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154. Maternal energy balance and lactation performance of Mesoamerindians as a function of body mass index

Author

Barbosa, Lourdes, Butte, Nancy F., Villalpando, Salvador, Wong, William W., and Smith, E. O'Brian

Subjects
Lactation -- Physiological aspects, Body composition -- Physiological aspects, Mexican native peoples -- Physiological aspects, Energy metabolism -- Physiological aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

The effect of maternal energy balance in conjunction with body energy reserves on lactation performance has not been fully elucidated in humans. Energy balance was computed from changes in weight and body composition over 6 mo postpartum in 21 Otomi Indian women with relatively low postpartum body mass indexes (BMIs; in kg/[m.sup.2], 21.4 [+ or -] 0.9) and 19 with relatively high BMIs (25.7 [+ or -] 1.9). Body fat was determined by deuterium dilution. Milk production was estimated by 24-h test weighing. Macronutrient content of human milk was measured by standard techniques. In both groups weight declined over the 6 mo postpartum (P = 0.04). In the lower BMI group only, body fat (kg, % of wt) decreased significantly (P = 0.04). Milk fat concentration was positively correlated with body fat at 3 and 6 mo (r = 0.32 and 0.40; P = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Energy balance was not associated with milk production or composition, nutrient secretion into milk, or infant growth velocity, except at 6 mo, when energy balance was positively correlated with milk energy and fat concentration in the lower BMI group (r = 0.55; P = 0.01). Fat concentration was lower in the lower BMI group (P = 0.04). Because of the inverse correlation between milk production and milk fat at 3 and 6 mo (r = -0.47 and -0.43, respectively; P = 0.01), fat secretion into milk did not differ between groups. Infant growth velocities did not differ significantly between groups. In conclusion, negative energy balance in conjunction with lower energy reserves did not adversely affect lactation performance or infant growth in this population of Otomi Indians.

Published
1997

155. Body fat estimation in late pregnancy and early postpartum: comparison of two-, three-, and four-component models

Author

Hopkins, Judy M., Butte, Nancy F., Ellis, Kenneth J., Wong, William W., Puyau, Maurice R., and Smith, E. O'Brian

Subjects
Adipose tissues -- Measurement, Energy metabolism -- Measurement, Pregnancy -- Physiological aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

Accurate methods for determining body fat mass during reproduction are necessary to evaluate energy balance. However, determination of fat mass is complicated during pregnancy by the accretion of water, which invalidates assumptions underlying standard two-compartment models. The extent to which the variability in body water during pregnancy invalidates use of pregnancy-corrected two-compartment models for determination of fat mass in individual women is unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether body water returns to nonpregnant values by 2 wk postpartum, which is frequently used as the baseline in studies of postpartum women. The present study uses a four-component model as a criterion for evaluating two- and three-component models. Fifty-six healthy, normotensive women between the ages of 19 and 35 y were studied at 36 [+ or -] 1 wk gestation and 15 [+ or -] 2 d postpartum. Total body water (TBW), total body potassium (TBK), body density, and bone mineral content were measured by deuterium dilution, whole-body potassium counting, hydrodensitometry, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (postpartum only), respectively. At 2 wk postpartum, hydration and density of fat-free mass (FFM) had not returned to nonpregnant values, and differed between lactating and nonlactating women (P [is less than] 0.05). Accordingly, standard TBW and body density estimates of fat mass differed from four-component estimates at both time points (P [is less than] 0.005). Moreover, our data indicate that even when pregnancy-specific values for hydration or density of FFM are used in TBW and body density models, individual fat mass estimates may differ by [is greater than] 3 kg from the four-component value. Fat mass by TBK may differ by [is greater than] 10 kg from fat mass by the four-component model during pregnancy, and by 6 kg postpartum. Use of standard two-compartment models to estimate fat mass results in significant error both during pregnancy and at 2 wk postpartum. Pregnancy-corrected two-compartment models produce reliable mean fat mass estimates during pregnancy, but individual fat mass estimates may vary widely from four-component values.

Published
1997

158. Energy requirements from infancy to adulthood

Author

Butte, Nancy F., Moon, Jon K., Wong, William W., Hopkinson, Judy M., and Smith, E. O'Brian

Subjects
Energy metabolism -- Analysis, Basal metabolism -- Analysis, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Published
1995

160. Energy metabolism during pregnancy: influence of maternal energy status

Author

King, Janet C., Butte, Nancy F., Bronstein, Michele N., Kopp, Lori E., and Lindquist, Sonja A.

