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Objective The aim of this article was to review and discuss papers that were published during the past 30 years regarding the distribution and characteristics of motor vehicle accidents-related facial injuries throughout the world. Methods We systematically reviewed all papers that were published in English between January 1980 and December 2013 using MEDLINE and the MeSH term “facial fractures” together with the term “motor vehicle”. Results The percentage of motor vehicle accidents as an etiological factor in epidemiological studies about maxillofacial injuries ranged between 11% and 85%. On the whole, a progressively decreasing trend was observed, particularly in North America, Brazil, and Europe. Discussion Motor vehicle accidents are still one of the most important etiological factors for maxillofacial injuries. A great difference in the incidence of this kind of fractures between developed countries and developing countries can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maxillofacial trauma is often associated with injuries to the cranium, especially in high-energy trauma. The management of such cases can be challenging and requires close cooperation between oral and maxillofacial surgery and neurosurgical teams. There are few reports in the current literature describing the complications that develop in patients with maxillofacial trauma and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Complications can be categorized as early or late and/or minor and major. The exact definition of complications and their categorization remains a matter of current debate. We present a 10 year retrospective study of complications and their subsequent management in patients receiving maxillofacial and neurosurgical treatment for maxillofacial trauma associated with TBI. The study population consisted of 47 people, excluded from a maxillofacial trauma population of 579 patients. The severity of the trauma was scored as mild, moderate or severe, using the Glasgow Coma Scale at presentation of the Emergency Department. In total 36 patients (76.6%) developed complications. Patients involved in road traffic collision were most likely to develop complications (92.3%). This was followed by falls (66.7%) as mechanism of the injury. Patients aged 60–69 years experienced the highest complication rate (5), followed by patients aged 20–29 years (4.1) and 30–39 years (3.5). The majority of complications were infection and inflammation (36.4%), followed by neurological deficit (24.0%), physiological dysregulation (11.6%) and facial bone deformity (8.3%). Patients who developed no complications, most often presented with mild TBI (72.7%). The most common treatment modality employed to manage complications was pharmacological, followed by antibiotic treatment, conservative treatment and decompression therapy. The mean hospital stay after the trauma for the patients with complications was 28 days. Thirteen patients (36.1%) were transferred to a rehabilitation centre, a nursing home, or a home for the elderly. Nine patients (25%) completely recovered from their complications and 4 patients (11.1%) died after the trauma. This report provides useful data concerning the rate and type of complications that occur, and the multidisciplinary treatment that is required in traumatic maxillofacial and brain injury patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidemiology of facial trauma may vary widely across countries (and even within the same country), and is dependent on several cultural and socioeconomic factors. We know of few reviews of published reports that have considered the sex distribution and aetiology of maxillofacial trauma throughout the world. The aim of this review was to discuss these aspects as they have been presented in papers published during the last 30 years. We made a systematic review of papers about the epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma that were published between January 1980 and December 2013 and identified 69 studies from Africa (n=9), North America and Brazil (n=6), Asia (n=36), Europe (n=16), and Oceania (n=2). In all the studies men outnumbered women, the ratio usually being more than 2:1. In American, African, and Asian studies road traffic crashes were the predominant cause. In European studies the aetiology varied, with assaults and road traffic crashes being the most important factors. In Oceania assaults were the most important. A comparison of the incidence of maxillofacial trauma of different countries together with a knowledge of different laws (seat belts for drivers, helmets for motocyclists, speed limits, and protection worn during sports and at work) is crucial to allow for improvement in several countries. To our knowledge this paper is the first attempt to study and compare the aetiologies of maxillofacial trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical management of posttraumatic dysocclusion in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the VU Medical Centre in Amsterdam. Patients and methods All patients who underwent surgical correction of a posttraumatic dysocclusion between 1970 and 2012 were reviewed. Patient charts were reviewed retrospectively. Results A total of 42 patients were included. Twenty-seven patients had a mandibular condyle fracture (64.3%). The initial fracture-treatment was either