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A protracted struggle for women to gain admission to the University of Georgia took place in the context of major shifts in social, economic, and political conditions within the state from the 1890s to the early 1900s. This article reports the early development of home economics in Georgia and Mary E. Creswell's pivotal role. As a beneficiary of change as well as an agent of change, Creswell provided leadership for programs aimed at increasing women's educational and career opportunities and improving living conditions. This study illustrates the use of documentary research to explore the intersection of personal and public issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades, the distinction between ‘white-collar’ (non-manual) and ‘blue-collar’ (manual) work occupied a central place in the analysis of working-class consciousness. According to many scholars, the expansion of non-manual employment was key to dismantling traditional working-class identities. Although several analysts noted the irrelevance of the white-collar/blue-collar distinction as a determinant of class consciousness, the most recent research on class in Chile continues on the traditional argument. However, the empirical research supporting such a contention has been scarce. In this paper I test that hypothesis. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, I show that the distinction between manual and non-manual labor does not lead to significant variations in workers’ class consciousness. Therefore, its use in recent research on class (e.g. the contention that non-manual employment reinforces a ‘middle-class’ consciousness among workers) is deemed questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the changing contours of politics and democracy in our times by examining the ways in which populations and privileges are increasingly being distributed in cities and countries across the globe. In the light of these changing demographic and social conditions, it asks what are the appropriate terms for analysis of such population groups and their political aspirations, and suggests that we are working with outmoded analytical frames, concepts and languages that belong to another time. It goes on to a brief examination of the kinds of fault-lines that remain and that allow for a range of political initiatives and possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is an extensive body of literature on the demand for hospital services, little is known about the interaction between public and private hospitals in a mixed system. In this article, we (1) apply latent class analysis to identify distinct subgroups of patients who use the hospital market differently, (2) characterize each patient type by their personal characteristics and (3) link the patient type to future hospital admissions. We apply our analysis to individual-level longitudinal patient data from Australia, focusing on three popular procedures that are performed in both public and private hospitals. We find 4–5 patient types. The most common types use either a public or a private hospital almost exclusively and absorb a moderate level of hospital resources. The severe types represent 13–17% of patients. The type which uses both sectors makes up 10–20% and tends to have private health insurance coverage. The patient types are predictive of prospective utilizations as we find that patients tend to be admitted to the sector they have used in the past. By revealing how patients use coexisting public and private hospitals, our results have direct implications on health resource financing and allocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore patterns of drug use and sexual risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran. We surveyed 500 PWID in Kermanshah concerning demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and drug-related risk behaviors in the month prior to study. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to establish a baseline model of risk profiles and to identify the optimal number of latent classes, and we used ordinal regression to identify factors associated with class membership. Three classes of multiple HIV risk were identified. The probability of membership in the high-risk class was 0.33, compared to 0.26 and 0.40 for the low- and moderate-risk classes, respectively. Compared to members in the lowest-risk class (reference group), the highest-risk class members had higher odds of being homeless (OR = 4.5, CI: 1.44–8.22;p = 0.001) in the past 12 months. Members of the high-risk class had lower odds of regularly visiting a needle and syringe exchange program as compared to the lowest-risk class members (AOR = 0.42, CI: 0.2–0.81;p = 0.01). Findings show the sexual and drug-related HIV risk clusters among PWID in Iran, and emphasize the importance of developing targeted prevention and harm reduction programs for all domains of risk behaviors, both sexual and drug use related. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista de Sociología is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

View-specific neighborhoods commonly contain class-inconsistent neighbors in graph-based multi-view learning. A key problem is to handle class-inconsistent neighbors under each view. This paper employs jointly sparse learning to filter unreliable neighbors in the union of view-specific neighborhoods, via representing each entity in a weighted sum of its neighbors under each view. The proposed jointly sparse model can be easily solved by an ADMM method. The learned jointly sparse weights can be used to construct a similarity neighborhood graph, and the new graph can be further utilized for multi-view clustering and view-specific graph preconditioning. A fast algorithm for multi-view manifold clustering is then proposed, and two preconditioning approaches are discussed for improving conformability of view-specific graphs and eventually increasing the efficiency of graph-based algorithms for multi-view learning. Numerical experiments are reported, which provide good supports to the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the class relations emerging in a contract farming scheme in Mozambique. Debates in the literature about contract farming characterise this market arrangement as leading to farmers losing control over production at the hands of capital. By discussing both the drivers and impacts of changes in the division of property and labour, this paper reveals a complex class structure in which the pressure of merchant capital on farmers is internalized within households and transferred onto workers and sharecroppers. This challenges the pertinence of