5,908 results on '"Budget constraint"'
Search Results
152. Convex Optimization
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Hult, Henrik, Lindskog, Filip, Hammarlid, Ola, Rehn, Carl Johan, Hult, Henrik, Lindskog, Filip, Hammarlid, Ola, and Rehn, Carl Johan
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- 2012
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153. Large-Scale Portfolio Optimisation with Heuristics
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Gilli, Manfred, Schumann, Enrico, Di Ciaccio, Agostino, editor, Coli, Mauro, editor, and Angulo Ibanez, Jose Miguel, editor
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- 2012
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154. Viral Marketing for Product Cross-Sell through Social Networks
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Narayanam, Ramasuri, Nanavati, Amit A., Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Flach, Peter A., editor, De Bie, Tijl, editor, and Cristianini, Nello, editor
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- 2012
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155. Budget Constrained Resource Allocation for Non-deterministic Workflows on an IaaS Cloud
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Caron, Eddy, Desprez, Frédéric, Muresan, Adrian, Suter, Frédéric, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Xiang, Yang, editor, Stojmenovic, Ivan, editor, Apduhan, Bernady O., editor, Wang, Guojun, editor, Nakano, Koji, editor, and Zomaya, Albert, editor
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- 2012
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156. Giffen Behavior Independent of the Wealth Level
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Doi, Junko, Iwasa, Kazumichi, Shimomura, Koji, Heijman, Wim, editor, and von Mouche, Pierre, editor
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- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
157. In what ways do sustainability motivated students with a budget constraint innovate in their sustainable consumption practices?
- Abstract
Background: Green consumerism is on the rise. However, the individuals with budget constraints are unable to afford sustainable products due to their budget as well as the premium pricing of the products. This in turn impedes them from expanding their sustainability options. In addition, the sustainability motivated individuals seek other means to meet their sustainable consumption practices. Thus, this thesis explores how the individuals innovate in their sustainable consumption practices while facing budget constraints. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore in what ways budget constrained sustainability motivated consumers innovate in their sustainable consumption practices. Method: The method used to investigate this topic is a mixed method of focus groups and interviews. The reason why this method was chosen was because it allows us to obtain an in depth discussion and rich data. Conclusion: The findings of our research has demonstrated that there are many ways that the budget constrained, sustainability motivated students innovate. Nevertheless, premium pricing as well as budget constraints play a significant role in limiting the extent to which they can innovate in their sustainable consumption practices.
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- 2022
158. In what ways do sustainability motivated students with a budget constraint innovate in their sustainable consumption practices?
- Abstract
Background: Green consumerism is on the rise. However, the individuals with budget constraints are unable to afford sustainable products due to their budget as well as the premium pricing of the products. This in turn impedes them from expanding their sustainability options. In addition, the sustainability motivated individuals seek other means to meet their sustainable consumption practices. Thus, this thesis explores how the individuals innovate in their sustainable consumption practices while facing budget constraints. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore in what ways budget constrained sustainability motivated consumers innovate in their sustainable consumption practices. Method: The method used to investigate this topic is a mixed method of focus groups and interviews. The reason why this method was chosen was because it allows us to obtain an in depth discussion and rich data. Conclusion: The findings of our research has demonstrated that there are many ways that the budget constrained, sustainability motivated students innovate. Nevertheless, premium pricing as well as budget constraints play a significant role in limiting the extent to which they can innovate in their sustainable consumption practices.
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- 2022
159. Multi-user Task Offloading to Heterogeneous Processors with Communication Delay and Budget Constraints
- Abstract
We study task scheduling and offloading in a cloud computing system with multiple users where tasks have different processing times, release times, communication times, and weights. Each user may schedule a task locally or offload it to a shared cloud with heterogeneous processors by paying a price for the resource usage. We consider four different models in this paper: (i) zero task release and communication times, (ii) non-zero task release times and zero communication times, (iii) non-zero task release times and fixed communication times, and (iv) non-zero task release times and sequence-dependent communication times. Our work aims at identifying a task scheduling decision that minimizes the weighted sum completion time of all tasks, while satisfying the users' budget constraints. We propose an efficient solution framework for this NP-hard problem. As a first step, we use a relaxation and a rounding technique to obtain an integer solution that is a constant factor approximation to the minimum weighted sum completion time. This solution violates the budget constraints, but the average budget violation decreases as the number of users increases. Thus, we develop a scalable algorithm termed Single-Task Unload for Budget Resolution (STUBR), which resolves budget violations and orders the tasks to obtain robust solutions. IEEE, QC 20220916
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- 2022
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160. Utility Maximization of Bangladeshi Consumers within Their Budget: A Mathematical Procedure
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Haradhan Mohajan
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Social group ,Microeconomics ,symbols.namesake ,Lagrange multiplier ,Commodity ,symbols ,Business ,Coupon ,Maximization ,Constraint (mathematics) ,Consumer behaviour ,Budget constraint - Abstract
A consumer is considered as a person or a group of people who uses purchased goods, products, or services only for personal use, and not for manufacturing or resale. Consumers usually purchase valuable and useful commodities or goods by spending all or partial of their income. The property of a commodity that enables it to satisfy human wants is called utility. Producers must be conscious to increase the utility among the consumers. This study has considered the maximization of utility problem of consumers of Bangladesh subject to two constraints; namely, budget constraint and coupon constraint. Consequently, in the study two Lagrange multipliers are used and interpreted these with mathematical analysis. Prediction of consumer behavior will help both producers and consumers to take decision of their future economic productions and consumptions, respectively. This article is ornamented with sufficient theorems and economic analyses. So that all the readers find interest when go through the economic analysis of utility maximization.
