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On a new approach in describing adjectives in Bulgarian (with the ontext of the development of a normative grammar) The article presents a new approach in the description of adjectives in Bulgarian, one that is based on strict differentiation between form and semantics by applying a purely morphological criterion. The relevant features of the adjectives are grouped in separate inflection types based on the presence of ending or lack thereof, the lexeme’s ending combinations, the presence of morphonological (including stress) changes (alterations) in inflection, as well as on the presence of doublet forms. The formation of inflectional types according to the above specified relevant features is illustrated with examples, followed by a proposal of changes to the traditional classification of the parts of speech. O pewnym nowym podejściu w opisie przymiotników w języku bułgarskim (w kontekście opracowania gramatyki normatywnej) Artykuł przedstawia nowe podejście do opisu przymiotników w języku bułgarskim, oparte na wyraźnym rozróżnieniu formy i znaczenia poprzez zastosowanie wyłącznie kryterium morfologicznego. Relewantne cechy przymiotników są pogrupowane w typy fleksyjne na podstawie obecności lub braku końcówki, kombinatoryki końcówek w leksemie, występowania zmian morfonologicznych (w tym akcentu), alternacji we fleksji, oraz form obocznych. Formowanie typów fleksyjnych zgodnie z wyżej wymienionymi cechami dystynktywnymi zilustrowano przykładami, a następnie zaproponowano zmiany w tradycyjnej klasyfikacji części mowy.

The author reviews the works on onomastics published in the proceedings of the conference Horizons of Bulgarian Linguistics dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the noted Bulgarian linguist Prof. Yordan Zaimov. The reviewed articles focus on the study of toponymy (including microtoponymy and urbanonymy) and anthroponymy and present the main directions of contemporary Bulgarian onomastics: “traditional” toponymic research based on the collection, classification and etymologization of names of a specific linguistic area; creation of electronic data bases and corpora and description of their applicability to onomastic research; comparative onomastics; socio-onomastics, etc. A number of papers presented in the reviewed collection of articles is based on Prof. Zaimov’s works or continue his research.

This investigation by Vanina Ivanova Sumrova is the first independent and comprehensive study of a lexico-semantic group of neologisms in Bulgarian: new terms denoting women - known as feminitives - that have appeared within the twenty-five years since 1989. More than 1,400 terms are covered; single-word terms, as well as open or closed two-element compounds (of the type biznes sekretarka or bg mama), some of them until now unattested to in studies or dictionaries. The terms are analysed from several perspectives: morphology, semantics, stylistics, codification, sociolinguistics, social culturology, lexicography, and possibilities for future development; all contributing to the multifaceted character of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary's entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this article is the contemporary usage of feminitives (specifically the names of occupations and functions), which traditionally are most often derived from masculine names. The article presents a contrastive analysis of feminitive usage in three Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish and Russian. The article examines the problem of linguistic asymmetry in the creation of feminine names in the three languages and presents the views of renowned linguists on the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this article is to present the intellectual inheritance of some of the most eminent Bulgarian linguists (born before 1930), i.e. Acad. St. Mladenov, Corr. Member K. Mirchev, Acad. V. Georgiev, Corr. Member L. Andreychin, prof. St. Stoyanov, prof. St. Stoykov, prof. K. Cholakova and prof. Y. Zaimov. They are all representatives of the historicalcomparative period in the development of Bulgarian, Slavic and Indo-European studies and have created both the image of contemporary Bulgarian linguistics and the Institute of Bulgarian Language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgarian Dialectology as Living Tradition (BDLT) has been one of the longest-running Slavic digital humanities projects in the United States. Initially conceived in 2008 as a series of printed volumes, the digital project was built upon the foundation of a long-term international collaboration dating to the 1970s. As BDLT nears completion in 2019, this paper reflects on the trajectory of its development and its sustainability as an unfunded digital humanities project, and the ways it can serve as both a model and cautionary tale for others who seek to undertake similar work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next pages we are analyzing the formants of the vocals in the Bulgarian language on the basis of generated sound files with the latest equipment for sound recording Olympus /linear PCM recorder/ model LS-100.We use data on the spectral characteristics of the sounds, calculated with the programs Speech analysis 3.1 Analyzer and Audacity 1.3 Beta and diagrams