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Cryopreservation is one of the reliable techniques for long‐term storage of sperm. The success of this technique depends on the choice of cryoprotectant; therefore, a plethora of literature has reported the effects of different cryoprotective agents so far. Kappa‐carrageenan (κ‐carrageenan) is a hydrocolloid polysaccharide extracted from red marine seaweed. Its unique property makes it a promising option as a non‐colligative cryoprotectant. The current study aims to evaluate the cryoprotective effect of k‐carrageenan along with glycerol on ram sperm quality both after equilibration and freezing. Nine Kajli rams were utilized in this experiment for semen collection through an artificial vagina maintained at 42°C. Qualified samples were diluted in tris egg yolk glycerol (TEYG) extender containing different concentrations of k‐carrageenan as 0 mg/mL (control), 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 mg/mL. Post‐thaw assessment was done at 37°C after 24 h of storage, which showed a significant improvement (p <.05) in sperm viability, motility, membrane and acrosome integrity in an extender containing k‐carrageenan at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL compared to control. It is concluded from the current study that the combination of glycerol and 0.5 mg/mL concentration of k‐carrageenan improved the sperm post‐thaw quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ba2+ pre-crosslinked carrageenan fiber (Ba/CAF) was prepared by adding a small amount of Ba2+ to the carrageenan (CA) solution as the spinning solution. Ba/CAF-n/A, Ba/CAF-n/B and Ba/CAF-n/C were prepared with ethanol solution (combine A), high concentration BaCl2 solution (combine B) and low concentration BaCl2 solution (combine C), as coagulation bath and stretch bath, respectively. The combination of coagulation bath and stretch bath suitable for Ba2+ pre-crosslinking wet spinning was screened. The results showed that Ba2+ can induce the birefringence of the CA molecular chain, and the Ba2+ pre-crosslinking effect is the best when the CA mass fraction is 8.0 wt%. From the perspective of production safety, fiber performance and spinning cost, the coagulation bath of 3.5 wt% BaCl2 solution and stretch bath of 1.7 wt% BaCl2 solution, that is, combination C with low concentration BaCl2 solution, is the best choice. Ba/CAF-8.0/C was obtained under the best conditions. The linear intensity, water absorption and flame retardancy study showed that the breaking strength of Ba/CAF-8.0/C is as high as 1.61 cN/dtex, the water absorption was 649.2% and 574.3%, in deionized water and normal saline, respectively, and the LOI value reached 32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the purpose was to investigate the effects with different concentrations of carrageenan (CG, 0–0.30%) on the gel properties and freeze–thaw stability of soy protein isolate (SPI, 8%) cold-set gels. LF-NMR, MRI, and rheology revealed that CG promoted the formation of SPI-CG cold-set gel dense three-dimensional network structures and increased gel network cross-linking sites. As visually demonstrated by microstructure observations, CG contributed to the formation of stable SPI-CG cold-set gels with uniform and compact network structures. The dense gel network formation was caused when the proportion of disulfide bonds in the intermolecular interaction of SPI-CG cold-set gels increased, and the particle size and zeta potential of SPI-CG aggregates increased. SG20 (0.20% CG) had the densest gel network in all samples. It effectively hindered the migration and flow of water, which decreased the damage of freezing to the gel network. Therefore, SG20 exhibited excellent gel strength, water holding capacity, freeze–thaw stability, and steaming stability. This was beneficial for the gel having a good quality after freeze–thaw, which provided a valuable reference for the development of freeze–thaw-resistant SPI cold-set gel products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antinociceptive, sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of lavender oil (LO) have been documented. The aim of our study was to evaluate the adjuvant effects of pretreatment with LO compared to standard treatment (low molecular weight heparin) in thrombosis. We evaluated the effects of two doses of LO in addition to nadroparin calcium (NC) on experimentally induced thrombosis in rats. The groups were as follows: the control (C) group received intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline and vehicle (DMSO), the thrombosis (T) group received saline plus vehicle pretreatment, nadroparin calcium (NC) was administrated subcutaneously (s.c.), TNCL1 and TNCL2 received pretreatment with LO (TNCL1—100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) i.p. and TNCL2—200 mg/kg b.w. i.p. and NC s.c.). Thrombosis was successfully obtained in all groups, except the C group. Statistically significant differences between groups (p-values < 0.001) were found for the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and total oxidative stress) and antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity and thiols), TNF-α, MCP-1, and RANTES. Dose-dependent effects are seen on the biomarkers under evaluation, with higher LO doses producing the best outcomes. When compared to the group receiving standard treatment (NC alone), the LO pretreatment led to an increase in antioxidant levels (p-values < 0.001) and a decrease in oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory levels (p-values < 0.001). Lavender oil associated with NC treatment alleviates the inflammatory components of experimental carrageenan-induced thrombosis in rats by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines and improving antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state polymer electrolyte system that relies on an Iota carrageenan/Acacia gum blend and ethylene glycol as plasticizer incorporated with LiNO3 has been synthesized using the solution cast technique. The structural characterization has done by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. FTIR deconvolution reveals that ion–ion interaction analysis and the free ion and contact ion percentage. The electrolyte with 30 wt% LiNO3 (IAN30) has the higher conductivity as 1.77 × 10−3 S cm−1, activation energy as 0.02 eV and ion transport number as 0.999. The non-Debye property of polymer electrolytes is confirmed by studies on the frequency dependence of dielectric and, dielectric loss tangent parameter β. UV spectra of IAN30 also confirms the reduction in band-gap. IAN30 is used for the fabrication of Electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) and Electrochemical cell. There are no redox peaks in the Cyclic voltammetry response through its entire potential range for EDLC behavior. From the galvanostatic charge/discharge studies of prepared symmetrical capacitor, discharge time and specific capacitance (Cs) values are calculated as 16s and 22 F/g respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global urgency surrounding plastic waste-induced pollution has ignited significant interest in the biodegradable packaging sector, leading to a dynamic and expanding realm of biodegradable research. Nonetheless, effectively incorporating active agents into packaging materials faces hurdles related to stability and durability. This study takes a momentous leap in this context by shedding light on the transformative potential of integrating clove oil in macro and nanoencapsulation forms into