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- 2021
161. Investment decision modeling for transboundary project portfolio selection
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Christopher Senfuka, Maureen Ssempijja, and Kizito Paul Mubiru
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Capital budgeting ,Rate of return ,Investment decisions ,Portfolio ,Business ,Environmental economics ,Project portfolio management ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Decision model ,Budget constraint - Abstract
Joint activities for global water partnerships in regional development programs are usually facilitated by implementing transboundary water projects. Most projects are however hampered by the absence of a clear economic base for making investment decisions. In this paper, we propose a zero-one integer programming model to determine the optimal decisions for selection of project portfolios on transboundary waters; where project selection is based on several time periods in the future.The objective is to determine whether to undertake a project or not; so that the net present value of investment returns is maximized to support needy communities. A numerical example is presented for illustration; demonstrating the optimal choice of investment projects under budget constraints. The zero-one integer programming model provides a feasible solution for choice of transboundary project investment decisions; given the competing nature of capital budgets prior project implementation. The proposed model can be efficient; where limited funds among competing projects serve as a basis for project selection criteria; a decision for facilitation enhancement towards water partnership for regional development.
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- 2021
162. An Experimental Pricing Framework for E-Commerce
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Wanglin Ma, Xiaoshi Zhou, and Puneet Vatsa
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HF5001-6182 ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Profit maximization ,E-commerce ,experimental analysis ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Computer Science Applications ,digital products ,Identification (information) ,Demand curve ,profit maximization ,Information system ,Econometrics ,Business ,Product (category theory) ,business ,pricing strategy ,Budget constraint - Abstract
Characterizing the demand curve of products is important for pricing them optimally. However, in deriving empirical demand curves, econometricians have to contend with identification issues. Furthermore, theoretical demand curves derived using standard economic theory are divorced from empirical realities: firms rarely have information on customers’ budget constraints; theoretical utility functions are seldom derived empirically. Recognizing these issues, we propose an experimental approach for determining a product’s demand curve and, in turn, its profit-maximizing price in online environments. The proposed approach yields precise estimates and is quick and inexpensive to implement.
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- 2021
163. Strategi Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Informasi oleh Pemustaka di Perpustakaan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Islam dan Bahasa Arab (STIBA) Makassar
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Uswatul Ilmi and Marni Marni
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Arabic ,language ,Library science ,Islam ,Information needs ,Sociology ,Descriptive research ,language.human_language ,Budget constraint ,Research data - Abstract
Libraries must know and fulfill every information needs of their users. This descriptive study wants to find out strategies for meeting information needs and the obstacles experienced by users in meeting information needs at the Makassar Islamic and Arabic Language College Library (STIBA)? Research data was obtained from informants who are users. The results of the study indicate that the STIBA library has tried to meet the information needs of its users while the constraints experienced by librarians in meeting the needs of users are budget constraints.
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- 2021
164. Payment schemes and treatment responses after a demand shock in mental health care
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Rudy Douven, Minke Remmerswaal, Tobias Vervliet, and Health Systems and Insurance (HSI)
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Budgets ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Overtreatment ,business.industry ,Health Personnel ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Rationing ,Payment system ,Fee-for-Service Plans ,Payment ,Mental Health ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Income loss ,Demand shock ,Humans ,Medicine ,Mental health care ,Duration (project management) ,business ,Psychiatry ,Budget constraint ,media_common - Abstract
We study whether two groups of mental health care providers—each paid according to a different payment scheme—adjusted the duration of their patients' treatments after they faced an exogenous 20% drop in the number of patients. For the first group of providers, self-employed providers, we find that they did not increase treatment duration to recoup their income loss. Treatment duration thresholds in the stepwise fee-for-service payment function seem to have prevented these providers to treat patients longer. For the second group of providers, large mental health care institutions who were subject to a budget constraint, we find an average increase in treatment duration of 8%. Prior rationing combined with professional uncertainty can explain this increase. We find suggestive evidence for overtreatment of patients as the longer treatments did not result in better patient outcomes, i.e. better General Assessment of Functioning scores.
