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The present study was conducted at the Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Saver, Dhaka from November 2015 to February 2016. Sixty ejaculates were collected from eight matured Brahman crossbred breeding bulls with a view to assess the motility and velocity parameters of ejaculates sperm using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analyser (CASA) with Andro Vision software. CASA parameters included as total motility (TM) (%), forward progressive motility (FPM) (%), fast motility (FM) (%) and circular motility (CM) (%); velocity parameters such as curvilinear velocity (VCL) (

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of feeding 60% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) or the equivalent sulfur as CaSO4 on DNA structure and integrity in frozen/extended bull semen. Thirty-six half-sibling Angus bulls (256 ± 8 d; initial BW = 320 ± 2 kg) were assigned to one of three treatments: 1) corn-based diet containing 60% concentrate (CON; S = 0.18%; n = 12); 2) diet containing 60% DDGS as a replacement for corn (60DDGS; S = 0.55% DM; n = 12); 3) CON diet + equivalent sulfur of 60DDGS added as CaSO4 (SULF; S = 0.54%; n = 12). Bulls were individually fed in Calan gates for 112 days and targeted to gain 1.6 kg/d. Semen was collected via electroejaculation at d 112. Semen samples were extended and frozen. The Guava easyCyte 8HT Flow Cytometer was used to analyze acrosome/cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial energy potential, oxidation status, DNA integrity and the zinc signature assay. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS for effects of treatment. For depolarized mitochondria, 60DDGS tended (P = 0.07) to be greater compared with SULF and CON. This suggests that bulls in the 60DDGS treatment may have sperm with lower mitochondrial energy potential compared with SULF and CON bulls. Additionally, for the zinc signature assay, no differences (P ≥ 0.11) were observed for signatures 2 through 4. However, for signature 1, 60DDGS and SULF had decreased (P = 0.03) signature 1 compared with CON suggesting that sperm from bulls in the SULF and 60DDGS treatments may be in advanced stages of sperm capacitation in comparison to CON, potentially limiting the sperm lifespan and ability to bind the sperm oviductal reservoir.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the post-thawing quality (sperm motility, mortality and abnormality) of frozen-thawed Simmental bull semen with the addition of vitamin E in the extender. The material used for research were semen from two selected Simmental bulls. Vitamin E as treatment in addition to the extender consisted of T0 (no addition of vitamin E), T1 (0,134 gram/100 ml extender), T2 (0,268 gram/100 ml extender) and T3 (0,402 gram/100 ml extender). Post-thawing evaluation conducted 24 hours after the freezing process and observed after the thawing process in 37°C water bath for 30 seconds. Parameters observed in this research were the post-thawing quality of frozen-thawed Simmental bull semen based on motility, mortality and abnormality percentage. Sperm motility evaluated using a microscope with 100x and 400x magnifying, sperm mortality observed using 400x magnifying and counted based on 0,2% eosin-negrosin staining, sperm abnormality observed using 400x magnifying and counted based on the number of morphologically abnormal sperm cells. Semen post-thawing motility was not significantly affected by vitamin E addition of T1, T2 and T3 (P

The objectives of this trial were to estimate prevalence of bacteriospermia, to determine the bacterial load, and to isolate the types of bacteria as well as to assess the association between bacterial load and sperm quality traits in cryopreserved bull semen in field conditions in the South Wollo Zone. A total of 309 cryopreserved straws of semen from the Holstein Friesian (HF)-cross bull (n = 180 straws) and pure Jersey bull (n = 129 straws) were investigated. Bacteriological assessments of the presence of aerobic bacteria, estimation of bacterial count and bacterial isolation, as well as semen quality were performed. Aerobic bacterial contamination was prevalent in 38.8% of the semen straws. No significant difference in the prevalence of bacteriospermia was observed among bulls although the HF-cross bull had a higher prevalence (40.0%). But, significant difference in prevalence of bacteriospermia was found among semen ejaculates of the same bull. The risk of bacteriospermia in the HF-cross bull was higher (Odds ratio = 1.86, 95% CI = 0.168–20.26) compared to Jersey although not significant. Overall average bacterial load of 50.38 ± 16.29 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml (from nil to 1318.20 CFU/ml) was found. No significant difference in bacterial count among bulls and their ejaculates was observed. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed that the proportions of motility, live, and normal morphology were negatively influenced by an increase in the bacterial contamination of semen. In this study, three isolates of coagualse-negative Staphylococcus species and one isolate of Corynebacterium species were found. Average percentages of sperm motility (48.35 ± 1.23), live (66.08 ± 1.0), and normal morphology (80.62 ± 1.24) were observed. It was concluded that cryopreservation does not guarantee the quality of semen from bacterial contamination. Hence, meticulous care should be adopted to prevent contamination of semen by bacteria during collection, transportation, processing, and storage times.