prepared with software product Excel. Received are two results which are very important for Bulgarian Phonetics: 1) Vocals in Bulgarian language do not have constant values of formants; 2) first two formants are insufficient for their identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally believed that speakers of closely related languages are able to understand each other to some degree without resorting to a lingua franca as a communicative mode. The extent to which languages are mutually intelligible depends on a variety of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, including the genetic proximity of the language varieties concerned. This study looks at mutual intelligibility between two closely related Slavic languages, namely Montenegrin and Bulgarian, and examines the role of orthographic and phonetic distances in the process of word recognition. In a small-scale word translation experiment, native speakers of Montenegrin and Bulgarian were tested on their ability to decode the meaning of 98 written and spoken nouns in the related language without prior instruction. The results reveal a strong correlation between orthographic/phonetic distances and correctly recognized words, which suggests that linguistic distances may act as relatively significant predictors of intelligibility between the two languages in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I highlight the importance of the French language as a cross-cultural key element in the 19th and 20th centuries. This holds true in particular for the development of the Bulgarian language, culture and Europeanisation. This study will examine some examples and illustrate the importance of the French language after Bulgaria proclaimed independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two differential features underlie the two main etymons for naming nightingales: in the Western European languages (from the Romance and Germanic language groups) – related predominantly to vociferousness; in the Eastern European languages (the Slavic group) – to the colour of the body. The Southern Slavic languages which are found in new places today (in the south) relate etymologically to the Northern group, because their land of origin is to the north of the Carpathians. This determines a new main division – into Eastern (predominantly Slavic) and Western (Romance and Germanic) Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antonyms with the adjectives, nouns and verbs for movement in Bulgarian language are reviewed. They are analyzed from the point of view of their structure - same root (with one or two prefixes expressing opposite) and different roots. Special attention is paid also to their semantics - contradictory, complementary or vector, vocabulary or stylistic antonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the semantic networks of the verbal prefix u- in two South Slavic languages, Bulgarian (blg.) and Croatian (cro.), in a cognitive linguistics framework using two databases of prefixed verbs drawn from dictionaries and corpora. We point to similarities and overlapping categories in the semantic networks of u- in blg. and cro., as well as to differences. When accounting for the differences, we consider prefixes semantically similar to u- (within one language and in both languages) that combine with the same base verbs forming either prefixed near-synonyms (e.g., blg. uvehna, zavehna, izvehna ‘wither, fade’; cro. umastiti, omastiti, zamastiti ‘grease, stain’) or prefixed verbs that are only seemingly near-synonyms (e.g., blg. ukaža ‘indicate, show’, okaža se ‘turn out’; cro. ocrniti ‘denigrate, slander’, ucrniti (se) ‘color black, wear black’). We examine how the meaning networks of individual semantically related prefixes (e.g., u- and za-, iz-) overlap within one language and across the two languages, as well as how different construals of the same event affect the prefix choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following essay, we trace the Romani origin and the Indo-Iranian etymology of some Balkan slang words (derived from the Romani roots čor- and mang-), focusing on the Romanian and the Bulgarian language. After looking into the derivational productivity and the semantic content of the slang words, we try to compare the results with the wordhistory, semantic content, derivational productivity and word-formation processes of their cognate words in the modern Indo-Aryan language Hindī. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The words meaning rye in contemporary European languages represent the basic components of derivational phraseological units or onomasiological motifs in other related lexemes with the same root. This has given rise to several distinct and sustainable pan-European structural models. To a great extent, this situation characterizes the Bulgarian language as well. The above structural models available in Bulgarian are also functional in other European languages. Some of them are basic and others – non-basic, i.e. they may appear sporadically parallel to the basic models. When discussed below, priority is given to the basic structural models typifying a specifi c language or a group of European languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study sought to explore and identify vocabulary learning strategies that lead