carrageenan-glycerol matrices. A highlight emerges in the remarkable enhancement achieved through nanoencapsulation--a technique that substantially bolsters packaging performance. This improvement is evident in a noteworthy reduction of water vapor transmission, plummeting from an initial 11.011 to merely 6.903 g.mm m-2 d-1. This nearly fifty percent reduction underscores the efficacy of nanoencapsulation in enhancing packaging attributes. Concurrently, the study delves into the nuances of the carrageenan-clove oil composition, unveiling its profound influence on packaging strength, by systematically increasing the carrageenan-clove oil ratio, packaging strength triples, soaring from an initial 0.421 to an impressive 1.434 N/mm. Concerns of heightened brittleness due to increased carrageenan content are firmly dispelled, substantiated by consistent tensile stress values. In summary, this comprehensive investigation advances the core attributes of biodegradable packaging and presents a strategic and adept approach to address the intricate sustainability issues. Through adept manipulation of clove oil integration, the study pioneers the evolution of biodegradable packaging materials, paving the way for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste has become a global environmental problem as it is difficult to decompose and harms the environment. The alternative solution to overcome this problem is to produce biodegradable plastics made from renewable materials. Cassava peel waste contains starch that can form a thin film but has poor mechanical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to include additional substances to enhance its strength. Carrageenan is a substance that can improve bioplastic mechanical properties. This study aims to determine the characteristics of bioplastic made from cassava peel waste starch and carrageenan formulation. Nine formulations were tested in this study using the randomized complete block design factorial with the two factors of cassava peel starch (S) and carrageenan (C) concentrations, both at three levels and carried out under three replications. Bioplastics characteristics are observed in thickness, swelling, biodegradation, tensile strength, elongation, and elasticity. The formulation S2C1 (starch 20%; carrageenan 5%) produced the bioplastic with the best mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 1.1 MPa, elongation of 1.33%, and elasticity of 0.87. Meanwhile, the formulation S3C1 (starch 30%; carrageenan 5%) had the best results for swelling, thickness, and biodegradability, with a swelling value of 57.79%, thickness of 0.36mm, and 11-day biodegradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) inhibition by sulfated polysaccharides isolated from the various families of red algae of the Far East Pacific coast were studied. The anti-HIV-1 activity of kappa and lambda-carrageenans from Chondrus armatus, original highly sulfated X-carrageenan with low content of 3,6-anhydrogalactose from Tichocarpus crinitus and i/κ–carrageenan with hybrid structure isolated from Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis was found. The antiviral action of these polysaccharides and its low-weight oligosaccharide was compared with commercial κ-carrageenan. Here we used the HIV-1-based lentiviral particles and evaluated that these carrageenans in non-toxic concentrations significantly suppress the transduction potential of lentiviral particles pseudotyped with different envelope proteins, targeting cells of neuronal or T-cell origin. The antiviral action of these carrageenans was confirmed using the chimeric replication competent Mo-MuLV (Moloney murine leukemia retrovirus) encoding marker eGFP protein. We found that X-carrageenans from T. crinitus and its low weight derivative and λ-carrageenan from C. armatus effectively suppress the infection caused by retrovirus. The obtained data suggest that the differences in the suppressive effect of carrageenans on the transduction efficiency of HIV-1 based lentiviral particles may be related to the structural features of the studied polysaccharides.

This document is a summary of a special issue of the journal Foods titled "Marine Algae Bioactives: Isolation, Characterization, and Potential Application." The issue focuses on the use of algal organisms, both microalgae and macroalgae, as sources of health-promoting nutrients and bioactive compounds. The articles in the issue cover topics such as the isolation and characterization of bioactives from different types of algae, extraction protocols for specific compounds, the use of novel technologies for isolation, and the potential application of algal extracts in various fields and industries. The issue also includes two review papers on carotenoids and macroalgal polysaccharides. The authors express gratitude to the contributors and reviewers for their contributions to the issue. [Extracted from the article]

Background: This study was conducted to address the existing drawbacks of inconvenience and high costs associated with sleep monitoring. In this research, we performed sleep staging using continuous photoplethysmography (PPG) signals for sleep monitoring with wearable devices. Furthermore, our aim was to develop a more efficient sleep monitoring method by considering both the interpretability and uncertainty of the model's prediction results, with the goal of providing support to medical professionals in their decision-making process. Method: The developed 4-class sleep staging model based on continuous PPG data incorporates several key components: a local attention module, an InceptionTime module, a time-distributed dense layer, a temporal convolutional network (TCN), and a 1D convolutional network (CNN). This model prioritizes both interpretability and uncertainty estimation in its prediction results. The local attention module is introduced to provide insights into the impact of each epoch within the continuous PPG data. It achieves this by leveraging the TCN structure. To quantify the uncertainty of prediction results and facilitate selective predictions, an energy score estimation is employed. By enhancing both the performance and interpretability of the model and taking into consideration the reliability of its predictions, we developed the InsightSleepNet for accurate sleep staging. Result: InsightSleepNet was evaluated using three distinct datasets: MESA, CFS, and CAP. Initially, we assessed the model's classification performance both before and after applying an energy score threshold. We observed a significant improvement in the model's performance with the implementation of the energy score threshold. On the MESA dataset, prior to applying the energy score threshold, the accuracy was 84.2% with a Cohen's kappa of 0.742 and weighted F1 score of 0.842. After implementing the energy score threshold, the accuracy increased to a range of 84.8–86.1%, Cohen's kappa values ranged from 0.75 to 0.78 and weighted F1 scores ranged from 0.848 to 0.861. In the case of the CFS dataset, we also noted enhanced performance. Before the application of the energy score threshold, the accuracy stood at 80.6% with a Cohen's kappa of 0.72 and weighted F1 score of 0.808. After thresholding, the accuracy improved to a range of 81.9–85.6%, Cohen's kappa values ranged from 0.74 to 0.79 and weighted F1 scores ranged from 0.821 to 0.857. Similarly, on the CAP dataset, the initial accuracy was 80.6%, accompanied by a Cohen's kappa of 0.73 and weighted F1 score was 0.805. Following the application of the threshold, the accuracy