Assisted reproductive technology plays a key role in bovine reproduction in herds. Different media, including the milk-based medium, are used for bull semen cryopreservation. The objective of the survey was to develop a method for assessing sperm motility in frozen-thawed semen of the bull sires with the use of the vital stains added to the milk-based medium. It has been proven that vital staining with the use of Hoechst 33342 Dye in the milk-based medium is the most efficient in order to assess the motility of the frozen-thawed semen collected from the bull sires. The current method for semen detection can yield 100% accurate results.

There are sperm subpopulations (SPs) with different kinematic characteristics in various species, however, biological relevance of these SPs is still uncertain. The objective of the present study was to investigate associations of motile sperm SPs with sperm characteristics determined by evaluations with flow cytometry and assessment of bull fertility, using multiple approaches for sperm clustering. Semen from 24 bulls was evaluated concomitantly using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry before freezing and after thawing. Motile SPs were determined utilizing two acknowledged clustering methods (TwoStep and K-Means) and one customized method. With the customized method, there was utilization of mean values of sperm velocity and linearity as thresholds for direct assignment of motile spermatozoa into four SPs. Regardless of approach for identifying SPs, sperm quality, as determined using flow cytometry, was correlated particularly with the subpopulation (SP) of fast and linear spermatozoa immediately after thawing and with the SP of fast and nonlinear spermatozoa before freezing and 3 h after thawing. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between proportion of spermatozoa with fast and nonlinear movements before freezing and bull non-return to estrous rates. These results indicate that with different sperm SPs, there are different biological implications which can be evaluated to gain useful information concerning semen quality as determined using flow cytometry and fertility. Furthermore, determining SPs by assigning motile spermatozoa into clusters based on a combination of “below and “above” threshold values for sperm velocity and linearity might be considered a practical alternative to otherwise intricate clustering procedures.

Semen cryopreservation is a well-established procedure used in veterinary and human assisted reproduction technology applications.

We report a high-throughput technique for characterising the motility of spermatozoa using differential dynamic microscopy. A large field of view movie (~ 10mm2) records thousands of cells (e.g. ≈ 5000 cells even at a low cell density of 20 × 106cells/ml) at once and yields averaged measurements of the mean (υ) and standard deviation (σ) of the swimming speed, a head oscillation amplitude (A0) and frequency (f0), and the fraction of motile spermatozoa (α). Interestingly, the measurement ofαrelies on the swimming spermatozoa enhancing the motion of the non-swimming population. We demonstrate the ease and rapidity of our method by performing on-farm characterisation of bull spermatozoa motility, and validate the technique by comparing laboratory measurements with tracking. Our results confirm the long-standing theoretical prediction thatfor swimming spermatozoa.

The objective of this study was to compare chicken egg yolk and duck egg yolk in tris-citric acid extender on the quality of post-thawing Bali bull semen. This study was using Bali bull for collecting the semen. The semen was collected five times using an artificial vagina. Collected semen was then divided into two groups at each collection. The group 1 (P1), the semen was extended using chicken egg yolk in tris-citric acid and group 2 (P2) was extended using duck egg yolk in tris-citric acid. The parameters measured in this study were sperm motility, viability, and abnormality. The data obtained were tested by using the paired-T test with five replications. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference (P >0.05) between the two treated groups for motility and abnormality, but the viability differed significantly (P

