Search

ABSTRACTDuring the Covid-19 pandemic, the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines has led to many vaccine trials, implying fast and extensive recruitment of volunteers. In France, until 2020, vaccine clinical research participants were usually recruited locally, through center-based pools of volunteers, and local communication plans. Covireivac is a French public online platform launched on 10/01/2020 that enables national, large-scale recruitment of volunteers for Covid-19 vaccine studies. On the Covireivac website, all adult participants registered online, gave their informed consent, and filled out two online forms with information on their identity, health status (comorbidities, treatments), and known exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Since July 2021, volunteers could mention if their children are interested in participating in a Covid-19 vaccine trial. The objective of this work is to describe Covireivac’s volunteer characteristics registered from 10/01/2020 to 11/02/2022. To identify independent volunteer characteristics associated with a period of registration we performed a multivariate logistic regression. Among 54,424 registrations, 52,391 (96%) were analysed; 61% were male (n= 31,893), median age was 50 y; 13% (n= 6586) were healthcare workers. At registration, 15,879 volunteers (33%) reported at least one comorbidity, among whom 16% (n= 7349) were obese and 17% (n= 8346) had hypertension. Most volunteers registered during the first month (n= 35,876, 66%). The Covireivac platform allowed quick and large recruitment of potential volunteers for Covid-19 vaccine trials and could be used on a larger scale for vaccine trials in France. It could facilitate recruitment in vaccine trials and provide sponsors with better visibility of the recruitment capacities of clinical research centers.

Ce papier présente le développement d’un modèle simple d’évolution de profil de plage sableuse basé sur une approche à phase moyennée et sur un couplage vagues/transport sédimentaire/évolution bathymétrique. Une nouvelle paramétrisation du transport sédimentaire tenant compte de l’asymétrie des vagues et de l’accélération près du fond est proposée et étudiée ici. Le modèle reproduit la migration des barres vers la plage pendant les épisodes de temps calme et vers le large pour des conditions énergétiques. La prise en compte de l’asymétrie d’accélération améliore sensiblement les performances du modèle. La comparaison du modèle avec les expériences réalisées en canal et avec l’évolution d’une plage australienne sur une période de 2 mois montre des résultats encourageants.

Le genome de Tribolium castaneum, publie recemment, ne serait-il qu’une goutte de plus versee dans l’ocean genomique ? Non, car Tribolium se distingue a plus d’un titre. D’abord, en tant que coleoptere, il represente un ordre qui compte environ le quart des especes animales. De plus, cet insecte omnivore est un nuisible pour les grains et les farines du monde entier. Enfin, Tribolium est discretement entre dans l’elite des organismes modeles de la genetique. Cet article vise a montrer que Tribolium est un compagnon de laboratoire complementaire de la drosophile, notamment pour la genetique du developpement.

ABSTRACTA numerical model solving an extended system of Serre equations using the finite volume method is presented. Comparisons with some analytical solutions show that the numerical model reaches a global discretization error of {O[(Δx)4], O[(Δt)4]}. The numerical implementation of moving shoreline and absorbing-generating boundary conditions should be sufficient to move on into realistic wave propagation problems on a beach. Furthermore, comparisons between numerical and experimental solitary wave shoaling on a beach confirm the capacity of Serre equations to deal with strong nonlinearities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the detection of micrometastatic cells by immunocytochemistry (ICC) with an anticytokeratin antibody and cytokeratin fragment (CYFRA 21–1) expression detected by an immunofluorescent assay in bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Micrometastatic CK+ cells were screened with a pancytokeratin antibody A45 B/B3 from bone marrow aspiration samples of 102 breast cancer patients (65 primary tumors, 10 local recurrences and 27 distant metastases). CYFRA 21-1 levels were assessed in bone marrow supernatant of these patients before collection of the mononucleated interface cells on a Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient and in 20 control patients. CYFRA 21-1 and CK+ cell detection by ICC were both correlated with clinical stage. CYFRA 21-1 was significantly elevated in patients with micrometastatic disease detected by ICC: 4.77 ng/mL (± 10.87 SD) versus 1.00 ng/mL (± 1.36 SD) in patients with negative ICC (p=0.01). In univariate analysis, a CYFRA 21-1 value ≥1 ng/mL and the presence of CK+ cells were associated with a poorer survival for patients with stage I to III breast cancer (n=65). On multivariate analysis, only pathological nodal status and presence of CK+ cells in bone marrow were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. In conclusion, in this series CYFRA 21-1 was correlated with detection of CK+ cells by ICC in bone marrow, but cannot replace ICC. The presence of CK+ cells in bone marrow remains a strong independent prognostic factor in primary breast cancer.

