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Este artigo aborda a importância da religião na vida e na obra da cantora Clara Nunes (1943 – 1982), mostrando o sentido que ela atribuía a seu ofício. Entendia-se como uma missionária que, com seu canto, pretendia aliviar o sofrimento do povo, com o qual se identificava. Sua obra é analisada, a partir de algumas músicas por ela gravadas, e ganha sentido quando articulada com as experiências religiosas da intérprete, marcada pelos trânsitos religiosos, sobretudo, entre o catolicismo, a umbanda, o kardecismo e o candomblé.

The pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies in adults is linked to maintenance mechanisms that are not well understood. Here, we elucidate a novel critical maintenance mechanism for Schwann cell (SC)-axon interaction. Using mouse genetics, ablation of the transcriptional regulators histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) in adult SCs severely affected paranodal and nodal integrity and led to demyelination/remyelination. Expression levels of the HDAC1/2 target gene myelin protein zero (P0) were reduced by half, accompanied by altered localization and stability of neurofascin (NFasc)155, NFasc186, and loss of Caspr and septate-like junctions. We identify P0 as a novel binding partner of NFasc155 and NFasc186, both in vivo and by in vitro adhesion assay. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HDAC1/2-dependent P0 expression is crucial for the maintenance of paranodal/nodal integrity and axonal function through interaction of P0 with neurofascins. In addition, we show that the latter mechanism is impaired by some P0 mutations that lead to late onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

This research investigated how an individual's endorsements of mitigation and adaptation relate to each other, and how well each of these can be accounted for by relevant social psychological factors. Based on survey data from two European convenience samples (N = 616 / 309) we found that public endorsements of mitigation and adaptation are strongly associated: Someone who is willing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) is also willing to prepare for climate change impacts (adaptation). Moreover, people endorsed the two response strategies for similar reasons: People who believe that climate change is real and dangerous, who have positive attitudes about protecting the environment and the climate, and who perceive climate change as a risk, are willing to respond to climate change. Furthermore, distinguishing between (spatially) proximal and distant risk perceptions suggested that the idea of portraying climate change as a proximal (i.e., local) threat might indeed be effective in promoting personal actions. However, to gain endorsement of broader societal initiatives such as policy support, it seems advisable to turn to the distant risks of climate change. The notion that "localising" climate change might not be the panacea for engaging people in this domain is discussed in regard to previous theory and research.

Inadequate nutrition has a severe impact on health in India. According to the WHO, iron deficiency is the single most important nutritional risk factor in India, accounting for more than 3% of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost. We estimate the social costs of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in 6-59-month-old children in India in terms of intangible costs and production losses.We build a health economic model estimating the life-time costs of a birth cohort suffering from IDA between the ages of 6 and 59 months. The model is stratified by 2 age groups (6-23 and 24-59-months), 2 geographical areas (urban and rural), 10 socio-economic strata and 3 degrees of severity of IDA (mild, moderate and severe). Prevalence of anemia is calculated with the last available National Family Health Survey. Information on the health consequences of IDA is extracted from the literature.IDA prevalence is 49.5% in 6-23-month-old and 39.9% in 24-58-month-old children. Children living in poor households in rural areas are particularly affected but prevalence is high even in wealthy urban households. The estimated yearly costs of IDA in 6-59-month-old children amount to intangible costs of 8.3 m DALYs and production losses of 24,001 m USD, equal to 1.3% of gross domestic product. Previous calculations have considerably underestimated the intangible costs of IDA as the improved WHO methodology leads to a threefold increase of DALYs due to IDA.Despite years of iron supplementation programs and substantial economic growth, IDA remains a crucial public health issue in India and an obstacle to the economic advancement of the poor. Young children are especially vulnerable due to the irreversible effects of IDA on cognitive development. Our research may contribute to the design of new effective interventions aiming to reduce IDA in early childhood.