The low calving rate of Bali cattle followed by a decrease in productivity is related to the low quality of semen produced by a male as a genetic carrier for their offspring. This study aimed to determine the effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal block on the semen quality of Bali bull. This study was using 10 Bali bulls aged from 1.5 to 2 years which were divided into two treatment groups. Each group consisting of 5 bulls that were supplemented with Moringa leaf block flour in the diet (P1) and the other 5 bulls as control, P2 (without treatment). The parameters measured in this study were the percentage of microscopic evaluation (mass motility, individual motility, progressive motility). Each parameter in each treatment was compared using the T-test (independent sample t-test). The results of this study indicate that the macroscopic evaluation of semen in P1 was a slightly thick consistency, a slightly milky white color, a distinctive odor, while in P2 it is moderate consistency, slightly translucent color, and specific odor. The volume and pH at which the mean P1 was 1.23 ± 0.57, 6.86 ± 0.33, at P2 was 1.44 ± 0.56, 7.05 ± 0.39, respectively (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that microscopic semen evaluation of bulls supplemented with Moringa leaf block flour in the diet (P1) had significantly (P6/ml, and 17.31 ± 3.60, respectively, and P2 were 73.23 ± 7.36, 724×106/ml, and 24.10 ± 6.34, respectively. The mean values of mass motility, progressive motility and viability of P1 were (++) 80%, 67.20 ± 6.32, 91.58 ± 7.93, respectively and P2 were (++) 70%, 60.19 ± 7.49, 88.08 ± 11.34, respectively. It can be concluded that supplementation of Moringa leaf block in the diet of Bali bulls can improve the quality of semen.

The most important infectious diseases that aff ect fertility of the bull via semen are reviewed in this article. Th e article describes the results of astudy of cryopreserved semen samples from diff erent regions of Ukraine for the period 2013 to 2016. Th e strategy of regular testing of semen donors under offi cial veterinary supervision has been adopted by governments worldwide as a means of avoiding the spread of pathogens and reducing excessive contamination of semen by ubiquitous bacteria and viruses. During this period, four hundred fi ft y (n=450) bull semen samples from 10 farms across Ukraine have been tested, PCR diagnostics was performed by the standard method developed in NSC «IECVM». According to the PCR analysis of cryopreserved semen from the bull-sires, 19 samples (6%) from Kharkiv region contained genetic material of Mycoplasma spp., 2 samples from Poltava region (3.5%) were positive for BoHV-1, and 2 samples from Cherkasy region (4.5%) contained genetic material of Chlamydia spp. Based on the obtained results we can conclude that it is necessary to permanently perform PCR screening of bulls semen.

This article draws attention to the visceral geographies of two unique Aotearoa New Zealand regional food festivals – Kāwhia KaiFest and Wildfoods Hokitika. We address the question: how do organisers and attendees sensually experience place through food festivals? Interviews, participant ‘sensing’, the researchers’ own bodies and ‘gut feelings’ were used as research instruments. The affective work of visceral pleasure and disgust highlight food that is deemed (in)edible. We argue that the visceral is crucial to understanding place for wild Hokitika or calm Kāwhia. The two food festivals provide insights and paradoxes into the embodied experiences of regional and culturally diverse tourism geographies.

This study was carried out to improve the kinetic motilities of frozen-thawed bull semen diluted with tris-based egg yolk diluent that was supplemented with Eurycoma longifolia jack aqueous extract. A total of 24 ejaculates were obtained from six cross-bred bulls using an electro-ejaculator. The extract of Eurycoma longifolia jack was distributed into three low doses and three high doses; cryopreserved samples were evaluated into three different times to confirm the results of kinetic motilities through different times and between groups. Path velocity (VAP μm/s), progress velocity (VSL μm/s), track speed (VCL μm/s), lateral amplitude (ALH μm/s), Beat Frequency (BCF Hz), straightness (STR %), linearity (LIN %), were evaluated three different times using Computer-assisted sperm analysis. Results revealed that the percentage of VAP, ASL and VCL were higher (p

To determine the role of different Brucella (B.) spp. in Bangladesh, 62 animal samples and 500 human sera were tested. Animal samples from cattle, goats and sheep (including milk, bull semen, vaginal swabs and placentas) were cultured for Brucella spp. Three test-positive human sera and all animal samples were screened by Brucella genus-specific real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and positive samples were then tested by IS711 RT-PCR to detect B. abortus and B. melitensis DNA. Only B. abortus DNA was amplified from 13 human and six animal samples. This is the first report describing B. abortus as the aetiological agent of brucellosis in occupationally exposed humans in Bangladesh. Of note is failure to detect B. melitensis DNA, the species most often associated with human brucellosis worldwide. Further studies are required to explore the occurrence of Brucella melitensis in Bangladesh.

