Search

When reviewed against the background of Byzantine diplomatic correspondence, Aksum's religious policy on the Arabian Peninsula is perceivable within a Constantinian religio-political matrix. Imperial letters from Byzantine to Aksum and Persia denote the Byzantine role of arbiter of early Christianity. Byzantine Rome's role in Christianity when reviewed from diplomatic correspondence with allies and antagonists recounts narratives of orthodoxy and persecution. Parallel review of letters from Constantine and Constantius decodes the Christian kingdom of Aksum as a participant of 4th-century CE Constantinian dynamics. This review was enabled through document analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) systems in terms of membership is important for secure applications with large participation such as blockchains. While traditional protocols have low latency, they cannot handle many processors. Conversely, blockchains often have hundreds to thousands of processors to increase robustness, but they typically have high latency or energy costs. We describe various sources of unscalability in BFT consensus protocols. To improve performance, many BFT protocols optimize the "normal case," where there are no failures. This can be done in a modular fashion by wrapping existing BFT protocols with a building block that we call alliance. In normal case executions, alliance can scalably determine if the initial conditions of a BFT consensus protocol predetermine the outcome, obviating running the consensus protocol. We give examples of existing protocols that solve alliance. We show that a solution based on hypercubes and MACs has desirable scalability and performance in normal case executions, with only a modest overhead otherwise. We provide important optimizations. Finally, we evaluate our solution using the ns3 simulator and show that it scales up to thousands of processors and compare with prior work in various network topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this article is the archaeological excavations that took place in the area defined as Inner Wall in the Amorium Upper City, between 2014-2018. In this study, the city walls surrounding the mound defined as the Upper City in Amorium City and the architectural features of the Inner Wall located in the southwest corner of the mound and some determinations and suggestions regarding the formation and change processes are discussed. Amorium does not have a single fortification system. The city has a defense system consisting of walls belonging to 3 different phases, namely the Lower City walls, the Upper City walls and the Inner Wall located at the corner where the Lower and Upper City walls meet in the south west of the Upper City walls. The earliest reference to the defense system of Amorium belongs to the 11th century Byzantine historian Kedrenos. The historian reports that the city walls were built by Emperor Zenon, which indicates the years 474-491 AD. Archaeological studies carried out in the city confirm this. Therefore, in this study, first the outline of the history of Amorium was discussed, and then the data reflected in the sources and publications on the Amorium fortification system were discussed and a perspective on the city walls was presented with the archaeological studies carried out in the Inner Wall between 2014-2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sakızçukuru settlement is situated about 15 kms north from Tarsus and was founded on the slope of a steep hill. The site is thought to be a "kome" in the territory of Tarsus, but its ancient name remains unknown. There remains in the settlements a church, quite a number of tombs, dwellings and agricultural production areas and associated equipment. Although entirely collapsed, the church had three naves and followed the Hellenistic basilical plan. However, it appears that the modular system was applied in the design of the church. Also, Sakızçukuru Church contains a rarer element in Cilicia; while its apse projects outside, it has no corner rooms. Inside the rubble, several architectural elements belonging to the church building were recorded. Some in-situ parapet plaques show that spaces between the columns separating the naves were covered with these. Local lime stone was used for the architectural decoration of the church. The Corinthian capitals could be considered as simpler versions of the simplified, undetailed capitals prevailing in Cilicia and Syria at the time. The low quality of artisanship seen on the parapet plaques indicate that local craftsmen produced these and not a specialized workshop. The motif repertoire on the plaques refer to other examples in the northern neighbors of Tarsus hinterland and northern Syria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred fifty years have passed since the first published reference in modern Western scholarship to ancient wine production in the Negev Highland desert, and much is now known about its hydrological, climatic, agricultural, economic, social and political context. Yet, in 2020 two studies reached