Subjects
Energy metabolism -- Health aspects, Pregnancy -- Health aspects, Pregnant women -- Weight gain, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

Additional energy requirements for term pregnancies are triditionally estimated as 1200 kJ/d or 325 MJ. These estimates approximate measured energy costs for well-nourished women, but non-Western populations subsisting on limited diets have much lower expenditures. Based on recent studies of energy expenditure during pregnancy, this paper reviews the 1) association between gestational weight gain and fat gain, 2) the influence of maternal energy status on basal metabolic energy expenditure in late pregnancy, and 3) potential energy metabolism adaptations available to pregnant women and how adaptations vary with energy status. Available data suggest that additional energy requirements during pregnancy vary from 0 to 500 MJ and depend on maternal energy status. If energy supplies are limited, adaptations spare energy for fetal growth; if energy is abundant, energy balance may be achieved in different ways depending on individual behavioral changes in food intake or activity patterns and on adjustments in basal metabolism or fat deposition.

Published
1994

161. Exome sequencing reveals novel genetic loci influencing obesity-related traits in Hispanic children: Novel Obesity Loci in Hispanic Children

Author

Mishra, Pamela, Butte, Nancy F., Sabo, Aniko, Muzny, Donna M., Gibbs, Richard A., Cole, Shelley A., Kalra, Divya, Kent, Jack W., Voruganti, V. Saroja, Comuzzie, Anthony G., and Dugan-Perez, Shannon

Abstract

Perform whole exome sequencing in 928 Hispanic children and identify variants and genes associated with childhood obesity.

Published
2017
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162. Human milk intake and growth faltering of rural Mesoamerindian infants

Author

Butte, Nancy F., Villalpando, Salvador, Wong, William W., Flores-Huerta, Samuel, Hernandez-Beltran, Maria de Jesus, Smith, Ed O'Brian, and Garza, Cutberto

Subjects
Breast feeding -- Physiological aspects, Breast milk -- Analysis, Infants -- Growth, Lactation -- Health aspects, Mexican native peoples -- Food and nutrition, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

To determine whether growth faltering during early infancy was attributable to inadequate intake of human milk, the nutrient intakes and growth of 30 Otomi infants from Capulhuac, Mexico, were studied at 4 or 6 mo of age. Growth was monitored monthly from 1 through 6 mo of age. The [sup.2.H] dose-to-the-mother method was used to measure human milk intake. Energy, protein, lactose. and fat concentrations in milk were analyzed by standard techniques. Mean ([+ or -] SD) human milk intakes were 885 [+ or -] 145 and 869 [+ or -] 150 g/d at 4 and 6 mo, respectively. Protein and lactose concentrations in milk were normal but fat and consequently energy concentrations were abnormally low. Energy intakes averaged 81 [+ or -] 14 kcal [multiplied by] [kg.sup.-1] [multiplied by] [d.sup.-1] at 4 mo and 72 [+ or -] 14 kcal [multiplied by] [kg.sup.-1] [d.sup.-1] at 6 mo. Growth faltering by 6 mo was evidenced by the significant decline in growth velocities and National Center for Health Statistics Z scores. Weight pin at 6 mo was 8.1 [+ or -] 3.5 g/d and length gain was 1.0 [+ or -] 0.34 cm/mo. Weight-for-age and length-for-age Z scores were -0.81 [+ or -] 0,94 and -1.51 [+ or -] 0.83, respectively. Growth velocities were not significantly correlated with nutrient intakes. Growth faltering among the Otomi infants despite energy intakes comparable to those of breast-fed infants in more protected environments may have resulted from an increase in the need for nutrients or from a growth-limiting nutrient, other than energy, in their diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:1109-16.