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- 2021
165. Green Multi-Stage Upgrade for Bundled-Link SDNs With Budget and Delay Constraints
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Sieteng Soh, Lely Hiryanto, Mihai Lazarescu, and Kwan-Wu Chin
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Mathematical optimization ,Upgrade ,Linear programming ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Computer science ,Path (graph theory) ,Energy consumption ,Software-defined networking ,Greedy algorithm ,Network topology ,Budget constraint - Abstract
Upgrading a legacy network to a Software Defined Network in stages, and minimizing the energy consumption of a network are now of great interest to operators. To this end, this paper addresses a novel problem: minimize the energy consumption of a network by upgrading switches over multiple stages subject to the available monetary budget at each stage. Our problem considers (i) bundled links that can be powered-off individually, (ii) decreasing upgrade cost and increasing traffic demands over multiple stages, and (iii) rerouting demands to an alternative path with a delay that is within a predefined limit. Additionally, the link load on the path is no larger than a given maximum utilization. We formulate the problem as an Integer Linear Program and propose a greedy heuristic called Green Multi-Stage Switch Upgrade (GMSU). Experiment results on five actual network topologies show that: 1) our approaches reduce the energy consumption by up to 73.98%; 2) rerouting traffic demand via longer paths improves the energy saving by up to 9.6%; 3) GMSU produces results that are at most 4.83% from the optimal result; and 4) increasing the budget and the number of stages affect the total energy saved and the number of upgraded switches.
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- 2021
166. A Decision Support System for Optimal Selection of Enterprise Information Security Preventative Actions
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Ferda Özdemir Sönmez and Banu Günel Kiliç
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Decision support system ,Computer Networks and Communications ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,Computer science ,Information security ,Information visualization ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Threat model ,Security management ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Risk management ,Budget constraint - Abstract
Types and complexity of information security related vulnerabilities are growing rapidly and present numerous challenges to the enterprises. One of the key challenges is to identify the optimal set of precautions with limited budget. Despite the fact that majority of enterprises have a budget constraint for installing and maintaining the protection systems, the majority of the previous work only focus on prioritization of security targets and do not consider the preventative actions and budget constraints. This article presents a decision support system (DSS) based on analytical hierarchical process and mixed integer programming techniques for optimal selection of enterprise information security preventative actions. The proposed approach enables maximizing the amount of risk prevented for a fixed amount of budget by identifying the optimal set of precautions. The new DSS also assists enterprise decision-makers in determining the minimum enterprise information security budget for a given level of risk. The main contribution of the paper is that it provides a risk management method to identify a multi-level threat model and the corresponding optimal combination of preventative actions for an enterprise while considering the budget constraints. The treemap information visualization technique is also integrated into the proposed method to improve information security related management decisions.
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- 2021
167. State-owned enterprise reform in China: The new structural economics perspective
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Justin Yifu Lin
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Economics and Econometrics ,Root (linguistics) ,State owned ,05 social sciences ,Perspective (graphical) ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,0502 economics and business ,021108 energy ,Business ,050207 economics ,Economic system ,China ,Budget constraint ,Social policy - Abstract
Based on the perspective of new structural economics, this paper reviews each stage of China's state-owned enterprise reform, summarizes their main features, and argues that the root of state-owned enterprise's low efficiency and soft budget constraints is their strategic and social policy burdens. According to the state-owned enterprise's existing situation, the paper provides suggestions for deepening its reform.
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- 2021
168. Green dynamic multimodal logistics network design problem considering financing decisions: a case study of cement logistics
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Rouzbeh Ghousi, Seyyed Farid Ghannadpour, Minoo Farazmand, and Mir Saman Pishvaee
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Finance ,Construction Materials ,business.industry ,Total cost ,Computer science ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Supply chain ,Transportation ,Programming, Linear ,General Medicine ,Environment ,Models, Theoretical ,Flow network ,Pollution ,Sustainability ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental impact assessment ,Minification ,business ,Life-cycle assessment ,Budget constraint - Abstract
Logistics network is one of the most important parts of supply chains with significant share in achieving sustainability across them. In this paper, we investigate a new multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model for the design of multimodal logistics network. A bi-objective mathematical model is introduced and two conflicting objectives including the minimization of total cost and the total environmental impact are taken into account. Effective environmental life cycle assessment-based method is incorporated in the model to estimate the relevant environmental impacts. Due to budget constraints, financing decisions for facility construction are considered in the proposed model. To cope with the model objective functions, the augmented ε-constraint method is applied. Computational analysis is also provided by using a cement multimodal rail-road logistics network case study to present the significance of the proposed model. Results show that utilizing the proposed multi-period optimization model influences the location of multimodal terminals and their construction time. Also, the results show that the use of the proposed model enhances the efficiency of terminals. On the other hand, computational results indicate that preferences of decision-makers and the importance of environmental objective have significant impacts on the topology of transportation network.