opposite conclusions regarding the extent and intensity of Negev Highland viticulture, its relationship to Byzantine 'Gaza wine' and the associated regional wine trade. This raises wider questions on how to evaluate apparently conflicting archaeological evidence for ancient microregional production and trade, with relevance to longstanding debates on the nature of the ancient Mediterranean economy and the onset of the Middle Ages in Europe. We survey previous research on Negev Highland viticulture, including the two most recent papers, demonstrating problems of equifinality in the calculations- based approach to ancient production/consumption, and clarifying our own position regarding the relationship between archaeologically attested Negev viticulture and 'Gaza wine' of Late Antique historical texts. We then analyse additional sources of new evidence contributing to a more holistic synthesis of Negev Highland wine production and trade. At this sesquicentennial commemoration of Negev viticulture's historiography, we close with unresolved issues and promising directions for future research.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Byzantine distributed quickest change detection (BDQCD) is studied, where a fusion center monitors the occurrence of an abrupt event through a bunch of distributed sensors that may be compromised. We first consider the binary hypothesis case where there is only one post-change hypothesis and prove a novel converse to the first-order asymptotic detection delay in the large mean time to a false alarm regime. This converse is tight in that it coincides with the currently best achievability shown by Fellouris et al.; hence, the optimal asymptotic performance of binary BDQCD is characterized. An important implication of this result is that, even with compromised sensors, a 1-bit link between each sensor and the fusion center suffices to achieve asymptotic optimality. To accommodate multiple post-change hypotheses, we then formulate the multi-hypothesis BDQCD problem and again investigate the optimal first-order performance under different bandwidth constraints. A converse is first obtained by extending our converse from binary to multi-hypothesis BDQCD. Two families of stopping rules, namely the simultaneous d-th alarm and the multi-shot d-th alarm, are then proposed. Under sufficient link bandwidth, the simultaneous d-th alarm, with d being set to the number of honest sensors, can achieve the asymptotic performance that coincides with the derived converse bound; hence, the asymptotically optimal performance of multi-hypothesis BDQCD is again characterized. Moreover, although being shown to be asymptotically optimal only for some special cases, the multi-shot d-th alarm is much more bandwidth-efficient and energy-efficient than the simultaneous d-th alarm. Built upon the above success in characterizing the asymptotic optimality of the BDQCD, a corresponding leader-follower Stackelberg game is formulated and its solution is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battle near the village of Pantino represents a turning point in the development of the Serbian medieval state. It cannot be stated with certainty when it took place, although it is asserted with great probability it happened in 1168. In this battle Stefan Nemanja defeated his brothers assisted with Byzantine's army, soldiers of fortune Turks, Frugus (Franks) and other peoples and finally ascended the throne of the great prefect of Serbia. The battle near Pantino is important due to the fact that it, directly or indirectly, found the place with great Byzantine's writers such as Joannes Kinamos and Niketas Choniates and with Nemanja's hagiography writers Stefan the First Crowned ad Domentian. Besides the above mentioned, data of this battle are fragmentized and modest and they do not give the opportunity to describe it more thoroughly. It was noticed a long time ago the battle represented a turning point for further development of Serbian medieval state, not only in political, military and organizational way but in symbolic as well. After the battle in which Stefan Nemanja defeated his brothers, the situation in Serbia became more clearer and calmer. The changes on the throne stopped happening, which after Uroš II had been so frequent. In this battle Stefan Nemanja, from the favorite of the basileus Manuel, who had just given him the area of Dubočica, and the title of "tsar's dream", became his opponent. Nemanja is appearing in it as the fighter for the state unity, contrary to his brothers whom supported by Byzantine, are struggling for sharing parts division and preservation of the previous state in which basileos had decisively influenced the great prefect choice. By his victory he achieved that the state became unique, and he came to power against the will of the basileus Manuel. The victory in the battle near Pantino reflected on the fundraising activity of Stefan Nemanja. Symbolic of the built monasteries of St. George in Ras and Studenica speaks on military victory over the enemies and on the established state unity.

