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Adequate plasmatic Vitamin D levels are crucial to maintain calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism both in the general population and in athletes. Correct dietary supply and a regular sun exposure are fundamental for allowing the desired and effective fitness level. Past studies highlighted a scenario of Vitamin D insufficiency among professional soccer players in several countries, especially in North Europe, whilst a real deficiency in athletes is rare. The typical seasonal fluctuations of Vitamin D are wrongly described transversally in athletes belonging to teams that play at different latitudes and a chronobiologic approach studying the Vitamin D circannual rhythm in soccer players has not been described yet. Therefore, we studied plasma vitamin D, cortisol, testosterone, and creatin kinase (CK) concentrations in three different Italian professional teams training at the same latitude during a period of two consecutive competitive seasons (2013 and 2014). In this retrospective observational study, 167 professional soccer players were recruited (mean age at sampling 25.1 ± 4.7 years) and a total of 667 blood drawings were carried out to determine plasma 25(OH)D, serum cortisol, serum testosterone and CK levels. Testosterone to cortisol ratio (TC) was calculated based as a surrogate marker of overtraining and psychophysical stress and each athlete was drawn until a maximum of 5 times per season. Data extracted by a subgroup of players that underwent at least 4 sample drawings along a year (N= 45) were processed with the single and population mean cosinor tests to evaluate the presence of circannual rhythms: the amplitude (A), acrophase (Φ) and the MESOR (M) are described. In total, 55 players (32.9%) had an insufficient level of 25(OH)D during the seasons and other 15 athletes (9.0%) showed, at least once, a deficiency status of Vitamin D. The rhythmometric analyses applied to the data of Vitamin D revealed the presence of a significant circannual rhythm (p< 0.001) with the acrophase that occurred in August; the rhythms of Vitamin D levels were not different neither among the three soccer teams nor between competitive seasons. Cortisol, testosterone and TC showed significant circannual rhythms (p< 0.001): cortisol registered an acrophase during winter (February) while testosterone and TC registered their peaks in the summer months (July). On the contrary, CK did not display any seasonal fluctuations. In addition, we observed weak but significant correlations between 25(OH)D versus testosterone (r= 0.29 andp< 0.001), cortisol (r= −0.27 andp< 0.001) and TC (r= 0.37 andp< 0.001). No correlation was detected between Vitamin D and CK. In conclusion, the correct chronobiologic approach in the study of annual variations of Vitamin D, cortisol and testosterone could be decisive in the development of more specific supplementation and injury prevention strategies by athletic trainers and physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Hyperaldosteronism is one of the causes of secondary hypertension. Primary Hyperaldosteronism is characterised by an increase in the production of aldosterone and the inhibition of the secretion of renin. We described here a case with rhabdomyolysis and severe hypokalemia as a cause of primary hyperaldosteronism. The creatine kinase, aldosterone were very high. Cortisol values and midnight salivary cortisol values were within normal range. The patient had been under treatment for high blood pressure for more than six years, with ARBs and calcium channel blockers. During this time the potassium values measured frequently every year were below normal range, but primary hyperaldosteronism was not suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: to determine disturbance in serum Thromboxane B2, CK, SGOT, LDH, NO and urinary catecholamine in acute myocardial infarction, and the effect of exercise on these parameters in patients with old myocardial infarction in order to be taken in account in any prophylactic regimen. Subjects: Twenty normal subjects (aged 31.5 y) (g1), 15 males of AMI (aged 53.4 y) (g2), 15 male cases of old MI (aged 50.4 y) (g3). Methods: Blood samples were obtained of each subject before and after exercise test in (g1 and g3), in case of (g2) in 1st 6 - 8 hrs. of onset of attack, and the second sample after 24 hrs. Estimation of thromboxane b2, CK, LDH, NO and urinary catecholamine was done using commercial kits. Statistical analysis was carried out using "t-test". Results indicated that: (g1) Thromboxane B2 showed a significant increase, (g2) increased at the 1st 6-8 hrs., then reduced after 24 hrs., (g3) increased in post exercise than pre-exercise. T. urinary catecholamine. There was a higher conc. in (g2) and (g3) than (g1). In case of serum enzymes (g1), there was an increased post exercise and in (g2), the increase was in 1st of 6-8 hrs. and 24 hrs.from 1st sample, (g3), the increase was in case of post exercise compared to pre-one. Nitrite increased in (g1) post exercise, (g2) non-significant change, also in case of (g3) nonsignificant change. Conclusion: The natural inotropic agents increased after AMI, the serum thromboxane B2, CK, S-GOT, LDH, NO with urinary catecholamine beinggood markers in MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Increased serum activity of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes, and in particular of the brain isoenzyme ( CK- BB) has been reported in dogs with central nervous system ( CNS) disorders. However, no studies on the possible differences in serum activities of CK iso- or macroenzymes (Macro- CK1 and Macro- CK2) in different neurologic diseases are available. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the electrophoretic distribution of CK iso- and macroenzymes in dogs with CNS disorders in order to assess whether this distribution depends on a specific neurologic disease. Methods This study was done on sera from 45 dogs with neurologic diseases (degenerative, n = 7; idiopathic epilepsy [ IE], n = 14; inflammatory, n = 16; space occupying lesions [ SOL], n = 8) and from 10 clinically healthy dogs. The separation of serum CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes was performed using an automated electrophoretic method already validated in dogs. Results Compared with healthy dogs, dogs with CNS disorders had significantly higher total CK and CK- BB activities, and a significantly lower Macro- CK2 activity ( P < .001). Comparison of pathologic subgroups and healthy dogs revealed significant differences ( P < .01) in dogs with IE and inflammatory disorders for total CK activity, in all the subgroups for CK- BB ( P < .01), and in dogs with IE and SOL for Macro- CK2 ( P < .01). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that CK- BB is released by neurons damaged by inflammatory or degenerative conditions or due to compressive effects of SOL. However, the neurologic diseases cannot be differentiated based on CK- BB or Macro- CK2 activities, unless further studies allow the definition of diagnostic thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plasma muscle enzyme activities increased during and after penicillin injection. • Plasma CK increased for 8 days after onset of penicillin injection. • Plasma AST increased for 28 days after onset of penicillin injection. Muscle damage can result in leakage of intracellular enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) into plasma. There are no controlled documentations of the effects of intramuscular antibiotic drug administration on plasma CK and AST activities in horses. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that 5 days of intramuscular procaine penicillin G injection in normal horses would result in increased plasma activities of CK and AST. Nine healthy adult horses were sampled for 7 days preceding, 5 days during, and 32 days following procaine penicillin G (22,000 IU/kg) administration intramuscularly twice daily. Heparinized jugular venous blood samples were obtained daily before treatment and were analyzed the same day for plasma activities of CK and AST. Repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's Test were used to identify days where CK or AST were elevated compared to control means at a significance level of P <.05. Beginning the day after first injection, plasma CK increased above the reference range, peaking at 2,046 ± 627 U/L after 3 days, and returned to 227 ± 57.3 U/L (within the reference range) 9 days after treatment began. Beginning the day after first injection, plasma AST increased, peaking at 703 ± 135 U/L on the day after the last injection. Plasma AST did not return to the reference range in all individual horses until 29 days after the last injection (mean 247 ± 33 U/L). Compared to the control period, plasma CK and AST elevations lasted for 8 and 28 days, respectively, after the onset of treatment (P <.001 to P =.03) and lasted for 4 and 24 days, respectively, after the last day of treatment (P <.001 to P =.03). