listed in the form of 10% > 50% > 100%. Despite this, it was determined that the spaces where warm colors were used at the rates of 50% and 100% were perceived as more informal. Furthermore, it was observed that the differences in the colors used on the walls and the usage rates were changing according to gender and professions. Accordingly, it was determined that especially females and interior architects preferred, even more, the spaces with warm colors having a low usage rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a theoretical reflection and a methodological proposal for the study of urban color as an element of experience and urban cultural construction. The purpose is to propose a methodology based on the analysis of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of color in the city. To this end, we aim to understand the objective visual perceptions and relate them to the subjective associations that the inhabitants identify from the urban experience. Additionally, a methodological crossover is carried out that considers the study of urban color from the perceptual and objective analysis of color with the methodologies of imaginaries and urban anthropology. Thus, the proposed chromatic approach links the objective and subjective aspects of color with the tangible and intangible elements of the city. By so doing, this article underlines how the results are not limited to the objective terms of the study of urban color but are enriched by the identification of subjective aspects, such as the analysis of the historical and social contexts in which the colors were chosen, as well as the perceptions that their inhabitants have about them. This research aims to deepen and broaden the view of a city from a chromatic study's perspective. The conclusions invite us to make a reading of the representations and perceptions of the inhabitants of a city who, through the questioning of color, can express their needs, desires and emotions for the place they inhabit and thus transmit a particular cultural construction of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early stage of a building design, forming a design concept is the first step. The architect must assimilate and organize information involving spatial needs, engineering, building codes, and budget considerations. They must also consider its visual appearance, how the building fits into its physical context, and, most importantly, how to conceive of the building holistically as both functional and aesthetic. A process for accomplishing this will use a methodology associated with intuition and imagination. A metaphor is used that gives form to the building through an analogy that imitates its activities and function and serves as a device for conceiving of the building as a whole. Making a design diagram that defines the concept using the metaphor and showing the relationship of the critical parts of the building is the biggest challenge in this stage. A new approach is to assign color to these parts in the design diagram. With the metaphor as guide, the hierarchical status of the parts will be shown by the perceptual weight of the colors in juxtaposition to one another by contrasts in hue, value, and chroma. The results show that the addition of color increases the clarity and comprehension of the design concept in the eyes of the designer, in visual presentations to faculty in academic settings, and to clients in the profession. The color decisions latter in the process may differ from those used in the diagram, but these decisions will adhere to the established hierarchies of the building parts as foreground or background colors. This methodology is intended to be a tool for students in architecture as well as professional architects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text proposes exploring the relationship between color, landscape, and architecture. It refers to the interrelation between the color of the landscape and architecture of one of the world's southernmost regions, Patagonia, at the southernmost tip of Chile. It is suggested that the chromatic atmosphere of this territory is marked by the vastness of the landscape, incorporating its architecture. The study is approached from an exploratory and chromatic observation perspective, through photographs and watercolors, supported by a historical and planimetric (plans and maps) literature review. The results show a complex territory, whose chromatic atmosphere evinces a deep and indissoluble link between color, landscape, and architectural heritage, concluding that the colors found onsite form an intrinsic part of this territory's identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the start of the new millennium, more diverse color expressions have appeared in the design of urban environments, especially in global cities. In this article, the notion of "new colors" refers to the emergence of saturated colors and new ways of using them in urban environments globally. With the impact of globalization and the disengagement of color from local materials, existing color approaches seem to be insufficient to explain the dynamic changes in color design. To understand the emerging "new colors", this article proposes viewing environmental color as a social semiotic resource. Adapted from Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen's social semiotic model of color, a model is developed to identify and explain "grammars of color" in environmental color design. With a particular focus on urban and landscape designs completed between 2000 and 2019, five main color practices of saturated colors were identified: branding and communication, urban interventions, sports and recreation, traffic environments, and historical and post‐industrial sites. The analysis of these main color practices and semiotic resources suggests that the saturated color's role in social communication is emphasized in