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Abstract: This study aimed to analyze and compare the factors that affect the return on assets (ROA) of Islamic commercial banks (BUS) and Islamic business units (UUS). This study’s independent variables are NPF, FDR, and MSMEs. The study used the quantitative method, with multiple regression approaches in analyzing the research data. The results of this study show that the BUS NPF has a negative and significant impact on the BUS ROA; the BUS FDR has a positive and insignificant impact on the BUS ROA; the BUS MSMEs portion of the BUS loan distribution has a negative and insignificant impact on the BUS ROA; the UUS NPF has a negative and significant impact on the UUS ROA; the UUS FDR has a positive and significant impact on the UUS ROA; and the MSMEs’ portion of the UUS loan distribution has a positive and significant impact on the UUS ROA. Keywords: BUS, UUS, Return on Asset, Non-Performing Financie, Financing to Deposit Ratio, MSME financing Analisis Perbandingan Determinan Faktor Return on Asset antara Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) dengan Unit Usaha Syariah (UUS) Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perbandingan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi return on asset pada Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) dengan Unit Usaha Syariah (UUS). Adapun variable-variabel bebas yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah non performing financing, financing to deposit ratio dan porsi penyaluran pinjaman usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah (UMKM). Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan regresi berganda dalam melakukan analisa penelitian ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa NPF BUS berdampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap ROA BUS; FDR BUS berdampak postif dan tidak signifikan terhadap ROA BUS; porsi penyaluran pinjaman UMKM BUS berdampak negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap ROA BUS; NPF UUS berdampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap ROA UUS; FDR UUS berdampak positif dan signifikan terhadap ROA UUS; Porsi penyaluran pinjaman UMKM UUS berdampak positif dan signifikan terhadap ROA UUS. Kata kunci: BUS, UUS, ROA, NPF, FDR, Pembiayaan UMKM