Published
1992

168. Energy utilization of breast-fed and formula-fed infants

Author

Butte, Nancy F., O'Brian Smith, E., and Garza, Cutberto

Subjects
Bottle feeding -- Physiological aspects, Energy metabolism -- Health aspects, Infant formulas -- Physiological aspects, Infants -- Food and nutrition, Breast feeding -- Physiological aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

Studies of the energy intake of breast-fed infants have shown that healthy infants consume significantly fewer calories than the theoretical requirements, as defined by the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). One study reported that exclusively breast-fed 4-month-old infants consumed an average of 71 kilocalories/kilogram body weight, whereas the RDA is 115 kcal/kg daily. Research comparing breast-fed with formula-fed babies has also shown that those fed breast milk consume less energy. The reasons why breast-fed babies can thrive on less energy are not clear. Some have suggested that the nutrients in breast milk are more efficiently utilized by the infant than the nutrients in formula. A total of 65 infants, of which approximately half were breast-fed and half were formula-fed, were studied at either one or four months of age to relate energy intake to the following factors: basal metabolic rate, the energy burned while at rest; activity level, primarily defined by time spent sleeping; and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF), the amount of energy burned immediately after eating. The energy intake of formula-fed babies was significantly greater than that of breast-fed babies at four months, but the groups did not differ at one month. The difference at four months was not explained by the TEF or sleeping metabolic rate. It appeared that the breast-fed babies had less energy available to them for growth and activity than their formula-fed counterparts, but surprisingly the breast-fed babies slept less, indicating that they were more active, and they grew equally well. More research is needed on the energy metabolism and requirements of normal infants. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1990

172. Utility of the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities

Author

Ainsworth, Barbara E., primary, Watson, Kathleen B., additional, Ridley, Kate, additional, Pfeiffer, Karin A., additional, Herrmann, Stephen D., additional, Crouter, Scott E., additional, McMurray, Robert G., additional, Butte, Nancy F., additional, Bassett, David R., additional, Trost, Stewart G., additional, Berrigan, David, additional, and Fulton, Janet E., additional

Published
2018
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173. A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities

Author

BUTTE, NANCY F., primary, WATSON, KATHLEEN B., additional, RIDLEY, KATE, additional, ZAKERI, ISSA F., additional, MCMURRAY, ROBERT G., additional, PFEIFFER, KARIN A., additional, CROUTER, SCOTT E., additional, HERRMANN, STEPHEN D., additional, BASSETT, DAVID R., additional, LONG, ALEXANDER, additional, BERHANE, ZEKARIAS, additional, TROST, STEWART G., additional, AINSWORTH, BARBARA E., additional, BERRIGAN, DAVID, additional, and FULTON, JANET E., additional

Published
2018
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175. Validation of Uniaxial and Triaxial Accelerometers for the Assessment of Physical Activity in Preschool Children.

Author

Adolph, Anne L., Puyau, Maurice R., Vohra, Firoz A., Nicklas, Theresa A., Zakeri, Issa F., and Butte, Nancy F.

Subjects
PHYSICAL activity measurement, PRESCHOOL children, ACCELEROMETERS, SEDENTARY behavior in children, ACCELEROMETRY, CALORIMETRY, CALORIC expenditure, HEALTH
Abstract

Purpose: Given the unique physical activity (PA) patterns of preschoolers, wearable electronic devices for quantitative assessment of physical activity require validation in this population. Study objective was to validate uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers in preschoolers. Methods: Room calorimetry was performed over 3 hours in 64 preschoolers, wearing Actical, Actiheart, and RT3 accelerometers during play, slow, moderate, and fast translocation. Based on activity energy expenditure (AEE) and accelerometer counts, optimal thresholds for PA levels were determined by piecewise linear regression and discrimination boundary analysis. Results: Established HR cutoffs in preschoolers for sedentary/light, light/moderate and moderate/vigorous levels were used to define AEE (0.015, 0.054, 0.076 kcal⋅kg-1⋅min-1) and PA ratio (PAR; 1.6, 2.9, 3.6) thresholds, and accelerometer thresholds. True positive predictive rates were 77%, 75%, and 76% for sedentary; 63%, 61%, and 65% for light; 34%, 52%, and 49% for moderate; 46%, 46%, and 49% for vigorous levels. Due to low positive predictive rates, we combined moderate and vigorous PA. Classification accuracy was improved overall and for the combined moderate-to-vigorous PA level (69%, 82%, 79%) for Actical, Actiheart, and RT3, respectively. Conclusion: Uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers are acceptable devices with similar classification accuracy for sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous levels of PA in preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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178. Longitudinal effects of parental, child and neighborhood factors on moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time in Latino children.