Within recent years, there has been growing interest in the prediction of bull fertility through in vitro assessment of semen quality. A model for fertility prediction based on early evaluation of semen quality parameters, to exclude sires with potentially low fertility from breeding programs, would therefore be useful. The aim of the present study was to identify the most suitable parameters that would provide reliable prediction of fertility. Frozen semen from 18 Italian Holstein-Friesian proven bulls was analyzed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) (motility and kinetic parameters) and flow cytometry (FCM) (viability, acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial function, lipid peroxidation, plasma membrane stability and DNA integrity). Bulls were divided into two groups (low and high fertility) based on the estimated relative conception rate (ERCR). Significant differences were found between fertility groups for total motility, active cells, straightness, linearity, viability and percentage of DNA fragmented sperm. Correlations were observed between ERCR and some kinetic parameters, and membrane instability and some DNA integrity indicators. In order to define a model with high relation between semen quality parameters and ERCR, backward stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied. Thus, we obtained a prediction model that explained almost half (R 2=0.47, P

This study presents a novel method for the separation of motile sperm from non-progressive motile and immotile sperm and in vitro Fertilization (IVF). This separation of bull sperm was accomplished by inducing chemotaxis along a progesterone release agent in a 7.5-mm microchannel microchip composed of a biocompatible polydimethysiloxane layer and a glass gradient. The selected sperm was applied directly for IVF. In the first experiment, we tested the effect of different lengths of microchannnel (5mm, 7.5mm and 10mm) on quality parameter of separated sperm. The results showed that separated sperm using 7.5-mm microchannel chip were improved in sperm motility, swimming velocity, and beat frequency compared with other groups. In the second experiment, a medium containing sperm from swim-up method and outlet reservoir of our 7.5-mm microchannel chip was collected and mitochondrial activity of the sperm was determined by fluorescence microscopy. The sperm from the microchip had higher mitochondria activity (47.6%±6.0%) than the sperm from the swim-up method (23.6%±4.7%) (P0.05). There were significant differences in rate of acrosome intactness between the swim-up method and the microchip (36.0%±4.1% vs. 66.8±2.1%, respectively, P0.05). In the third experiment, we compared sperm penetration in the microchip-IVF system with a standard IVF method (droplet-IVF). The microchip-IVF group had the highest percentages of oocytes penetrated (82.2%±1.6% vs. 63.5%±2.4%) and monospermic oocytes (67.8%±3.4% vs. 42.4%±1.5%). In addition, early developmental competence of oocytes to the blastocyst stage was higher when the oocytes were inseminated in the microchip-IVF system compared with those inseminated in a standard droplet-IVF system. These results demonstrate that our microchip based on a sperm chemotaxis system is useful for motile sperm separation from frozen-thawed bull semen for IVF. Therefore, the optimized microchip system provides a good opportunity to sort motile bull sperm for IVF.

Objective To characterize HBP of seminal plasma, fresh- and frozen-thawed sperm extracts and determine their relationship with post-thaw sperm function tests and bull fertility. Methods Both fresh (1–2 ml) and frozen semen (50 straws per bull) were collected from thirty breeding Murrah buffalo bulls and subjected to immunoblotting. Further, frozen-thawed semen was evaluated for first service conception rate (FSCR), percent acrosome reaction, hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), viability, DNA integrity and total motility and linked to HBP. Results Fourteen immunoreactive bands in seminal plasma (135, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 45, 37, 33, 31, 28, 24, 18 and 16 kDa), twelve in fresh sperm extracts (75, 70, 65, 55, 48, 37, 31, 28, 24, 20, 16 and 11 kDa) and thirteen in frozen-thawed spermatozoa (135, 100, 75, 70, 65, 55, 48, 45, 37, 31, 28, 24 and 20 kDa) were detected in western blots. In seminal plasma, fresh- and frozen-sperm extracts, bulls positive for 70 and 18 kDa; 55 kDa and 135, 75, 55, 45, 28 and 24 kDa, respectively, had higher (P