conventional policy that prescribes empowering contract farmers without considering their varied class positions and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article argues that class relations are constitutive of development processes and central to understanding inequality within and between countries. Class is conceived as arising out of exploitative social relations of production, but is formulated through and expressed by multiple determinations. The article illustrates and explains the diversity of forms of class relations, and the ways in which they interplay with other social relations of dominance and subordination, such as gender and ethnicity. This is part of a wider project to revitalise class analysis in the study of development problems and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent approaches to class analysis in advanced capitalism have been largely disconnected from the capitalist labour process. This paper has three basic goals. First, we suggest a composite Marxist model of current class structure grounded in ownership, managerial authority, specialized knowledge and value relations in the capitalist labour process. Secondly, this model is used for an empirical assessment of continuity and change in class structure, based on a series of national surveys in Canada in the period 1982–2010. Thirdly, using the same series of surveys, we use this model of class structure to evaluate the extent to which employment class positions are relevant for understanding shifting expressions of class consciousness. Within the employed labour force in this particular advanced capitalist country, we find a generally declining conventional working class and expanding proportions of managerial and professional employees. Connections between employment class positions and class consciousness can involve complex mediations. Evidence for the persistence of strong hegemonic consciousness among corporate capitalists is provided by an additional unique series of surveys. This persistence contrasts with declining working class identity and increasingly mixed class consciousness among most other employment class positions. However, pro-labour oppositional consciousness is found to dominate among unionized industrial workers and professional employees in the private goods-producing sector, who may be among the most directly exploited workers in value terms in an emergent ‘knowledge economy’. The findings suggest the continuing relevance of pursuing class analyses based on production relations in advanced capitalist economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a multicultural perspective, this research investigated to what extent Korean mathematics textbooks use history of mathematics. The results show even though educational use of history presented in Korean mathematics textbooks may provide a rich outlook, it does not encourage a fundamental change in the educational practice of school mathematics that has traditionally been entrenched in the Eurocentric narrative of mathematics. This suggests that the mathematics textbooks were not organized effectively to promote students' understanding of diversity. Based on the results, we discuss the implications for the development of mathematics textbook from multicultural perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies have indicated that offering a monetary incentive influences the percentage of return in a mail survey [2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11]. Within this group of studies, explorations have been made of the relative increase gained when the incentive is given immediately versus the increase when it is promised only upon the return of the completed questionnaire [10, 11]. As researchers have begun to look at why incentives increase return, however, the values held by the potential respondents have been seen as significant. The study presented here, proceeding from this emphasis on values, was designed to take into account the variable of social class. This concept sees society as stratified by combinations of such factors as occupation, amount and source of income, education, house type, and neighborhood [8, p. 174], with individuals in each stratum holding values common to his stratum but different from the values of those in other strata. The objective of the study was to test in a lower-class neighborhood with black residents and in a middle-class neighborhood with white residents the relative effect of immediate monetary incentive versus conditional (promised) monetary incentive on percentage of questionnaires returned. It was felt that these two strata, viewed in sociological literature as holding dramatically different values, would offer the most vivid contrast for a test of this kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short essay, we try to assess the utility of class analyses for understanding the contemporary Estonian society. Erik Wright (2009) identifies three strands of class analysis: a stratification approach, a Weberian approach and a Marxist approach. We address the following questions: Which kind of class analysis is most present in Estonia today? Which is most needed? The main conclusion is that due to this marginalisation of class discourse, as well as the power of national/ethnic discourse and transitional culture, those most economically vulnerable were deprived of the cultural and discursive resources to resist the most the extreme market-oriented policies. The conditions for structuration of class relations were created, while the class and inequality discourse was marginalised.

This paper represents a short overview of development of class analysis in the work of Professor Mladen Lazic. The opening chapter is devoted to the description of the main contours of the debates which took place in the academic community regarding the usability and heuristic richness of the theoretical and conceptual framework of class analysis approach to the way in which modern societies are structured. The overview of the author's class analysis approach begins with the study Waiting for Capitalism, in which it appears in its most complete and most mature form. The developing line of Lazic's class analysis has been divided into three stages: the use of class analysis in examination of the structuring of socialist societies; the analysis of the transitional society of Serbia; and finally, the use of class approach in analysis of contemporary capitalist Serbia. What characterizes all three development stages, and especially approach that is inherent to the analysis of post-socialist transformation, is the complementary use of either stratification approach or elite theory to class analysis.