conservative, consisting only of intermaxillary fixation (IMF), or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Though different orthognathic treatment options were used to regain normal occlusion, the most frequently used surgical techniques were a uni- or bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible in 21 patients (50.0%), followed by a Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla in 17 patients (40.5%). Conclusions Most dysocclusions occur after mandibular condyle fractures, however fractures of other maxillofacial structures also account for a considerable number of cases. Good results are achieved with orthognathic surgery for posttraumatic dysocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article was to review the literature regarding diplopia and driving license and to review the West European legislations about this topic, in order to obtain appropriate indications for hospitals specialists and patients. A systematic review of articles published about diplopia and driving was performed. In addition a review of West European national legislations about driving license regulations for medical illnesses was performed, in addition to the European Union Directive on driving licenses. In the literature, the presence of diplopia has not been considered a reliable predictor of the safety of driving behavior, or it has not appeared to be a contraindication for driving according to some authors who were unable to demonstrate significant differences on driving simulator performance between subjects with chronic stable diplopia and control subjects. Nevertheless, in all western European legislations, acute diplopia constitutes an important limitation for driving, thus making the knowledge of current regulations fundamental for specialists involved in managing patients with diplopia. Ophthalmologists and maxillofacial/head and neck surgeons, may advise patients before hospital discharge about current legislations in their respective countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of patients with coronoid fractures treated in two European centres over 10 years and to briefly review the literature. This study is based on 2 systematic computer-assisted databases that have continuously recorded patients hospitalized with maxillofacial fractures and surgically treated in two European centres between 2001 and 2010. During the 10 years, 1818 patients and 523 patients with maxillofacial fractures were admitted to the two centres respectively: 21 patients (16 males, 5 females) were admitted with 21 coronoid fractures and 28 associated maxillofacial fractures. A mean age of 42.1 years was observed. The fractures were mainly the result of motor vehicle accidents, followed by assaults and falls. The most frequently observed associated maxillofacial fracture was a zygomatic fracture (13 fractures). In both centres, mandibular coronoid fractures are treated unless a severe dislocation of the fractured coronoid is observed or a functional mandibular impairment is encountered. Conservative treatment can be used, together with the open reduction and internal fixation of associated fractures. The crucial point is to prevent ankylosis, which may be prevented by correct and early postoperative physiotherapy and mandibular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature it is questioned if the presence of maxillofacial trauma is associated with the presence of brain injury. The aim of this study is to present a 10-year retrospective study of the incidence and aetiology of maxillofacial trauma associated with brain injury that required both oral and maxillofacial and neurosurgical intervention during the same hospital stay. Forty-seven patients from a population of 579 trauma patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery were identified. The main cause of injury was road traffic collision, followed by falls. Interpersonal violence correlated less well with traumatic brain injury. Most of the patients were males, aged 20–39 years. Frontal sinus fractures were the most common maxillofacial fractures (21.9%) associated with neurosurgical input, followed by mandibular fractures and zygomatic complex fractures. In the general maxillofacial trauma population, frontal sinus fractures were only found in 2.2% of the cases. At presentation to the Emergency Department the majority of the patients were diagnosed with severe traumatic brain injury and a Marshall CT class 2. Intracranial pressure monitoring was the most common neurosurgical intervention, followed by reconstruction of a bone defect and haematoma evacuation. Although it is a small population, our data suggest that maxillofacial trauma does have an association with traumatic brain injury that requires neurosurgical intervention (8.1%). In comparison with the overall maxillofacial trauma population, our results demonstrate that frontal sinus fractures are more commonly diagnosed in association with brain injury, most likely owing to the location of the impact of the trauma. In these cases the frontal sinus seems not specifically to act as a barrier to protect the brain. This report provides useful data concerning the joint management of oral and maxillofacial surgeons and neurosurgeons for the treatment of cranio-maxillofacial trauma and brain injury patients in Amsterdam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological features of