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- 2021
169. An experimental comparison of rebate and matching in charitable giving: The case of Japan
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Shusaku Sasaki, Hirofumi Kurokawa, and Fumio Ohtake
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Economics and Econometrics ,Matching (statistics) ,Government ,Donation ,International scale ,Control (management) ,Econometrics ,Economics ,medicine ,Sample (statistics) ,medicine.symptom ,Budget constraint ,Confusion - Abstract
This study uses a Japanese nationwide sample and experimentally compares rebate and matching, both of which are schemes intended to lower the price of monetary donation. Standard economic theory predicts that the two schemes will have the same effect on individuals’ donation behavior when their donation price is equivalent. However, we conduct an incentivized economic experiment through the Internet on 2300 Japanese residents, and find that matching, which lowers the donation price by adding a contribution from a third-party, increases individuals’ donation expenditures compared to rebate, which lowers it through a refund from a third-party. The experimental result shows that the donation expenditure in a 50% rebate treatment drops by approximately 126 Japanese yen compared to the control, while in a 1:1 matching treatment with essentially the same price of donation as the 50% rebate, the expenditure conversely rises by approximately 56 Japanese yen. This tendency is consistent with the results of previous experimental studies comparing the two schemes. We further empirically confirm that the superiority of 1:1 matching over 50% rebate is not conclusively influenced by the participants’ confusion or misunderstanding, or budget constraint lines’ difference between the two schemes. Although the Japanese government has previously enriched rebate’s content, the level of monetary donations by the Japanese people is still low on an international scale. Based on this study’s findings, we discuss the possibility that implementing matching into the society effectively encourages their donation behavior.
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- 2021
170. The Story of the Real Exchange Rate
- Author
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Oleg Itskhoki
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Economics and Econometrics ,Variable (computer science) ,Macroeconomic model ,Purchasing power parity ,Exchange rate ,Market clearing ,Monetary policy ,Econometrics ,Economics ,Relative price ,Budget constraint - Abstract
The real exchange rate (RER) measures relative price levels across countries, capturing deviations from purchasing power parity (PPP). RER is a key variable in international macroeconomic models as it is central to equilibrium conditions in both goods and asset markets. It is also one of the most starkly-behaved variables empirically, tightly co-moving with the nominal exchange rate and virtually uncorrelated with most other macroeconomic variables, nominal or real. This survey lays out an equilibrium framework of RER determination, focusing separately on each building block and discussing corresponding empirical evidence. We emphasize home bias and incomplete pass-through into prices with expenditure switching and goods market clearing, imperfect international risk sharing, country budget constraint and monetary policy regime. We show that RER is inherently a general-equilibrium variable, which depends on the full model structure and policy regime, and therefore partial theories like PPP are insufficient to explain it. We also discuss issues of stationarity and predictability of exchange rates. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
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- 2021
171. Assess reliability of a tourism transport network considering limited-budget and late arrivals
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Thi Phuong Nguyen and Yi-Kuei Lin
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021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,021103 operations research ,Transport network ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Time constraint ,02 engineering and technology ,Business ,Environmental economics ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Reliability (statistics) ,Tourism ,Budget constraint - Abstract
Tourism transport is becoming a crucial part of the tourism industry. Determining the reliability of tourism transport networks is required by travel agencies and other practitioners. However, much of recent reliability assessments cannot utilize directly for tourism transport networks. Moreover, there exists a lack of passengers-oriented reliability evaluation that involves the impacts of latency. Therefore, this study assesses reliability regarding carrying the required number of passengers to their destination under budget and time constraints when considering late arrivals. For reliability assessment, an algorithm, which combines the concept of the minimal path adding a searching procedure with the Recursive Sum of Disjoint Products method, is proposed. An illustrative example is adopted to provide travel agencies with an intuitive visualization of the proposed algorithm. Reliability analysis suggests improving the performance of tourism transport networks.
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- 2021
172. From Monetary to Nonmonetary Mechanism Design via Artificial Currencies
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Siddhartha Banerjee, Krishnamurthy Iyer, and Artur Gorokh
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Mechanism design ,General Mathematics ,05 social sciences ,0102 computer and information sciences ,Management Science and Operations Research ,01 natural sciences ,Computer Science Applications ,Microeconomics ,Incentive ,Work (electrical) ,010201 computation theory & mathematics ,0502 economics and business ,050207 economics ,Budget constraint ,Mathematics - Abstract
Nonmonetary mechanisms for repeated allocation and decision making are gaining widespread use in many real-world settings. Our aim in this work is to study the performance and incentive properties of simple mechanisms based on artificial currencies in such settings. To this end, we make the following contributions: For a general allocation setting, we provide two black-box approaches to convert any one-shot monetary mechanism to a dynamic nonmonetary mechanism using an artificial currency that simultaneously guarantees vanishing gains from nontruthful reporting over time and vanishing losses in performance. The two mechanisms trade off between their applicability and their computational and informational requirements. Furthermore, for settings with two agents, we show that a particular artificial currency mechanism also results in a vanishing price of anarchy.