To assess the effects of season and genotype on fresh semen quality for freezing and subsequent use for AI, 32 healthy, mature (4 to6 years old) and habituated bulls (Bos indicus n = 14, Bos taurus n = 5, Crossbred taurus x indicus n = 6, and tropically adapted Bos taurus composites n = 7) were evaluated at a Venezuelan AI center for 12 months in which four distinct seasons (Hot-dry, Transition, Hot-humid, Cool-rainy) occur. Ejaculates were collected weekly from Bos taurus (n = 260), Bos indicus (n = 669), tropically adapted Bos taurus composites (n = 389), and crossbred Bos taurus x Bos indicus (n = 340) bulls. Routine AI Center assessments were conducted i.e., ejaculate volume (EV), sperm mass-motility (MM), total sperm number/ejaculate (TSE), sperm concentration/mL (SC), pre-freezing (PREF), and post-freezing minimum criteria rate for AI use (POSTF). Genotype affected EV (P 0.0001), TSE (P 0.0001), and SC (P 0.0001) but not MM (P0.05). Season affected EV (P 0.001), TSE (P 0.0001), SC (P 0.01), and MM (P 0.05). There were genotype x season interactions for EV, MM, TSE, and SC. The PREF averaged 74.0% during the study, although was less (P 0.0001) during the hot-humid season than the other seasons. Even though, percent ejaculates considered unsuitable for freezing differed (P 0.03) among the Hot-dry (20.2%), transition (30.9%), Hot-humid (32.4%), and Cool-rainy (24%) seasons. For POSTF, there were no seasonal differences (P0.05). It is concluded that in tropical regions, season and genotype can affect bull semen variables, particularly those which affect the success of semen freezing and AI.

The study was conducted to determine the quality characteristics of fresh and post-thaw semen of Holstein Friesian bull, maintained at Semen Production Unit, Quetta Baluchistan, Pakistan. The semen were evaluated for volume, pH, mass activity, sperm concentration, sperm motility and integrity of sperm cell membrane. The semen qualifying these criteria were processed for freezing. The frozen semen after thawing was assessed for progressive linear motility and intact cell membrane. The mean ejaculate volume of semen was recorded as 6.93, 6.59 and 6.61 ml, pH; 6.58, 6.59 and 6.61, mass activity of sperms 3.87, 3.75 and 3.5 and sperm concentration 1349.12x106, 1509.37x106 and 1364.37x106 /ml during the month of May, June and July respectively. The color of semen was not consistent pattern, it varied as creamy white and milky white. The motility of fresh and post thaw semen was assessed as 73.9 vs 48.75%; 75 vs. 53.75%; 75 vs. 53.12% for the month of May, June and July respectively. The membrane integrity of fresh semen samples over a period of three month were 58.37% against post-thaw membrane integrity of 44.79%. It was concluded that the semen of Holstein Friesian bull tolerates freezing and thawing stress and maintained reasonable good fertility. The summer season has no significant adverse effect on quality of semen. Keywords: Bull; Fresh; Holstein Friesian; Post-thaw; Quality; Semen http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80020

A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) é considerada uma biotecnologia reprodutiva capaz de promover o aumento dos índices reprodutivos, desempenhando efeito significativo sobre a eficiência bioeconômica da propriedade. Contudo, o sucesso da IATF é dependente de vários fatores que afetam diretamente a taxa de prenhez. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da IATF sobre a fertilidade de fêmeas Nelore da mesorregião Sudeste do Pará e verificar a influência de alguns fatores que podem comprometer a taxa de prenhez. Baseado em um estudo de campo, foram coletadas as informações das fichas de controle reprodutivo de 9.455 fêmeas Nelore pertencentes a nove fazendas e que foram submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de inseminação. As variáveis consideradas foram: fazenda, categoria animal, reutilização do dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona, escore da condição corporal, sêmen do touro e inseminador. A taxa de prenhez foi de 53,4% (5.052 de 9.455), havendo associação entre as fazendas (p < 0,05), com resultados que variaram de 46,8% a 63,1%. A categoria animal afetou a taxa de prenhez (p < 0,05) de nulíparas, primíparas e pluríparas (50,2, 47,2 e 56,0%, respectivamente). Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) quanto à reutilização do dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona de primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto uso, com as respectivas taxas de 54,3%, 53,1%, 53% e 51,2%. De acordo com o escore de condição corporal (p < 0,05), fêmeas de escore 3 e 3,25 apresentaram maiores taxas de prenhez, com 59,8% e 54,8%, respectivamente. Em relação à variável touro, 14 foram responsáveis por taxa de prenhez acima de 50%; três com resultados acima de 60% e um touro com 38,3% (p < 0,05). Houve diferença entre a taxa de prenhez e o inseminador (p < 0,05), obtendo resultados que variaram de 45,5% a 71,4%. As melhorias nos sistemas de manejo de cada fazenda poderão refletir de modo expressivo no aumento da taxa de prenhez dos rebanhos da região do Sudeste paraense.