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysferlinopathy is a rare autosomal recessive myopathy, resulting in the lack or absence of dysferlin production caused by mutations in the encoding gene. Dysferlin is a sarcolemmal membrane protein involved in the repair of membrane damage caused by calcium. There are four identified phenotypic dysferlinopathies, two of which are relatively frequently observed. Miyoshi myopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type2B are frequently observed; the two very rare dysferlinopathies are distal anterior compartment myopathy and scapuloperoneal muscular dystrophy (observed in only one case). Serum CK levels are quite high, even in the pre-clinical period. A muscle biopsy typically shows dystrophic patterns, often accompanied with T-lymphocyte-based inflammatory changes. The clinical course of dysferlinopathy is usually much better than that of other recessive trait muscular dystrophies. Dysferlinopathies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polymyositis to avoid unnecessary and potentially dangerous medications such as oral steroids or immunosuppressive therapies. Here we report the case a 21-year-old Syrian patient diagnosed with dysferlinopathy who has had serious CK elevations from the age of 1 and who had been diagnosed with polymyositis by a muscle biopsy 7 years ago and who therefore used steroids/azathioprine for the following 3 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do exercício físico de intensidade submáxima sobre as concentrações séricas de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatinoquinase (CK) e lactato-desidrogenase (LDH) em muares durante prova de enduro de 100 km realizada no estado do Espírito Santo. Para tal foram obtidas amostras de soro de 20 muares em três momentos assim definidos: no repouso (T0); após 54 km de percurso (T1); após 80 km de percurso (T2); e após 100 km de percurso (T3). As referidas amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório Clínico Veterinário (CEMEVES) para processamento. Na avaliação da atividade sérica de AST, os valores médios registrados nos momentos T0, T1, T2 e T3 foram, respectivamente, de 341,7±73,9 UI/L, 403,1±78,4 UI/L, 410,5±70,5 UI/L e 426,5±66,7 UI/L. Na avaliação da atividade sérica da LDH, os valores médios registrados foram de 423,1±101,8 UI/L, 534,4±131,8 UI/L, 628,5±100,6 UI/L e 823,4±273,2 UI/L, respectivamente, nos momentos T0, T1, T2 e T3. Por fim, na avaliação da atividade sérica da CK os valores de mediana foram de 231,3 UI/L, 310,6 UI/L, 253,2 UI/L e 476,0 UI/L, respectivamente nos momentos T0, T1, T2 e T3. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que o exercício físico imposto levou ao aumento significativo das atividades séricas de AST e LDH e não alterou as concentrações séricas de CK.

The isoenzyme creatine kinase muscle/brain (CK-MB) still plays an important role for the differential diagnosis of CK elevations and the clarification of their origin from heart or skeletal muscle. Therefore, it is necessary to know the diagnostic pitfalls in interpreting CK-MB results. We demonstrate a case of macro-CK type 2 in a 75-year-old patient with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and its identification by isoenzyme electrophoresis, which can be typical for cancer diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) can lead to serious tissue oxidative injury in animals. ShuJinHuoXue tablet (SJHXT) is a Chinese Traditional Medicine which can relax the muscles and stimulate the blood circulation and has been used as a clinical medicine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SJHXT pretreatment on oxidative injury using an animal model of acute limb IR. Results showed that SJHXT pre-treatment (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg/day) markedly reduced serum endothelin-1 (ET-1), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) levels and thromboxane B2/6-keto- prostaglandin F1α (TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1α), wet weight/dried weight (W/D) ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, and increased serum nitric oxide (NO), 6-Keto-PGF1α levels and NO/ET-1 ratio in the IR+SJHXT groups. In addition, the SJHXT pre-treatment (200, 300 and 400 mg/kg/day) markedly reduced skeletal muscle Ca2+, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Our results suggest that SJHXT pre-treatment may improve skeletal muscle blood vessel microcirculation, decrease skeletal muscle oxidative injury and enhance antioxidant enzymes activities in IR animals.