the urban space nowadays. Furthermore, the emergence of saturated colors and the growth of new expressions of color in the urban environment may be driven by the needs and interests of different sociocultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the restoration of historic facades, specialists need to tackle the problem of colors applied to the ornamental elements that appear different on a facade than if they were isolated, because the colors of the surrounding surfaces influence them through color induction. This study evaluates the difference between the colors of ornaments observed in isolation, which we call nominal colors, and on different background colors, which we call induced colors, considering the historic color palette of Valencia as studied by the Color Research Group in Architecture of the Universitat Politècnica de València. The study consisted of the evaluation of 108 color pairs painted on physical cardboards, rated by 26 female students (average age 26.5), under natural lighting conditions, and using the Natural Color System (NCS) Color Atlas for the color match. Results indicate that induced colors have lower NCS blackness compared with nominal ones, and slightly higher or no NCS chromaticness shift. Nominal colors with low chromaticness exhibit an important hue induction effect and tend to shift to a hue that is located opposite to that of the background color in the NCS color circle, this effect being larger when the background has a warm color. The induction effect is larger when ornamental elements and background have similar nominal NCS blackness, and different nominal NCS chromaticness,with nominal hue difference no significant in the induction effect. The colors of ornamental elements that entailed greater induction were those with the lowest NCS chromaticness, and in the case of the background color, those with the highest chromaticness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This integrative review sought knowledge across a broad spectrum of literature concerning the role of color and light in maternity environments. Today it is acknowledged that the clinical nature of birth spaces is detrimental to maintaining normal physiological birth rates. Significantly, "clinical" spaces are often described as white, pale, monochromatic, and/or overlit. Attempts to make maternity settings more "home‐like" have promoted use of "warm" or "soft" colors. Ambience or spatial atmosphere is known to impact birth hormones, affecting labor commencement and progress. Today, efforts to improve birth spaces include "sensory rooms" (offering pain distraction via dark spaces and illuminated color elements); programmable colored light installations; and immersive image projections. Yet, as this paper shows, there is little specific study of the physical and psychological impact of color and light within birth settings. However, there are significant findings on colored light's impact upon birth processes, including the contraindication of bright blue light. And there is valuable knowledge embedded in old and new literature from diverse disciplines. This review thus exposes the strong need for further research and literature focused directly on how color and light in birth environment design impact birth experience for all involved. It is clear that environmental color and light need to be taken seriously as potent interrelated environmental factors that are directly implicated in the health and wellness of mothers and their infants during labor and birth. Thus, it is crucial to bring deeper awareness and comprehensive knowledge into use by designers, developers and managers of birth spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether pigeons could acquire both transitive inference-like responses based on color and transpositions response based on area, through differentiated reinforcement of the relational discriminative response based on the area using stimulus pairs with different color areas and colors. Pigeons were trained to discriminate between stimuli with larger or smaller color areas using six pairs of stimuli with different colors and color areas. Three tests were conducted. In Test 1, a novel combination of the stimuli used in the training was presented as a test pair, and in Test 2 and Test 3, stimulus pairs with the same color or area combination as in Test 1, differing only in color or color area, were presented. In general, the birds elicited similar discriminative responses to the novel stimulus pairs as the training pairs in Test 1. In Test 2, transitive inference-like responses based on color were observed in the birds trained to reinforce responses to larger color area stimuli, and in Test 3, transposition responses were observed in the birds trained to reinforce responses to smaller color area stimuli. These results suggest that through the differential reinforcement of relative discriminative responses using ordinal compound stimulus list, either a transitive inference-like response based on color or a transposition response based on the area is acquired. The results also imply that response acquisition depends on the responses reinforced during training, although the effect of the order in which each training pair was trained should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An open neighborhood coloring of a graph is a coloring in which vertices adjacent with a common vertex are colored differently. The minimum number of colors used in an open neighborhood coloring of a graph G is called the open neighborhood chromatic number of G. We determine this parameter for a generalization of the antiprism graph in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colors are the smiles of nature. Digital image processing has widely employed the use of the function the color due to its effectiveness as a tool in classifying and identifying objects, which can be distinguished based on