Neste artigo discute-se a inter-relação entre método, interdisciplinaridade e meio ambiente, fazendo dialogar autores provenientes de áreas distintas e enfocando diferentes premissas relativas às possibilidades e limites de abordagens interdisciplinares do conhecimento. São discutidas as inextricáveis interconexões entre método científico, cientificidade, objetividade e a fragmentação do conhecimento na tradição filosófica ocidental, ou seja, de que forma a "disciplinaridade" foi não apenas o meio, mas o próprio alicerce sobre o qual o conhecimento foi erigido no Ocidente. Faz-se uma reflexão sobre diferentes formas de conhecer e construir conhecimento e sobre a necessidade de busca de novos paradigmas e racionalidades para trilhar o caminho da interdisciplinaridade. Aponta-se a importância de conjugar os pressupostos filosóficos presentes em diferentes teorias sistêmicas à epistemologia, como ponto de partida nas caminhadas inter e transdisciplinares. Destaca-se também a importância de, nesse caminhar, resgatar as dimensões políticas, éticas, estéticas e outras que foram banidas do corpus formal do conhecimento científico. Finalmente argumenta-se que, na construção de trajetórias interdisciplinares, a própria linguagem deverá ser revista na medida em que ela reflete uma estrutura de pensamento que primou pelas dicotomias, o que já tende a predeterminar uma certa relação com o conhecimento e, portanto, com o próprio entorno.This paper discusses the relationships between method, interdisciplinary knowledge and the environment using arguments of authors from different fields of knowledge and focusing on different premises regarding the possibilities and limitations of interdisciplinary constructions. The inextricable interconnections between the scientific method, objectivity and the fragmentation of knowledge in the Western philosophical tradition show that "monodisciplinary" constructions have been not only a means, but the actual foundation of Western knowledge. The paper also discusses the need to find alternative reasons and paradigms that make possible interdisciplinary thinking, and the need to conjugate the philosophical assumptions of different systems theories with epistemology. In addition, the paper stresses the importance of considering the political, ethical and esthetic dimensions of reality which have been neglected by the hegemonic Sciences. In conclusion it argues that to establish interdisciplinary constructions, it is necessary to review our language because our current forms of communication - our linguistic forms - are a reflection of a world view and a mental structure that have privileged the opposite way: the dichotomies. This has predetermined a certain relationship with the environment and with knowledge itself.

Clusters of regularly spaced direct repeats, separated by unconserved spacer sequences, are ubiquitous in archaeal chromosomes and occur in some plasmids. Some clusters constitute around 1% of chromosomal DNA. Similarly structured clusters, generally smaller, also occur in some bacterial chromosomes. Although early studies implicated these clusters in segregation/partition functions, recent evidence suggests that the spacer sequences derive from extrachromosomal elements, and, primarily, viruses. This has led to the proposal that the clusters provide a defence against viral propagation in cells, and that both the mode of inhibition of viral propagation and the mechanism of adding spacer-repeat units to clusters, are dependent on RNAs transcribed from the clusters. Moreover, the putative inhibitory apparatus (piRNA-based) may be evolutionarily related to the interference RNA systems (siRNA and miRNA), which are common in eukarya. Here, we analyze all the current data on archaeal repeat clusters and provide some new insights into their diverse structures, transcriptional properties and mode of structural development. The results are consistent with larger cluster transcripts being processed at the centers of the repeat sequences and being further trimmed by exonucleases to yield a dominant, intracellular RNA species, which corresponds approximately to the size of a spacer. Furthermore, analysis of the extensive clusters of Sulfolobus solfataricus strains P1 and P2B provides support for the presence of a flanking sequence adjoining a cluster being a prerequisite for the incorporation of new spacer-repeat units, which occurs between the flanking sequence and the cluster. An archaeal database summarizing the data will be maintained at http://dac.molbio.ku.dk/dbs/SRSR/.

Patients awaiting lung transplantation are at risk of negative emotional and physical experiences. How do they talk about emotions? Semi-structured interviews were performed (15 patients). Categorical analysis focusing on emotion-related descriptions was organized into positive–negative–neutral descriptions: for primary and secondary emotions, evaluation processes, coping strategies, personal characteristics, emotion descriptions associated with physical states, (and) contexts were listed. Patients develop different strategies to maintain positive identity and attitude, while preserving significant others from extra emotional load. Results are discussed within various theoretical and research backgrounds, in emphasizing their importance in the definition of emotional support starting from the patient’s perspective.

Three plasmids isolated from the crenarchaeal thermoacidophile Sulfolobus neozealandicus were characterized. Plasmids pTAU4 (7,192 bp), pORA1 (9,689 bp) and pTIK4 (13,638 bp) show unusual properties that distinguish them from previously characterized cryptic plasmids of the genus Sulfolobus. Plasmids pORA1 and pTIK4 encode RepA proteins, only the former of which carries the novel polymerase–primase domain of other known Sulfolobus plasmids. Plasmid pTAU4 encodes a mini-chromosome maintenance protein homolog and no RepA protein; the implications for DNA replication are considered. Plasmid pORA1 is the first Sulfolobus plasmid to be characterized that does not encode the otherwise highly conserved DNA-binding PlrA protein. Another encoded protein appears to be specific for the New Zealand plasmids. The three plasmids should provide useful model systems for functional studies of these important crenarchaeal proteins.