Public transportation is an effective way to reduce emissions and decrease in fossil fuel consumption challenges. The idea of employing green energy systems in public transportation can significantly change the quality of life in the near future. In this regard, the hydrogen fuel cell bus which uses hydrogen as a main fuel and utilizes small battery systems for the rest of the required energy demands is simulated and investigated in this research study. Additionally, two real driving cycles are employed for dynamic modeling. Therefore, to fill the gaps in the field of public bus performance, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, fuel cell degradation, and battery aging, a precise model is presented in the Simcenter Amesim software. Time-dependent thermal loads and variations of passenger numbers are also considered for the HVAC system. Machine learning techniques are employed to predict fuel cell degradation and battery aging. The model is based on calendar and cyclic aging phenomena. Finally, the performance of the hybrid bus is evaluated during operation. Results show that more than 60% of energy is consumed in electric motors and increasing the number of passengers directly affects the amount of energy consumption reaches the maximum of 28 MJ for 40 passengers and additionally affects the final cabin temperature. After 2000 h of operation, the ammount of hydrogen consumption increased by approximately 10% compared to a new bus due to fuel cell degradation. In addition, the capacity loss of the battery reaches 17.6% after a year for the maximum ambient temperature of 36 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric buses are a key element in the transition to sustainable urban mobility. The HVAC system is the primary auxiliary load and significantly affects the efficiency and the driving range. In this work, advanced dynamic models have been developed to simulate accurately and optimize the urban bus energy consumption under real operating and extreme conditions, with a particular emphasis on HVAC systems. This study integrates a 3D city model, a weighted stochastic driving cycle, a climate model, a transient thermal model coupled with a physical HVAC system model using IMST-ART and a battery model. Different bus lines and urban typologies have been analyzed in the city of València. The results indicate that the overall consumption is similar across the different bus lines, around 2.10 kWh/km. The HVAC is the second largest contributor, after the powertrain, and can reduce the driving range by 15%–20% on mild and hot summer days, respectively. Finally, the size of the compressor has been optimized, revealing that a scale factor of 75% is more convenient, since the energy consumption can be reduced by 3% with lower costs in the compressor. [Display omitted] • Advanced overall bus consumption model applied to three real urban routes. • Detailed component-based physical model of a real mobile reversible heat pump. • Coupled dynamic thermal model and HVAC based on thermal and moisture balance. • Real control system and operating points in six operating modes. • Dual-approach compressor size optimization for representative and extreme weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Buses are the most common form of public transport for older adults in developing countries. With over 37% of total trips, buses are the principal mode of transport in Dhaka. The majority of older adults are dependent on buses because of their affordability relative to other modes such as auto-rickshaws, rideshares, and taxis. This study aims to investigate key barriers in accessing buses in Dhaka and the consequences of these barriers to the everyday mobility of older adults. Research Design and Methods Thirty participants aged 60 and older were recruited from 2 socioeconomically different neighborhoods in Dhaka. We employed a thematic analysis of visual surveys and in-depth interviews to understand older adults' spatial and cultural context and their experiences using buses in their everyday lives. Results Boarding and deboarding buses were common barriers for older adults due to overcrowding and traffic congestion. In addition, older adults faced challenges such as ageism, gender discrimination, and undesirable behavior by transport personnel and co-passengers. These barriers affected their independent mobility and influenced their access to work and social life, contributing to their social exclusion. Discussion and Implications This study illustrates the challenges faced by older adults when accessing public transport and the need to improve access to work, health care, and social life. Inclusive transport policies are essential in low- and middle-income countries to improve the well-being of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The size of semiconductor devices was decreasing, which brings severe challenges to traditional microelectronic technology. The improved memory model of floating gate MOS (metal–oxidesemiconductor) structure was proposed and applied. Based on this, the nano information storage model based on sensor bus was constructed. The sensor bus structure based on CAN (Controller Area Network) technology was designed by using the on-site regional control network and object connection embedding technology. The three-phase data acquisition system with the energy metering chip CS5490 as the core was used to collect the signals of the voltage and current sensors, and the CAN sensor bus controller was used to transmit the collected signals. The transmitted signal was stored in the information storage model of the nanocrystalline floating gate structure, which uses metal nanocrystals with the higher work function to store the charge. Increase the barrier between the storage node and the gate dielectric to improve program/erase and information retention. Experimental results show that the constructed model has longer data retention time while having low operating voltage and low power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ monitoring provides valuable information to update the predictions of the embankment settlement on soft soils. Observational data obtained at different monitoring moments can be incorporated into the updating under a Bayesian framework for rational treatment of various geotechnical-related uncertainties. Nevertheless, as complicated models (e.g., finite element model) are involved to link monitoring data with uncertain parameters, Bayesian updating can be computationally demanding. This becomes more challenging if multiple different datasets (e.g., datasets obtained at different monitoring moments) are concerned, for each of which a Bayesian updating run shall be performed. This paper develops a novel Bayesian framework that allows efficient and flexible updating of the embankment settlements based on different datasets. It contains two major components: (1) driving Bayesian analysis to generate problem-specific information on the embankment settlement based on the observational data obtained at early monitoring moments, and (2) target Bayesian analysis to update the embankment settlement given new datasets obtained at latter monitoring moments by making use of the information generated in the first step, which requires negligible computational efforts. The proposed approach not only improves significantly the computational efficiency for updating the embankment settlements given different monitoring datasets, but also provides the flexibility to shed lights on effects of different updating strategies (or datasets) on the updated embankment settlements. An embankment settlement monitoring example is adopted to demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel demands in remote areas are scattered and unstable. Thus, the integration of different types of transportation can be beneficial for improving the service level of transportation systems in remote areas. This study proposes a two-stage stochastic programming (SP) model for the integrated planning of a fixed-route–fixed-schedule bus service and dial-a-ride (DAR) transportation (DART) in remote areas. In the first stage, the route and timetable of a bus line are optimized as a set partitioning problem. In the second stage, DART is formulated as a pickup and delivery vehicle routing problem with time windows (PDVRPTW). A hybrid algorithm is developed to solve the two-stage SP problem. Case studies are presented to validate the planning model and the solution algorithm. Results show that the integration of bus and DAR services and the implementation of DART as PDVRPTW considerably reduce unserved demands and improve the service of the entire system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical situations, including accidents, during construction, installation, operation, and retrofitting of the process equipment of HPP are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passenger movements were limited by the government policies that made new system decisions, namely large-scale social distancing policies. However, over time several regions in Indonesia have begun to end large-scale social distancing called new normal. The new normal condition has undoubtedly changed the pattern of mode choice of the passenger. Little attention has been paid to the travel mode choice under the new normal condition. Therefore, this study aims to understand the travel mode choice model of train and bus, especially in the new normal era. The primary data was collected using the stated preference online-based survey. This study performed a Binomial-Logit-Difference model. From the modelling result, 89% of the passenger will choose the bus if the train's travel fare is IDR 160,000 higher. The probability value will be equal when the ticket fare of the bus is IDR 25,000 higher than train’s travel cost. It indicates that people choose the bus mode because of the travel cost factor. Directions for the future study are presented.