various relevant shades of color. This work aims to create a software tool that assists color-blind individuals in identifying the colors and edges in an image that may appear similar to them. If you are not suffering from a color vision deficiency it is very hard to imagine how it looks like to be color blind. Individuals with color blindness are limited and sometimes even disqualified from specific professions due to their inability to differentiate between colors. The objective of this research is to create a technique or approach for accurately identifying different shades of colors and predicting their names specifically for individuals with color blindness. This project utilizes image processing techniques to create a system that can recognize and distinguish colors in an image. The algorithm used for color detection in this project recognizes pixels in an image that correspond to a defined color or color range and provides the name of the color along with its corresponding B, G and R values. This work will be very helpful for people who suffer from color blindness especially when they want to know the color of the things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the demand of spinning full color gamut yarn, this paper builds a gridded color mixing mode for nine primary colored fibers containing 213 grid points and a cylindrical color solid according to the gridded cylindrical color model, and gives the equal lightness, equal hue and equal saturation chromatography matrix of the cylindrical color solid. On the basis of the three-channel computer numerical control (CNC) spinning platform, the three-element spinning mechanism of "digital color mixing spinning process – mixing ratios of colored fibers – colors of forming yarns" has been established, and the processing approach of full color gamut yarns has been provided. According to the 213 grid points of color matching surface of high, medium and low lightness of cylindrical color solid, colored yarn was prepared, and indexes of unevenness, surface hairiness and tensile strength of colored yarns were measured as well, which proved the feasibility of spinning full color gamut yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserving the authenticity of forest colors is essential to highlight regional characteristics and promote the sustainable development of forest landscapes. However, the factors and mechanisms influencing forest color remain unclear. We quantified 1422 forest color images from 43 parks across seven biogeographic regions in China to capture the forest color composition among regions. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the effects of meteorological and anthropogenic disturbance factors on forest color. Meteorological factors included accumulated sunshine hours, average temperature, accumulated precipitation, frost-free period, average wind speed, and average air quality index. Anthropogenic disturbance factors included park feature indicators (area, elevation, and perimeter-area ratio) and human activity indicators (distance to urban areas, building density, and road density). We calculated p-values and relative effect estimates to determine the sensitivity and degree of sensitivity of color to each factor. The results indicated the following: (1) forest color composition varied significantly among different regions in China with variations observed particularly in the proportions of primary (green), secondary (yellow and yellow-green), and accent colors (orange and blue-green); (2) forest colors were sensitive to all meteorological factors; (3) orange, yellow, purple, and red were all sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance factors; and (4) forest accent colors were more strongly influenced by anthropogenic disturbance factors, particularly park features. To protect the authenticity of forest colors, it is necessary to avoid excessive borrowing of forest color schemes from different regions, control park features, reduce building area within the park buffer zones, and optimize park tourism routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal colors with maximum chroma at constant lightness present an ideal target for the colorants pursuing the ultimate wide color gamut. MacAdam proved that optimal colors are composed of square pulse-shaped spectra with at least two tansition wavelengths γ1 and γ2 whose reflectances change from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The optimal color gamut is created from two-types, a convex-type with reflectance 1.0 in w D γ1 = γ2 and 0.0 otherwise, or a concave-type with reflectance 0.0 in w D γ1 = γ2 and 1.0 otherwise. It takes a high computation cost to search the optimal color candidates in high precision and to create the 3D color gamut. In addition, the human visual spectral responses to the optimal color spectra remain unknown. This paper (1) proposes an alternative simple method for creating the optimal color gamut with GBD (Gamujt Boundary Descriptor) technique, and (2) clarifies how human vision spectrally respond to the optimal colors based on Matrix-R theory, for the first time which was unknown until now, and (3) presents centroid-invariant novel color gamut expansion method considering the optimal color as an ideal target and finally apply it to actual low-saturation images to verify its effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color-space conversion technology is important to output accurate colors on different devices. In particular, CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Key plate) used by printers has a limited range of representable colors compared with RGB (Red, Green and Blue) used for normal images. This leads to the problem of loss of color information when printing. When an RGB image captured by a camera is printed as is, colors outside the CMYK gamut are degraded, and colors that differ significantly from the actual image may be output. Therefore, printers and other companies manually correct color tones before printing. This process is based on empirical know-how and human sensitivity and has not yet been automated by machines. Therefore, this study aims to automate color correction in color-space conversion from RGB to CMYK. Specifically, we use machine learning, utilising a large color-conversion database owned by printing companies, which has been cultivated through past correction work, to learn the color-correction techniques of skilled workers. This reduces the burden on the part of the work that has been done manually, and leads to increased efficiency. In addition, the machine can compensate for some of the empirical know-how, which is expected to simplify the transfer of skills. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method for automatic color correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourmaline crystals from the island of Elba commonly display a sharp transition to dark colors at the analogous termination due to the incorporation of Fe and/or Mn during the latest stages of crystallization in pegmatites. The formation of such color anomalies is related to a dramatic physicochemical change in the crystallization environment as a consequence of an opening of the geochemical system. However, mechanisms that may lead to the availability of Fe and/or Mn in the residual cavity fluids have been unclear. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic investigations, combined with structural and paragenetic observations of the cavities, we propose a general genetic model in which, as a consequence of a pocket rupture event, chemical alteration of Fe- and Mn-rich minerals that formed early in the pegmatitic rock surrounding the cavities occurred through leaching processes, produced by the action of the highly reactive late-stage cavity fluids. Such processes were responsible for the release of Fe and Mn in the geochemical system, allowing the formation of the late-stage dark-colored terminations in the tourmaline crystals. In some cavities, a high availability of Mn and/or Fe determined the evolution of the crystals from an initial elbaite/fluor-elbaite composition to celleriite, foitite or schorl. This compositional evolution trend can be described by the following general chemical substitution: X Na + + Y (Li 1.5 + Al 0.5) 3+ + W F - ↔ X□ + 2 Y (Fe,Mn) 2+ + W OH -. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the phenomenon of different colors displayed by a circular polarizing filter (CPL) when placed on different surfaces. The CPL is composed of a linear polarizer (LP) and a quarter-wave plate (QWP), and the principles of polarization can be used to explain the phenomenon. The article explains the process of light propagation and polarization states when the CPL is placed on a steel breadboard and a piece of paper. The article also discusses the wavelength dependence of the QWP and how it affects the colors observed. The phenomenon is further explored by analyzing the CPL on different reflective surfaces such as aluminum mirror and copper. The article concludes by highlighting the educational value of this phenomenon for teaching about polarization. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Modern paints and coatings are designed for a variety of applications, ranging from fine art to extraterrestrial thermal control. These systems can be engineered to provide lasting color, but there are a limited number of materials that can undergo transient changes in their visual appearance in response to external stimuli without requirements for advanced fabrication strategies. The authors describe color‐changing paint formulations that leverage the redox‐dependent absorption profile of xanthommatin, a small‐molecule colorant found throughout biology, and the electronic properties of titanium dioxide, a ubiquitous whitening agent in commercial coatings. This combination yields reversible photoreduction upon exposure to sunlight, shifting from the oxidized (yellow) form of xanthommatin, to the reduced (red) state. The extent of photoreduction is dependent on the loading density and size of titanium dioxide particles, generating changes in hue angle as large as 77% upon irradiation. These coatings can be blended with non‐responsive supplemental colorants to expand the accessible color palette, and irradiated through masks to create transient, disappearing artwork. These formulations demonstrate energy‐efficient photochromism using a simple combination of a redox‐active dye and metal oxide semiconductor, highlighting the utility of these materials for the development of optically dynamic light‐harvesting materials.

Sport fandom has attracted far-ranging research attention. Fans’ commitment, loyalty, and sense of affinity are abundantly expressed in a long list of life practices. Precisely in this context, the color that identifies each sports team has also become an important element of the game but also a crucial component of fans’ identities. The present article focuses on the esthetics of team uniform colors and identifies the artistic roles they fill. Among other things, the article addresses the important role of color, for example in identifying and distinguishing figures on the pitch from the background by creating clear borders between the elements on the pitch that compete for fans’ attention; in the extension of fans’ emotions through the connection between team and color; in creating the opportunity for spectators to participate fully in creating the esthetic experience on the field through the intensive use of team colors; and in enhancing a team’s halo effect through the association of the team with its colors. On a deeper level, the article states that in an era of commercialized sports, the team color remains the clear and consistent symbol of the team that preserves the identity of the fans.