Author

Butte, Nancy F, Butte, Nancy F, Gregorich, Steven E, Tschann, Jeanne M, Penilla, Carlos, Pasch, Lauri A, De Groat, Cynthia L, Flores, Elena, Deardorff, Julianna, Greenspan, Louise C, Martinez, Suzanna M, Butte, Nancy F, Butte, Nancy F, Gregorich, Steven E, Tschann, Jeanne M, Penilla, Carlos, Pasch, Lauri A, De Groat, Cynthia L, Flores, Elena, Deardorff, Julianna, Greenspan, Louise C, and Martinez, Suzanna M

Abstract

BackgroundModerate-vigorous physical activity (%MVPA) confers beneficial effects on child musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular fitness, and psychosocial well-being; in contrast, sedentary time (%SED) is emerging as a risk factor for health. This study aimed to identify parental, child and neighborhood factors influencing longitudinal assessments of body mass index (BMI) and activity patterns among Latino children, and to estimate lagged and cross-lagged effects between child BMI, %MVPA and %SED.MethodsA longitudinal design with assessments at baseline, 1 and 2 years follow-up (FU) was used to evaluate the effects of maternal and paternal factors (BMI, age, education level, acculturation, household income and household size), child factors (gender, age, BMI, pubertal status) and neighborhood factors (disorder, victimization) on child BMI, %MVPA and %SED, expressed as a percent of awake time, in 282 Latino children ages 8-10 y and their parents. This study was restricted to families with a mother and biological father or father figure in the child's life.ResultsAcross time, total daily accelerometer counts (p = 0.04) and steps decreased (p = 0.0001), %SED increased (p = 0.0001), and %MVPA decreased (p = 0.02). Moderate lagged effects or tracking was seen for %MVPA and %SED (p = 0.001). %MVPA varied by gender (5.5% higher in boys than girls, p = 0.0001); child age (-0.4% per year, p = 0.03), and child BMI in boys only (-0.22%, p = 0.0002). Negative effects of paternal age, maternal education and maternal changes in BMI on %MVPA also were seen. %SED increased with child age (2.5% higher per year, p = 0.0001). Positive effects of paternal acculturation, maternal change in BMI, paternal age, and negative effects of household size on %SED were observed. A cross-lagged positive effect of BMI at FU1 on %SED at FU2 was observed for boys and girls (p = 0.03). Neighborhood disorder and victimization were not significant predictors of child BMI, %MVPA or %SED.ConclusionTh

Published
2014

179. Asprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormone.

Author

Duerrschmid, Clemens, Duerrschmid, Clemens, He, Yanlin, Wang, Chunmei, Li, Chia, Bournat, Juan C, Romere, Chase, Saha, Pradip K, Lee, Mark E, Phillips, Kevin J, Jain, Mahim, Jia, Peilin, Zhao, Zhongming, Farias, Monica, Wu, Qi, Milewicz, Dianna M, Sutton, V Reid, Moore, David D, Butte, Nancy F, Krashes, Michael J, Xu, Yong, Chopra, Atul R, Duerrschmid, Clemens, Duerrschmid, Clemens, He, Yanlin, Wang, Chunmei, Li, Chia, Bournat, Juan C, Romere, Chase, Saha, Pradip K, Lee, Mark E, Phillips, Kevin J, Jain, Mahim, Jia, Peilin, Zhao, Zhongming, Farias, Monica, Wu, Qi, Milewicz, Dianna M, Sutton, V Reid, Moore, David D, Butte, Nancy F, Krashes, Michael J, Xu, Yong, and Chopra, Atul R

Abstract

Asprosin is a recently discovered fasting-induced hormone that promotes hepatic glucose production. Here we demonstrate that asprosin in the circulation crosses the blood-brain barrier and directly activates orexigenic AgRP+ neurons via a cAMP-dependent pathway. This signaling results in inhibition of downstream anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-positive neurons in a GABA-dependent manner, which then leads to appetite stimulation and a drive to accumulate adiposity and body weight. In humans, a genetic deficiency in asprosin causes a syndrome characterized by low appetite and extreme leanness; this is phenocopied by mice carrying similar mutations and can be fully rescued by asprosin. Furthermore, we found that obese humans and mice had pathologically elevated concentrations of circulating asprosin, and neutralization of asprosin in the blood with a monoclonal antibody reduced appetite and body weight in obese mice, in addition to improving their glycemic profile. Thus, in addition to performing a glucogenic function, asprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormone that is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of both obesity and diabetes.