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- 2021
173. Crowding-in or Crowding-out? How Subsidies Signal the Path to Financial Independence of Social Enterprises
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Robert K. Christensen, Marek Hudon, Patrick Reichert, and Ariane Szafarz
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Microfinance ,Public Administration ,Public economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Financial independence ,Subsidy ,Commercialization ,Independence ,Crowding out ,0506 political science ,law.invention ,law ,0502 economics and business ,050602 political science & public administration ,CLARITY ,Business ,050203 business & management ,Budget constraint ,media_common - Abstract
In today’s multisector configurations, there is little clarity about whether and how public and private subsidies influence social enterprises’ pursuit of financial stability. We address the strategic role of donors in the social-business life cycle whereby social enterprise start-ups rely on subsidies, while mature social enterprises strive for independence from donors. To address the “missing middle,” we develop a typology of subsidy instruments and an intermediary signaling model to clarify how subsidies shape the evolution of outcomes for social enterprises. We argue that source variation matters for certain instruments like corporate intangibles and governmentally subsidized credit guarantees, which trigger crowding-in effects and attract commercial partners, while preventing perverse crowding-out effects, such as soft budget constraints. To illustrate this commercialization story, we draw upon a microfinance case study, demonstrating how public and private donors can induce crowding-in and crowding-out effects. In short, our subsidy typology helps unpack the signals that public and private subsidies send to commercial funders of social enterprises and how they shape the path to future financial independence.
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- 2021
174. Determinants of the public-private partnership’ use: An empirical analysis
- Author
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Vekerle, Konstantin (Векерле, Константин), S. G. Belev, and Ilya Sokolov
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Finance ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Developing country ,Public good ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Maturity (finance) ,Investment banking ,Public–private partnership ,0502 economics and business ,Quality (business) ,050207 economics ,business ,Budget constraint ,media_common - Abstract
Using the Heckman procedure with the data of the European Investment Bank on investment projects implemented on the principles of PPP, the paper identifies factors that are significant for the development of PPP. In particular, the use of PPP turned out to be most sensitive to the maturity of economic development, as well as to the state’s budgetary constraints, which do not allow building all the necessary infrastructure for providing public goods at the expense of the budget. At the same time, there has been found no statistically stable relationship between the institutional environment and the implementation of PPP projects, which may be so due to the quality of the sample — for developing countries, the importance of institutional environment factors, as well as macroeconomic stability, would most likely be more obvious.
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- 2021
175. Budgetary restrictions and ethical behaviours in a hospital context – evidence from general surgeons
- Author
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Rita Martins de Sousa and Cristina Piedade Silva
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Ethics ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,010102 general mathematics ,Context (language use) ,Participant observation ,Public relations ,01 natural sciences ,Recession ,010101 applied mathematics ,Scarcity ,Human resources management ,Health ,Human resource management ,Political science ,Budget restrictions ,0101 mathematics ,Human resources ,business ,Budget constraint ,media_common ,Ethical code - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how budgetary constraints can have ethical implications on patient treatment options. Design/methodology/approach By applying a qualitative methodological approach (interviews) and participant observation, this paper studies the behaviour of surgeons in scenarios of financial restriction. Findings The empirical findings show that despite the conflict between the economy and the leges artis, surgeons maintain the ethical and deontological principles of their profession with fair rules of orientation. Practical implications The importance of this study can be realised by its continuity. One of the authors is already implicated on a wider research to investigate the influence of the economic scarcity of resources on general surgeons’ ethical behaviours. Social implications This paper is a contribution to understanding the rules that restrain the activities of surgeons. Politicians sometimes do not have a full understanding of the pressures that the medical profession faces in their day-to-day activities. Currently, with the addition of problems relate to COVID-19, politicians and populations seem to better understand the importance of the Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS), This paper hopes that this understanding will be not only a conjectural moment. Originality/value In conjunction with the economic recession that began in the first decade of this century, health institutions have long faced budgetary constraints that condition their material and human resources and correspondingly shape the scope of health professional activities. Until now, it has not been studied the impact of economic crises on the ethical behaviour of Portuguese surgeons. Therefore, this research is a first step and a useful contribution to understanding the rules that can restrain (or not) the ethical conduct of these health professionals.