Voltage sags and swells are significant issues of power quality. In order to alleviate voltage sags and swells on sensitive loads, a method is proposed to evaluate the bus and grid structure based on voltage sags/swells using voltage ellipse parameters. The voltage matrix is established for voltage sags/swells caused by four types of short-circuit faults. The voltage matrix can be converted into a minor axis matrix and a major axis matrix using the Clarke transformation, and accordingly a voltage sag matrix and a voltage swell matrix can be obtained with the interaction between voltage sags/swells and voltage ellipse parameters. The key indicator and the vulnerability indicator of bus as well as the indicator of grid structure are defined according to the voltage sag matrix and swell matrix. The buses are sorted using the indicators proposed, and the result of bus sorting provides a basis for selecting the buses that need to be managed to alleviate voltage sags/swells. The experiment results in IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system show that these indicators facilitate the selection of the access point for newly-added sensitive loads, and provide a theoretical guidance to the mitigation of voltage sags and swells, and help to accomplish the planning, operation and transformation of power grid.

Driver behavior is a concerning issue in the area of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Driver behavior is a significant key player in a wide range of unpleasant events during the ride, such as accidents or crashes, traffic congestion, harsh braking, and acceleration/deceleration. Influencing factors of driver behavior have been explored in several studies. It is imperative to investigate these factors in order to provide a comprehensive analysis and to categorize them on the basis of a coherent taxonomy. With that, this study conducted a systematic review on prior studies that focused on bus driver behavior, particularly in the ITS. This study also established a taxonomy on the topic of driver behavior in multiple areas of ITS and their classifications. Different databases, namely ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and IEEE Explore, were utilized to obtain relevant articles from 2008 to 2021 (15 April). Several filtering and scanning stages were performed according to the exclusion/inclusion criteria on all 2,803 articles obtained; however, only 87 articles met the criteria. The final set of articles were categorized into a taxonomy. The first part of the taxonomy focuses on five main factors that influence driver behavior: environmental, demographic, habit, vehicle, and on-road routine factors. The second part of the taxonomy discusses the mapping of data collection methods on the basis of four categories: real-time data collection, survey, simulation, and benchmark. Discussion and analysis were provided to highlight the critical literature gaps on bus driver behavior in the ITS, involving the use of real-time data collection, which is imperative for acquiring highly accurate and sophisticated data. This multi-field systematic review has exposed new research opportunities, motivations, challenges, limitations, and recommendations and highlighted the need for the synergistic integration of interdisciplinary works. Overall, this study presented pathways solution in future direction on the basis of three sequenced phases, namely design, labeling and validation, and machine learning. This study can serve as a guide for future researchers, as it addressed the ambiguities in the ITS-driver behavior domain and provided valuable information on these ITS-driver behavior trends.

Intelligent Transport Systems in urban conditions is one of the solutions to reduce congestion of vehicles and the amount of harmful emissions. An important component of ITS is the assessment of the duration of a public transport trip. It is necessary to focus on the study of the duration of the bus (the duration of traffic between stops and the dwelling time). In this paper, the authors focused on determining the dependence of the duration of buses at stops depending on the demand of passengers. The dwelling time of buses at stops is not considered independent of the duration of the journey. The duration of the bus is the periods of time when the buses wait at the stops, and the travel time, which is the duration of the bus between each two stops. The study was conducted on the bus route #3A in Lviv. To determine the dwelling time of the bus at stops, it is necessary to take into account information about passengers and the trajectory of buses. The obtained data can increase the accuracy of forecasting in different traffic situations in comparison with the most modern methods.