The publication of Lazić's book Čekajući kapitalizam (Waiting for Capitalism) in 2011 represents a suitable occasion for reconsidering the theoretical and methodological aspects of contemporary research of class structure in Serbian sociology and for analyzing the major factors of emergence and development of the new class relations in Serbia. The paper focuses on the evolution of Lazić's theoretical and methodological approach in sociological research of the reproduction of the class structure in three periods - up to 1990, from 1990 to 2000, and from 2000 to 2010. The paper also problematizes the issue of the factors that determine the reproduction of the Serbian class structure today and approaches that issue in view of development strategies and the emergence of peripheral capitalism. The paper advocates the need for a renewal of the class approach in sociological analysis and for reaffirmation of a complementary theoretical and methodological approach in contemporary sociological research and in the analysis of the problems related to social structure.

The contemporary debate on class issue within the sociology in English speaking countries focuses on two questions. The first question is whether the crisis of the Marxist class analysis, which arose as a consequence of weakening of class identity and class behavior, is at the same time a sign of crisis of sociological class conception. There are American, British and Australian sociologists whose answer to this question is affirmative. However, others have been claiming that the Marxist class analysis could be replaced by the Weberian concept of stratification. The second question in this debate is on the exploratory importance of class for sociological analysis. Some sociologists have been claiming that its explanatory capacity is exhausted. However, there are others who argue that classes remain one of the most important tools a modern sociologist has. Finally, this paper points to the third way of saving the class analysis. It is about focusing on collective identity and collective action of the members of "developed" professions, as a kind of "small" classes or "proto-classes".

Despite the increased attention paid to the separate effects of cumulative stress and protection on offending, the extent to which distinct clusters of risk and protective factors exist and have unique effects on justice-related outcomes is under-studied. The current study examines for unique clustering of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCE) and the extent to which they predict juvenile recidivism. The sample consists of a cohort of youth adjudicated delinquent in Florida who received a community-based sanction. The study first utilized latent-class analysis to identify distinct classes based upon the youths' ACE and PCE exposures. Next, two sets of regression models were estimated; the first investigated correlates of class membership and the second assessed whether class membership predicted recidivism. Seven distinct classes of ACE/PCE clusters were found, composing 9.9 % to 20.5 % of the sample each. Relative to the class with low ACE and low PCE, those with low ACEs and high PCE evidenced 27.5 % lower rearrest rates, as did the Moderate Risk/Moderate Protection group. Not only do distinct groupings of ACE and PCE exposures exist, but these groups have different likelihoods of future offending, where a youth's cumulative protection appears to be more important than their risk level. This has important policy implications as it offers further support for the use of strength-based treatment approaches. • This study identified unique groupings of cumulative risk and protective factors. • Group membership was predictive of likelihood of reoffending. • The groups' overall level of protection, but not risk, predicted reoffending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We establish the correct solvability of a nonlocal problem multipoint in time for the evolutionary equation with differential operator of infinite order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new class of Lyapunov functions for the equations with fractional derivatives. The conditions of stability with respect to two measures are established for a given class of equations by using the generalized comparison principle and a vector-valued Lyapunov function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds on post-Keynesian macroeconomics, the French Regulation Theory and a Neo-Gramscian International Political Economy approach to class analysis to propose an International post-Keynesian Political Economy approach that is used to offer an empirical analysis of European growth models and working class restructuring in Europe between 2000 and 2008. We will distinguish between the ‘East’, the ‘North’ and the ‘South’ and structure our analysis around industrial upgrading, financialisation and working class coherence. We find an export-driven growth model in the North, which came with wage suppression and outsourcing to the East. In the East, the growth model can be characterised as dependent upgrading, which allowed for high real wage growth despite declining working class coherence. The South experienced a debt-driven growth model with a real estate bubble and high inflation rates resulting in large current account deficits. Our analysis shows that class restructuring forms an integral part in the economic process that resulted in European imbalances and the Euro crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new estimates of intergenerational earnings elasticity for Australia. We closely follow the methodology used by Leigh [ BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 7 (2007) 1], but use considerably more data (12 waves of HILDA and four waves of PSID). Our adjusted estimates are intended to be comparable to those for other countries in Corak [ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (2013) 79]. Our preferred estimate (0.35) is considerably higher than implied by Leigh's study, and is