All of the known self-transmissable plasmids of the Archaea have been found in the genus Sulfolobus. To gain more insight into archaeal conjugative processes, four newly isolated self-transmissable plasmids, pKEF9, pHVE14, pARN3 and pARN4, were sequenced and subjected to a comparative sequence analysis with two earlier sequenced plasmids, pNOB8 and pING1. The analyses revealed three conserved and functionally distinct sections in the genomes. Section A is considered to encode the main components of the conjugative apparatus, where two genes show low but significant sequence similarity to sections of genes encoding bacterial conjugative proteins. A putative origin of replication is located in section B, which is highly conserved in sequence and contains several perfect and imperfect direct and inverted repeats. Further downstream, in section C, an operon encoding six to nine smaller proteins is implicated in the initiation and regulation of replication. Each plasmid carries an integrase gene of the type that does not partition on integration, and there is strong evidence for their integration into host chromosomes, where they may facilitate intercellular exchange of chromosomal genes. Two plasmids contain hexameric short regularly spaced repeats (SRSR), which have been implicated in plasmid maintenance, and each plasmid carries multiple recombination motifs, concentrated in the variable regions, which likely provide sites for genomic rearrangements.

Structure and function of mitochondria are intimately linked. In a search for components that participate in building the elaborate architecture of this complex organelle we have identified Aim24, an inner membrane protein. Aim24 interacts with the MICOS complex that is required for the formation of crista junctions and contact sites between inner and outer membranes. Aim24 is necessary for the integrity of the MICOS complex, for normal respiratory growth and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Modification of MICOS subunits Mic12 or Mic26 by His-tags in the absence of Aim24 leads to complete loss of cristae and respiratory complexes. In addition, the level of tafazzin, a cardiolipin transacylase, is drastically reduced and the composition of cardiolipin is modified like in mutants lacking tafazzin. In conclusion, Aim24 by interacting with the MICOS complex plays a key role in mitochondrial architecture, composition and function.

Different light intensities were tested during the larval rearing of fat snook (Centropomus parallelus) to evaluate its influence on survival and functional swim bladder rate. Newly-hatched larvae were obtained by stripping of hormonally induced broodstock, and were stocked in 32-liter tanks at densities from 30 to 50 L-1. Four experiments were carried out testing six light intensities: 50, 100, 200, 500, 1500, and 2500 lx, and total darkness as a control. Mean survival ranged from 0.06 to 16.0% and were significantly influenced by light intensity. Complete darkness resulted in 100% mortality after one week, larvae appeared to have starved since they had empty stomachs. The species has the characteristics of a visual-feeder. Survival was the highest at 200 lx, while at 500 lx was higher than at 50, 100, and 2500 lx. Frequency of functional swim bladder ranged from 36.8 to 100%, but it was not significantly correlated with light intensity. Based on this study, a medium light intensity, 200 to 1500 lx, is recommended for rearing fat snook larvae. Extreme values must be avoided, mainly in the first two weeks after hatching.Diferentes intensidades de luz foram testadas na larvicultura do robalo peva, Centropomus parallelus, avaliando sua influência na sobrevivência e insuflação da bexiga gasosa. Larvas obtidas de desova induzida foram mantidas até 14 dias, em tanques de 32 L, com densidade inicial de 30-50 L-1. Foram utilizados o escuro total e 6 intensidades de luz: 50, 100, 200, 500, 1.500 e 2.500 lx. A sobrevivência média variou entre 0,06 e 16,0%, dependendo significativamente (P

A mass spectrometric method for the quantification of free cholesterol in cells and subcellular membranes is presented. The method is based on a simple one-step chemical derivatization of cholesterol to cholesterol-3-sulfate by a sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex. Quantification is performed by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS/MS) using a stable isotope labeled internal standard. The determination of free cholesterol is demonstrated in about 250 cells of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. With this method a molar ratio of free cholesterol to total phospholipids of 0.34 mol/mol in CHO cells was determined. In a subcellular membrane fraction enriched in Golgi membranes, a molar ratio of free cholesterol to total phospholipids of 0.57 mol/mol was determined. The method should be of value for quantification of other sterols as demonstrated for ergosterol and stigmasterol.—Sandhoff, R., B. Brügger, D. Jeckel, W. D. Lehmann, and F. T. Wieland. Determination of cholesterol at the low picomole level by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 126–132.