a consecutive series of orbital lymphomas in two Institutions in the North West of Italy. A prospective study was performed of all cases of diagnosed orbital lymphomas. Data on patient demographics, symptoms and clinical findings, histological type of lymphoma, site of lesion, imaging, and systemic involvement were recorded in each case. The mean age of the enrolled 20 patients was 63.65 years. Most orbital lymphomas were located in the superior-lateral quadrant. Superior rectus muscle was the most frequently involved orbital structure. Most patients were affected by extranodal marginal-zone lymphomas. The diagnosis of orbital lymphomas may be challenging, because these neoplasms present few specific features. Although not typically performed by the maxillofacial surgeon, an understanding of the staging process is crucial for multidisciplinary management of orbital lymphomas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Bicycle-related injuries account for an important proportion of road injuries all over the world. As only few reports have focused on the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures sustained in bicycle accidents, the purpose of this study was to present and compare epidemiological data about bicycle-related maxillofacial injuries in two European centers between 2001 and 2010. Methods: Bicycle-related facial fractures occurred in 105 patients (79 males, 26 females) in Turin, with a percentage of 5.77 among all facial fractures, and in 103 patients (55 males, 50 females) in Amsterdam, with a percentage of 19.69. Results: The major risk groups include young people between their first to third decades. The mandible is the most frequently involved facial bone. Among mandibular injuries the most commonly involved site was the condyle. Conclusions: Bicycle-related injuries must be considered an important etiological factor in maxillofacial fractures with typical patterns, such as a peculiar seasonal incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the morbidity of the harvest of the anterior iliac bone graft and the overall satisfaction rates in a group of patients who underwent harvesting of iliac crest bone graft. Patients and Methods: Patients who underwent iliac crest bone graft procedures from January 2002 to August 2009 were recalled and invited to answer a questionnaire about postoperative pain, sensory disturbance, functional limitations, and cosmetic appearance. Results: A total of 61 patients were included in this retrospective study. Seventeen patients (28%) reported postoperative pain. A patient reported an intraoperative hip fracture. Sensory disturbances were reported by 3 patients. Conclusions: Anterior iliac crest can still be considered a favorable donor site for preprosthetic and cleft surgery. Given its relatively low morbidity rate, early ambulation, and hospital discharge, anterior iliac crest still remains the donor site of choice according to the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze and discuss the demographic, clinical, and surgical aspects of 261 surgically treated keratocystic odontogenic tumors. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all cases of treated keratocystic odontogenic tumors. Statistical analysis was used to search for associations among age, presenting symptoms, location, dimension, and locularity. Results: Keratocystic odontogenic tumors most commonly occurred in patients in the third and fourth decades of life. The ratio of males to females was 2:1. The mandibular angle region was the most frequently involved site. Significant associations were found between multilocular lesions and lesions larger than 31 mm (P < .00000005), a mandibular site and larger lesions (P < .05), patients younger than 41 years old and multilocular lesions (P < .05), and younger patients and larger lesions (P < .00005). Conclusion: It is likely that most multilocular, larger (and probably aggressive) lesions are found in patients younger than 41 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Achieving functional and anatomic restoration is remarkably difficult in patients with symphyseal mandibular fractures associated with bicondylar fractures. Our objective was to evaluate the functional and esthetic outcomes of a group of patients who underwent surgery using rigid fixation. Patients and Methods: In our study, 25 patients with symphyseal mandibular fractures associated with bicondylar fractures surgically treated from 1998 to 2008 at the Division of Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of Turin were retrospectively analyzed. The standardized evaluation consisted of an evaluation of occlusion, assessment of mandibular motion, and esthetic evaluation of facial width. Results: The patients showed good mandibular motion and good occlusion. After esthetic evaluation of the facial width of the 25 patients, 23 patients were rated as “excellent” or “good.” Conclusion: Successful treatment of multiple mandibular fractures may be achieved by different techniques. The key point is the re-establishment of the transversal bigonial dimension by a correct reconstruction of the mandibular arch. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: This retrospective study evaluated the long-term results and complications of open reduction and internal fixation of displaced and dislocated fractures of the condylar process. Patients and Methods: Two hundred four patients were treated via various surgical approaches between 1991 and 2005. Fifty patients with a total of 57 treated condylar fractures who underwent complete clinical and radiological documentation were included in this study. Follow-up clinical and radiological evaluations were carried out after an average period of 88 months. Results: We found that 12% of our patients reported temporary weakness of the facial nerve and 4% had mild permanent facial nerve palsy. Clinical and radiological assessment showed satisfactory recovery of facial symmetry. Excellent recovery of function was observed, and very few patients complained of temporomandibular joint-related symptoms. Severe condylar remodeling was observed in 8% of the patients, 47% showed slight or moderate remodeling, and 45% showed no remodeling. A statistically significant association was observed between the presence of condylar remodeling and poor mouth opening at the follow-up examination. Conclusions: Surgical treatment of condylar fractures, in association with postoperative functional therapy, promotes the recovery of function, occlusion, and facial symmetry with few complications. However, some difficulties remain related to the surgeon, the patient, and the objective complexity of this pathology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background/aim: Mandibular condylar fractures represent 25%-35% of all mandibular fractures. Despite profound research, there is still a controverse debate about treating these fractures conservatively or by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). The aim of this study is to analyse the outcome after open and closed treatment of extracapsular mandibular condyle fractures regarding general characteristics, post-treatment malocclusion, facial nerve palsy (FNP), maximum mouth opening (MMO) and parotid complications., Methods: A retrospective cohort of 377 fractures (350 open, 27 closed treatment) was reviewed by reference to clinical and radiological pre- and postoperative documentation. Follow-up period was 12 months. Pearsons' chi-square-test, correlations, Kruskal-Wallis test and t-test were carried out for statistical analysis., Results: The dominant type of fracture was type II in Spiessl and Schroll classification (50.1%). In the open treated fractures, the most common approach was retromandibular transparotid (91.7%). Post-treatment malocclusion occurred in 18.0% and was significantly increased in bilateral fractures (p = .039), in luxation fractures (p = .016) and in patients with full dentition (p = .004). After open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), temporary FNP was documented in 7.1% whereas a permanent paresis occurred in 1.7%. FNP was significantly associated with high fractures (p = .001), comminution (p = .028) and increased duration of surgery (p = .040). Parotid complications were significantly associated with revision surgery (p = .009). Post-treatment reduction of MMO mainly occurred in female patients (p < .001) as well as in patients with bilateral fractures (p < .001), high fractures (p = .030) and concomitant mandibular (p = .001) and midfacial fractures (p = .009)., Conclusion: Malocclusion seems to be the most frequent long-term complication after open reduction and osteosynthesis of extracapsular mandibular condyle fractures. We suggest ORIF by a transparotid approach to be an appropriate treatment with a low complication rate regarding especially FNP for extracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle., (© 2023 The Authors. Dental Traumatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background/aim: Although previous studies have revealed the influence of the mandibular third molar (M3) on mandibular condylar fracture risk and that the presence of M3 could result in different incidences of condylar and angle fractures, there have been no analyses of the influence of M3 on fracture patterns. Moreover, evaluations of M3 position using panoramic radiography have shown insufficient accuracy. This study investigated the relationship between condylar fracture patterns and M3 position using panoramic radiography and computed tomography., Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 280 patients with unilateral mandibular condylar fractures and ipsilateral M3 admitted to West China Hospital of Stomatology between January 2016 and June 2022. Patient medical records, panoramic radiographs, and computed tomography images were collected. The vertical and horizontal positions of M3 were classified using the Pell and Gregory system. M3 angulation was defined as the angle between the long axis of M3 and the mandibular occlusal plane. Condylar fracture patterns were classified as intracapsular (Types A-C) or extracapsular (neck and base). Data were analyzed using McNemar-Bowker test, Pearson chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test., Results: Classification of M3 position differed significantly between panoramic radiography and computed tomography images (p < .05). There was a significant association between the mandibular condylar fracture pattern and M3 horizontal position on computed tomography (p < .05). Class I M3 position on computed tomography was associated with a higher incidence of intracapsular than extracapsular fractures, along with a higher incidence of Type B than base fractures; the opposite relationships were