The aim of this study was to describe biochemical changes and endocrine responses to low-volume pre-competition swimming training for elite swimmers. Twelve sprint swimmers (6 males and 6 females) participated in 3-week pre-competition training. Measures of velocity anaerobic threshold (VAT), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea (BU), haemoglobin (Hb) and testosterone/cortisol ratio (TC) were obtained before and after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd week of training. The training load decreased from 27.3 to 13.7 km per week within 3 weeks. The VAT tested the load with an increased training protocol of 200 m×4 freestyle swimming and initial loads were 85, 90, 95, and 100 percent of the individual load. There were changes in the values of VAT, CK, BU, Hb and TC ratio during the training, and the changes corresponded to the changes of the training stimuli in time. There were also differences between the male and female swimmers. The most significant finding in this study was that such training stimulated the enginery of the swimmers and helped the swimmers recover enginery and indicated improved velocity in the competition with the following adjusting exercise after pre-competition training.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do exercício físico de alta intensidade e curta duração (provas de laço em dupla) sobre a lactacidemia e as concentrações séricas de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatinoquinase (CK) em equinos durante competição realizada no estado do Espírito Santo. Para tal foram obtidas amostras de soro e plasma de 20 equinos, da raça Quarto de Milha ou mestiços, em três momentos assim definidos: no repouso, uma semana antes da prova atlética, já com o animal em treinamento (T0); antes da prova atlética (T1) e imediatamente após o término da mesma (T2). As referidas amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório Clínico do Centro Universitário Vila Velha (UVV) para as análises. Na avaliação da lactacidemia, os resultados registrados nos momentos T0, T1 e T2 foram, respectivamente, de 0,49±0,24mmol/L, 0,93±0,16mmol/L e 9,86±2,09mmol/L. Na avaliação da atividade sérica de AST, os resultados registrados nos momentos T0, T1e T2 foram, respectivamente, de 189,1±43,6 UI/L, 210,2±46,7 UI/L e 173,1±33,5 UI/L. Por fim, a avaliação da atividade sérica da CK nos momentos T0,T1 e T2 foram,respectivamente, de 110,9±35,2 UI/L, 51,8±15,4 UI/L e 88,2±33,5 UI/L. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que o exercício físico imposto levou ao aumento significativo de lactato plasmático e CK sérica e não alterou o AST sérico e que a interpretação destes resultados permitiu concluir que os equinos usados estavam aptos ao nível de exercício físico imposto.

The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMCMO) is a technique of prolonged cardiopulmonary support, which aims to help the lungs or the heart when these organs present failure processes not responsive to conventional treatments. As it is not a physiological procedure, it represents a major challenge for medicine, which seeks to make it a safer procedure. Thus, this research was carried out to determine the course of the cardiac markers CK and CK-MB of five dogs submitted at ECMO for three hours. Mongrel dogs of various ages, weight and sex were used. Under anesthesic maintenance, the animals were subjected to femoral cannulation for ECMCMO, in an arterial-venous (AV) deviation. Once the circuit was established, the variables were measured every thirty minutes for a period of three hours. The data were statistically analyzed with Anova, Tukey and Pearson Correlation, with α = 5%. The results showed an increase of serum CK and CK-MB, characterizing a muscular injury during the procedure. The results showed that ECMO induced a cardiac muscle injury by a physiological mechanism. It was concluded that ECMCMO is a viable technical support and do not induce myocardial injury in dogs during a period of three hours.

The ginsenoside compound K (20-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol; CK) is an intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponin that has been reported to induce apoptosis in many cancer cells; however, the precise mechanisms of its activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that CK inhibited the growth and colony formation of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, phenotypes that were mediated by inducing apoptosis. Meanwhile, CK showed lower toxicity in normal hepatoma cells. After treating HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells with CK, p-STAT3 levels decreased, the three branches of the unfolded protein response were activated, and levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins were increased. We also revealed that CK decreased the DNA-binding capacity of STAT3. Moreover, silencing STAT3 with CRISPR/Cas9 technology enhanced CK-induced ERS and apoptosis. Finally, we showed that CK inhibited the growth of liver cancer xenografts with little toxicity. Mice bearing human HCC xenografts that were treated with CK showed increased GRP78 expression and decreased p-STAT3 levels. Taken together, these data showed that CK induced ERS and apoptosis by inhibiting p-STAT3 in human liver cancer cells; thus, CK might be a potential therapeutic candidate for human HCC.