Our brain constantly combines multisensory information from our surrounding environment. Odors for instance are often perceived with visual cues; these sensations interact to form our own subjective experience. This integration process can have a profound impact on the resulting experience and can alter our subjective reality. Crossmodal correspondences are the consistent associations between stimulus features in different sensory modalities. These correspondences are presumed to be bidirectional in nature and have been shown to influence our perception in a variety of different sensory modalities. Vision is dominant in our multisensory perception and can influence how we perceive information in our other senses, including olfaction. We explored the effect that different odors have on human color perception by presenting olfactory stimuli while asking observers to adjust a color patch to be devoid of hue (neutral gray task). We found a shift in the perceived neutral gray point to be biased toward warmer colors. Four out of five of our odors also trend toward their expected crossmodal correspondences. For instance, when asking observers to perform the neutral gray task while presenting the smell of cherry, the perceptually achromatic stimulus was biased toward a red-brown. Using an achromatic adjustment task, we were able to demonstrate a small but systematic effect of the presence of odors on human color perception.

Lead‐free halide perovskites are emerging as promising eco‐friendly candidates for next‐generation solid‐state lighting because of their nontoxicity and availability for broad emission. Herein, a modified room‐temperature anti‐solvent precipitation method is developed to synthesize the Sb3+‐doped, In‐based, lead‐free halide perovskites in microplate/microcrystal structure with different emission colors. The layered structure of InCl3 serves as the template for the growth of Cs2InCl5(H2O):Sb3+ microplate phosphors. Moreover, the presence of HCl not only improves the solubility of precursors, but also provides the acid etching effect. The resultant Sb3+‐doped Cs2InCl5(H2O) microplate phosphors show bright yellow emission with photoluminescence quantum yield up to 92.4%. Furthermore, Cs3InCl6:Sb3+ and Cs2NaInCl6:Sb3+ are synthesized through the similar method, which displays the bright green and deep‐blue emission, respectively. Subsequently, the proof‐of‐concept white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) are fabricated based on Cs2NaInCl6:Sb3+ + Cs2InCl5(H2O):Sb3+ and Cs2NaInCl6:Sb3+ + Cs3InCl6:Sb3+ + Cs2InCl5(H2O):Sb3+ phosphors, which achieves high‐quality white light with the color rendering index (CRI) of 91.6 and 95.4, respectively. The results greatly advance the development of lead‐free halide perovskite phosphors synthesis, which may offer new possibilities for high CRI WLEDs fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coloring of a graph is an assignment of colors to its vertices such that adjacent vertices have different colors. Two colorings are equivalent if they induce the same partition of the vertex set into color classes. We study the average number A (G) of colors in the non-equivalent colorings of a graph G. We conjecture several lower bounds on A (G) , determine the value of this graph invariant for some classes of graphs and give general properties of A (G) which we will use for proving the validity of the conjectures for specific families of graphs, namely chordal graphs and graphs with maximum degree at most 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorful radiative coolers (CRCs) can be widely applied for energy sustainability especially and meet aesthetic purposes simultaneously. Here, we propose a high-efficiency CRC based on thin film stacks and engineered diffuse reflection unit, which brings out 7.1 °C temperature difference compared with ambient under ~ 700 W·m−2 solar irradiation. Different from analogous schemes, the proposed CRCs produce vivid colors by diffuse reflection and rest of the incident light is specular-reflected without being absorbed. Adopting the structure of TiO2/SiO2 multilayer stack, the nanophotonic radiative cooler shows extra low absorption across the solar radiation waveband. Significant radiative cooling performance can be achieved with the emissivity reaching 95.6% in the atmosphere transparent window (8–13 μm). Moreover, such CRC can be fabricated on flexible substrates, facilitating various applications such as the thermal management of cars or wearables. In conclusion, this work demonstrates a new approach for color display with negligible solar radiation absorption and paves the way for prominent radiative cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital color restitution aims to digitally restore the original colors of a painting. Existing image editing applications can be used for this purpose, but they require a select-and-edit workflow and thus they do not scale well to large collections of paintings or different regions of the same painting. To address this issue, we propose an automated workflow that requires only a few representative source colors and associated target colors as input from art historians. The system then creates a control grid to model a deformation of the CIELAB color space. Such deformation can be applied to arbitrary images of the same painting. The