Published
2017

180. Fathers' feeding practices and children's weight status in Mexican American families.

Author

Penilla, Carlos, Penilla, Carlos, Tschann, Jeanne M, Deardorff, Julianna, Flores, Elena, Pasch, Lauri A, Butte, Nancy F, Gregorich, Steven E, Greenspan, Louise C, Martinez, Suzanna M, Ozer, Emily, Penilla, Carlos, Penilla, Carlos, Tschann, Jeanne M, Deardorff, Julianna, Flores, Elena, Pasch, Lauri A, Butte, Nancy F, Gregorich, Steven E, Greenspan, Louise C, Martinez, Suzanna M, and Ozer, Emily

Abstract

Mothers' feeding practices are associated with their children's weight status, but little is known about the associations between fathers' feeding practices and children's weight status. Moreover, there is a dearth of research on Latino fathers' feeding practices and children's weight status, even though Latino children suffer some of the highest obesity rates in the U.S. We examined the associations between fathers' feeding practices and child weight status, conditional on mothers' feeding practices, within 174 Mexican American families with children aged 8-10 years. Parents completed the Parental Feeding Practices Questionnaire, which consists of four subscales: positive involvement in child eating, pressure to eat, use of food to control behavior, and restriction of amount of food. To assess child weight status, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and converted to age- and gender-specific percentile scores (BMI z-score). We fit four sets of regression models, one set for each of the four parental feeding practices subscales, with child BMI z-score as the outcome variable. Fathers' pressure to eat (b = -0.20, p = 0.04; 95% CI: -0.39, -0.01) and use of food to control behavior (b = -0.36, p = 0.02; 95% CI: -0.65, -0.07) were associated with lower child BMI z-score, and restriction of amount of food (b = 0.56, p < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.84) was associated with higher child BMI z-score, after accounting for mothers' feeding practices. Fathers' positive involvement in child eating was not associated with child BMI z-score. These findings provide empirical evidence that fathers' feeding practices are independently associated with children's weight status, even when mothers' feeding practices are taken into account, and suggest that fathers' feeding practices also matter in regard to children's weight status.

Published
2017

182. Role of physical activity and sleep duration in growth and body composition of preschool-aged children

Author

Butte, Nancy F., Puyau, Maurice R., Wilson, Theresa A., Liu, Yan, Wong, William W., Adolph, Anne L., and Zakeri, Issa F.

Subjects
Male, Body Weight, Article, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Child, Preschool, Body Composition, Linear Models, Body Size, Humans, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Sedentary Behavior, Energy Metabolism, Sleep, Exercise, Adiposity, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

The impact of physical activity patterns and sleep duration on growth and body composition of preschool-aged children remains unresolved. Aims were (1) to delineate cross-sectional associations among physical activity components, sleep, total energy expenditure (TEE), and body size and composition; and (2) to determine whether physical activity components, sleep, and TEE predict 1-year changes in body size and composition in healthy preschool-aged children.Anthropometry, body composition, accelerometry, and TEE by doubly labeled water were measured at baseline; anthropometry and body composition were repeated 1 year later (n = 111).Cross-sectionally, positive associations between sedentary activity and weight and fat-free mass (FFM) (P = 0.009-0.047), and a negative association between moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and percent fat mass (FM) (P = 0.015) were observed. TEE and activity energy expenditure (AEE) were positively associated with weight, body mass index (BMI), FFM, and FM (P = 0.0001-0.046). Prospectively, TEE, AEE, physical activity level, and MVPA, but not sedentary activity, were positively associated with changes in BMI (P = 0.0001-0.051) and FFM (P = 0.0001-0.037), but not percent FM. Sleep duration inversely predicted changes in FM (P = 0.005) and percent FM (P = 0.006).Prospectively, MVPA, TEE, AEE, and physical activity level promote normal growth and accretion of FFM, whereas sleep duration inversely predicts changes in adiposity in preschool-aged children.