La génétique évolutive du développement révèle une grande plasticité des mécanismes développementaux. L’exemple de bicoid, le premier morphogène connu, illustre comment un gène essentiel peut changer de fonction au cours de l’évolution. La recherche d’homologues de bicoid a montré que ce gène était spécifique des mouches et absent chez les autres insectes. En fait, il s’avère que bicoid est un gène homéotique Hox3 très dérivé (c’est-à-dire très éloigné de son gène ancestral). Au cours de l’évolution des insectes, le gène Hox3 ancestral a perdu sa fonction homéotique pour acquérir un nouveau rôle maternel et dans les annexes embryonnaires. Dans la lignée menant aux mouches, une duplication de ce nouveau gène a ensuite eu lieu, suivie d’une divergence aboutissant à la création des gènes bicoid et zerknüllt. L’analyse de l’évolution de bicoid, comme celle de nombreux autres gènes du développement, montre la nécessité d’élargir le choix des espèces modèles pour éviter les généralisations hâtives faites à partir d’un modèle particulier.

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present a depth-integrated mathematical model for computing the non-linear transformation of waves in the inner surf zone. First, we analyse wave distortion and dissipation processes from the hyperbolic theory for shock wave. Then, we present a comparison between experimental results by Cox [COX 95] and our numerical simulations, which shows the ability of our numerical model to describe the wave dynamics in the inner surf zone.

Freely decaying turbulent flows in a stably stratified fluid are simulated with a pseudo-spectral numerical code solving the fully nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation with periodic boundary conditions. The flow is decomposed into a turbulent field and a horizontal mean flow ū(z, t) defined as the average of the horizontal velocity component in a horizontal plane at height z and time t. Similarly, the density field is decomposed into a turbulent field and a (stable) mean density profile ρ(z, t) defined as the average of the density field in a horizontal plane at height z and time t. Attention is paid to the effect of the turbulent velocity field on an initial z-periodic horizontal mean flow (Simulation A) or an initial z-periodic perturbation of the mean density profile (Simulation B). Both A and B are performed under conditions of moderate and strong stratification and are compared to the non-stratified simulations. Simulation A shows that the turbulence–mean flow interaction is strongly affected by the buoyancy forces. In the absence of a stratification, the mean flow perturbation decays rapidly due to the turbulent diffusion of momentum. When a moderate stratification is applied, the mean flow perturbation decays much more slowly whereas it oscillates and grows with time when the stratification is strong. These results are interpreted by defining a time-dependent eddy viscosity. Whereas the eddy viscosity coefficient has positive values in the non-stratified simulation, it is affected by the buoyancy forces and decreases after a period of order N−1. For large times, the eddy diffusivity oscillates and its time-averaged value over a few turnover timescales is positive but small when the stratification is moderate, and roughly zero when the stratification is strong. These results are interpreted by defining a time-dependent eddy viscosity. Whereas the eddy viscosity coefficient has positive values in the non-stratified simulation, it is affected by the buoyancy forces and decreases after a period of order N−1 in the stratified simulations (where N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency associated with the background linear stratification). At large time, we find that the eddy viscosity remains roughly zero when the stratification is moderate, whereas it oscillates but remains persistently negative in the strongly stratified case, which causes the horizontal mean flow to accelerate. We conclude that the presence of a stable stratification strongly affects the temporal behaviour of the mean quantities ū and ρ in turbulent flows and partly explains the formation of horizontal layers in stratified geofluids such as oceans and atmospheres.

After entering the oocyte and before the formation of the diploid zygote, the sperm nucleus is transformed into a male pronucleus, a process that involves a series of conserved steps in sexually reproducing animals. Notably, a major modification of the male gamete lies in the decondensation of the highly compact sperm chromatin. We present here the phenotype of sésame(ssm), a maternal effect mutation which affects the formation of the male pronucleus in Drosophila melanogaster.Homozygous ssm185bfemales produce haploid embryos which develop with only the maternally derived chromosomes. These haploid embryos die at the end of embryogenesis. Cytological analyses of the fertilization in eggs laid by ssm185bmutant females showed that both pronuclear migration and pronuclear apposition occurred normally. However, a dramatic alteration of the male pronucleus by which its chromatin failed to fully decondense was systematically observed. Consequently, the affected male pronucleus does not enter the first mitotic spindle, which is organized around only the maternally derived chromosomes. Immunodetection of lamina antigens indicates that a male pronuclear envelope is able to form around the partially decondensed paternal chromatin. This suggests that the maternally provided sésame+function is required for a late stage of sperm chromatin remodeling.