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- 2021
176. Hire or care: the effects of aging parents on household labor supply
- Author
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Jue Wang
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Wage ,Health and Retirement Study ,Affect (psychology) ,Shock (economics) ,Work (electrical) ,Demographic economics ,Business ,Construct (philosophy) ,health care economics and organizations ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Budget constraint ,media_common ,Panel data - Abstract
This paper analyzes how aging parents' health conditions affect household labor supply. I propose a time-use model with wage heterogeneity and assume that care responsibilities involve both time and budget constraints. When households can purchase care services, differences in secondary earners' wages and care requirements lead to heterogeneity in household responses to a parental health shock. Primary earners and high-wage secondary earners work more. I confirm the model's predictions by using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study to construct an exogenous shock from the change in parents' health conditions and estimate its impact on labor supply.
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- 2021
177. Mathematical Models for Implementation of the Concept of Hard budget Restrictions in the budgetary system
- Author
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I. V. Yakovenko
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Decision support system ,Hierarchy ,hard budget constraints ,inter-budget regulation ,Operations research ,Mathematical model ,Computer science ,Learnability ,Process (engineering) ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Development ,Fuzzy logic ,fuzzy automaton ,Automaton ,budget decentralization ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,HG1-9999 ,Business and International Management ,mathematical models ,Budget constraint ,Finance - Abstract
The subject of the study is the processes of budget decentralization in the management of public finances, as well as mathematical methods and models for implementing the concept of hard budget restrictions in order to create conditions for the self-development of administrative-territorial units. The aim of the study is to develop adaptive economic and mathematical models for implementing the strategy of hard budget constraints implemented in the process of inter-budget regulation. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that currently the subject of acute discussion in the scientific community is the self-development of administrative-territorial entities and increasing their financial independence. In this regard, the focus of economic research is focused on the problems of budgetary decentralization as an engine of economic development, as well as the related topics of the use of mathematical tools for modeling decision support in this area. The created models are subject to the requirements of learnability, adaptability to changing conditions of environmental influences, and the ability to operate not only with quantitative, but also with qualitatively defined characteristics. The problem of mathematical modeling is solved by applying an interdisciplinary synthesis of the theories of stochastic automata operating in random environments and fuzzy logic. The proposed synthesis of theoretical and methodological devices is the novelty of the research. As a result , an economic and mathematical model of a fuzzy automaton is constructed for determining and quantifying the values of the norms for the distribution of tax revenues between budgets of different levels of the budget system. A fuzzy automaton interacts with a simulation model that reproduces budget flows and quantifies the decisions made by the automaton model. The practical significance of the research results lies in the program implementation of the developed models and their inclusion in the public finance management circuit. In the future , it is planned to create a mathematical model of the collective behavior of fuzzy automata models, the interaction of which solves the problem of coordinating the interests of budgets of different levels of the hierarchy in the distribution of tax revenues.
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- 2021
178. Evaluating Kanopy Access Models in Academic Libraries: Balancing Demand and Budget Constraints
- Author
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Sandra Gall Urban
- Subjects
Multimedia ,Computer science ,Strategy and Management ,Library and Information Sciences ,computer.software_genre ,computer ,Budget constraint - Abstract
Many academic libraries make streaming video content available to their users on the Kanopy platform. This article explores how libraries have approached Kanopy’s various access models, of which th...
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- 2021
179. OWA Operators in Multiple Criteria Decisions
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Carlsson, Christer, Fullér, Robert, Kacprzyk, Janusz, editor, Carlsson, Christer, and Fullér, Robert
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- 2011
- Full Text
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180. Opinion Changing Aversion Functions for Group Settlement Modeling
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Brunelli, Matteo, Fullér, Robert, Mezei, József, Kacprzyk, Janusz, editor, Herrera-Viedma, Enrique, editor, García-Lapresta, José Luis, editor, Fedrizzi, Mario, editor, Nurmi, Hannu, editor, and Zadrożny, Sławomir, editor
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- 2011
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181. Valuing Health and Life
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Felder, Stefan, Mayrhofer, Thomas, Felder, Stefan, and Mayrhofer, Thomas
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- 2011
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182. Input Demand Functions
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Rasmussen, Svend and Rasmussen, Svend
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- 2011
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183. Approximation Schemes for Multi-Budgeted Independence Systems
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Grandoni, Fabrizio, Zenklusen, Rico, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, de Berg, Mark, editor, and Meyer, Ulrich, editor
- Published
- 2010
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184. Maintenance Optimization for Heterogeneous Infrastructure Systems: Evolutionary Algorithms for Bottom-Up Methods
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Yeo, Hwasoo, Yoon, Yoonjin, Madanat, Samer, Gopalakrishnan, Kasthurirangan, editor, and Peeta, Srinivas, editor
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- 2010
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185. The Three-Sector Ramsey Model
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Roe, Terry L., Saracoğlu, D. Şirin, Smith, Rodney B.W., Roe, Terry L., Smith, Rodney B. W., and Saracoglu, D. Sirin
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- 2010
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186. 预算约束下关联式云任务调度算法.