to the attainment of depth of vocabulary knowledge in a second language. For the purpose, 110 Bulgarian language learners of English took Qian and Schedl's (2004) depth of vocabulary knowledge test and completed a related survey. After dividing the sample into a limited knowledge group and a superior knowledge group, the data were analyzed through discriminant function analysis which showed eight vocabulary learning strategies as significantly associated with the superior knowledge group. These strategies were named linguistically-driven strategies since they involve regular attention to linguistic features, including: paradigmatic associations (synonyms, antonyms), morphological structure (prefixes, roots, and suffixes), syntagmatic associations (collocations) and pronunciation. The results suggest that regular use of linguistically-driven vocabulary learning strategies helps build deep knowledge of second language vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romanian communities have in Bulgaria, due to their particularform of bilingualism, a series of linguistic peculiarities consisting in varietyforms, which may nevertheless be reduced to a rather limited number of tendencies: -formal contamination between words semantically related, such as rdscruciuri "crossroads" instead of rdscruci, morphological alteration induced by drumuri "ways" -prepositional fusion such as acrecdri "richly ramified branches used as improvised hooks", result of the fusion between a preposition (a "to") and a noun (crecdri "branches", a specific variant derived from the usual word in Romanian, cracd "branch"; -euphonic modification of words, i. e. mutual or simple influence due to the vicinity in coordination, such as colacu p cdnacu instead of colacu p edrnatu (literally "the roll and the sausage", a formula referring to a traditional reward given to carol singers); -intersection of two linguistic codes, i. e. Romanian and Bulgarian, meaning words generated by phonetic fusion between heterogeneous segments, such as cadoresc "Igive a present" fom [a face"to make"] cadou "gift" and a Bulgarian borrowing, adari "to give a present; bestow" < bg. darja, orsurnati "sausages" from the oriental word sugiuc "sausage", a Turkish word mediated by bg. sudi.uk, crossed with the Romanian inherited word edrnati < lat. carnaceus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main theme of the text is assessment by constructed response items in Teaching Bulgarian Language based on Data of National Study and International Study. The problems connected with creating of standards settings in school education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper briefly presents the language situation in Bulgaria and the distribution of different languages on the territory of the country. The ways in which children learn first and second language are discussed, and the advantages of early age simultaneously learning of two languages is advocated. Further, the paper presents the influence of the media and the Internet for Bulgarian language acquisition. Finally, the role of education for the absorption of the Bulgarian language is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental and emotional verbs in semantic and syntactic description The main issue of this article concerns relations between the semantic plane of the sentence, which is presented by means of notions of predicate argument structure, and the plane of formal realisation of this structure. The existing attitudes to the studied verb classes are presented. Then rules governing the model of description used are specified (the article has been written within an elaborate scientific grant concerning Bulgarian, Polish and Russian). Obligatory semantic features of both classes are pointed out, followed by an elaboration on the scope of analysis of semantic and syntactic phenomena. This scope is determined by basic semantic sentence categories on which comparative, including contrastive, research is based. Drawing on examples of particular units studied, I then discuss the effectiveness of the analysis which enables comparing differences between sets of sentence structures allowable for each class studied. Those differences stem from semantic differences typical of those classes. Czasowniki mentalne i czasowniki emocji w opisie semantyczno-syntaktycznym Tematyka artykułu dotyczy relacji między płaszczyzną semantyczną zdania, ujętą w terminach struktury predykatowo-argumentowej, a płaszczyzną realizacji formalnej tej struktury. Zarysowane zostały dotychczasowe podejścia do opisu badanych klas czasowników oraz sprecyzowano ustalenia dotyczące zastosowanego w artykule modelu opisu (artykuł powstał w związku z realizacją obszernego grantu dotyczącego języka bułgarskiego, polskiego i rosyjskiego). Wskazano obligatoryjne dla obu klas cechy semantyczne oraz scharakteryzowano zakres analizy zjawisk semantyczno-składniowych. Zakres ten wyznaczają podstawowe semantyczne kategorie zdaniowe, których badanie stanowi podstawę dla porównań, także porównań konfrontatywnych. Zaprezentowane zostały przykłady opracowania wybranych jednostek oraz wskazana skuteczność analizy, która pozwala ukazać różnice między zbiorami dopuszczalnych dla każdej z badanych klas struktur zdaniowych. Różnice te wynikają z charakteryzujących te klasy różnic semantycznych.

