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Objective: Construction is one of the fastest growing and most important economic sectors worldwide, mainly due to its impact on job creation, trade in materials and the creation of essential infrastructure for social development. However, the behavior of the global market has recently been immersed in an environment of economic and political uncertainty, causing trade and industrial production to show signs of vulnerability. Despite the unfortunate ones established in the global economy, there will be moderate growth in rankings of developing countries like Colombia in different sectors. Methodology: This research focuses on analyzing the construction sector. The analysis is carried out from its historical impact on Colombian economic development and its relationship with external phenomena, to the evaluation of macroeconomic indicators (supply and demand), infrastructure, and job creation through the formulation of projects in this sector. In particular, these projects are differential for having a public investment effect in the construction of houses and civil works. Results and Conclusions: It was concluded that there is a weak recovery in the general market in relation to the factors surrounding the construction sector, allowing for a glimpse and focus on the trends and impact on the formulation of construction projects in the Colombian economy. Financing: Universidad EAN. Resumen objetivo: La construcción es uno de los sectores económicos de mayor crecimiento e importancia en a nivel mundial, principalmente por su impacto en la generación de empleo, el comercio de materiales y la creación de infraestructura esencial para el desarrollo social. Sin embargo, el comportamiento del mercado global recientemente ha estado inmerso en un ambiente de incertidumbre económica y política, ocasionando que el comercio y la producción industrial muestren signos de vulnerabilidad. A pesar de los desafortunados pronósticos en economía a nivel global, se prevé un crecimiento moderado en clasificaciones de países en vía de desarrollo como Colombia en diferentes sectores. Metodología: La investigación se enfocó en analizar el sector de la construcción partiendo de su incidencia histórica en el desarrollo económico colombiano y su relación con fenómenos externos, hasta la evaluación de indicadores macroeconómicos, la oferta y demanda en bienes de capital, la infraestructura y la generación de empleo mediante la formulación de proyectos en este sector, los cuales son diferenciales por tener un efecto de inversión pública en la construcción de vivienda y obras civiles. Resultados y Conclusiones: Se dedujo una débil recuperación del mercado general en relación con los factores alrededor del sector de la construcción, permitiendo vislumbrar y focalizar las tendencias e impacto en la formulación de proyectos de construcción en la economía colombiana. Financiamiento: Universidad EAN

El petróleo y sus derivados han pasado a ser uno de los sectores que más han aportado en las exportaciones totales del país entre 2008 y 2018. Además, el sector contribuye a la generación de importantes ingresos para la nación en forma de impuestos y regalías. Los aportes del sector de hidrocarburos al Gobierno Nacional Central, incluyendo las utilidades de ECOPETROL S.A, representan más del 20% de sus ingresos corrientes y a ello hay que sumar el enorme impacto que generan las regalías, equivalentes a más del 1% del PIB, sobre las finanzas de los entes territoriales. Por lo anterior, las perspectivas del sector petrolero representan un elemento central en el diseño de la política pública, con la cual se espera alcanzar metas en materia de producción y reservas en el comercio externo. Mediante la presente investigación, basado en los procesos de búsqueda, recuperación, análisis e interpretación de los datos, a partir de bibliografía relacionada con el comercio exterior, se pretende examinar los efectos del comercio internacional sobre el sector petrolero en Colombia en el período 2008 a 2018. Como conclusiones se obtuvo que el impacto de los valores del crudo en el mercado mundial ejercen fuerte incidencia en la economía colombiana. Además se presenta el modelo econométrico que mejor se ajusta para demostrar la relación entre valores del comercio internacional con el sector petrolero en Colombia. Derivado del proyecto de investigación INV-EES-3181 “Efectos del Comercio Internacional sobre el sector minero energético en Colombia desde 1980 al 2018” Oil and its derivatives have become one of the sectors that have contributed the most to the country's total exports between 2008 and 2018. In addition, the sector contributes to the generation of important income for the nation in the form of taxes and royalties. The contributions of the hydrocarbon sector to the Central National Government, including the profits of ECOPETROL SA, represent more than 20% of its current income and to this must be added the enormous impact generated by royalties, equivalent to more than 1% of GDP, on the finances of the territorial entities. Therefore, the prospects for the oil sector represent a central element in the design of public policy, with which it is expected to achieve goals in terms of production and reserves in foreign trade. Through this research, based on the processes of search, recovery, analysis and interpretation of the data, based on bibliography related to foreign trade, it is intended to examine the effects of international trade on the oil sector in Colombia in the period 2008 to 2018. As conclusions, it was obtained that the impact of crude oil values on the world market has a strong impact on the Colombian economy. In addition, the econometric model that best fits to demonstrate the relationship between values of international trade with the oil sector in Colombia is presented. Pregrado O petróleo e seus derivados passaram a ser um dos setores que mais contribuíram para as exportações totais do país entre 2008 e 2018. Além disso, o setor contribui para a geração de receitas importantes para o país na forma de impostos e royalties. As contribuições do setor de hidrocarbonetos para o Governo Central Nacional, incluindo os lucros da ECOPETROL SA, representam mais de 20% da sua receita corrente e a isso deve ser adicionado o enorme impacto gerado pelos royalties, equivalente a mais de 1% do PIB, nas finanças das entidades territoriais. Portanto, as perspectivas para o setor petrolífero representam um elemento central na formulação de políticas públicas, com as quais se espera o alcance de metas de produção e reservas no comércio exterior. Por meio desta pesquisa, a partir dos processos de busca, recuperação, análise e interpretação dos dados, com base na bibliografia relacionada ao comércio exterior, pretende-se examinar os efeitos do comércio internacional sobre o setor petrolífero na Colômbia no período de 2008 a 2018 Como conclusões, obteve-se que o impacto dos valores do petróleo bruto no mercado mundial tem um forte impacto na economia colombiana. Além disso, é apresentado o modelo econométrico que melhor se ajusta para demonstrar a relação entre os valores do comércio internacional com o setor do petróleo na Colômbia.