Accidental envenomation caused by Tityus serrulatus scorpions is very common in Brazil and may result in serious cardiorespiratory alterations that are frequently fatal to children. In the present study, the effects of T. serrulatus venom on the cardiorespiratory system of recently weaned male Wistar rats were evaluated. Fifteen animals were distributed into three groups (n = 5). The control group A received 400 μL ultrapure water by subcutaneous injection, while the experimental groups B and C were injected with scorpion venom (100 and 450 μg, respectively, in 400 μL water). Electrocardiogram (ECG) traces were obtained prior to the experiment, at five-minute intervals up to 30 minutes after treatment. At 40 minutes after envenomation, the animals had severe acute symptoms and were subsequently anesthetized for blood collection by means of intracardiac puncture. Biochemical profiles for the cardiac muscle were established by colorimetric analysis of creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB isoenzyme. Semiquantitative analysis of troponin was performed using the immunochromatographic assay. Following euthanasia, the lungs and hearts were removed and subjected to histopathological examination. All experimental animals had ECG alterations compatible with electrolytic imbalance, myocarditis and alterations of the cardiac conduction system. Envenomed animals had accentuated bradycardia at 25 and 30 minutes after venom inoculation. All experimental animals had myocardial lesions, which were confirmed by increased serum levels of CK and CK-MB, although there were no alterations in the serum concentration of troponin. Pulmonary hemorrhage was detected in whole lungs and microscopically confirmed by the presence of congested capillaries and erythrocytes in the alveolar parenchyma. In conclusion, T. serrulatus venom caused great cardiorespiratory damage to weaned rats.

El estudio presenta los primeros resultados de investigación en variables fisiológicas y sus cambios por el ejercicio en equinos en competencia de salto en el país. Se utilizaron 24 ejemplares de las razas Silla Argentina, PSI y mestizo de la Escuela de Equitación del Ejército Nacional de Colombia, que participaron en pruebas de salto (1,10 – 1,20 m) en diferentes centros ecuestres de la Sabana de Bogotá. Se determinó frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria y enzimas musculares (creatinquinasa (CK), lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) y el ácido láctico).. Se tomaron tres muestras: reposo, inmediatamente después del ejercicio y a las 6 horas posejercicio. Para la frecuencia cardiaca se utilizó un monitor POLAR S625; la frecuencia respiratoria se determinó mediante fonendoscopio; y las enzimas y el ácido láctico se analizaron en laboratorio. Se utilizó el método estadístico ANAVA para enzimas musculares y acido láctico y estadística descriptiva para frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria. En los resultados se encontró un comportamiento estadísticamente significativo (p < 0.05) del ácido láctico y la enzima creatinkinasa, a diferencia del comportamiento de la enzima lactato deshidrogenasa, que fue no significativo. Las frecuencias cardiaca y respiratoria se elevaron de manera significativa posejercicio y regresaron a lo normal alrededor de las 6 seis horas. El ácido láctico se incrementó posejercicio y disminuyó a las 6 horas, contrario a lo reportado por otros autores. Se concluye que una vez analizadas estas variables, hay diferencias con los valores obtenidos por otros autores, que pueden deberse a la altitud, al tipo y tiempo de ejercicio realizado. Por tanto es indispensable continuar haciendo estudios en este campo.

Introduction: The role of screening laboratory tests in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is currently unknown. The objectives of this study are to explore common laboratory test abnormalities in CIDP patients.Methods: CIDP subjects attending the Neuromuscular Clinic between 01/2013 and 12/2014 were evaluated. Demographic data, clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory test results were extracted from their charts.Results: Seventy-nine charts were reviewed. Mean age was 61 ± 11 years. Most (84%) CIDP patients had laboratory test abnormalities; the most frequent were paraproteinemia (29%) and elevated HbA1C (28%) and creatine kinase (27%). Additional abnormalities included anemia in 19%, and elevated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and urate in 17%, elevated antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in 11%, and abnormal C3 in 10%.Conclusions: Laboratory test abnormalities were found in most CIDP patients. The most common were paraproteinemia, higher than expected frequency of diabetes, and unexpected CK elevation. Additional abnormalities included anemia, high urate levels, and common biomarkers for vasculitic neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 53: 862-865, 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to explore if creatine kinase (CK) levels correlate with survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and