The paper presents the results of assessing the durability of the base of the body frame in problem areas. The results were obtained by modeling in the environment of Solidworks 2018 and in the analysis of damage to the bodies of public transport bus bodies on the basis of long-term operation according to the operating organizations. It is established that such damages include corrosion and fatigue damage of the base frame and other elements of the body frame. Based on the analysis of the activities of operating organizations, it is established that the bus is undergoing repairs in case of destruction of the base, as further operation is impossible. It is established that the main problem that makes it impossible to operate the bus is structural corrosion in combination with the accumulation of fatigue damage under the action of alternating cyclic loads. The reasons influencing the nature of damages and speed of their formation are revealed: untimely renewal of corrosion protection and lack of processing of hidden cavities, roads of low quality and high speeds of movement on these roads, periodic overloads over admissible size. Damage to the base frame, in most cases, occurs near the mounting elements of the suspension and in the places of the floor difference (especially in buses of the type «low-entry» with low-floor storage pads in the rear of the bus). Large loads on the rear platform of domestically produced buses «Ataman» A092H6 during rush hour, given the fact that the rear platform seats only for standing passengers, lead to the formation of main fatigue cracks. As a result of such operation on low-quality roads, fatigue failure occurs after approximately 210 thousand km, with a service life of 2 years. It is substantiated that to predict the formation of fatigue cracks and, accordingly, to prevent their formation, the results obtained in the conditions of unstable movement in the conditions of real operation are not enough. The simulation results are presented, which show the number of cycles to failure and a comparison with the realities of operation, based on which the formation of foci of fatigue cracks is explained and recommendations for preventing the development of corrosion cracking are developed.

Collisions between pedestrians and city buses are one of the severe casualties in Thailand. This research aims to develop an assessment program and to evaluate the front end of public city buses based on pedestrian injuries and mechanisms in Thailand. Therefore, vehicle preparation and marking, testing conditions, and HIC requirements, assessment criteria, and road map suggestions are studied for the development of the bus assessment. A grid will be marked on the outer surface of front-end of the city buses in terms of vehicle preparation and marking. The determination of grid size and grid location should refer to real-world accidents. Grid locations are defined based on anthropometric data. Testing conditions were identified by the realworld accidents in a preliminary study and also the Head Injury Criterion was adapted in the assessment. Moreover, chest and leg zone test information should be combined to improve the rating scores in future work.