La conduite des essais vaccinaux COVID-19 nécessite le recrutement d’un nombre important de participants dans un délai court. Dans ce contexte, une plateforme nationale informatisée permettant l’auto-inscription de volontaires a été mise en place. Ce concept inédit en France permet de cibler les populations correspondant aux critères d’inclusion, d’assurer une répartition géographique et de garantir aux promoteurs, industriels ou académiques, le recrutement rapide dans les essais. L’objectif du travail présenté ici est de décrire les caractéristiques des volontaires inscrits.

The purposes of this study, in view of previous controversial reports, were to assess retrospectively the frequency and severity of respiratory complications in patients undergoing aortoiliac surgery and to delineate the more significant preoperative risk factors. Excluding extraanatomic procedures, the review of 105 consecutive revascularizations, performed between June 1993 and December 1994, included the study of classic perioperative parameters; preoperative general conditions; and risk factors of the patients: age, sex, weight, diabetes, smoking habits, hypertension, coronary disease, and surgical antecedents with previous revascularizations; and type of arterial lesions: aortoiliac occlusive disease (AOID) or aneurysm. More specific perioperative studies included previous respiratory disease history evaluation, chest radiography, pulmonary function tests (PFT) analysis, and blood gas results. Prior to intervention the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class of patients was ascertained. Intraoperative techniques and conditions including types of incisions and revascularizations, methods of anesthetic monitoring, anesthetic and intubation times, blood and liquids losses and replacements, postoperative course with intensive care stay, and bacteriologic origin of septic pulmonary complications were also reviewed.The total perioperative mortality was 1.9% (two of 105), exclusively related to respiratory failures without primary cardiac origin or pulmonary embolism history. Major respiratory complications occured in 22 patients (20.9%), with a preeminence of pneumonia in 13. The total respiratory complications rate with favorable outcome was 19% (20 patients). Deaths occurred in patients with respiratory distress syndrome (one) and pneumonia with multiorgan failure (one). Univariate analysis demonstrated that only preoperative pathologic PFT and ASA classification were associated with postoperative respiratory complications. Major respiratory risks included forced vital capacity (FVC) <50%, forced expiratory volume (FEV) <1 1, and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2) >50 mmHg. Questionable risk factors included intubation time, aortic clamp time, crystalloid replacements, and adjunctive epidural analgesia.

The orientations of joints were measured in the region of Guadeloupe (French West Indies) early in 1979. This island consists of a calcareous region (Grande-Terre) and of a volcanic region (Basse-Terre); a group of small islands (Iles des Saintes) to the South is also volcanic. The preferred orientations of the joints were then calculated for each region by the statistical method of Kohlbeck and Scheidegger. It is seen that the preferred joint-orientations on Grande-Terre and the Iles des Saintes agree with those found on the Bahamas and on Barbados. The joints on Basse-Terre are turned by about 45o in comparison with those on Grande-Terre. The joint-orientations on Grande-Terre, Barbados and the Bahamas fit well together with the notions derived from plate tectonic theory (essentially a relative EW displacement between the American and Caribbean Plates); the origin of the anomaly on Basse-Terre is not yet understood.

The production of superoxide anion (O) was measured in relation to 45Ca movement in glass‐adherent polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), and the results were compared with those obtained by ourselves and others on PMNs in suspension. In adherent PMNs, O production stimulated by N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP) was of rapid onset and short duration; this was also true of PMNs in suspension. However, O production was insensitive to the concentration of extracellular calcium. Both in adherent and non‐adherent PMNs, O production stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) had a latency time and was of long duration. In adherent PMNs, pretreatment with PMA potentiated the FMLP‐induced O production by lengthening its duration without changing its initial rate. In adherent PMNs, (10‐10‐10‐7M) FMLP induced a fast but transient dose‐dependent increase in 45Ca within 1 min, whereas PMA only released 45Ca about 5 min after its addition to the cell culture medium. Pretreatment of PMNs with 10 or 100 ng/ml PMA for 3 min before stimulation by 10‐7M FMLP reduced the 45Ca efflux observed with FMLP alone. We conclude that O production by adherent PMNs cannot simply be related to Ca2+movement. In comparison with non‐adherent cells, adherence seemed to interfere with the characteristics of both calcium and O generation, probably by modifying the cytoskeleton.