Published
2016

183. Asprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormone

Author

Duerrschmid, Clemens, primary, He, Yanlin, additional, Wang, Chunmei, additional, Li, Chia, additional, Bournat, Juan C, additional, Romere, Chase, additional, Saha, Pradip K, additional, Lee, Mark E, additional, Phillips, Kevin J, additional, Jain, Mahim, additional, Jia, Peilin, additional, Zhao, Zhongming, additional, Farias, Monica, additional, Wu, Qi, additional, Milewicz, Dianna M, additional, Sutton, V Reid, additional, Moore, David D, additional, Butte, Nancy F, additional, Krashes, Michael J, additional, Xu, Yong, additional, and Chopra, Atul R, additional

Published
2017
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187. Efficacy of a Community- Versus Primary Care-Centered Program for Childhood Obesity: TX CORD RCT

Author

Butte, Nancy F., primary, Hoelscher, Deanna M., additional, Barlow, Sarah E., additional, Pont, Stephen, additional, Durand, Casey, additional, Vandewater, Elizabeth A., additional, Liu, Yan, additional, Adolph, Anne L., additional, Pérez, Adriana, additional, Wilson, Theresa A., additional, Gonzalez, Alejandra, additional, Puyau, Maurice R., additional, Sharma, Shreela V., additional, Byrd-Williams, Courtney, additional, Oluyomi, Abiodun, additional, Huang, Terry, additional, Finkelstein, Eric A., additional, Sacher, Paul M., additional, and Kelder, Steven H., additional

Published
2017
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188. The impact of intrauterine and extrauterine weight gain in premature infants on later body composition

Author

Saenz de Pipaon, Miguel, primary, Dorronsoro, Izaskun, additional, Álvarez-Cuervo, Laura, additional, Butte, Nancy F, additional, Madero, Rosario, additional, Barrios, Vicente, additional, Coya, Juan, additional, Martínez-Biarge, Miriam, additional, Martos-Moreno, Gabriel Á, additional, Fewtrell, Mary S, additional, Argente, Jesús, additional, and Quero, José, additional

Published
2017
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191. Abstract P140: The Association of Common Genetic Loci with Childhood Obesity in 1,612 Hispanic/Latino Children and Adolescents From Across the United States and Mexico

Author

Fernández-Rhodes, Lindsay, primary, Graff, Mariaelisa, additional, Bradfield, Jonathan, additional, Wang, Yujie, additional, Parra, Esteban J, additional, Cruz, Miguel, additional, Peralta-Romero, Jesús, additional, Audirac-Chalifour, Astride, additional, Hidalgo, Bertha, additional, Highland, Heather, additional, Comuzzie, Anthony G, additional, Butte, Nancy F, additional, Cole, Shelley A, additional, Voruganti, V. S, additional, Haiman, Christopher, additional, Loos, Ruth F, additional, and North, Kari E, additional

Published
2017
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195. Global metabolomic profiling targeting childhood obesity in the Hispanic population12

Author

Butte, Nancy F, Liu, Yan, Zakeri, Issa F, Mohney, Robert P, Mehta, Nitesh, Voruganti, V Saroja, Göring, Harald, Cole, Shelley A, and Comuzzie, Anthony G

Subjects
Male, Metabolic Syndrome, Pediatric Obesity, Principal Component Analysis, Adolescent, Obesity and Eating Disorders, Hispanic or Latino, Overweight, Texas, Body Mass Index, Cohort Studies, Oxidative Stress, Cross-Sectional Studies, Risk Factors, Child, Preschool, Metabolome, Humans, Female, Child, Energy Metabolism, Biomarkers
Abstract