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Improving the performance of an existing transportation system is a challenge for engineers and policy makers as many dimensions and system design variables are interacting. In this paper, we propose the three-dimensional macroscopic fundamental diagram network design problem (3D-MFD-NDP). It is a strategic macroscopic tool to identify the directions of decision making in a multimodal transportation system, where the provision of roads and public transport services are interacting with costs for cars and public transport services in the performance of the entire road surface transportation system. The 3D-MFD-NDP models their effects aggregated at the network level and does not locate all measures to the road network. The objective function of the introduced 3D-MFD-NDP is minimizing the total travel time, while the design variables of the problem are the user costs for cars and bus tickets, the bus headway, the share of dedicated bus lanes and the length of the road network. The advantage of the 3D-MFD-NDP compared to existing approaches is that it is formulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) that allows a fast closed-form solution instead of being simulation-based, usually computing many details not required in strategic decision making. We apply the 3D-MFD-NDP to the greater area of Zurich to study two different problems. First, we investigate how the current network performance can be increased by pricing and investment measures. Despite difficulties in identifying reliable cost information for the provision of roads, we find that substantial travel time savings are possible, especially when limiting car use by restricting its space and increasing its costs. Second, we investigate the response to a 20% population growth in urban and suburban regions with car and public transport prices as well as bus frequency as the free design variables. We find that the system can accommodate the population growth, but as the system costs are shared among more users, the costs per trip are lessened, which attenuates the steering effect of prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crowding in bus is an important factor affecting passenger satisfaction and bus dispatching level. However, how to use video images to detect crowding accurately is a difficult problem. In this paper, firstly, an image sample library is established based on the evaluation standard of crowding in bus, which contains 16346 sample images. Then, Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) are used to extract the texture features of the image in bus. Then, a rough classification method of crowding based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed. At the same time, in order to improve the accuracy of rough classification of crowding, the optimization effects of grid search algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm and genetic algorithm on SVM parameters are compared. The results show that the optimization effect of genetic algorithm is the best, and the accuracy rate is 93.20%. Finally, for the problem that the SVM method is not ideal in the fine classification of crowding, this paper proposes a new method based on ResNet. SGD, Adadelta and Adam are selected to optimize the parameters of ResNet model. The accuracy of the optimal Adam algorithm reaches 96.22%, which effectively solves the problem of the fine classification of crowding in bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the service quality of public transport is necessary to maintain the loyalty of current users and attract new travelers. Past studies show that users' preferences for transit service quality are heterogeneous, but recognizing the factors describing this heterogeneity has not been investigated in depth. This paper aims to evaluate the sources of heterogeneity in passengers' preferences for service attributes of bus transit regarding the regular bus system in the city of Tehran. Four attributes of bus travel, including in-vehicle travel time, fare, vehicle crowding, and headway, were considered. Stated preference (SP) data of 360 commuters with work purpose was collected through face-to-face interviews. The random parameter logit (RPL) model, considering the heterogeneity around the mean of random coefficients, shows that heterogeneity can be explained to some extent by observed characteristics. It can be helpful for transit operators to adopt more efficient measures to improve service aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to concerns about data quality, Automated Passenger Counting technology has rarely been used to analyze local ridership trends. This paper presents a novel framework to test the consistency and completeness of automated passenger count (APC) data in four cities. Weekday APC data are aggregated at the system level and compared with the National Transit Database between 2012 and 2018. In all four agencies, passenger counts closely follow the fluctuations observed in the national transit database. There is, however, a slight drift in two of the four agencies, possibly due to the diverging trends between weekday and weekend ridership. At the stoplevel, missing and duplicate vehicle-trips are identified using schedule data from the General Transit Feed Specification. Missing and duplicate trips only concern a small proportion of stops, which can be eliminated using the proposed method. Overall, this research leads the way towards the analysis of factors affecting ridership on a tight spatial and temporal scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ería is the property of Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses two differing approaches to the improvement of local bus services, using the analytical lens of formal and informal institutions. Both formal and informal institutions govern the behaviour of authorities and operators, but they do it in different ways and they have advantages and disadvantages. In so doing we seek to understand both how the informal institutional approach (e.g. voluntary partnership working) can be used effectively, but also to assess its limits; and to understand why a formal institutional approach (e.g. franchising), in spite of its strong underlying basis in law, may nonetheless not always function. Through doing so, this paper contributes to the current understanding of how to handle the unintended consequences of a deregulated market through the different (formal and informal) ways available. • Compares two differing approaches to the improvement of local bus services. • Contrasts informal (voluntary partnership) with formal (franchsing) models. • Explores how to handle the unintended consequences of a deregulated market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to assess the possibility of decreasing the chosen environmental indicators like energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) production and other exhaust pollutants in the selected region in Slovakia by introducing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) buses into bus transport. The assessment is carried out by comparing the consumption and emissions of current buses (EURO 2) in real operation, with potential buses (EURO 6) and with pilot LNG buses testing on the same lines. Comparison took place under the same conditions over the same period. The study measures the energy consumption and GHG production per bus. The research paper also compares two methodologies of calculation. The first calculation is according to the European Standard EN 16258: 2012 which specifies the general methodology for evaluation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions (all services - cargo, passengers or both). The second calculation is according to the Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA). The results of the calculation are compared by both methods, and the most suitable version of the bus in terms of GHG emissions is proposed.

Energy consumption and the emission of harmful particles have increased significantly in recent decades. The constant development of transport poses an increasing threat to the environment. The search for alternative energy-saving solutions is closely linked to the development and improvement of new vehicles, reducing their negative impact on the environment. Fiberglass or carbon fiber are among the most promising materials that can reduce weight in all types of vehicles. They are also much easier to recycle than steel. Fiberglass or carbon fiber composite materials are widely used in a variety of applications: construction, ships, and trains. Vehicles and buses are no exception. These innovative materials are used not only for interior elements but also in constructional units for the production of light duty vehicles. Meanwhile in buses these material are not yet used in safety frame. Bus safety frames are made out of steel. Therefore, in this work the fiberglass composite material from which the tubes are made by pultrusion process would replace the steel tube in the safety frame construction of the bus. Such technology could reduce the weight of the bus safety frame by about 20%. Other parameters would also be affected by weight reduction: safety: bus would be less overloaded, the braking distance would be reduced, the center of gravity position would be closer to the ground; environmental: lower air pollution due to lower CO2 emissions; economic: lower fuel consumption. However, before using such technology, it is necessary to determine the properties of the composite material. Properties were determined by tensile and shear tests (ISO 527-2:2012 and ASTM D5379/D5379M-19). Comparison tests of different materials (tensile and crushing tests) were also performed. According to the experimental results, conclusions were drawn regarding the possibility of using fiberglass for the bus frame. First published online 1 July 2020