The morphological and functional differentiation of human trophoblast cells ends with the formation of terminally differentiated multinucleated syncytial trophoblasts. This in vivo differentiation is mimicked in vitro during the primary culture of extravillous cytotrophoblasts: isolated mononuclear cytotrophoblasts aggregate and fuse to form syncytia. This in vitro differentiation is associated with an increase in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) expression and a transitory increase in E-cadherin expression during cell aggregation. In the present study, we investigated the expression of pp60c-src during morphological differentiation of trophoblast cells. Cultures were terminated at various time intervals and pp60c-src was analysed by immunocytochemistry using a specific antibody. In addition, pp60c-src was investigated by western blot analysis and its tyrosine kinase activity was measured concomitantly. In mononuclear cytotrophoblasts, pp60c-src was localized at cell-matrix contacts and during the aggregation of cytotrophoblasts, pp60c-src was distributed on the cell surface at points of cell-cell contact being colocalized with EGF-R and E-cadherin. The kinase activity of the pp60c-src protein increased significantly at day 2 when cells were completely aggregated and started to fuse, and remained elevated while cells underwent further differentiation. Inhibition of pp60c-src by herbimycin A at 0.25 to 1 microgram/ml during the first day of culture was associated with a decreased expression of tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R and an increase in E-cadherin expression. These data suggest that pp60c-src is involved in the modulation of trophoblast cell aggregation and fusion leading to syncytial formation.

Fetal bone resorption was measured by an organ culture technique using fetuses from thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) pregnant rats to investigate the roles of fetal and maternal hormones in the regulation of basal bone resorption in utero. Thyroparathyroidectomized female rats were treated with thyroxine and/or metabolites of vitamin D3. Basal bone resorption was greatly increased in fetuses from TPTX mothers. Administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol to TPTX female rats normalized the basal bone resorption of the fetus whereas injection of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was without effect. Treatment of the TPTX mothers with thyroxine was also shown to normalize basal bone resorption in the fetus.

The metallothionein system in Drosophila melanogasteris composed of two genes, Mtnand Mto. In order to compare the induction properties of these genes, we transformed D. melanogasterwith P-element vectors containing Adhand lacZreporter genes under the control of Mtnand Mtopromoters, respectively. Mtnand Mtotransgenes are mainly expressed in the digestive tract. However, Mtnexpression has been detected also in the fat body. Mtnand Mtotransgenes respond differently to metallic, heat-shock and oxidative stresses. These data confirm that both genes are in part functionally different.

Fetal bone resorption was measured by an organ culture technique using fetuses from intact or thyroparathyroidectomized pregnant rats. These experiments were performed to investigate the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) and salmon calcitonin (SCT) in pregnant rats, on both fetal growth and fetal bone resorption.Pregnant rats were given 0·1–0·5 μg 1,25-DHCC per day from day 17 of gestation: in intact rats bone resorption was increased and fetal growth decreased; 1,25-DHCC probably modified fetal bone resorption in the absence of fetal parathyroid secretion.Infusion of SCT in minipumps (30 mu./h) did not modify plasma calcium levels in either the mother or fetuses, neither was bone resorption altered. In 1,25-DHCC-treated rats, SCT infusion resulted in an increase in fetal weight and a decrease in fetal bone resorption. On the other hand, SCT infusion was found to facilitate phosphate accumulation in fetuses.At the end of the SCT infusion the SCT concentration was 450 ng/l in maternal plasma and 553± 60 ng/l in fetal plasma. Salmon calcitonin was shown to cross the placental barrier in the rats; it may interact with the effects of 1,25-DHCC in the fetus.

We retrospectively collected plasma level assessments performed in 96 adult patients with epilepsy on stable monotherapy, including 9 patients on clobazam (CLB), 34 on carbamazepine (CBZ), 24 on phenobarbital (PB), 9 on phenytoin (PHT), and 20 on valproate (VPA); these results were compared to those obtained in 54 adult patients on stable bitherapy with the association of CLB with either CBZ (n 17), PB (n 17), PHT (n 5), or VPA (n 15). Our results show that CLB has no significant effect on the level to dose ratio (LDR) of CBZ, PB, PHT, or VPA. Conversely, CBZ, PB, and PHT significantly decrease the LDR of CLB. CBZ and PHT significantly increase the LDR of N-desmethylclobazam (NCLB), the major metabolite of CLB. A significant increase in the NCLB/CLB ratio was found in CBZ CLB, PB CLB, and PHT CLB bitherapies. These findings are of clinical significance: clobazam is useful as adjunctive treatment in human epilepsy and is often chosen as the benzodiazepine adjunctive drug in chronic resistant epilepsy. Sedative side effects may occur, especially in patients treated by a CBZ CLB or PHT CLB bitherapy, and both CLB and NCLB plasma levels should be monitored in such patients.