Preface to a special collection volume on lamp studies gathering together material from new and old finds from Spain in the west to the Eastern Mediterranean and even India, mainly from the Hellenistic through Byzantine times.

Abstract Archaeometric investigations using OM (optical microscopy) and micro-PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission) were performed on 45 ceramic shards unearthed in archaeological excavations at Păcuiul lui Soare (southeastern Romania) and dated to the eleventh century AD. This study aimed to get clues about the raw materials and manufacturing techniques used by the potters from the Lower Danube area during the Byzantine period. The analyzed ceramic fragments were selected according to stylistic and archaeological criteria, trying to cover the entire palette of potteries discovered at this site. OM detailed the characteristics of the fabric (texture, microstructure and porosity), mineralogy, surface treatments and firing of the shards. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the PIXE data highlighted two main categories of shards with distinct compositional signatures, separated mainly by their aluminum and calcium content. Micro-PIXE maps of the interfaces between the glaze and the ceramic body showed that the green glaze is rich in lead oxide compared to the underlying ceramic body. The results of these investigations were compared to the ones previously obtained on coeval potteries from other Byzantine archaeological sites, i.e. Hârşova and Oltina, trying to get some hints about the consumption and circulation of pottery in the Lower Danube region at the beginning of the second millennium AD.

Bizans el yazmalarında 6. yüzyıldan itibaren görülen İncilci minyatürleri, değişmez bir şemada, azizleri masa başında İncillerini kaleme alırken tasvir ederler. Resimlerde çoğunlukla yazı araçları ayrıntı ile gösterilmektedir. 10. yüzyıl ile bu gereçler arasında dikkati çeken cam şişeler, tarafımızdan mürekkep hokkaları olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Bu yazımızda kullanımları konusunda sınırlı bilgilere sahip olduğumuz Bizans cam şişelerinin böylesi işlevleri minyatür görselleri ile tartışmaya açılmıştır. Bizans dönemine ait eserler arasında mürekkep şişesi olarak yayınlanmış, ikisi Selanik Bizans Kültür Müzesi’ndeki birkaç örneğe Kadıkalesi’nde bulunmuş iki şişe parçasını da dâhil ettik. Minyatürlerdeki hokkaların biçimleri genelde Bizans şişelerini tekrarlayan ve el yazmalarının yapıldıkları dönemin modasını yansıtan ayrıntılardır. Buna göre değişen biçimlerinin yanında, şişelerin resimdeki konumlarının ve boyutlarının da farklılık gösterdiği dikkati çeker. Burada yer verdiğimiz örneklerde görülen yarıya kadar dolu şişeler, bize göre yazım işinin bitmek üzere olduğunu söylemektedir ve belki de mürekkebin değerli ve nadir mai olduğunu ifade eden metaforik anlamı da vardı. Resimlerden cam kapların serbest üfleme tekniği ile üretilmiş ve muhtemelen vurma dipli şişeler olduklarını çıkarmak mümkündür.

ÖZ: Bursa ilinin İznik ilçesinde bulunan tiyatro yapısı MS 2. yüzyılda İmparator Traianus Döneminde inşa edilmiştir. Gladyatör dövüşlerinin ve diğer oyunların oynandığı tiyatronun bu özgün kullanım evresi sadece iki yüz yıl sürmüştür. Tiyatro ve çevresindeki alanlar bu dönemden sonra yaşanan doğal afetler, siyasi olaylar, dini devrimler sonucunda ve ticari faaliyetler nedeniyle farklı amaçlarla kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Tiyatro öncesi dönemlere ait buluntular da yapının temel seviyelerinde ele geçmektedir. Bu çalışmada tüm bu evreler elde edilen buluntu ve ipuçları aracılığıyla verilmektedir. Böylece alanın sürekliliği, üst üste kullanım evreleri eşliğinde en eski yerleşimden günümüze kadar sunulmuş olacaktır. ABSTRACT: The Roman Theater of Nicaea in Bursa was built in the 2nd century AD, during the period of Emperor Traianus. The theater, where the Gladiator games were played, lasted only two hundred years. The theater and its surrounding areas continued to be used for different purposes due to natural disasters, political events, religious revolutions and artistic needs. The finds belonging to the pre-theater periods, were recovered at the foundation levels. In this study, all these stages are given through findings and clues obtained from the field in a process going from past to present. Thus, the continuity of the field and continuous use phases of the oldest settlement will be presented to our day.