proposed approach is suitable for restituting the color of images from a large photographic campaign, as well as for the textures of 3D reconstructions of a monument. We demonstrate the benefits of our method on a collection of mural paintings from a medieval monument. • Automated workflow for digital color restitution. • Deformation of CIELAB color space to test art historian hypotheses. • Applicable in photographic campaigns and 3D reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer coloration technology has been receiving increasing attention in different fields including electronic packaging, artificial skin and 3D printing. Herein, we report a new strategy utilizing three primary nanocomposites (cellulose@Fe3O4, cellulose@FeOOH and cellulose@PB) as unique coloring components for scalable colored polymer-based composites. Taking the epoxy resin as polymer matrix for example, the as-made polymer-based composites present different colors, including red/yellow/blue colors and many spectral colors achieved by mixing the three primary nanocomposites. The nanocomposites act not only as the primary nanopigments, but also as the connected bridge to tightly stick polymer matrix through strong chemical bonding, respectively. In addition, the colored polymer-based composites show excellent opacity and UV protection. Our work offers a facile coloration approach for arbitrary colors over the whole visible spectra by mixing three primary nanocomposites at different ratios in the polymer field. With bright, uniform, and ratio-dependent color, we showcase three typical polymers to demonstrate the versatility of coloring strategy. We have developed a simple strategy to fabricate cellulose in situ deposited three primary nanocomposites. Taking the polymer matrix for example, arbitrary color can be created by mixing them into polymer at different ratios over the whole visible spectra by dispersing three primary nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed's (Brassica napus L.) colorful petals have important ornamental values. However, the mechanisms of regulating petals coloration in rapeseed are still unknown. In our study, we investigated the key differential coloring substances in nine rapeseed cultivars with different petal colors, and 543 metabolites were detected and characterized through UPLC-HESI-MS/MS. Among them, the kinds and contents of flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanidins were the main contributors to petals' coloration. Tamarixetin-, quercetin-, butin-, naringenin- and luteolin-derivates were the main pigment bases in white and yellow petals. Peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, peonidin-3-O-(6″-O-caffeoyl)glucoside, and quercetin-derivatives were the main coloring substances in pink petals. Acylated cyanidin derivatives might lead to a series of different purple petal colors. Glycosylated anthocyanins were responsible for the coloration of rapeseed red petals, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-derivatives were mainly detected from the red petals. These results provide comprehensive insights into the difference in flavonoid metabolites in rapeseed petals with different colors and supply theoretical supports for the breeding of novel colorful rapeseed cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of multicolor luminescent glass with simultaneous controlling of the distribution of emission colors within a monolithic medium has been a tremendous challenge, which, however, could be attractive for diverse photonic applications from optical storage to information encryption. Here, a space‐selective doping method based on a stereolithographic technique is designed, enabling the control of the doping domain of the active luminescence ions, such as Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+, and Pr3+, in 3D‐printed single silica glasses. The printed glass shows intense multicolor luminescence, and the interface between the two doping areas is invisible under natural light. By using this technique, multicolor luminescent glass with pre‐designed emission color distribution is fabricated, which enables facile and nondestructive decryption strategies based on photoluminescence under controlled excitation conditions. Besides, the extending of this strategy by using a femtosecond laser for photopolymerization dramatically improves the printing resolution down to the few‐micron scale, enabling the multi‐dimensional optical storage and encryption in miniaturized glass items. This work not only delineates the potential applications of multicolor luminescent glass for multi‐dimensional anti‐counterfeiting and information storage, but also opens up new avenues for prospective applications in sensing, lasers, and displays based on glasses with spatially engineered optical responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the structure of the set of panchromatic 3-colorings of a random hypergraph in the uniform model . It is well known that panchromatic colorability with a given number of colors r has a sharp threshold, i.e., there exists a threshold value such that, for any , if , then the random hypergraph admits such a coloring with probability tending to 1 as , but, if , then, vice versa, it does not admit such a coloring with probability tending to 1. We study the algorithmic threshold for panchromatic