Human decidual cells are known to produce 1,25‐(OH)2D3at the end of pregnancy, the present study evaluates this capacity, and the part played by stromal decidual cells, in early pregnancy. Cells were obtained from nine human decidua by aspiration or curettage during early pregnancy (7–10 weeks), separated on Ficoll‐Paque and plastic adherence, and incubated for 1h with 25‐(OH)D3. Incubation medium and cells were extracted and chromatographed on two successive HPLC systems. The cells examined were of both physiological and pathological (ectopic pregnancy) origin. Endometrial cells obtained in four non‐pregnant situations (myomas) were also studied to determine whether the l,25‐(OH)2D3synthesis by the uterus is associated with the appearance of decidual cells. Results show that human decidual cells from early pregnancy convert 25(OH)D3(2.5 nM or 2.5 μM) into a metabolite with the physicochemical characteristics of synthetic 1,25‐(OH)2D3. This ability is shared by cells isolated during early pregnancy, whether physiological or ectopic (tubal pregnancy). Non‐adherent cells, which include mainly stromal decidual cells, are less able to produce 1,25‐(OH)2D3than are the adherent cells, suggesting that macrophages, granulocytes or as yet unidentified cell types are required for the 1,25‐(OH)2D3production by decidual tissue during early human pregnancy. In addition, one out of four experiments with non‐pregnant endometrial cells could produce 1,25‐(OH)2D3suggesting that, although not the rule in the non‐pregnant state, in vitro production of 1,25‐(OH)2D3by uterine cells can be found in the absence of decidual cells.

The internal gravity waves and the turbulent wake of a sphere moving through stratified fluid were studied by the fluorescent dye technique. The Reynolds number Re=U·2a/v was kept nearly constant at about 3 · 103 and the Froude number F;U/a N ranged from 0.5 to 12.5. It is observed that waves generated by the body are dominant only when F<4 and are replaced by waves generated by the large scale coherent structures of the wake when F>4.

The article tries to give a brief overview of 35 agreements on European Works Councils (EWCs) with a comparative perspective. It shows a huge variety, some weaknesses and many sophisticated provisions. The Directive opens the door for positive negotiations and a practice, which should be based on partnership, trust and co-operation. Article 9 of the Directive stipulates: "The central management and the European Works Council shall work in a spirit of co-operation with due regard to their reciprocal rights and obligations". However, experience tells that one cannot legislate for "partnership", "trust" and "co-operation". Even the "all-mighty European Union" cannot do this. The intend for co-operation has to be based on the free will of management, unions and employee representatives. Without this intent for partnership and co-operation, it will be difficult to find an agreement and to put any agreement into an effective practice. Therefore both sides should be aware that the success of an EWC in the medium term depends on processes, structures and concrete experience with each other, which are indusive for partnership, trust and co-operation.