This study presents a comprehensive paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Byzantine and Early Islamic western Negev Desert communities during the 4th-8th centuries CE. The study is based on 33 pollen samples and hundreds of charcoal remains that were recovered from the villages of Shivta and Nitzana. The results demonstrate that during the 5–6th centuries CE flourishing desert agricultural communities existed on the periphery of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). The presence of diverse fruit-tree horticulture is revealed by both pollen and charcoal remains (grape, fig, olive, carob, almond/apricot, pomegranate, date palm and the exotic hazelnut). The rich botanical assemblages also provide evidence of the cultivation by irrigation of conifers and other Mediterranean trees common to the more humid Mediterranean vegetation zone, including the prestigious cedar of Lebanon. The palynological reconstruction of an ornamental garden at Shivta indicates the ability to invest water and labor, not only for horticultural and construction purposes, but also for ornamental greenery. We therefore suggest that the Byzantine Negev Desert community was a luxury society in contrast to societies living in a mode of survival in challenging desert environments. During the Early Islamic period (since the second half of the 7th century CE), our data show a dramatic decline in fruit-tree horticulture coupled with indicators signifying overexploitation for fuel of the nearby natural woody desert environment. Hence, we claim that in addition to previous possible explanations for the demise of the Negev Byzantine communities (plague pandemic, climate change, the Muslim conquest), overexploitation of the natural vegetation should also be taken into account. This study therefore helps address historical questions that are also pertinent to the modern era, regarding the existence of flourishing societies in challenging environments, overexploitation of the natural environment, and neglect of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cappadocia Region rock churches, Saint Paraskevi and Saint Kyriaki take place in painting programs. They are depicted alone or together in the Churches of Göreme Karanlık, Kılıçlar Kuşluk Meryemana, Ihlara Sümbüllü, Soğanlıdere Saint Barbara, Gülşehir, Karşı and Erdemli H. Eustathios. While Saint Paraskevi is shown wearing maphorion dressed priestess clothes on stikharion, Saint Kyriaki is depicted on stikharion with very ornate maphorion dressed, sometimes with phakilion on her head, noble woman clothes. While the name of Saint Paraskevi means Friday, it symbolizes the day of Jesus' death, while the name of Saint Kyriaki means Sunday and represents the day of the resurrection of Christ. In the study, the depictions of Saint Paraskevi and Saint Kyriaki in Cappadocia rock churches are focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hadoop is a state-of-the-art industry's de facto tool for the computation of Big Data. Native fault tolerance procedure in Hadoop is dilatory and leads us towards performance degradation. Moreover, it is failed to completely consider the computational overhead and storage cost. On the other hand, the dynamic nature of MapReduce and complexity are also important parameters that affect the response time of the job. To achieve all this, it is essential to have a foolproof failure handling technique. In this paper, we have performed an analysis of notable fault tolerance techniques to see the impact of using different performance metrics under variable dataset with variable fault injections. The critical result shows that response timewise, the byzantine technique has a performance priority over the retrying and checkpointing technique in regards to killing one node failure. In addition, throughput wise, task-level byzantine fault tolerance technique once again had high priority as compared to checkpointing and retrying in terms of network disconnect failure. All in all, this comparative study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of different fault-tolerant techniques and is essential in determining the best technique in a given environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth‐ and fifth‐century aqueduct system of Constantinople is, at 426 km, the longest water supply line of the ancient world. Carbonate deposits i659ide an archive of both archaeological developments and palaeo‐environmental conditions during the depositional period. The 246‐km‐long aqueduct line from the fourth century used springs from a small aquifer, whereas a 180‐km‐long fifth‐century extension to the west tapped a larger aquifer. Although historical records testify at least 700 years of aqueduct activity, carbonate deposits in the aqueduct system display less than 27 years of operation. This implies that the entire system must have been cleaned of carbonate, presumably