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何留杰
- Abstract
The associated cloud task is a typical application mode of scientific workflow, in which the scheduling is different from the traditional independent tasks. For solving the scheduling optimization problem of this cloud workflow task, a workflow scheduling algorithm meeting budget constraint is proposed. The proposed algorithm divides the best mapping scheme between tasks and instances into four stages: workflow structure division, budget distribution, task selection and instance selection. The workflow structure division is to divide all tasks into different levels according to the feature of workflow structure. The budget distribution is to allocate the user-defined budget to each defined level. The task selection is to give priority to tasks based on the sum of upward rank and downward rank , and form the list of ready tasks, The instance selection is to select the best execution instance to schedule tasks meeting the available sub-budget. We test the performance of the algorithm under different types of workflow structures and constraint strict degree by the simulation experiments. The results show that the execution efficiency and the scheduling success rate of our algorithm are better than the same type of other algorithms, it has better feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
187. Révélation de l'information par un principal au budget limité.
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Prévet, Antoine
- Abstract
Copyright of Revue Economique is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
188. The Economic Impact of Clinical Research in an Italian Public Hospital: The Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Case Study.
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Ippoliti, Roberto, Falavigna, Greta, Grosso, Federica, Maconi, Antonio, Randi, Lorenza, and Numico, Gianmauro
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MESOTHELIOMA ,HOSPITAL administration ,PHYSICIANS ,REGRESSION analysis ,DIAGNOSIS ,PATIENTS - Abstract
Background: The current economic constraints cause hospital management to use the available public resources as rationally as possible. At the same time, there is the necessity to improve current scientific knowledge. This is even more relevant in the case of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), given the severity of the disease, its dismal prognosis, and the cost of chemotherapy drugs. This work aims to evaluate the standard cost of patients with MPM, supporting physicians in their decision-making process in relation to budget constraints, as well as policymakers with respect research policy. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective cost analysis on all the patients with MPM who were first admitted to a reference hospital specialized in MPM care between 2014 and 2015, collecting data on their diagnostic pathways and active treatments, as well as on the related official fees for each procedure. Then, using a multiple regression model, we estimated the overall expected cost of a patient with MPM treated in our hospital, to be born by the Regional Healthcare System based on the chosen clinical pathway. Results: According to results, the economic impact of caring for a patient with MPM is mostly related to the selected active treatments, with drug and hospitalization costs as main drivers. Our analysis suggests that the expected reimbursed fee to care for a patient with MPM is equal to € 18 214.99, with chemotherapy and monitoring costs equal to € 12 861.43 and hospitalization cost equal to € 5353.55. This cost decreases to € 320.18 in the case of enrollment in an experimental trial of first-line treatment. In the other cases (second-line or third-line trials), the expected cost borne by the healthcare system for treating patients grows exponentially (€ 40,124.18 and € 59 839.94, respectively). Conclusion: Experimental trials might be a solution to decrease the economic burden for the public healthcare system only in the case of first-line treatments, where the cost of chemotherapy is relevant. Nevertheless, policy-makers have to accept the sharing of this economic burden between society and the pharmaceutical industry to broaden the current scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
- Full Text
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189. PORTFOLIO PROCUREMENT POLICIES FOR BUDGET-CONSTRAINED SUPPLY CHAINS WITH OPTION CONTRACTS AND EXTERNAL FINANCING.
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Hu, Benyong, Chen, Xu, Chan, Felix T. S., and Meng, Chao
- Subjects
SUPPLY chains ,WHOLESALE prices ,RETAIL industry finance ,INDUSTRIAL procurement ,PROFIT margins ,FINANCE - Abstract
This study investigates a budget-constrained retailer's optimal financing and portfolio order policies in a supply chain with option contracts. To this end, we develop two analytical models: a basic model with wholesale price contracts as the benchmark and a model with option contracts. Each model considers both the financing scenario and the no-financing scenario. Our analyses show that the retailer uses wholesale price contracts for procurement, instead of option contracts, when its budget is extremely tight. The retailer starts to use a combination of these two types of contracts when the budget constraint is relieved. As the budget increases, the retailer adjusts the procurement ratio through both types until it can implement the optimal ordering policy with an adequate budget. In addition, the condition for seeking external financing is determined by the retailer's initial budget, financing cost, and profit margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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190. Pontryagin Type Maximum Principle for budget-constrained infinite horizon optimal control problems with linear dynamics.