increased to a range of 81.4–84.3%, Cohen's kappa values ranged from 0.74 to 0.79 and weighted F1 scores ranged from 0.813 to 0.842. Additionally, by interpreting the model's predictions, we obtained results indicating a correlation between the peak of the PPG signal and sleep stage classification. Conclusion: InsightSleepNet is a 4-class sleep staging model that utilizes continuous PPG data, serves the purpose of continuous sleep monitoring with wearable devices. Beyond its primary function, it might facilitate in-depth sleep analysis by medical professionals and empower them with interpretability for intervention-based predictions. This capability can also support well-informed clinical decision-making, providing valuable insights and serving as a reliable second opinion in medical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds derived from natural sources continue to serve as chemical scaffolds for designing prophylactic/therapeutic options for human healthcare. In this study, we aimed to systematically unravel the chemical profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of myrtle methanolic extract (MMEx) using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. High levels of TPC (415.85 ± 15.52 mg GAE/g) and TFC (285.80 ± 1.64 mg QE/g) were observed. Mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 1,8-cineole (33.80%), α-pinene (10.06%), linalool (4.83%), p-dimethylaminobenzophenone (4.21%), thunbergol (4%), terpineol (3.60%), cis-geranyl acetate (3.25%), and totarol (3.30%) as major compounds. MMEx induced pronounced dose-dependent inhibition in all assays, and the best antioxidant activity was found with H2O2, with an IC50 of 17.81 ± 3.67 µg.mL−1. MMEx showed a good anti-inflammatory effect in vivo by limiting the development of carrageenan-induced paw edema. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the active molecules were determined using the SwissADME website, followed by virtual screening against anti-inflammatory targets including phospholipase A2 (PLA-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and NF-κB. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that the molecules have good absorption, distribution, and metabolism profiles, with negative organ toxicity. Among the compounds identified by GC-MS analysis, pinostrobin chalcone, cinnamyl cinnamate, hedycaryol, totarol, and p-dimethylaminobenzophenone were observed to have good binding scores, thus appreciable anti-inflammatory potential. Our study reveals that MMEx from Algerian Myrtus communis L. can be considered to be a promising candidate for alleviating many health complaints associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the thermomechanical and antioxidant properties of an active film composed of carrageenan and cellulose nanofibers incorporating (0.1%v/v–0.5%v/v) eugenol (Eu), intended for active packaging applications. The mechanical, physical, morphology, and thermal properties of the active film were extensively characterized, and the antioxidant activity was monitored over a 34‐day‐storage period. Broido's model was employed to assess the thermomechanical properties and activation energy of the films towards the Eu structure in carrageenan and cellulose nanofiber film. The findings revealed that the addition of Eu had a negative impact on the activation energy of the film's decomposition while positively affecting the release of antioxidants during storage. The film containing 0.4% Eu demonstrated optimal physical and mechanical characteristics, including a tensile strength of 38.08 ± 2.06 MPa and elongation at break of 21.95% ± 9.02%. Furthermore, the SGC‐0.4% (SGC stand for Semi refined carragenan + Glycerol + Cellulose nanofiber) Eu film exhibited a higher activation energy (365.82 kJ/mol), suggesting enhanced stability and durability compared with other films. The film with 0.4% Eu content showed the highest release rate of polyphenols (614.9290 mg gallic acid/L sample) up to 28 days of storage. Additionally, it exhibited a 58% efficiency of radical scavenging activity. Overall, these results highlight the potential of the SGC‐0.4% Eu film as a biodegradable packaging solution that offers prolonged food shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To validate the performance of automated Prostate Cancer Molecular Imaging Standardized Evaluation (aPROMISE) in quantifying total prostate disease burden with 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT and to evaluate the interobserver and histopathologic concordance in the establishment of dominant and index tumor. Patients with a recent diagnosis of intermediate/high-risk prostate cancer underwent 18F-DCFPyL-PET/CT for staging purpose. In positive-18F-DCFPyL-PET/CT scans, automated prostate tumor segmentation was performed using aPROMISE software and compared to an in-house semiautomatic-manual guided segmentation procedure. SUV and volume related variables were obtained with two softwares. A blinded evaluation of dominant tumor (DT) and index tumor (IT) location was assessed by both groups of observers. In histopathological analysis, Gleason, International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) group, DT and IT location were obtained. We compared all the obtained variables by both software packages using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's kappa coefficient (k) for the concordance analysis. Fifty-four patients with a positive 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT were evaluated. The ICC for the SUVmax, SUVpeak, SUVmean, tumor volume (TV) and total lesion activity (TLA) was: 1, 0.833, 0.615, 0.494 and 0.950, respectively (p < 0.001 in all cases). For DT and IT detection, a high agreement was observed between both softwares (k = 0.733; p < 0.001 and k = 0.812; p < 0.001, respectively) although the concordances with histopathology were moderate (p < 0001). The analytical validation of aPROMISE showed a good performance for the SUVmax, TLA, DT and IT definition in comparison to our in-house method, although the concordance was moderate with histopathology for DT and IT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To study the anti-inflammatory effect of Elephantopus scaber L. extract on acute pleurisy induced by carrageenan in rats, and to explore its anti-inflammatory mechanism. [Methods] The active sites of E. scaber L. were extracted by ethanol reflux method. The extracts of different concentrations of E. scaber L. were used as the study object, and dexamethasone was used as the positive control drug. The anti-inflammatory effects of E. scaber L. extracts were studied by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in pleural fluid and serum nitric oxide (NO), MDA, PEG2, TNF-α, IL-1β in rats with acute pleurisy induced by carrageenan. [Results] E. scaber L. extracts in three doses could reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in pleural fluid and serum, and inhibit acute pleurisy in rats. It was speculated that the anti-inflammatory mechanism was related to the inhibition of the release of inflammatory factors and the antioxidant effect of extracts of three doses of E. scaber L. [Conclusions] This experiment provides a basis for the development and application of E. scaber L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to monitor the changes in land use land cover (LULC) in El-Fayoum governorate over time (past, present, and future) to provide current information for stakeholders involved in land use planning. The study utilized Landsat satellite images and applied the Support