A positive and reciprocal relationship between subjective wellbeing and pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) has been observed across a range of countries worldwide. There is good reason however to think that the nature of the PEB-wellbeing link might vary between individuals and cross-culturally. We use data obtained in Brazil, China, Denmark, India, Poland, South Africa and the UK (total n = 6969) to test a series of hypotheses using pre-registered regression models. First, we assess the relationship between PEB and wellbeing across countries, and test the 'privilege' hypothesis that this varies according to personal income and a country's level of development. Second, we consider the role of individual values and motivations in relation to PEB and wellbeing. To this end, we test the 'enhancement' hypothesis, in which the PEB-wellbeing link is strengthened by people holding particular values and motivations. Third, we consider the role of cultural differences for the nature of the PEB-wellbeing link. We test the 'social green' hypothesis that public sphere behaviours (e.g. addressing environmental issues with other people) are more closely linked to wellbeing than are private sphere behaviours (e.g. product purchasing) in collectivistic cultures; in tandem, we assess whether private sphere behaviours are more closely linked to wellbeing in individualistic cultures. We obtain strong evidence for a PEB-wellbeing link across nations. There is partial evidence across countries to support the 'social green' hypothesis, but little evidence for the 'privilege' or 'enhancement' hypotheses. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the relationship between PEB and wellbeing, and consider how its promotion might feature in environmental and public health policy. • We investigate the relationship between pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) and subjective wellbeing across seven countries. • Cross-cultural evidence is obtained for a PEB-wellbeing link. This was most pronounced in India and China. • We obtain no evidence that people's income, or values and motivations, moderate the relationship between PEB and wellbeing. • Socially-oriented PEB is more strongly linked to wellbeing than individual-level action in collectivistic cultures. • Environmental policy should be alert to the potential for enhancing personal wellbeing as a co-benefit of carrying out PEB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRINCIPLES: Current evidence indicates that chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be detected by simple laboratory tests. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of microalbuminuria screening and subsequent treatment in different populations. METHODS: Cost-effectiveness of microalbuminuria screening in a cohort of simulated subjects aged ≥50 years was assessed using a validated microsimulation model. Microalbuminuria screening was simulated for 1-, 2-, 5- or 10-year intervals and for 3 groups: diabetes (DM), hypertension but no diabetes (HTN), and no diabetes or hypertension. Positive microalbuminuria screening was followed by treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). The model outcomes evaluate costs from a health care system perspective. RESULTS: Screening of risk groups is cost-effective at a 2-year interval for the DM group with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 54,000 CHF/ Quality-Adjusted-Life-Years (QALY) and at a 5-year interval for the HTN group with an ICER of 33,000 CHF/QALY. Screening of the remaining population is cost-effective at a 10-year interval with an ICER of 34,000 CHF/QALY. The ICER improves with longer screening intervals for all groups. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) confirmed 2-year, 5-year and 10-year intervals as the most cost-effective for the DM group, the HTN group and the remaining population respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Microalbuminuria screening can be considered cost-effective starting at the age of 50 years at bi-annual intervals for subjects with diabetes, at 5-year intervals for subjects with hypertension and at 10-year intervals for the remaining population. Our results indicate that early detection and treatment of CKD might lead to optimised patient care, and offer guidance for future implementation of CKD screening programmes.

Neste artigo são apresentados alguns fundamentos epistemológicos para a construção de uma educação ambiental (EA) crítica, explorando as fronteiras entre EA e paradigmas nãoantropocêntricos como parte de uma reflexão transformadora da relação sociedadenatureza. Os argumentos desenvolvidos mostram que, no âmbito de uma nova perspectiva genuinamente não-antropocêntrica, devemos considerar os interesses dos animais nãohumanos não apenas por questões de ordem ética tout court ”“ ou seja, pelo seu valor intrínseco como “sujeitos de uma vida” ”“ mas também porque essa nova postura traria resultados positivos no que tange à sustentabilidade em suas diversas dimensões. Para tanto, discute-se a interface entre EA e os conceitos de especismo e veganismo ”“ ligados ao ideário do chamado “abolicionismo animal” ”“ como conceitos-chaves para a construção de uma ética ecocêntrica.

Clara Nunes, mineira de Paraopeba, construiu sua carreira, entre as décadas de 1960 e 1980, em um contexto marcado, no Brasil, pelo regime militar, pela afirmação da indústria cultural, pelo crescimento do movimento negro e, na música, pela eclosão e/ou expansão de diversos gêneros/movimentos, como a bossa-nova, o iê-iê-iê, a música engajada e o tropicalismo. Neste artigo, procuro analisar como a cantora construiu uma trajetória que pretendia uma identificação com a cultura popular brasileira, o que passou pelo direcionamento de sua carreira, a partir de 1971, e por um processo de reapropriação de sua própria tradição familiar. Mostro como essa proposta essencialmente política assumiu em Clara um sentido de missão religiosa. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Clara Nunes; cultura popular brasileira; música popular. ABSTRACT: Clara Nunes, from Paraopeba, Minas Gerais, built her career between the 60's and 80's, in a context marked by the brazilian military regimen, by the affirmation of the cultural industry, by the growth of the black movement and by the eclosion/ expansion of many kind of music, as the "bossa novaâ€?, the "iê-iê-iêâ€?, the engaged music and the "tropicalismoâ€?. In this article, I analyze how she built her pathwayin a look for identification with the brazilian popular culture, what affected the direction of her career, after 1970, and the process of reappropriation of her own familiar tradition. I show how this notably political propose acquire a sense of religious mission. KEYWORDS: Clara Nunes; brazilian popular culture; popular music.

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