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Lykina, Valeriya and Pickenhain, Sabine
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- *
PONTRYAGIN classes , *MAXIMUM principles (Mathematics) , *CONSTRAINED optimization , *INFINITY (Mathematics) , *LINEAR dynamical systems , *OPTIMAL control theory - Abstract
In this paper a class of infinite horizon optimal control problems with an isoperimetrical constraint, also interpreted as a budget constraint, is considered. Herein a linear both in the state and in the control dynamic is allowed. The problem setting includes a weighted Sobolev space as the state space. For this class of problems, we establish the necessary optimality conditions in form of a Pontryagin Type Maximum Principle including a transversality condition. The proved theoretical result is applied to a linear–quadratic regulator problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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191. Side effects of fiscal rules: a case of Polish local self-government.
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Banaszewska, Monika
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DECENTRALIZATION in government ,FISCAL policy ,PUBLIC debts -- Government policy ,LOCAL government ,GOVERNMENT revenue ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
The trend towards decentralization of government activities has prompted an increased interest in sub-national fiscal rules. The paper investigates an ex ante adaptation to the modified subnational fiscal framework. Using a panel of 2,479 Polish municipalities in the years 2011-2013 the aim is to verify the existence of the side effect of the new debt repayment rule. The empirical results show that local government units for which the new rule would have been more demanding than the former generated higher revenues per capita from asset sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
- Full Text
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192. Sequential Auctions for Common Value Objects with Budget Constrained Bidders
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Fatima, Shaheen, Kacprzyk, Janusz, editor, Ito, Takayuki, editor, Zhang, Minjie, editor, Robu, Valentin, editor, Fatima, Shaheen, editor, and Matsuo, Tokuro, editor
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- 2009
- Full Text
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193. Stochastic Facility Construction Problem with Preference of Candidate Sites
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Ishii, Hiroaki, Lee, Yung Lung, Yeh, Kuang-Yih, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Torra, Vicenç, editor, Narukawa, Yasuo, editor, and Inuiguchi, Masahiro, editor
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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194. Iterative Rounding for Multi-Objective Optimization Problems
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Grandoni, Fabrizio, Ravi, R., Singh, Mohit, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Fiat, Amos, editor, and Sanders, Peter, editor
- Published
- 2009
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195. Google’s Auction for TV Ads
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Nisan, Noam, Bayer, Jason, Chandra, Deepak, Franji, Tal, Gardner, Robert, Matias, Yossi, Rhodes, Neil, Seltzer, Misha, Tom, Danny, Varian, Hal, Zigmond, Dan, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Albers, Susanne, editor, Marchetti-Spaccamela, Alberto, editor, Matias, Yossi, editor, Nikoletseas, Sotiris, editor, and Thomas, Wolfgang, editor
- Published
- 2009
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196. Effective Algorithms for a Bounded Version of the Uncapacitated TPP
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Mansini, Renata, Tocchella, Barbara, Nunen, Jo A.E.E., editor, Speranza, M. Grazia, editor, and Bertazzi, Luca, editor
- Published
- 2009
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197. Optimal Growth. Discrete Time Analysis
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Novales, Alfonso, Fernández, Esther, Ruiz, Jesús, Novales, Alfonso, Fernández, Esther, and Ruíz, Jesús
- Published
- 2009
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198. Underfunding in Terrorist Organizations
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Shapiro, Jacob N., Siegel, David A., Memon, Nasrullah, editor, David Farley, Jonathan, editor, Hicks, David L., editor, and Rosenorn, Torben, editor
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- 2009
- Full Text
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199. Tiered Service Bundling Under Budget Constraints
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Rouskas, George N. and Rouskas, George N.
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- 2009
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200. Budget constraint and the valuation of environmental impacts in Thailand.
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Kaenchan, Piyanon and Gheewala, Shabbir
- Subjects
BUDGET ,BIODIVERSITY ,WELL-being ,ECOSYSTEMS ,BIOMASS energy ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) - Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to develop a valuation scheme for environmental impacts in Thailand. This would assist in integrating environmental concerns into economic assessment tools such as cost-benefit analysis (CBA), system of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA), etc., which could be used in policymaking. Methods: The damage categories considered are human health and ecosystem quality. The value of a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) measuring damage to human health is estimated using the budget constraint approach. The value of a biodiversity-adjusted hectare year (BAHY) measuring damage to ecosystems is calculated relatively to the value of a QALY. Results and discussion: Potential economic production per capita, which is considered as the willingness to pay (WTP) for a QALY, is in the range 458,000-566,000 Thai baht (THB) (equivalent to 14,000-18,000 USD where 1 USD ≈ 32 THB). The value of a BAHY, which is expressed in terms of the value of a QALY, is in the range 7900-9800 THB (or around 250-300 USD), based on the exchange rate between the protection targets for ecosystems and human well-being. These results are tested by applying to the monetization of potential environmental burdens from producing several biofuels and petroleum-based fuels in Thailand; the environmental externalities account for about 20-40 % of the retail price. Conclusions: The results can benefit policymakers in terms of decision-making on environmental management. Besides, the pathways to derive the monetary value of environmental impacts could be useful for other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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