less subject to sampling variation. In an international context, intergenerational mobility in Australia is not particularly high, and is consistent with its relatively high level of cross-sectional inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of school effects on children's outcomes usually use single time-point measures. I argue that this approach fails to account for (1) age-based variation in children's sensitivity to their surroundings; (2) differential effects stemming from differences in the length of young people's exposures; and (3) moves between contexts and endogenous changes over time within them. To evaluate the merits of this argument, I specify and test a longitudinal model of school effects on children's academic performance. Drawing on recent advances in finite mixture modeling, I identify a series of distinct school context trajectories that extend across a substantial portion of respondents' elementary and secondary school years. I find that these trajectories vary significantly with respect to shape, with some students experiencing significant changes in their environments over time. I then show that students' trajectories of exposure are related to their 8th grade achievement, even after controlling for point-in-time measures of school context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This was a qualitative study carried out in the context of 2013 National Teacher Training Program for Junior High School English Teachers in Chongqing China, intending to reveal the impact of the program on four in-service English teachers' beliefs about self (i. e., about English teachers). Rich data were collected throughout the process of training which lasted for 100 days, including semi-structured interviews, teachers' class analysis reports, professional development plans, periodic summaries and so on. The findings were interpreted with the help of the classification framework of teacher belief change proposed by Cabaroglu and Roberts, which showed that the impact of the program on these four in-service English teachers' beliefs about English teachers' roles, excellent English teachers and English teachers' professional development was considerable, however, the degree, the nature and the sources of the impact varied across individual teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores wage relations, social work, and the interplay of an array of class and nonclass processes in the context of NGOs in Bodhgaya, India, site of Buddha’s enlightenment. It argues that discourses of “social work,” “collaboration,” and “socially engaged Buddhism” have enabled foreign NGO directors, many of whom moved to India for humanitarian purposes, to rationalize wages below poverty level, to fetishize NGO projects as distinct from the work relations that have produced them, and to capitalize on exchange-rate inequalities in the name of producing as much “social work” as possible in a poverty-stricken area of the Indian state of Bihar. Though Bihari NGO workers have resisted this framing and have pursued NGO work as a source of employment and as an avenue for upward mobility, a scarcity of waged work opportunities has made it difficult for resistance to take forms other than absenteeism and jockeying for better-paying jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Identity formation is particularly challenging for stigmatized minorities. The minority stress model (MSM) posits that both negative stereotypes and their internalization represent stressors. There is evidence that this applies to the gifted, too. However, their status is ambiguous, given that both negative and positive stereotypes exist. Furthermore, individual wellbeing also hinges on one’s identity stage, as outlined in the Cass identity model (CIM). The CIM was applied to gifted identity development in a survey of 742 high-IQ society members (16–79 years). Identity stages could be reliably and validly assessed with a new measure and were related to adjustment and coping as expected. Latent class analysis revealed four groups, which resembled the CIM, but with a few notable exceptions. Ordinal-logistic regression showed that years since first suspicion and since diagnosis of giftedness predicted group membership. In sum, identity development in the gifted examined here shows similarities with the CIM stages (which are differentially related to wellbeing and feelings toward one’s own giftedness) but has its own specific characteristics, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on social class and generosity suggests that higherincome individuals are less generous than poorer individuals. We propose that this pattern emerges only under conditions of high economic inequality, contexts that can foster a sense of entitlement among higher-income individuals that, in turn, reduces their generosity. Analyzing results of a unique nationally representative survey that included a real-stakes giving opportunity (n = 1,498),we found that in the most unequal US states, higher-income respondents were less generous than lower-income respondents. In the least unequal states, however, higher-income individualsweremore generous. To better establish causality, we next conducted an experiment (n = 704) in which apparent levels of economic inequality in participants' home states were portrayed as either relatively high or low. Participants were then presented with a giving opportunity. Higher-income participants were less generous than lower-income participants when inequality was portrayed as relatively high, but there was no association between income and generosity when inequality was portrayed as relatively low. This research finds that the tendency for higher-income individuals to be less generous pertains only when inequality is high, challenging the view that higherincome individuals are necessarily more selfish, and suggesting a previously undocumented way in which inequitable resource distributions undermine collective welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)