The existing approaches of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of simulation of the loading of bus frames with the calculation evaluation of the superstructure are considered for compliance with the requirements of passive safety during rollover. The criteria and the main ways to improve the quality of computer models and to reduce the duration of calculations are determined. The fundamentals of the methodology for computer simulation of bus tests are presented and described for compliance with the requirements of Regulation No. 66. Revision 1 — Amendment 2. Uniform technical prescriptions concerning the approval of large passenger vehicles with regard to the strength of their superstructure (hereinafter — Regulation No. 66). An example of computer simulation of testing the superstructure of a suburban bus during rollover is given using the ANSYS LS-DYNA finite element analysis software system. Preparation of the model is performed using the LS-PrePost program.

Problem. Operation of buses is accompanied by tensions as a result of deformation of bus body frame elements. The quantitative indexes of such tensions, on the stage of planning, are determined by calculation methods with the use of modern facilities of the automatic planning. However, in the real terms of operations the expected sizes cannot fit the real terms of operation. Thus, there is a necessity of realization of experimental researches to determine the real tensions in bus body frame elements. Goal. The aim of the work is studying the change of tensions in of bus body frame elements in the real operation conditions. Methodolo-gy. The special device is worked out for experimental determination of deformation of bus body frame ele-ments. A mechanical device for measuring deformations tested the device. Then the capacity of device was confirmed in laboratory conditions. Travelling tests were conducted on a bus on the roads of high quality and with dints. Results. During travelling tests it was proved that bus body frame elements deform at speeds of thirty, fifty, seventy kilometers per hour on the roads of high quality. The results were obtained on the road with dints at the speed of twenty kilometers per hour. The value of deformation is also obtained at a zigzag motion and at the urgent braking. Originality. A new device is worked out for the research of deformation change in bus body frame elements. This research was for the first time made for a load carrying structure. It is proved that maximum deformation of the bus body frame will be at the urgent braking. Practical value. A new device and approved methodology of researches can be used for development of new designs of busses.

With a view to determining the dynamics and possible traumasustained bya disabled person in a wheelchair in the passenger compartment of a bus, a physical modelhas been developed. The system, as the time function, generalized in the coordinatesX(t), (t), was described bysecond-order Lagrangian differential equations. The proposed mathematical model allows for determining the motion characteristics of disabled people in a wheelchair in abus that can cause injuries.Thispaperpresents the curves of the change in coordinates of the angular velocity of the head and its center of gravity, as well as the curve of the change in the angle between the femurand the wheelchaior seat, through mathematical modeling and an experiment.

Under the high load, high frequency and high strength operating environment, the frequent occurrence of vehicle fault gradually attracts the attention of the society. The real-time monitoring and data recording function of vehicle-mounted equipment provides data support for vehicle status assessment and fault warning. In this paper, the real-time data collected by CAN-BUS system of Beijing Bus Group are preprocessed and discretized. On the basis of the traditional rough set theory, a new coding method is set up, and the dependency between conditional attributes and decision attributes is set as an adaptive function, which is reduced by genetic algorithm and cellular genetic algorithm respectively. The calculation results show that the key fault information of public transport vehicles is instrumental speed, oil pressure, percentage of torque, timing engine speed, and coolant temperature. By comparing the results of reduction, it is found that the cellular genetic algorithm has higher applicability than the genetic algorithm in terms of algorithm efficiency, stability, and convergence quality. Although the genetic algorithm attribute reduction is slightly better than the cellular genetic algorithm attribute reduction in the rule matching, the cellular genetic algorithm has a better ability to excavate information within the acceptable compatibility range. Finally, the selected key factors will be deployed on the Beijing Bus Group's big data platform and displayed in real time. The conclusion of this paper enriches the theory of bus engine fault warning and establishes an engine failure warning system, which can effectively reduce the failure rate of bus vehicles and reduce the maintenance cost expenditure. It has certain guiding significance for the bus operation work of Beijing Bus Group.