Quality of spermatozoa motility and viability from rejected limousin bull semen diluted with skim milk egg yolk sitrat added with various levels of glucose. Glucose level used were 0%, 0,5%, 1,5%, 2,5%, and 3,5%. Writer was using on four years old Limousine bull. Bull semen used in this research was bull rejected semen with bellow 70% motility. Semen observation was done at 0 hour, 24 hours and 48 hours. Research design used in this study was completely randomized design with faktorial pattern with 5 replicates. Highest result in motility this research was showed at 24 hours with 30% value in glucose 2,5% treatment and 48 hours with 10% value. The lowest result showed in glucose 0% treatment at 24 hours and 0% at 48 hours. Highest result in viability showed on glucose 2,5% treatment with 62,6% value at 24 hours and at 48 hours with 53,4% value. Lowest result in viability showed on glucose 0% treatment with 44,2% value at 24 hours and 31,4% value at 48 hours.

Semen is subject to experience a decrease in the quality including motility of the sperms. Decreasing the quality of semen begins during collecting process and continues at the processing stage. Low quality of semen will have an impact on the low fertilization rate, so that efforts are needed to maintain the quality of semen. This is thought to be caused by oxidative reactions that are triggered by free radical activity. Some active ingredients in the Arabian jujube leaf are thought to function as natural antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the effect of supplementation of Arabian jujube leaf extracts (Ziziphus spina Christy) on sperms motility in an effort to maintain the quality of Bali bull fresh semen. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Reproduction; Semen Processing Unit, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The Arabian jujube leaf extracts was added in the extender at three different treatments; P1 (1%), P2 (3%), P3 (5%) and P0 (control). The results of this study showed that there were different motility of the sperms after supplementing the extender with Arabian jujube leaf extracts. The sperms motility of Bali bull semen at concentration of 5% during five days equilibration at 5°C had higher than 3%, 1%, and control, respectively (50.0 vs. 48.7, 43.8, and 46.3%). It can be concluded that supplementation of Arabian jujube leaf extract in the extender material could maintain the quality of Bali bull semen.

Friesian Holstein bull (FH) is one of dairy cattle in Indonesia. It is important to increase the production of dairy cattle to meet the need for milk consumption. The way to develop is through artificial insemination (AI). This study was aimed to evaluate the FH bull fertility by calculating the percentage of first service conception rate (%FSCR) of FH bulls in Lembang and Singosari AI Center using ISIKHNAS data in West Java for the year 2017 until 2018. The data included in this study after editing consisted of AI data (n=141176) and service records as well as pregnancy diagnosis information (n=98120). The study showed that the FH bull semen spread in West Java mostly from Lembang and Singosari AI Center. The fertility rate can be grouped into high fertile (HF), and low fertile (LF) level and also divided into two groups based on the number of AI services. The %FSCR of FH bulls semen that used for AI 1000 services in Lembang had %FSCR is 61.61% as HF level; 35. 28% as LF level. While Singosari had 63.11% as HF level; 33.78% as LF level. In conclusion, the FH bulls in Lembang and Singosari AI center had the HF of the %FSCR is about 53.13 until 74.03%. It is needed the more accurate assessment through genomic analysis to get the biomarker of HF bulls as a suggestion to improve the FH breeding cattle.