Review: Todor Bojadžiev, Vladimir Žobov, Georgi Kolev, Maksim Mladenov, Darina Mladenova, Vasilka Radeva, Ideografski dialekten rečnik na bălgarskija ezik, Vol. 1: A–D, Sofija 2012, 1055 pp. The article is a review of the first volume of An ideographic dialectal dictionary of the Bulgarian language. One of the crucial distinguishing features of the dictionary are the entry words, which are lexemes of literary Bulgarian naming the particular concepts. The entries are listed alphabetically but in keeping with the conceptual, onomasiological order. The particular entries contain all the registered dialectal forms along with their phonetic and morphological variants and information on the variants’ geographical distribution. Such way of presentation is supposed to provide a full picture of the equivalents of the general-language lexeme (concept) and demonstrate the diversity, lexical richness and nominational capabilities of Bulgarian dialects, while the choice of particular motivational features in the formation of words is supposed to reflect the specifics of the language users’ culture. The dictionary also contains words with no equivalents in the general language, a fact that allows for establishing the thematic groups (or semantic circles) in which Bulgarian dialects developed lexis that is peculiar to them. Rec.: Todor Bojadžiev, Vladimir Žobov, Georgi Kolev, Maksim Mladenov, Darina Mladenova, Vasilka Radeva, Ideografski dialekten rečnik na bălgarskija ezik, T. 1: A–D, Sofija 2012, ss. 1055 Artykuł stanowi recenzję pierwszego tomu Ideograficznego słownika dialektów języka bułgarskiego. Jednym z podstawowych wyróżników omawianego słownika są wyrazy hasłowe – leksemy języka literackiego, nazywające poszczególne pojęcia. Artykuły hasłowe są uporządkowane alfabetycznie, ale z zachowaniem układu pojęciowego, onomazjologicznego. Poszczególne hasła zawierają zarejestrowane formy gwarowe i ich warianty fonetyczne oraz morfologiczne z uwzględnieniem rozmieszczenia terytorialnego danych postaci. Taka prezentacja ma dawać pełny obraz ekwiwalentów gwarowych danego leksemu (pojęcia) z języka ogólnego oraz pokazać różnorodność, leksykalne bogactwo i możliwości nominacyjne gwar bułgarskich, a wybór określonych cech motywacyjnych w kreacji wyrazów ma oddawać specyfikę kulturową użytkowników języka. W słowniku można też odnaleźć szereg specyficznych wyrazów, które nie mają odpowiedników w języku ogólnym, co pozwala ustalić, w jakich grupach tematycznych (czy też kręgach semantycznych) gwary wykształciły swoją własną leksykę.

This article examines phraseological innovations in the Bulgarian, Polish and Ukrainian languages. Particular attention is paid to trends in the development of phraseology and to the sources of the enrichment of the phraseology of the three studied languages. The role of corpus technologies in research on language dynamics is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an attempt at semantic classification of adjectives in the Bulgarian wordnet. Although designed for the Bulgarian wordnet, the classification can be applied to other wordnets which are developed in parallel to the Princeton WordNet. The classification relies on information that is already available in WordNet from other synsets (noun, verb, and other adjective synsets) that are linked to the adjective synsets via lexicosemantic relations-- including their semantic classes, as well as definitions and usage examples. The first stage of the work was already presented at the workshop "Challenges for WordNets" within the conference "Language, Data and Knowledge 2017". The continuation of the effort as described in this article, covers a proposal for introducing additional semantic classes to the adjective synsets (if applicable). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the means of expressing propositional arguments in sentences with prepositional causative predicative expressions. Special attention is devoted to the causal argument (pCaus) and the processes of syntactic condensation and decondensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a new approach in the description of adjectives in Bulgarian, one that is based on strict differentiation between form and semantics by applying a purely morphological criterion. The relevant features of the adjectives are grouped in separate inflection types based on the presence of ending or lack thereof, the lexeme's ending combinations, the presence of morphonological (including stress) changes (alterations) in inflection, as well as on the presence of doublet forms. The formation of inflectional types according to the above specified relevant features is illustrated with examples, followed by a proposal of changes to the traditional classification of the parts of speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the principles of defining the types of inflected numerals in Bulgarian which are used in the work on a normative grammar of the language. The numerals are divided into types according to the form of the article, possibility of shifting the stress to the article and presence of two codified variants. Eight formal types of numerals are thus formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a part of the formal description of nouns in Bulgarian made for the purposes of the Normative grammar of modern Bulgarian. It reviews the descriptive approach that has been adopted and some issues that can be solved through its implementation. In particular, cases of variation of forms within the paradigm of the nouns as well as types of nouns with "defective" paradigm are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence or absence of accusative clitic doubling in Bulgarian clauses with direct object preposing serves grammatical or pragmatic purposes and falls within the discussion on word order, in particular the analysis of clauses exhibiting marked word order. Grammatical doubling occurs in clauses where the clitics are part of the verb's morphological make-up and in clauses where the clitics serve as case markers for disambiguating the syntactic function of the initial noun phrase (NP). Pragmatic clitic doubling does not affect the clause grammaticality or in terms of semantics: it serves as a topicality marker, signaling the discourse-old status of the preposed NPs' referents or is used to activate such referents. Pragmatic clitic doubling may occur with focused discourse-old NPs, which at first sight may appear as an inconsistency: one would expect that the topic and focus should be identified differently. In Bulgarian pragmatic accusative clitic doubling is not admissible only when the preposed NP realizes contrastive, emphatic focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term Chomskyan