whether a correlation is independent of other well-studied predictors such as location of onset, gender, age, fat free mass, spasticity, cramps, and fasciculations. We analyzed data from 80 ALS patients from a 48-week non-interventional longitudinal multicenter nutrition study with long term follow-up. The overall mean CK was 214 ± 191.8 U/l (range 22–1992 U/l). Forty-five percent of patients had at least one high CK value (> 200 U/l), and about half maintained a high CK value, but there was no trend over the study period. Male gender and extremity onset were significantly associated with high CK. In univariate analysis, age, bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS) fat free mass, spasticity, and fasciculations were not associated with CK level. There was an association between CK and muscle cramps (p <0.001). In survival analysis, low CK (≤ 200 U/l) was associated with a longer overall survival (p =0.02), when adjusting for location of onset, age, race, gender, BIS fat free mass, and study site. In conclusion, CK may be a useful marker for ALS survival, which has implications for clinical care and the design of future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dez potros da raça Puro Sangue de Corrida (PSC), de ambos os sexos, foram avaliados quanto à concentração das enzimas séricas creatino quinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e deshidrogenase lática (DHL). Foram colhidas amostras sangüíneas diariamente do 1º ao 7ºdia de vida e depois aos 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias de idade. A concentração da CK mostrou um decréscimo significativo (p< 0,0003) do1º ao 7º dia de idade, e variação também significativa (p< 0,0044) entre o 15º dia de vida até os seis meses. A AST apresentou elevação significativa (p< 0,0001) até os 102 dias de idade, sofrendo posterior declínio até o 6º mês. A DHL apresentou decréscimo significativo (p< 0,0002) nas suas concentrações entre os 15 e 120 dias de idade, com posterior elevação até o 6º mês. Aos seis meses de idade as concentrações séricas de CK, AST e DHL, estão próximas as de eqüinos adultos.Ten Thoroughbred foals, male and female, had the seric concentration of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) determined. Blood samples were collected every day from days 1 to 7 and on days 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 of age. CK activity decreased significantly (p< 0.0003) in the first week and showed significant variation between day 15 and 6 months of age. AST showed a significant (p< 0.0001) increase in its values until 102 days of age, decreasing subsequently until 6 months of age. LDH values decreased significantly (p< 0.0002) between days 15 and 120, increasing subsequently until 6 months of age. At 6 months of age CK, AST and LDH activities were close to those of adult horses.

A concentração de creatinoquinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e dehidrogenase lática (LDH) foi determinada em amostras de soro obtidas de 60 equinos da raça Crioula: 20 éguas mantidas no pasto (Grupo A), 20 equinos em treinamento (Grupo B) e 20 participantes da competição do "Freio de Ouro de 1997" em Esteio - RS (Grupo C), dos quais foram colhidas amostras 24 a 48 horas antes do início da competição e 24 e 48 horas após a mesma. Não houve variação significativa na LDH. O grupo B apresentou concentrações de CK e AST mais elevadas (pCreatine Kinase (CK), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Lactic Dehidrogenase (LDH) concentration was determined in serum samples obtained from 60 horses of the Criollo breed: 20 mares managed on pasture (Group A), 20 horses in training (Group B) and 20 horses participating of the Freio de Ouro 1997 competition (Group C), where samples were collected 24-48 hours before competition and 24 and 48 hours there after. There was no difference in LDH values between groups. Group B horses had higher (p

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Neopterin has been considered as an important marker of cellular inflammation. The primary objective of the current study was to determine the role of neopterin in cardiovascular disease and its association with other well known cardiac markers. The study was composed of total 200 subjects (100 confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, 50 recently diagnosed, and 50 managed CAD patients) both men and women and 100 healthy control individuals of matching age and weight. Serum neopterin analysis was done using commercial available ELISA kits. Other cardiac markers viz. troponin, creatine kinase (CK), CK MB isoenzyme (CKMB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) estimation was done by standard routine biochemical methods. Neopterin level was found to be remarkably enhanced by 150% and 513% in the recently diagnosed and managed CAD patients, respectively. CK level also showed a significant rise by 62% in the managed patients. However, recently diagnosed patients did not show any significant change. Moreover, cross correlation study showed statistically significant ( P < 0.01) change in neopterin and CK levels between recently and managed patients. In the other studied CAD markers such as CKMB, fibrinogen and LDH also showed a significant increase in both categories of patients. CRP level was also found to be significantly enhanced by 357% ( P < 0.01) and 341% ( P < 0.05) in recently diagnosed and managed patients respectively. Because of cost effectiveness, easy and quick analysis of neopterin in the serum sample, we propose neopterin as the prognostic as well as diagnostic biomarker of CAD before other markers could be tested especially in Saudi population. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(6):453-459, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) has been applied over skeletal muscles before intense exercise (muscular pre-conditioning) in order to reduce fatigue and muscle damage (measured by creatine kinase, CK) in clinical trials. However, previous exercise protocols do not exactly simulate the real muscle demand required in sports. For this reason, the aim of this randomized and double-blind placebo-controlled trial was to investigate whether light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) applied over the quadriceps femoris muscles, hamstrings, and triceps surae of volleyball players before official matches could prevent muscle damage (CK) with a dose response, establishing a therapeutic window. A professional male volleyball team (12 athletes) was enrolled in this study, and LEDT was applied before 4 matches during a national championship. LEDT used an array of 200 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) arranged in 25 clusters of 4 infrared LEDs (850 ± 20 nm; 130 mW) and 25 clusters of 4 red LEDs (630 ± 10 nm; 80 mW). Athletes were randomized to receive one of four different total doses over each muscle group in a double-blind protocol: 105 J (20 s), 210 J (40 s), 315 J (60 s), and placebo (no light for 30 s). CK in blood was assessed 1 h before and 24 h after each match. LEDT at 210 J avoided significant increases in CK (+10 %; P = 0.993) as well as 315 J (+31 %, P = 0.407). Placebo (0 J) allowed a significant increase in CK (+53 %; P = 0.012) as well as LEDT at 105 J (+59 %; P = 0.001). LEDT prevented significant increases of CK in blood in athletes when applied before official matches with a light dose response of 210-315 J, suggesting athletes might consider applying LEDT before competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of antioxidant supplementation on markers of muscle damage, antioxidant status, and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) after repeated downhill runs. Moderately-trained males (n = 22) were randomly assigned to a supplement (S) or placebo (P) group. Capsules (vitamin C:1 000mg/d; vitamin E: 400 IU/d) were ingested daily for 2 weeks, before the first (1D) and second (2D) downhill runs, and for 2 additional days following each run. Creatine kinase (CK) activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were measured pre-exercise and at 0 (immediately), 6, 24 and 48h post-exercise (POST). DOMS was rated for quadriceps, hamstring, gluteus, gastrocne-mius, and tibialis anterior at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h POST. CK at 48h following 1D remained elevated above pre-exercise only in P (P<0.01). Overall, DOMS of the quadriceps was lower in S (1.1 ±0.3) than P (2.2±0.5) (P<0.05). At 24h POST in S, CK was lower (P<0.01) and ORAC was higher (P< 0.05) following 2D than 1D. CK and ORAC following 2D were blunted and augmented, respectively, in response to 1D and antioxidant supplementation enhanced this protective effect as indicated by an attenuation of biomarkers of muscle damage and a greater antioxidant capacity observed 24h POST 2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study examined the influence of physical qualities on markers of fatigue and muscle damage following rugby league match-play. Design Between subjects design. Methods Twenty-one male youth rugby league players (age 19.2 ± 0.7 years; height 180.7 ± 5.6 cm; body mass 89.9 ± 10.0 kg) participated in the study. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1), 3 repetition maximum back squat and bench press were assessed prior to 2 competitive fixtures. Neuromuscular fatigue (countermovement jump [CMJ] and plyometric push-up [PP]), and blood creatine kinase (CK) were assessed before and after match-play. During match-play, movements were recorded using microtechnology. Players were divided into high- and low-groups based on physical qualities. Results High Yo-Yo and squat performance resulted in greater loads during match-play ( p < 0.05). There were larger reductions in CMJ power in the low Yo-Yo group at both 24 (ES = −1.83), and 48 h post-match (ES = −1.33). Despite greater internal and external match loads, changes in CMJ power were similar between squat groups. There were larger increases in blood CK in the low Yo-Yo group at 24 (73% vs. 176%; ES = 1.50) and 48 h post-match (28% vs. 80%; ES = 1.22). Despite greater contact loads, the high squat group exhibited smaller changes in blood CK post-match (ES = 0.25–0.39). Conclusions Post-match fatigue is lower