We analyze Eulerian and Lagrangian measurements of wave‐induced circulation collected during a 3‐week field experiment at a high‐energy mesotidal barred beach with the presence of a 500‐m headland and a submerged reef. Small changes in wave and tide conditions were found to largely impact circulation patterns. Three main regimes were identified depending on offshore wave obliquity: (1) Under shore‐normal configuration, the flow was dominated by cross‐shore motions, except for moderate waves at low tide, with the presence of a quasi‐steady circulation cell on the reef. (2) Under shadowed configuration, an onshore‐directed current flowing away from the headland and a weak oscillating eddy were present outside and inside the shadow region, respectively. (3) Under deflection configuration, a deflection rip flowing against the headland and extending well beyond the surf zone was present, with activity maximized around low tide for moderate waves. Under 4‐m oblique waves, the deflection rip was active regardless of the tide with mean depth‐averaged velocities up to 0.7 m/s 800‐m offshore in 12‐m depth, with energetic low‐frequency fluctuations. Our results emphasize the ability of deflection rips to transport materials far offshore, suggesting that such rips can transport sediment beyond the depth of closure. This study indicates that a wide variety of wave‐driven circulation patterns can occur and sometimes coexist on beaches with prominent geological settings. Changes in the dominant driving mechanism can occur as a result of small changes in wave and tide conditions, resulting in more spatially and temporally variable circulation than along open sandy beaches. Most field experiments about wave‐induced circulation patterns have been conducted along open sandy beaches, while experiments in geologically constrained environments are scarce. We performed intensive field measurements at a high‐energy beach with the presence of a 500‐m headland and a submerged natural reef. Three main circulation patterns were identified depending on the offshore wave obliquity. For shore‐normal waves, cross‐shore motions dominated the nearshore region, while oblique wave configurations resulted in more complex horizontal circulation. In particular, under intense headland‐directed longshore current, the flow was deflected seaward against the headland. This deflection resulted in an intense seaward flowing jet (deflection rip) extending well beyond the surf zone edge, particularly during storm conditions. Such findings highlight the ability of these deflection rips to dominate water and sediment exchanges between the nearshore and the inner shelf region. Our study further outlines the more spatially and temporally variable circulation patterns occurring along geologically constrained beaches compared to open sandy beaches, ranging from small recirculating cells across the reef to a large deflection rip extending hundreds of meters beyond the surf zone. In situ measurements are analyzed to identify the main circulation patterns occurring at a high‐energy geologically constrainedSmall changes in offshore wave height and obliquity or tide elevation were found to impact circulation patterns across the entire fieldThis study emphasizes the ability of deflection rips to extend far offshore, particularly during very energetic oblique wave conditions

In the surf zone, non‐hydrostatic processes are either neglected or estimated using linear wave theory. The recent development of technologies capable of directly measuring the free surface elevation, such as 2‐D lidar scanners, allow for a thorough assessment of the validity of such hypotheses. In this study, we use subsurface pressure and lidar data to study the non‐linear and non‐hydrostatic character of surf zone waves. Non‐hydrostatic effects are found important everywhere in the surf zone (from the outer to the inner surf zones). Surface elevation variance, skewness, and asymmetry estimated from the hydrostatic reconstruction are found to significantly underestimate the values obtained from the lidar data. At the wave‐by‐wave scale, this is explained by the underestimation of the wave crest maximal elevations, even in the inner surf zone, where the wave profile around the broken wave face is smoothed. The classic transfer function based on linear wave theory brings only marginal improvements in this regard, compared to the hydrostatic reconstruction. A recently developed non‐linear weakly dispersive reconstruction is found to consistently outperform the hydrostatic or classic transfer function reconstructions over the entire surf zone, with relative errors on the surface elevation variance and skewness around 5% on average. In both the outer and inner surf zones, this method correctly reproduces the steep front of breaking and broken waves and their individual wave height to within 10%. The performance of this irrotational method supports the hypothesis that the flow under broken waves is dominated by irrotational motions. In the surf zone, waves undergo rapid changes in shape, passing from steep and skewed waves right before breaking to sawtooth‐shaped asymmetric bores. Capturing and understanding these changes is crucial for coastal researchers and engineers since the breaking wave‐induced hydrodynamics shape beaches at various temporal and spatial scales. In this study, we use lidar scanners and pressure sensors to study the non‐hydrostatic and non‐linear character of surf zone waves. We show that non‐hydrostatic effects remain strong over the entire surf zone; that is, fluid accelerations are important and the hypothesis of a hydrostatic pressure field leads to large deviations of the real surface elevation. More specifically, wave crests elevation are underestimated, and the sharp‐crested shape of broken waves is rounded off. A recently developed non‐linear weakly dispersive method to reconstruct the free surface from subsurface pressure is found to consistently outperform the hydrostatic or classic transfer function reconstructions over the entire surf zone, with relative errors on the surface elevation variance (related to the wave energy) and skewness (related to wave shape) around 5% on average. The performance of this irrotational method supports the hypothesis that the flow under broken waves is dominated by irrotational motions. Subsurface pressure and lidar data are used to study the non‐linear and non‐hydrostatic character of surf zone wavesNon‐hydrostatic effects are strong even in the inner surf zone, where broken waves are sharp crested and have a steep frontOscillatory flow under broken waves is dominated by irrotational motions

Villin is a specific marker for normal and tumoral colon tissue. We have developed a highly sensitive assay using reverse transcription (RT) and real-time PCR to detect villin transcripts. The sensitivity of detection is one colon cancer cell. However, high levels of illegitimate villin transcripts were observed in normal bone marrow, precluding the use of villin RT-PCR for routine detection of colon cancer cells in bone marrow of patients with colon cancer.