revolution, referring to the innovative current in modern American linguistics and Noam Chomsky as it's leading figure, permeated the metaphorical imagery of the popular linguistic and socio-cultural spheres in the USA. This term actually surpassed specialized linguistic circles, where it designated Chomsky's transformational-generative grammar model and normally appeared in quotation marks. However, although Chomskyan revolution came to occupy a central position in the American network of unquestioned cultural mythologemes, its Bulgarian reception was different. The overall impression in Bulgarian linguistic and socio-cultural circles regarding the revolutionary leap has been rather skeptical and reserved, although the Chomskyan grammar model itself has been introduced into research practice. Such a difference in attitudes towards the status of transformationalgenerative grammar in the source and a target country is discussed here in terms of motivations and basic positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns Bulgarian da -constructions (da Cs), phrasal structures that correspond to subjunctive or infinitival structures in other languages. In combining two theoretical contributions to the syntax and semantics of Bulgarian subjunctives, an attempt is made to reconsider the Bulgarian mood system, focussing on da Cs. The crucial claim is that da Cs mark the absence of the indicative being associated with the supposition of subject certainty (Siegel 2009). Accordingly, da is a semantically vacuous mood marker chosen when the indicative would cause a semantic failure. By adding Krapova's (2001) distinction between [+T] and [-T] da Cs, their correspondence to subjunctive or infinitival structures in other languages follows immediately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary sources and databases, we can find at least 89 Albania's river names of Slavic origin, that were not mentioned in the earlier research works (or were explained in a wrong way). The author discusses their etymology (using parallels from other Slavic territories), geographical distribution, semantic and word-formative types. The phonetic features of these names show that they are mostly of West Bulgarian descent (only three names are reliably attributed as the Serbo-Croatian, i.e. Old Shtokavian, ones) and were loaned by the Albanian language not earlier than in the 10-11th centuries, although there are several older loanwords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current paper deals with the challenges presented by the competition in wordformation regarding the Bulgarian-Greek substantive hybrids. These are formations which have emerged on the basis of elements borrowed from Greek, aided by Bulgarian wordformative formants (mostly suffi xes and more rarely prefi xes). The article presents the cases of competition in word-formation, regarding the simple and composite hybrid formations. The examples provided here are part of a broader research that covers material from the whole linguistic area. The cases of suffi x competition are studied in the framework of the separate word-formative categories they are part of, following the ideas postulated in the word-formation theory of the Czech linguist M. Dokulil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of what traces the Thracian language has left in Bulgarian remains unresolved, in spite of all the material evidence of Thracian cultural presence in our lands. The illustrious linguist Academician Vladimir Georgiev contributed greatly toward the clarifi cation of this complex problem. Taking his still relevant ideas and hypotheses as a departure point, as well as considering new research in the fi eld of onomastics, this article presents a different perspective on the collected onomastic data. It is presumed that remains of Thracian, mainly given names - part of the Thracian anthroponymic system - can be found today in hydronyms, toponyms, and anthroponyms. The principal method used in this research is onomastic (anthroponymic) reconstruction. The conclusions that follow, refl ect the anthroponymic continuum and the discovery of common traits in name formation and name content in two different anthroponymic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some place names from six villages in the region of Silistra, north eastern Bulgaria, are discussed in this paper. The toponyms of certain Romanian origin are: Korlanka and Korlanovite nivi

This paper gives an insight into the development of the Bulgarian Language Sunday Schools in the UK as promoters of the mother tongue and culture. The focus is on their features and benefits. In particular, the most important issues related to these Bulgarian organisations (such as the increase of the number of the schools and the reason behind this, their connections with mainstream schools and some of their problems) are discussed. At the same time, it is acknowledged that most of these issues need further in-depth studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the place of dialect speech in contemporary Bulgarian oral communication as well as in the language of literary works included in curricula. The question of the need to study the dialect element in the language, which is related to the perception and analysis of the text is considered. Some examples of learning tasks that can serve to develop these skills are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article are presented the results of a survey. The formation of linguistic competence among students from first to fourth grade affects on their whole development. The purpose of this research is to check with test the level formation of linguistic competence at third grade students. There are two original didactic tests. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be argued that they are reliable, valid for the entire population and measure exactly the level formation of linguistic competence among students at the initial stage of primary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for functional and stylistic approach in Bulgarian language training is determined by the implementation of a comprehensive program for practical mastery of the characteristics of different language styles skills for most purposeful selection of means of expression. Therefore, the functional style is only part of the language. It examines linguistic means, sign language in different spheres of human activity. The correctness of speech is essential, but not only important condition for the quality of speech. The selection of the means of expression in the flow of speech is carried out in a practical way mostly by the functional differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]