during regular campaigns. A 50‐km‐long double‐aqueduct section in the central part of the system may have been a costly but practical solution to allow repairs and cleaning of the aqueducts of carbonate to ascertain a continuous water supply to the city. The fifth‐century channel was commonly contaminated with clay, caused by the nature of the aqueduct system and possible local damage to the channel. This clay‐rich water could have been one of the reasons for the construction of large reservoirs in Constantinople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on Hagia Sophia being a masterpiece of world architecture and art. Topics include promoting a new mythology about the building on the Greek legends but helping in inscribing Hagia Sophia in an Islamic narrative; and humanity's ascent to the divine, divinity's descent to earth, and the swirling energy of circumscription or perichoreusis uniting terrestrial and celestial.

The article presents the discussion on reflecting the conversion of Hagia Sophia from museum back to mosque since the transformation happened on 24 July 2020. Topics include Hagia Sophia's Byzantine past being emphasized and narratives of Ottoman conquest connecting for misleading notions of Islamic iconoclasm followed; and raising fears about the fate of fourteenth-century mosaics and wall-paintings.

Copyright of Journal of Southeastern European Studies / Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Southeastern European Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southeastern European Studies / Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Southeastern European Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Omer Halisdemir Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Omer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Economics & Admistrative Sciene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The attempt of the article is to identify, in the period between the beginning of III cen. A.C. and the Year 1000, how Christianity detaches itself from the aniconic tradition of the Abrahamitic family, and develops its own peculiar relationship with the image and the gaze, that is the fruitt of synthesis between the late ancient philosophical and pictorial heritage, the Jewish matrix, and the encounter with the "barbarian" cultures. What role does the dogma of incarnation play in the elaboration of this new status of the image? What solutions are developped to make the image licit and to domesticate the gaze? The hypothesis of the article is that within Christianity, once the image is accepted, two different solutions are enucleated, wich will give rise to two forms of seriality. The key moment of this double split is the outcome of the two iconoclastic wars, similar to the last fierce Christological quarrel. A result that will generate precisely the two forms of seriality that the article tries to outline: the Byzantine/Orthodox and the Roman/Catholic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three discoveries of metal saddle appliques have been unearthed in Western and Central Europe: Krefeld-Gellep, Ravenna and Sárvíz. Our aim is to list the parallels of saddle appliques with a similar shape, to determine the origin, datation and function of these items. These appliques have many parallels to the East, in Eastern Europe and more scarcely in Kazakhstan, in the post-Hunnic period (from the middle of the 5th to the middle of the 6th century). The reconstruction of saddles with metallic appliques is well established based on the discoveries made in the horse tombs in the necropolis of Dyurso, in the North-East of the Black Sea, belonging to the Goths-Tetraxites of the second half of the 5th and the 6th centuries. We can assume that a common prototype existed for these saddles, as shown by findings in the North Caucasus. We can therefore assume the ‘oriental’ origin of the saddles with metallic appliques. Western appliques (Krefeld-Gellep, Ravenna and Sárvíz) differ from those in Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan, suggesting the existence of various manufacturing centers. Indeed, the cloisonné decor of appliques in the West suggests they were manufactured in Mediterranean or Byzantine workshops. Lastly, in the funerary context, the presence of saddles with metallic appliques is most often the sign of the privileged nature of the burial. It is a common ‘princely fashion’ of barbarians from different parts of Europe and even Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TUBA-KED: Turkish Academy of Sciences, Journal of Cultural Inventory is the property of Turkish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The practice of specialization of certain groups into a peasant militia by the granting of land in compensation for military service existed with certain similarities in both the Byzantine and Ottoman states as in the example of Byzantine stratiotes