Vector Machine algorithm using ArcGIS Pro 2.8.3 to classify the images into four major LULC classes: water, desert, built-up, and agricultural. To evaluate the accuracy of the LULC maps, the study used kappa statistical parameters, which ranged from 0.91 to 0.94, indicating acceptable results for further analysis. To predict spatio-temporal LULC changes, the study considered biophysical and socioeconomic factors such as distance to canals, distance to roads, distance to urban areas, a digital elevation model, and slope. A combination of Multi-Criteria Evaluation, a Fuzzy Membership Function, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process were employed to develop a land cover suitability map. The Hybrid CA-Markov model of the IDRISI-TerrSet software was used to simulate LULC changes, and the accuracy of the simulation was validated using 2020 imagery data. The values gained from the kappa indices for agreement (standard) = 0.9006, kappa for lack of information (no) = 0.916, and kappa for location at grid cell level (location) = 0.9572 demonstrate that the results of the simulation of the LULC changes were deemed satisfactory. The future scenarios modeled in LULC indicate a significant change in the LULC classes over time, specifically for 2030. The change rates of agriculture, desert, built-up, and water areas in El-Fayoum in 2030 compared to 2020 are estimated to be 9.68%, − 17.58%, 133.62%, and 6.06%, respectively. These findings establish both past and future LULC trends and provide crucial data useful for planning and sustainable land use management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although immunoglobulin (IgY) has therapeutic potential, extracts from conventional methods are generally parenterally incompatible. This present study aimed to design a method to generate an IgY composition in vivo administration. The proposed procedure incorporated the following modifications: delipidation using carrageenan, salt precipitation using sodium sulfate, desalting using gel filtration, and affinity chromatography using MgCl2 as a disrupting agent. Furthermore, specific IgY was generated against human histones (H3 or H4) or calf histones to demonstrate the maintenance of target specificity. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns showed increasing purity from crude to post-desalted samples. Affinity chromatography estimated specific antibodies in the crude extract at 3-8%. Using ELISA, specificity was demonstrated for plasma, serum, or bicarbonate buffer samples. No mortality was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats and BALB/c mice using OECD up-and-down limit protocol adjusted to wrote. LD50 was estimated at more than 500 mg/kg intraperitoneally and 300 mg/kg intravenously. Intravenously injected with limited doses, intraperitoneally in mice, and daily sublethal doses for up to 36 d. Curiously, nonspecific IgY - but not specific IgY - had a higher liver injury score than solvent alone for acute injections (P < 0.05). Thus, the proposed method of IgY isolation may offer a means for an IgY composition that can be compatible with both in vivo therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biocompatible metal-organic framework [Zn4(GA)4(H2O)4]·4H2O (H2GA = glutamic acid) was used as a container for anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa in composite films based on kappa-carrageenan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The obtained composite materials showed high antioxidant activity and ability to undergo pH-induced color change upon reactions with gaseous products of pathogen development and, hence, possess the potential for practical application as functional materials for food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market demand for food packing bags is large. However, low mechanical properties and strong electrostatic damage limit their use. In this work, carrageenan/konjac glucomannan/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite films were prepared by solution casting. First, Hummers method was used to obtain GO nanosheets. Then, GO-filled composites (various GO dosages) were fabricated. Surface morphology of films was investigated. After that, stress–strain curves of films were determined, and mechanical properties of films after 80 °C thermal aging were studied. In the end, electrical and thermal conductivities of films were measured. GO can play an important role in improving mechanical, antistatic and heat-conducting performances of films. The optimal composite (3.6 wt% GO) can exhibit promising features including a high breaking strength of ~ 130 MPa (~ 65 MPa after 80 °C thermal aging for 30 min), high electrical conductivity of ~ 0.01 S m−1 at 20 Hz under 1 V and high thermal conductivity of ~ 0.74 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature. This research will favor a large-scale fabrication of functional and environmental composites for food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large molecular weight of the macromolecules sets them apart from all other components. This may range from 10 000 to over a million. While the molecular weight of other plant metabolites is seldom beyond 1000. Chemically, macromolecules are made up of long chains and little "building pieces," which are joined covalently in a variety of ways. Biological macromolecules are large, naturally occurring cellular building blocks that play a range of crucial roles in the development and existence of living organisms. Biomacromolecules are essential in the biomedical field and other related professions. They feature a variety of beneficial properties, including excellent biodegradability, suitable mechanical strength, enhanced bioavailability, etc. They also have significant biocompatibility. They display a variety of biological characteristics, such as antimalignant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory. The use of essential carbohydrates including alginate, chitosan, pectin, starches, carrageenan, fucoidan, etc. is common in commercial applications. Natural substance‐based pharmacotherapy is now considered to be a highly promising future alternative to conventional medicine. Along with proteins and polynucleotides, polysaccharide is a vital biomacromolecule that has a crucial function in the growth and expansion of living things. A crucial element of higher plants, cell membranes of animal, and cell walls of microbes is polysaccharide. It is intimately tied to physiological processes as well. The importance of polysaccharides as a significant class of bioactive natural compounds has received more attention recently. Numerous studies have shown that natural polysaccharides contain bioactivities, which have led to the use of polysaccharides in the treatment of illness. The many parts of the research findings on the bioactivities of polysaccharides in gastro‐protection are included in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anacardium occidentale L. stem bark Traditional Herbal Preparations (AoBTHPs) are widely used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, such as diabetes. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and genotoxic potential of red and white Portuguese AoBTHPs. Using a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, a significant anti-edema effect was observed for all tested doses of white AoBTHP (40.2, 71.5, and 127.0 mg/kg) and the two highest doses of red AoB THP (71.5 and 127.0 mg/kg). The anti-edema effect of red AoBTHP's highest dose was much more effective than indomethacin 10 mg/kg, Trolox 30 mg/kg, and Tempol 30 mg/kg. In DPPH, FRAP, and TAC using the phosphomolybdenum method, both types of AoBTHPs showed similar antioxidant activity and no genotoxicity up to 5000 µg/plate in the Ames test. The LC-UV/DAD-ESI/MS fingerprint allowed the identification of gallic and protocatechuic acids as the two main marker compounds and the presence of catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid in both AoBTHPs. The obtained results support the validation of red and white AoB and their THPs as anti-inflammatory agents and contribute to the possible development of promising new therapeutic options to treat inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing potential of sustainable materials such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA), alginate, carrageenan, and ulvan for bioplastics production presents an opportunity to promote a sustainable circular economy. This review investigates their properties, applications, and challenges. Bioplastics derived from algae offer an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum‐based plastics, a shift of paramount importance to society due to the escalating environmental concerns associated with traditional plastics. The role of the internet‐of‐things (IoT) and machine learning in refining these bioplastics' production and development processes is emphasized. IoT monitors cultivation conditions, data collection, and process control for more sustainable production. Machine learning can enhance algae cultivation, increasing the supply of raw materials for algal bioplastics and improving their efficiency and output. The study results indicate the promise of algae‐based bioplastics, IoT, and machine learning in fostering a more environmentally sustainable future. By harnessing these advanced technologies, optimization of bioplastic production is possible, potentially revolutionizing the materials industry and addressing existing challenges toward achieving a sustainable circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is focused on the synthesis and exploration of Schiff's base imidazole derivatives with the aim of assessing their anti-inflammatory activity. A series of compounds were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic techniques. In-silico docking analysis was employed to dentify potential active ingredients. The anti-inflammatory properties of these derivatives were then investigated using paw edema model induced by carrageenan followed by assessment of TNF-a and IL-1 ß as inflammatory cytokines. Results showed that specific Schiff's base Imidazole derivatives, notably C1IN, C2IN, C4IN, C5IN, and C11IN, demonstrate significant effectiveness in alleviating paw edema and reducing the level of IL-1ß and TNF-a. The findings emphasize the potential of these developed derivatives as viable options for anti-inflammatory intervention. The observed reduction in paw edema and cytokine levels signifies a promising anti-inflammatory profile, positioning these compounds as candidates for further exploration and development. The study contributes valuable insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of imidazole derivatives, suggesting their potential therapeutic applications in inflammatory conditions. Future research should delve deeper into mechanistic aspects and conduct additional preclinical studies to validate the translational potential of these derivatives in anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. This research opens avenues for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents with potential clinical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is a complex physiological response that can lead to various health issues. The development of effective anti-inflammatory agents is crucial for managing inflammatory conditions. This study focused on synthesizing and evaluating Schiff base Indole derivatives for their anti-inflammatory potential. Among several synthesized compounds, C1IN, C2IN, C3IN, C7IN, C8IN, and C11IN demonstrated substantial reductions in paw edema and levels of cytokines of inflammation such as IL-1ß and TNF-a. In-silico analysis and molecular docking studies further supported the observed effects, indicating potential interactions with TNF-a. The study highlights the therapeutic potential of Schiff base Indole derivatives in mitigating inflammatory responses. Hence, Schiff base Indole derivatives present a novel avenue for future research and the potential development of anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More understanding of the relationship among the microstructure, mechanical property, and digestive behavior is essential for the application of emulsion gels in the food industry. In this study, heat-denatured pea protein isolate particles and κ-carrageenan were used to fabricate cold-set emulsion gels induced by CaCl2, and the effect of κ-carrageenan concentration on the gel formation mechanism, microstructure, texture, and digestive properties was investigated. Microstructure analysis obtained by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that pea protein/κ-carrageenan coupled gel networks formed at the polysaccharide concentration ranged from 0.25% to 0.75%, while the higher κ-carrageenan concentration resulted in the formation of continuous and homogenous κ-carrageenan gel networks comprised of protein enriched microdomains. The hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds played an important role in maintaining the gel structure. The water holding capacity and gel hardness of pea protein emulsion gels increased by 37% and 75 fold, respectively, through increasing κ-carrageenan concentration up to 1.5%. Moreover, in vitro digestion experiments based on the INFOGEST guidelines suggested that the presence of 0.25% κ-carrageenan could promote the digestion of lipids, but the increased κ-carrageenan concentration could delay the lipid and protein hydrolysis under gastrointestinal conditions. These results may provide theoretical guidance for the development of innovative pea protein isolate-based emulsion gel formulations with diverse textures and digestive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to formulate new variants of synthetic and animal-source bone materials coated with different biopolymers, containing antibiotics (ampicillin and oxacillin) and alendronate drugs. Validation consists in establishing mixtures that do not present interactions between components. These materials should act as a drug delivery system alongside the bone base. Natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, and kappa-carrageenan have been shown to be optimal materials for drug delivery due to their intrinsic biocompatibility. Binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures between components are analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis analysis, thermogravimetry (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis led to the validation of materials suitable for the controlled release of active substances, which have the greatest chance of increasing the speed of bone regeneration, as well as helping in the local administration of antibiotics, which currently must be administered in the form of oral formulations or an injection. According to the FTIR, thermogravimetry, UV-Vis, SEM, and cytotoxicity tests performed in this study, it can be said that it is quite easy to obtain materials that can be used in dental practice that facilitate bone reconstruction through local treatment. At the same time, it was