The objective of present study was to investigate the quality characteristics of semen collected from kundhi bulls. Semen was collected by an artificial vagina and transported into laboratory immediately for evaluation. Total of 96 (Twenty four from each bull) semen the samples were evaluated and found creamy white. The mean (±SEM) were mass activity (+++), volume (2.25 ± 0.01 ml), pH (6.10 ± 0.007), progressive motility (69 ± 0.34%,) sperm concentration (1542 ± 9.20x10 6 /ml), morphology (79 ± 1.37%) and sperm membrane (55.56 ± 1.37%) respectively. Non-significant (P>0.05) difference between the bulls for the characteristics except percentages morphology and sperm membrane where a significant (P

Cryopreservation of bull spermatozoa is a well-established technique, allowing artificial insemination of cattle on a commercial scale. However, the extent of proteome changes in seminal plasma and spermatozoa during cryopreservation are not yet fully known. The objective of this study was to compare the proteomes of fresh, equilibrated, and cryopreserved bull semen (spermatozoa and seminal plasma) to establish the changes in semen proteins during the cryopreservation process. Semen was collected from 6 mature Holstein Friesian bulls. After sample processing, comparative analysis and identification of proteins was performed using 2-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Analysis of spermatozoa extracts revealed that 25 identified protein spots, representing 16 proteins, underwent significant ( < 0.05) changes in abundance due to equilibration and cryopreservation. Eighteen protein spots decreased in abundance, 5 protein spots increased in abundance, and 2 protein spots showed different, specific patterns of abundance changes. Analysis of seminal fluid containing seminal plasma showed that 6 identified protein spots, representing 4 proteins, underwent significant ( < 0.05) changes in abundance due to equilibration and cryopreservation. Two protein spots increased in abundance and 4 decreased in abundance. Semen extending and equilibration seems to be responsible for a significant portion of the proteome changes related to cryopreservation technology. Most sperm proteins affected by equilibration and cryopreservation are membrane bound, and loss of those proteins may reduce natural spermatozoa coating. Further research is needed to unravel the mechanisms of the particular protein changes described in this study and establish the relationship between those changes and sperm quality.

Bull semen production centres (SPC) generally present satisfactory quality control for sperm processing, but non-standardized hygiene procedures. This study describes a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system developed for bull SPC and subsequently implemented in a commercial SPC. After the identification of hazards at each step of semen processing and the determination of their risk and severity, monitoring and corrective procedures were designed to assess the system's efficiency. The HACCP system identified six microbiological hazards, 10 physical hazards, four chemical hazards and three critical control points. After the establishment of Good Processing Practices, Standard Operating Procedures and Standard Sanitizing Operating Procedures, the system was validated through an audit, to identify eventual failures and to define measures to correct them.

Aim: The present investigation was conducted to locate the critical sources of bacterial contamination and to evaluate the standard sanitation protocol so as to improve the hygienic conditions during collection, evaluation, and processing of bull semen in the Semen Station. Materials and Methods: The study compared two different hygienic procedures during the collection, evaluation and processing of semen in Central Semen Station, Anjora, Durg. Routinely used materials including artificial vagina (AV) inner liner, cone, semen collection tube, buffer, extender/diluter, straws; and the laboratory environment like processing lab, pass box and laminar air flow (LAF) cabinet of extender preparation lab, processing lab, sealing filling machine, and bacteriological lab were subjected to bacteriological examination in two phases of study using two different sanitary protocols. Bacterial load in above items/environment was measured using standard plate count method and expressed as colony forming unit (CFU). Results: Bacterial load in a laboratory environment and AV equipments during two different sanitary protocol in present investigation differed highly significantly (p

This research provides a comparison of productivity of daughters in Iran sired by bulls from Canada, Europe, Iran, and the United States. Data were collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran on pedigree and first lactation performances of 10,192 Holsteins sired by 186 imported (including: 39 European, 73 American, 74 Canadian) and 133 Iranian bulls, which had their first calving in 35 dairy herds in Isfahan province. The results showed that American and European daughters had the highest performances for milk yield. The highest mean for fat yield was related to European daughters. American sires on average had the highest genetic potential for yield traits; however, they had the lowest fat percentage among compared sire groups. Canadian sire group was intermediate relative to American, European and Iranian groups. Higher intercepts and regression coefficients of conversion equations for American sires showed that more returns will be achieved from one genetic point superiority of American sires relative to Canadian sires in the environments of Isfahan province. The Iranian sire group had the lowest predicted transmitting ability means for both milk and fat yields and a negative predicted transmitting ability mean for fat percentage. This study showed that due to low to intermediate predicted transmitting ability correlations between foreign evaluations and the evaluations made by this study, direct selection based on foreign national evaluations would not lead to optimal results for the traits concerned. So, the genetic potential/expression of imported genetic materials needs to be reevaluated by the Animal Breeding Centers of Iran.