as smallholding soldiers and the Ottoman yaya corps. The paper focuses on this impact of the Byzantine organization of its peasant soldiery to that of the Ottomans in the first half of the fourteenth century. On the other hand, it was the Ottomans who influenced the Byzantine military in the second half of the fifteenth century which was significant in the case of the Despotate of Morea as the two late contemporary Byzantine philosophers had pointed out. Thus, a comparative analysis of both sides shows the inevitable acculturation between cultures in the Medieval period by the way of social and military elements or through the influence of contemporary Byzantine and Ottoman intellectuals, who are familiar with both cultures. This phenomenon shows that the military practices are transformed throughout the centuries as if it is a genetic circle within the cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Collection of Tunay Demran, officially registered in the Manisa Archaeological Museum, contains seven seals, six of lead and one of silver, and one blank. Manisa, the Byzantine Magnesia Anelios on Mount Sipylos, with its fertile lowland and strategic location in Western Anatolia, has been home to different civilizations over the centuries, including the Lydian Kingdom, one of the most important ancient civilizations. In the 13th century, it became one of the more important cities of the Nicene Empire (established after the Latin invasion in 1204) and the seat of Ioannes III Doukas Vatatzes, who located an actively working mint there. Later on, the city and its environs came under the rule of the Beylik of Saruhan and the Ottoman Empire. There is a rich archaeological record of civil and religious architecture in Manisa and its surroundings, still awaiting full investigation. The article presents Demran's collection of seals and explores potential ties with the archaeological remains of historical Magnesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Byzantine state came into being in 330 AD. It was a civilized, theological and superpower state. In that dynasty the Byzantine was related to Christianity, which played a pivotal role in the preaching, stability, and enforcement of Christianity. The church becomes a strong organization as supported by the state. They had their own laws, courts, police and economic system. There was their own social classes system. They had their different Social classes system with specific jobs and duties. Nobody had the right to change his class. In the era of byzantine there was a strong armed forces system. These armed forces follow old Roman principles. They had enough power to defeat their enemies and protect their territory from Sassanid, different tribes and invaders of Muslims .This article encompass the introduction of the Byzantine state, Military, and their Social system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnography of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts / Glasnik Etnografskog Instituta SANU is the property of Institute of Ethnography, SASA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The stylized motif Fleur-de-Lis which means the Lily and derived from it, was accepted as a royal symbol in the 12th century in France by Louis VII. This motif which was a well-known royal symbol especially in Western Art in Medieval Europe, has been applied continuously since the early periods of Byzantine art and has been used extensively in different types of works. But this motif was generally introduced with different plant names in Byzantine studies and no comprehensive studies have made about this subject. Thus, the motif was identified along with elements revealing the character of Fleur-de-Lis and examined in detail especially in Byzantine stone works. The lily motifs showed three different main types according to the condition of the side leaves and these types were divided into two sub-groups. It was determined that the stems of the motifs also varied according to their shapes and these were also evaluated under different groups. Thus, the Lily (Fleur-de-Lis) motifs were tried to be enlightened together with their periodical differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Iconography from the Late Roman period to at least the 12th century AD shows the use of a hook-shaped masthead on sailing vessels. Hook-shaped mastheads are shown not only on lateen-rigged but also on square-rigged vessels. Recent discoveries in archaeological contexts allow us to suggest that the shape was not necessary to keep the halyard as far forward of the mast as possible, to facilitate the movement of the yard while tacking, as supposed by some scholars. Rather, it facilitated the replacement of the masthead and protected the top of the mast. The oversizing of this element in iconography might suggest a symbolic meaning that should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]