in players with well-developed high-intensity running ability, and lower body strength, despite these players having greater internal and external match loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the identification for CTCs with weak or negative CK and diploid CTCs in pancreatic cancer, we combined immune-staining of CK, CD45, DAPI and fluorescence in situ hybridization with the centromere of chromosome 8 (CEP8) probe method. CTCs in 3.75 mL of blood were depleted for CD45 positive cells with anti-CD45 antibodies and identified by combining CK, CD45, DAPI and CEP8 in 61 cases including 22 pancreatic cancers, 3 borderline pancreatic solid pseudopapillary tumors, 6 pancreatic benign tumors, and 30 healthy individuals. We found that enriched cells could be classified into 5 patterns: CK+CD45-DAPI+CEP8=2 (2 hybridization signals), CK+CD45-DAPI+CEP8>2 (>2 hybridization signals), CK-CD45-DAPI+CEP8>2, CK-CD45-DAPI+CEP8=2, and CK+/-CD45+DAPI+CEP8=2 or >2. Among 22 pancreatic cancers, CK+CD45-DAPI+CEP8=2 and CK+CD45-DAPI+CEP8>2 patterns were identified in two cases, and CK-CD45- DAPI+CEP8>2 pattern was identified in 16 cases. CK-CD45-DAPI+CEP8=2 and CK+/-CD45+DAPI+CEP8=2 or >2 patterns were detected in pancreatic cancers, other pancreatic diseases and healthy individuals. Among the five patterns, CK+CD45-DAPI+CEP8=2, CK+CD45-DAPI+CEP8>2 and CK-CD45-DAPI+CEP8>2 were considered as CTCs, while CK-CD45-DAPI+CEP8=2 and CK+/-CD45+DAPI+CEP8=2 or >2 were considered as indeterminate cells. When the cutoff value was set as 2 cells/3.75 mL based on ROC curve, the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was 68.18 and 94.87%, respectively. Dynamically monitoring CTCs changes prior to and after surgery in pancreatic patients revealed that CTCs count decreased in 3 days after surgery, but increased in 10 days after surgery in most patients. During our one and a half year follow-up, CTCs positive patients showed metastasis and worse survival rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statins intolerance is mainly due to their side effects on the neuromuscular system (primarily muscle). It has become an important issue because of the major cardiovascular risk reduction of this class of drugs. However, the facts related to these side effects are sometimes under-recognized or controversial. A literature review of the recent developments in the field is given. The clinical definition of statin myopathy and its presentation are not suitable for the myology field. Management and prevention are not validated. More genetic risk factors need to be established. Neurologists should become more involved in statin intolerance evaluation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid cells, and its treatment continues to be a challenge due to high morbidity and mortality. Ginsenoside compound K, a major active metabolite of the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, exhibits biological activities in various cancer cells and animal models. Here, we investigated the role of CK in anticancer potential in AML both in vitro and in vivo., Materials and Methods: To investigate the inhibitory effects of CK in AML cells, in vitro experiments, including cell viability assays, colony forming assays, and cell cycle and apoptosis assays were performed. AML animal experiment was established and quantitative analysis of lung tumor growth nodules and spleen weight and H&E staining were carried out to further determine the effects of CK on AML. In addition, the potential key genes induced and influenced by CK during treatment was identification by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR., Results: CK suppressed AML cell activity and induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest based on the experiment results. Moreover, significantly down-regulated expression genes of BCL2, KIT, DNMT3A, MYC and CSF-1 and up-regulated expression gene of TET2 in CK treatment AML cells were discovered., Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that CK could be used as an anti-AML drug with significant therapeutic efficacy and good biosafety., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Background: The study aimed to examine some biochemical test parameters and De Ritis ratio in COVID-19 patients, considering age and gender., Method: The study was performed on patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction and computed tomography lung diagnosis. The relationship between lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and De Ritis ratio were analysed in the first blood samples of the patients. The difference between gender was also compared with the independent sample t -test. Alpha value was accepted <0.05., Results: The De Ritis was significantly higher in females ( p  = .040). The De Ritis ratio was associated with CK in both gender. There was no significant difference in the biochemical parameters according to gender., Conclusion: The De Ritis ratio appears to be a parameter that can be used in COVID-19 patients. However, more detailed and comprehensive studies including the symptoms of patients are needed.