colorability with three colors and prove that, if the parameter m is slightly less than , then the set of panchromatic 3-colorings of , though nonempty with probability tending to 1, undergoes shattering, which was first described by D. Achlioptas and A. Coja-Oghlan in 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The divergence of reproductive traits frequently underpins the evolution of reproductive isolation. Here we investigated whether tinamou (Tinamidae) egg colorations function as mating signals that diverged as character displacement (mating signal character displacement hypothesis). We tested three evolutionary predictions behind the hypothesis: (a) egg colors coevolve with known mating signals; (b) signal divergence is associated with divergent habitat adaptation; and (c) sympatric tinamou species with similar songs have different egg colors as character displacement during speciation. We found support for all three predictions. In particular, egg colors coevolved with songs; songs and egg colors coevolved with habitat partitioning; and tinamou species that were likely sympatric with similar songs tended to have different egg colors. In conclusion, the mating signal character displacement hypothesis is well supported in which egg colors serve as mating signals that undergo character displacement during tinamou speciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of individual experience during the performance of a psychological task using a phenomenological approach is a relatively new area of research. The aim of this paper was to combine first‐ and third‐person approaches to investigate whether the strategies individuals use during a working memory task are associated with specific task conditions, whether the strategies combine to form stable patterns, and whether the use of specific strategies is related to task accuracy. Thirty‐one participants took part in an experiment in which they were instructed to remember colors, orientations, or positions of stimuli presented in a change detection task. After every 7th–15th trial, participants took part in an in‐depth phenomenological interview in which they described their experiences during the trial that immediately preceded the interview. Qualitative analysis revealed a set of 18 strategies that participants used while performing the task, which we divided into active and passive strategies of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Quantitative analysis revealed that while many strategies were used in all task conditions, some strategies and their combinations may be better suited to the specific task demands, while others are more general in nature. The results also suggest a distinction between strategies for encoding object identity and spatial features. Finally, our results did not provide robust evidence for a relationship between specific strategies and task accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color name is one of the important features for computer vision. Many existing methods proposed to classify colors into a small number of color names. In this paper, we propose an alternative method with the goal to improve the accuracy for assigning a color name to an object in the given image. We here use the least-squares probabilistic classifiers (LSPC) with the local scaling parameters for solving this task. The benefit of the LSPC is that its solution can be computed analytically so that the obtained solution is global optimum, while the local scaling parameters play an important role to deal with the data including clusters with different local statistics as appeared in the real-world data. To deal with this task, the LSPC is learned to assign a color name to each pixel with the highest of the class-posterior density distribution. Then, the estimations of the class-posterior density distributions are utilized to compute the scores for predicting a color name to the given object. Lastly, the color name with the highest score is chosen as a predicted color name for that object. The experimental results on the eBay data set show the improvements over previously proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a descriptive approach to determine the color liking and object color preferences of 48-84-month-old children. A total of 359 children participated, including 137 kindergarteners and 212 first graders. The information was gathered through the participants' verbal responses to questions on their three favorite and three least favorite colors: t-shirt, trousers, bag, ball, school, house, hair, and tree. According to the study, young children preferred bright, warm colors like pink, red, and blue over darker colors like black and neutral shades of brown and gray. Pink was the color that boys participants detested the most. Girls and boys differed in their rankings of preferred clothing colors for items like T-shirts (pink, blue, and yellow) and trousers (pink, blue, black, and red), for example. Pink, red, blue, white, and yellow were the colors that young children preferred for settings like home and school. Consequently, the study's implications suggest that the design of educational environments, attention-capturing instructional materials, textbooks, and child-specific consumer products should all consider the color preferences of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]