都市内公共交通の中で,バスは運行の交通渋滞の影響などにより定時制が確保さ れにくく,結果として移動の不確実性が増して利便性が低下することがある。この 公共交通機関の遅延は移動の不確実性をもたらす事象であり,遅延の発生とその程 度の時空間的なパターンの把握は,より実態に即した都市交通研究の発展に重要で ある。そこで本研究では,仙台市交通局の市バスを対象とし,公共交通機関のスケ ジュールならびに運行経路の位置情報からなるGTFS （General Transit Feed Specification ）データと1ヶ月分のバスの運行記録とを結合することで遅延時間を精密に 算出し,遅延発生のデイリーリズム,ウィークリーリズムの可視化と,時間的•地 域的特徴を踏まえたその発生パターンを規定する要因の推定を行った。その結果, バスの遅延時間の時空間パターンは,曜日,時間,乗降客数,鉄道駅との位置関係 によって規定されていることが明らかとなった. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Buses are large vehicles with the primary goal of carrying as many passengers as possible while maintaining a comfortable interior and an economical driving cycle. With various adjustments, small changes can add up to significant energy savings. This study investigates the issue of whether there is a scenario in which the enormous power demand needed for the operation of buses can be reduced by some amount. Large eddy simulation was used for this analysis, which was carried out using commercially available software. The external unit was located on the front and rear ends of the roof of the bus, as well as in the rear. The findings suggest that the current position of the unit can be improved, and the aerodynamic losses can be increased or decreased, depending on the position of the induced flow.

The aerodynamic benefits of a vehicle in a platoon could be distracted by an imposed crosswind on it. The study aims to investigate the alteration of aerodynamic coefficient comprising drag force coefficient, lift force coefficient, side force coefficient, and pressure coefficient of buses traveling in a platoon by considering crosswind. The simulation employed a detailed bus model. Proposed meshing techniques were also offered. The investigation considered the yaw angle from 0° to 30° and inter-bus distances by proposed coefficient X/L from 0.05 to 1.25. The results in the changes in the aerodynamic performance of both buses were presented. The advantages of platoon configuration were described in more detail when no crosswind was considered in terms of the generated turbulence kinetic energy of the leading and following bus. The results indicated that a crosswind deteriorates aerodynamic benefits during the platoon. The inter-bus distance determines how the airflow around the bus behaves, leading to the variation in aerodynamic advantages experienced by buses. Comparison between the numerical study and experiment indicated a satisfactory correlation of results validation.

Due to the bus characteristics of large quality, high center of gravity and narrow wheelbase, the research of its yaw stability control (YSC) system has become the focus in the field of vehicle system dynamics. However, the tire nonlinear mechanical properties and the effectiveness of the YSC control system are not considered carefully in the current research. In this paper, a novel adaptive nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode (ANFTSM) control scheme for YSC is proposed to improve the bus curve driving stability and safety on slippery roads. Firstly, the STI (Systems Technologies Inc.) tire model, which can effectively reflect the nonlinear coupling relationship between the tire longitudinal force and lateral force, is established based on experimental data and firstly adopted in the bus YSC system design. On this basis, a more accurate bus lateral dynamics model is built and a novel YSC strategy based on ANFTSM, which has the merits of fast transient response, finite time convergence and high robustness against uncertainties and external disturbances, is designed. Thirdly, to solve the optimal allocation problem of the tire forces, whose objective is to achieve the desired direct yaw moment through the effective distribution of the brake force of each tire, the robust least-squares allocation method is adopted. To verify the feasibility, effectiveness and practicality of the proposed bus YSC approach, the TruckSim-Simulink co-simulation results are finally provided. The co-simulation results show that the lateral stability of bus under special driving conditions has been significantly improved. This research proposes a more effective design method for bus YSC system based on a more accurate tire model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]