Metabolomics may unravel important biological pathways involved in the pathophysiology of childhood obesity.We aimed to 1) identify metabolites that differ significantly between nonobese and obese Hispanic children; 2) collapse metabolites into principal components (PCs) associated with obesity and metabolic risk, specifically hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperleptinemia, and hyperuricemia; and 3) identify metabolites associated with energy expenditure and fat oxidation.This trial was a cross-sectional observational study of metabolomics by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses performed on fasting plasma samples from 353 nonobese and 450 obese Hispanic children.Branched-chained amino acids (BCAAs) (Leu, Ile, and Val) and their catabolites, propionylcarnitine and butyrylcarnitine, were significantly elevated in obese children. Strikingly lower lysolipids and dicarboxylated fatty acids were seen in obese children. Steroid derivatives were markedly higher in obese children as were markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. PC6 (BCAAs and aromatic AAs) and PC10 (asparagine, glycine, and serine) made the largest contributions to body mass index, and PC10 and PC12 (acylcarnitines) made the largest contributions to adiposity. Metabolic risk factors and total energy expenditure were associated with PC6, PC9 (AA and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites), and PC10. Fat oxidation was inversely related to PC8 (lysolipids) and positively related to PC16 (acylcarnitines).Global metabolomic profiling in nonobese and obese children replicates the increased BCAA and acylcarnitine catabolism and changes in nucleotides, lysolipids, and inflammation markers seen in obese adults; however, a strong signature of reduced fatty acid catabolism and increased steroid derivatives may be unique to obese children. Metabolic flexibility in fuel use observed in obese children may occur through the activation of alternative intermediary pathways. Insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, and oxidative stress and inflammation evident in obese children are associated with distinct metabolomic profiles.

Published
2015

196. Energetic Adaptations Persist after Bariatric Surgery in Severely Obese Adolescents

Author

Butte, Nancy F., Brandt, Mary L., Wong, William W., Liu, Yan, Mehta, Nitesh R., Wilson, Theresa A., Adolph, Anne L., Puyau, Maurice R., Vohra, Firoz A., Shypailo, Roman J., and Zakeri, Issa F.

Subjects
Leptin, Male, Pediatric Obesity, Adolescent, Bariatric Surgery, Adaptation, Physiological, Article, Peptide Fragments, Obesity, Morbid, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Adipokines, Weight Loss, Body Composition, Humans, Insulin, Female, Peptide YY, Basal Metabolism, Energy Metabolism
Abstract

Energetic adaptations induced by bariatric surgery have not been studied in adolescents or for extended periods postsurgery. Energetic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery were investigated in extremely obese adolescents.At baseline and at 1.5, 6, and 12 months post-baseline, 24-h room calorimetry, body composition, and fasting blood biochemistries were measured in 11 obese adolescents relative to five matched controls.In the RYGB group, mean weight loss was 44 ± 19 kg at 12 months. Total energy expenditure (TEE), activity EE, basal metabolic rate (BMR), sleep EE, and walking EE significantly declined by 1.5 months (P = 0.001) and remained suppressed at 6 and 12 months. Adjusted for age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass, EE was still lower than baseline (P = 0.001). Decreases in serum insulin, leptin, and triiodothyronine (T3), gut hormones, and urinary norepinephrine (NE) paralleled the decline in EE. Adjusted changes in TEE, BMR, and/or sleep EE were associated with decreases in insulin, homeostatic model assessment, leptin, thyroid stimulating hormone, total T3, peptide YY3-36, glucagon-like peptide-2, and urinary NE and epinephrine (P = 0.001-0.05).Energetic adaptations in response to RYGB-induced weight loss are associated with changes in insulin, adipokines, thyroid hormones, gut hormones, and sympathetic nervous system activity and persists 12 months postsurgery.

Published
2015

198. Decline in Isotope Dilution Space Ratio Above Age 60 Could Affect Energy Estimates Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method

Author

Wong, William W, Speakman, John R, Ainslie, Philip N, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Leonore, Baddou, Issad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Bovet, Pascal, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan G, Casper, Regina, Close, Graeme L, Colbert, Lisa H, Cooper, Jamie A, Das, Sai K, Davies, Peter SW, Eaton, Simon, Ekelund, Ulf, Hambly, Catherine, El Hamdouchi, Asmaa, Entringer, Sonja, Fudge, Barry W, Gillingham, Melanie, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Micheal, Hoos, Marije B, Hu, Sumei, Joosen, Annemiek, Katzmarzyk, Peter T, Kempen, Kitty P, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William E, Kushner, Robert F, Larsson, Christel L, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Theresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietilainen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto, Racette, Susan B, Raichen, David A, Redman, Leanne, Ravussin, Eric, Reilly, John J, Roberts, Susan, Scuitt, Albertine J, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Verbunt, Jeanine A, Wells, Jonathan CK, Wilson, George, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Loechl, Cornelia U, Luke, Amy, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Pontzer, Herman, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Rood, Jennifer C, Schoeller, Dale A, Westerterp, Klaas R, and Yamada, Yosuke

Abstract

Doubly labeled water is gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure (TEE). Measurements using the method are sensitive to the isotope dilution space ratio (DSR). Accuracy and precision of the method might be improved if we could identify factors influencing DSR.