The article focuses on the forecast for Colombian economy and military expenditure in 2011. It states that despite pressure for fiscal austerity and less U.S. assistance, military budget is unlikely to decline due to the country's economic stability. Meanwhile, consumer price inflation (CPI) will slow by 2.8% and the Banco de la Republica (BanRep) is expected to retain policy rate at 3.00%. Moreover, private credit growth is expected to recover to 3.6% and thus will upside the inflation.

The article reports on the telecommunication and technological aspects of Colombia from 2005-2014. Forecast from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) reveals that the information technology (IT) spending of Colombia will increase by 27.7% from 3.9 billion U.S. dollars in 2009 to 5 billion U.S. dollars in 2014. It asserts that Colombia has the best telecoms facilities among Andean countries and achieved high average IT capabilities. A chart which shows its IT spending is also presented.

Colombia continues to struggle with its two major guerrilla groups, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) and the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN). FARC recently asked to engage in peace talks with the Colombian government. However, the rebel group's refusal to lay down arms is likely to will hold back tangible progress towards a near-term resolution. Nevertheless, this second call for peace talks from the FARC in less than two months highlights the success of the tough security stance that the state has assumed over the last decade. In turn, this should allow greater government and privatesector investment in regions of the country that, have been largely controlled by guerrilla forces. Relations with Venezuela remain poor, particularly following Colombia's accusation that Venezuela is harbouring five leftist group leaders. In addition, Colombia's military co-operation agreement with the US is seen by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez as a regional security threat. Colombia's defence spending continues to increase and it remains second only to Brazil in Latin America. Indeed, compared to the size of its economy, Colombia spends the most on defence in the region. In 2009, defence spending was more than US$10bn, markedly up from US$2.6bn in 2001. Spending is funded in part by a wealth tax introduced by former president Uribe. This is expected to provide US$3.7bn for the military and will be used to purchase such equipment as aircraft, armoured vehicles and small arms to upgrade and modernise the armed forces. These will be sourced from US, French, German, Israeli and Russian suppliers. President Juan Manuel Santos' administration is taking advantage of cheap finance. The country appears to be on track to hit our forecast for a fiscal deficit of 4.0% in 2010, in line with spending plans outlined in the 2011 budget. It seems likely that a gradual improvement of Colombian current account dynamics over the coming years, driven primarily by healthier trade dynamics, which should ease pressure on the capital and financial account. The country's investment outlook is becoming brighter, particularly for the energy and infrastructure sectors. Strong fixed capital investment will help drive economic growth, while improvement in Colombia's current account deficit, is likely to continue. President Santos's commitment to running a balanced budget by 2014; Colombia's major plans for onshore oil production expansion, leading to expected strong oil-generated revenue flows; and recent support from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for a free trade agreement (FTA) are all reasons to remain positive about the Columbian economy. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that consumers will start spending heavily without access to easy credit, and we see little chance for credit growth to return to precrisis levels in the near term. The fiscal accounts remain under pressure, especially from healthcare and the need to spend on infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the financial services report of Colombia by the research firm Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd. (EIU) for June 2009. It notes that stock prices grew by 28 percent in June and forecasts the annual average of Tasa Representativa del Mercado (TRM) from 2,350 in 2009 to 2,470 pesos in 2013. In addition, several charts are presented depicting Colombia's financial assets, income and demographics data, and financial sector from 2004-2013.

The article presents information on the healthcare industry of Colombia. It notes that Colombia's healthcare spending as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to fall from 2.5% in 2008. The industry is still dependent on imports due to the 2009 economic downturn. Information on Colombia's healthcare spending, income, and demographics are also presented.