found that both active substances can be incorporated into the material together with Alg and Chit, thus limiting the adverse effects and maximizing the local beneficial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial applications of the κ-carrageenases have been restricted by their poor thermostability. In this study, based on the folding free energy change (ΔΔG) and the flexibility analysis using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for the alkaline κ-carrageenase KCgCD from Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae (WT), the mutant S190R was identified with improved thermostability. After incubation at 50 °C for 30 min, the residual activity of S190R was 63.7%, 25.7% higher than that of WT. The Tm values determined by differential scanning calorimetry were 66.2 °C and 64.4 °C for S190R and WT, respectively. The optimal temperature of S190R was 10 °C higher than that of WT. The κ-carrageenan hydrolysates produced by S190R showed higher xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity compared with the untreated κ-carrageenan. MD simulation analysis of S190R showed that the residues (V186–M194 and P196–G197) in F5 and the key residue R150 in F3 displayed the decreased flexibility, and residues of T169–N173 near the catalytic center displayed the increased flexibility. These changed flexibilities might be the reasons for the improved thermostability of mutant S190R. This study provides a useful rational design strategy of combination of ΔΔG calculation and MD simulation to improve the κ-carrageenase's thermostability for its better industrial applications. Key points: Mutant κ-carrageenase S190R is identified by rational design based on ΔΔG and MD simulation. Mutant κ-carrageenase S190R increases the thermostability. Mutant enzyme-treated κ-carrageenan exhibits high xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents research on biodegradable stretch sensors produced using biological material. This sensor uses a piezoresistive effect to indicate stretch, which can be used for force measurement. In this work, an attempt was made to develop the composition of a sensitive material and to design a sensor. The biodegradable base was made from a κ-carrageenan compound mixed with Fe2O3 microparticles and glycerol. The influence of the weight fraction and iron oxide microparticles on the tensile strength and Young's modulus was experimentally investigated. Tensile test specimens consisted of 10–25% iron oxide microparticles of various sizes. The results showed that increasing the mass fraction of the reinforcement improved the Young's modulus compared to the pure sample and decreased the elongation percentage. The GF of the developed films varies from 0.67 to 10.47 depending on composition. In this paper, it was shown that the incorporation of appropriate amounts of Fe2O3 microparticles into κ-carrageenan can achieve dramatic improvements in mechanical properties, resulting in elongation of up to 10%. The developed sensors were experimentally tested, and their sensitivity, stability, and range were determined. Finally, conclusions were drawn on the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phycocyanin (PC), a natural protein that is very interesting from the medical point of view due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is obtained from algae. This compound is gaining positions for applications in the food industry. The main objective of this work was to obtain nanoemulgels formulated with PC and k-carrageenan (a polymer that is obtained from algae as well). An optimization of the processing parameters (homogenization pressure and number of cycles) and the ratio of PC and a well-known synthetic surfactant (Tween 80) was developed using response surface methodology. The results of this optimization were 25,000 psi, seven cycles, and a 1:1 ratio of PC/Tween80. However, the necessity for the incorporation of a polymer that plays a thickener role was observed. Hence, k-carrageenan (k-C) was used to retard the creaming process that these nanoemulsions suffered. The incorporation of this biopolymer provoked the creation of a network that showed gel-type behavior and flow indexes very close to zero. Thanks to the combined use of these two sustainable and algae-obtained compounds, stable nanoemulgels were obtained. This work has proved that the combined use of PC and k-C has emerged as a sustainable alternative to stabilize dispersed systems for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are many natural products which have the potential of ameliorating the deterioration in health due to aging. Some of the natural products are in the form of ethanol extract which is frequently difficult to develop into viable products for oral consumption. The use of solid carriers as an excipient to adsorb the extract is a cost-effective and feasible technique. Methods: Ethanolic extraction of Alpinia galanga was performed and preformulation studies were conducted to assess the extract. Organoleptic and physicochemical evaluations were conducted, and five established pharmaceutical excipients namely β-cyclodextrin, corn starch, carrageenan, gum arabic and microcrystalline cellulose, were formulated into granules with the A. galanga extract. The flow properties of the resulting granules, the compatibility of the granule components and the release of the marker compounds were assessed. Results: The ethanolic extract of A. galanga was sticky and bitter, and adsorption onto the five different solid carriers gave varying results. Granules formed with β-cyclodextrin, corn starch and carrageenan were subjected to flow studies and the highest flowability was shown by the granules fabricated with corn starch. No incompatibility was detected from the thermal profiles of the individual components and the granules. Release studies showed that formulation into granules using corn starch has increased release of the marker compounds by 3-4 folds. Conclusions: Solid carriers can improve the capability of a plant extract to be processed into viable products, and can facilitate the production of a batch for preclinical and clinical tests in the local industrial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change, the need to ensure food security and safety has taken center stage. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are traditionally used to achieve higher plant productivity and improved plant protection from biotic stresses. However, the widespread use of fertilizers and pesticides has led to significant risks to human health and the environment, which are further compounded by the emissions of greenhouse gases during fertilizer and pesticide production and application, contributing to global warming and climate change. The naturally occurring sulfated linear polysaccharides obtained from edible red seaweeds (Rhodophyta), carrageenans, could offer climate-friendly substitutes for these inputs due to their bi-functional activities. Carrageenans and their derivatives, known as oligo-carrageenans, facilitate plant growth through a multitude of metabolic courses, including chlorophyll metabolism, carbon fixation, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, secondary metabolite generation, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. In parallel, these compounds suppress pathogens by their direct antimicrobial activities and/or improve plant resilience against pathogens by modulating biochemical changes via salicylate (SA) and/or jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways, resulting in increased production of secondary metabolites, defense-related proteins, and antioxidants. The present review summarizes the usage of carrageenans for increasing plant development and defense responses to pathogenic challenges under climate change. In addition, the current state of knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms and metabolic alterations in plants during carrageenan-stimulated plant growth and plant disease defense responses has been discussed. This evaluation will highlight the potential use of these new biostimulants in increasing agricultural productivity under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase separation and cocoa precipitation at the bottom of the bottle of cocoa milk is unpleasant from the consumer's point of view. Usually the amount of cocoa particles precipitate at the bottom of the bottle is of most importance. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of five levels of stabilizers including: xanthan, κ ‐carrageenan and mono - diglyceride on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of cocoa milk using the response surface method (RSM). Therefore, 20 treatments were produced in three blocks with six replications at the central point, then physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation tests were performed. Numerical optimization method has been applied to produce optimal cocoa milk with a suitable viscosity of 110 centipoise and the lowest amount of phase separation and precipitation. The suggested samples of the software were compared in the production laboratory with the real results of cocoa milk with a one -sample T -test software at a 95% confidence level, which confirmed the correctness of the predicted model due to the absence of significant differences. Based on the results, it was found that the increase of hydrocolloids caused an increase in viscosity as a confidence level (p<0.001), as well as an increase in product stability and a decrease in the amount of sediment formation. Sensory evaluation showed that κ ‐carrageenan had the greatest effect on overall acceptance, followed by xanthan and mono -diglyceride (p<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Meat intake in masticatory dysfunction people is commonly reduced because the relatively tough texture of meat can impair mastication. Pork meat batters were prepared by different levels of bromelain (0%, 0.5% w/w), κ‐carrageenan (0.5%, 1.0% w/w), and rice berry and mung bean ratios (0:0, 1:0, 0:1, 0.5:0.5). The experiment was designed to study the effect of infusion treatments and their interaction on the properties of pork meat batter. Lower cooking losses (2.33%–3.45%) was observed in the samples with 1.0% (w/w) κ‐carrageenan. Hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and gumminess of samples with bromelain were lower, and higher in samples containing 1.0% (w/w) κ‐carrageenan. Bromelain also resulted in decreasing storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) values compared to nonbromelain‐treated samples. Microstructure revealed that connective tissue and muscle fibres were disrupted in bromelain‐treated meats while incorporation of plant proteins led to better binding of meat particles. These results revealed that bromelain has a potential to produce a softer texture batter, while 1.0% (w/w) κ‐carrageenan and plant proteins have potential to improve textural properties and shape a product. This implies that the effects and interactions of infusion treatments offer the possibility to improve texture‐optimised product for masticatory dysfunction people, such as elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatible metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe) was used as a container for a model hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredient, ibuprofen, in composite films based on gelatin, pectin, and kappa-carrageenan. According to powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy data, the metal-organic framework retained the crystal structure and its particles were uniformly distributed throughout the hydrocolloid matrix. Testing of the obtained film materials under simulated biological conditions using chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that they are applicable as a dosage form for slow release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, titled "Design of Dosage Forms with Improved Biopharmaceutical Properties," discusses the importance of developing pharmaceutical products with optimal dosage forms to ensure stability, accurate dosage, desired pharmacological effects, and ease of administration with minimal side effects. The document highlights a special issue of the journal Pharmaceutics that features nine original papers on various innovative methods to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of dosage forms. These papers cover topics such as theranostic agents, polysaccharide nanoparticles, drug-loaded beads, pharmaceutical gels, metal-organic frameworks, micellar systems, and drug nanoformulations. The document emphasizes the potential of these advancements in pharmaceutical science to expand therapeutic options and improve patient outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Hydrogels are three‐dimensional water hungry networks that are currently the focus of intense scientific investigations owing to their potential applications in biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, biosensing, agriculture and cosmetics. Traditional hydrogels are incorporated with toxic cross‐linkers, lower drug loading and are shorter in load bearing capacity. Hydrogels demonstrate significant physiochemical modification in reaction to minor fluctuations in surrounding medium. Therefore, diverse cross‐linkers, polymer blending, modification in polymers/cross‐linkers and addition of reinforcement approaches are used. This review offers a comprehensive overview of application prospects of chitosan and carrageenan‐based hydrogel materials in biomedical sector. Initially, properties of hydrogels, their types, impact of natural‐synthetic polymer blending, requirement of filler and applications of hydrogels are summarized. Afterward, the applications of chitosan and carrageenan hydrogel platforms for drug delivery, tissue engineering, cosmetics, dentistry and ophthalmic treatment are thoroughly vetted. In conclusion, the extraordinary biocompatible, biodegradable and non‐toxic features of chitosan and carrageenan‐based hydrogel systems promote their applicability in biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrageenan is an algal‐originated group of polysaccharides with unusual structural and functional capabilities, desired for different biomimetic applications due to their renewable, biocompatible, and biodegradable nature. Carrageenan‐based hybrids (nano‐/biocomposites) with different biopolymers and nano‐structured materials have been widely reported as potential candidates for bone/cartilage tissue engineering, delivery of drugs/bioactive ingredients, wound healing, and 3D bioprinting applications. Owning to the broad‐scale biomimetic applications of carrageenan‐based materials, this review aims to summarize carrageenan chemistry and distinct physicochemical features of biopolymeric and/or nanostructured materials‐based on carrageenans in a detailed manner. Herein, different biopolymers (such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, and alginates), and nano‐structured materials (such as silica nanoparticles, magnetic/non‐magnetic nanocarriers, graphene oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes/nanorods, metal oxide nanoparticles) are comprehensively described in combination with carrageenan. However, carrageenan toxicity studies have presented major challenges that need to be addressed when using carrageenan‐based materials for biomedical and therapeutic purposes. Several existing challenges, prospects, and research recommendations are described at the end of this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing seaweed production requires accurate information regarding the genetic sources of seeds used. Identifying the seaweed species Kappaphycus molecular is one of the solutions to ensure seaweed cultivators choose seeds for their cultivation businesses. Molecular identification is essential for the system traceability of seaweed products and the creation of databases regarding species variant information Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation as potential data collection for developing and genetically breeding seaweed seeds. To date, there is no information on the genetic potential of K. alvarezii cultivated in various seaweed cultivation centers in Indonesia. This study aimed to obtain phylogenetic details based on identification of the genetic source using DNA molecular markers barcoding rbcL and analysis of carrageenan content using the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrum. The results of DNA sequencing analysis and FTIR testing of 16 varieties of seaweed seedlings obtained from various cultivation centers in Indonesia showed 99% similarity with K. alvarezii, a producer of kappa carrageenan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) could be a source of carrageenan needed for industrial sector. The purpose of this study to analyze the characteristics of carrageenan seaweed cultivated with bag and non-bag cultivation systems and different seed weights. The research was conducted in the waters of Bone Bay and the Laboratory of the Indonesian Center for Brackish Water Cultivation and Fisheries Extension in Maros. This study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of factor A (using bags and non-bags), and factor B (seed weight 15, 50, 75, 100, and 125 g). The results showed that the cultivation method factor, seed weight factor, and their interaction had an effect on carrageenan yield, gel strength, ash content and water content (P<0.05). Different cultivation systems with different initial seed weight combinations showed different best results for each parameter. The highest value of yield of carrageenan was observed in the bag culture system with a seed weight of 100 g, namely 29.18 ± 1.10%. The highest value of gel strength was observed in the non-bagged cultivation system with a seed weight of 75 g, namely 1344.69 ± 18.43 g/cm² . The highest value of ash content was found in the non-bagged cultivation system with 125 g of seed weight, namely 30.02 ± 0.13%. The highest value of water content was found in the bag culture system at a seed weight of 15 g, namely 38.63 ± 0.26%. Different cultivation methods and seed weight resulted in other carrageenan characteristics of seaweed for each parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to explore the therapeutic potential of carrageenan and soy protein in treating colorectal cancer (CRC) by selectively targeting cancer cells and modulating the chemokine receptor CXCR-4. The chemokine receptor CXCR-4 plays a crucial role in colon cancer by promoting tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting CXCR-4 expression could be a promising approach for colon cancer treatment. We conducted experiments using two groups of HCT-116 cells. The CS-HCT group was treated with a combination of carrageenan and soy protein, while the untreated Group UHCT served as a control. The results demonstrated that the combination treatment with carrageenan and soy protein led to a time-dependent decrease in cell viability compared to the untreated group. The treated group exhibited significantly reduced cell viability, particularly after 48 and 72 hours of treatment. Moreover, the combination treatment induced programmed cell death, as evidenced by increased levels of apoptosis after 48 hours. Interestingly, the expression of CXCR-4 was significantly upregulated in response to the carrageenan/soy protein treatment. However, this increase in CXCR-4 expression was associated with elevated apoptosis levels and reduced cell proliferation. Both apoptosis and cell proliferation were enhanced when CXCR-4 expression levels decreased after 48 and 72 hours. Notably, the highest expression of CXCR-4 was observed at 24 hours of treatment compared to later time points. The results underscore the therapeutic potential of carrageenan and soy protein in colon cancer by targeting CXCR-4 expression, requiring further research for comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the oral route is a common drug administration route, it still causes some patient compliance problems. Gummies are chewable gels that are commonly manufactured as dietary supplement carriers and their pharmaceutical use is still limited. Dexketoprofen trometamol is an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drug. In the present study, dexketoprofen containing gummies were manufactured using carrageenan (Gelcarin®GP-379) as the gel-forming polymer. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) was used as the gelling agent in the research. The obtained gummies were characterized. For this purpose, gel viscosity measurements, morphological and physical characterizations, thermal analysis, and in vitro drug release studies were carried out. The viscosity of the gel mixtures was measured at 50°C, which was the pouring temperature of the gels into molds. The formulation containing the highest carrageenan and KH2PO4 had the highest viscosity. The physical characterization results showed that the gummy formulations could be prepared in a reproducible manner. The DSC thermograms showed that the melting peak of DXT was not observed in the gummy formulation. The in vitro dissolution test results of the gummies showed that decreasing the carrageenan and KH2PO4 concentration in gummy formulation accelerated the drug release. The obtained gummies exhibited an extended-release of up to 2 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the influence of the different types of gelling agents at various concentrations on the structural-mechanical properties of composite fruit jellies. Sodium alginate, iota-carrageenan and low-esterified amidated pectin were used as gelling agents at four different concentration levels for the preparation of composite jellies. All the structural-mechanical properties of obtained jellies were determined by a penetration test with a texture analyzer. The rupture force is reduced in the highest extent when the concentration of low-esterified amidated pectin (LEAP) increases, while the lowest change was observed when the content of sodium alginate increases. The highest values of rupture force of the composite jellies to the control were obtained at the maximum concentration (1.6%) of added iota-carrageenan. Increasing the concentration of iota-carrageenan made the composite jellies harder and more elastic. The addition of sodium alginate and LEAP made them softer compared to the control sample. Regardless of the type and the concentration of the added gelling agents in the composite jellies, their adhesiveness was significantly higher compared to the control sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]