Published
2024
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199. Short Sleep Duration is Associated with Eating More Carbohydrates and Less Dietary Fat in Mexican American Children.

Author

Martinez, Suzanna M, Martinez, Suzanna M, Tschann, Jeanne M, Butte, Nancy F, Gregorich, Steve E, Penilla, Carlos, Flores, Elena, Greenspan, Louise C, Pasch, Lauri A, Deardorff, Julianna, Martinez, Suzanna M, Martinez, Suzanna M, Tschann, Jeanne M, Butte, Nancy F, Gregorich, Steve E, Penilla, Carlos, Flores, Elena, Greenspan, Louise C, Pasch, Lauri A, and Deardorff, Julianna

Abstract

Short sleep duration is a risk factor for childhood obesity. Mechanisms are unclear, but may involve selection of high carbohydrate foods. This study examined the association between estimated sleep duration and macronutrient intake as percentages of total energy among Mexican American (MA) 9-11 year olds.This cross-sectional study measured diet using two 24-hour recalls and estimated sleep duration using hip-worn accelerometry in MA children (n=247) who were part of a cohort study. Child and maternal anthropometry were obtained; mothers reported on demographic information. Using linear regression, we examined the relationship of sleep duration with energy intake, sugar intake, and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates, fat and protein.Children were 47% male; mean age was 10 (SD=0.9) years. Mean sleep duration was 9.6 (SD=0.8) hours; 53% were overweight/obese, with a mean energy intake of 1759 (SD=514) calories. Longer sleep duration was independently associated with a lower percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates (B= -0.22, P< 0.01) and a higher percentage of energy from fat (B=0.19, P< 0.01), driven by the percentage of energy from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; B=0.17, P< 0.05). No association was found with the intake of energy or total sugars, or the percent of calories from protein.MA children who slept longer consumed diets with a lower percentage of calories from carbohydrates and a higher percentage from fat, especially from PUFA. Short sleep duration may be a risk factor for food cravings that are high in carbohydrate content, and may displace heart-healthy dietary fat, and thereby increase obesity risk among children.

Published
2016

200. Asprosin, a Fasting-Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone.

Author

Romere, Chase, Romere, Chase, Duerrschmid, Clemens, Bournat, Juan, Constable, Petra, Jain, Mahim, Xia, Fan, Saha, Pradip K, Del Solar, Maria, Zhu, Bokai, York, Brian, Sarkar, Poonam, Rendon, David A, Gaber, M Waleed, LeMaire, Scott A, Coselli, Joseph S, Milewicz, Dianna M, Sutton, V Reid, Butte, Nancy F, Moore, David D, Chopra, Atul R, Romere, Chase, Romere, Chase, Duerrschmid, Clemens, Bournat, Juan, Constable, Petra, Jain, Mahim, Xia, Fan, Saha, Pradip K, Del Solar, Maria, Zhu, Bokai, York, Brian, Sarkar, Poonam, Rendon, David A, Gaber, M Waleed, LeMaire, Scott A, Coselli, Joseph S, Milewicz, Dianna M, Sutton, V Reid, Butte, Nancy F, Moore, David D, and Chopra, Atul R

Abstract

Hepatic glucose release into the circulation is vital for brain function and survival during periods of fasting and is modulated by an array of hormones that precisely regulate plasma glucose levels. We have identified a fasting-induced protein hormone that modulates hepatic glucose release. It is the C-terminal cleavage product of profibrillin, and we name it Asprosin. Asprosin is secreted by white adipose, circulates at nanomolar levels, and is recruited to the liver, where it activates the G protein-cAMP-PKA pathway, resulting in rapid glucose release into the circulation. Humans and mice with insulin resistance show pathologically elevated plasma asprosin, and its loss of function via immunologic or genetic means has a profound glucose- and insulin-lowering effect secondary to reduced hepatic glucose release. Asprosin represents a glucogenic protein hormone, and therapeutically targeting it may be beneficial in type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Published
2016

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