observed for Class II. No such association was identified on panoramic radiography., Conclusions: Mandibular condylar fracture patterns were presumably influenced by M3 horizontal position on computed tomography. The imaging modality affected the classification of M3 position and subsequent analyses. Computed tomography is recommended for future studies to improve accuracy and reliability., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background/aim: The first objective of this study was to identify predictive factors for oral and maxillofacial fractures at the initial response to the patient. The second objective was to determine the factors influencing the incidence of treatment duration of more than 1 month using the information shown in the medical record., Materials and Methods: Hospital records from 2011 to 2019 were reviewed to identify patients who had sustained oral and maxillofacial injuries by falling or falling from a height. Patterns and types of oral and maxillofacial injury, injury severity, and background of the injury were collected from the hospital records. The variables independently associated with a treatment duration of more than 1 month were determined by logistic regression analysis., Results: In total, 282 patients (150 men, 132 women; median age, 17.5 years) were selected for analysis. Maxillofacial fractures were observed in 20.9% of patients (59/282); among these, mandibular fractures were the most common (47/59). Logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.026), nighttime occurrence (OR, 2.192), and upper face injury (OR, 20.704) were independent predictive factors for having a maxillofacial fracture. Additionally, the number of injured teeth (OR, 1.515) and the use of intermaxillary fixation (OR, 16.091) were independent predictors of treatment duration of more than 1 month., Conclusions: These results may be useful in the initial management of maxillofacial injuries in terms of better-informing patients injured by falling their expected treatment duration and managing the psychological impacts of a long treatment duration., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background/aim: The mandible is one of the most fractured bones in the maxillofacial region. This study analyzes trends in mandibular fracture patterns, demographics, and mechanisms since the early 2000s., Material and Methods: Mandibular fractures were reviewed from the 2007, 2011, and 2017 National Trauma Data Bank including 13,142, 17,057, and 20,391 patients by year, respectively. This database contains hundreds of thousands of patients annually and represents the largest trauma registry in the United States. Variables included number of fractures, sex, age, injury mechanism, and fracture location. Mechanism of injury included assault, motor vehicle crash, fall, motorcycle, bicycle, pedestrian, and firearm. Anatomic locations based on ICD-9/10 codes included symphysis, ramus, condyle, condylar process, body, angle, and coronoid process. Frequencies were compared using Chi-square tests of homogeneity with effect sizes estimated using Cramer's V., Results: Mandibular fractures represent 2%-2.5% of all traumas reported in the database from 2001 to 2017. The proportion of patients sustaining a single reported mandibular fracture decreased from 82% in 2007 to 63% in 2017. Males consistently experienced 78%-80% of fractures. Eighteen to 54-year-olds experienced the largest percentages of fractures throughout the 21st century, while median age of fracture shifted from 28 to 32 between 2007 and 2017. The most common fracture mechanisms were assault (42% [2001-2005]-37% [2017]), motor vehicle crash (31%-22%) followed by falls (15%-20%). From 2001-2005 to 2017, a decrease was observed in assaults (-5%) and motor vehicle crash (-9%) and an increase in falls (+5%), particularly among elderly females. The mandibular body, condyle, angle, and symphysis represent approximately two-thirds of all fractures without a consistent temporal trend among them., Conclusions: The temporal trends observed can be linked to shifting age demographics nationally that may aid clinicians in diagnosis and inform public safety policies aimed at reducing these injuries, particularly among the growing elderly population., (© 2023 The Authors. Dental Traumatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Chondrosarcoma of the larynx is a rare tumor, accounting for 0.07% to 2% of all laryngeal cancers. Nevertheless, it represents the most frequent nonepithelial neoplasm of the laryngeal region.Laryngeal chondrosarcomas are usually characterized by slow growth and low metastatic potential.The exact etiopathogenesis of chondrosarcoma is still debated. Diagnosis can be difficult given the slow rate of growth and nonspecific patient symptoms at presentation.Because of its rarity, literature about laryngeal chondrosarcoma is mainly made up of case reports and small case series.Therefore, it is important to add any information regarding this pathology.The aim of this article was to present and discuss a new case of chondrosarcoma located in the thyroid cartilage in a 63-year-old woman.

Aim: The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the incidence and associated factors of dental trauma in patients with maxillofacial fractures at the VU Medical Center in Amsterdam., Material and Methods: Data from 707 patients who were treated surgically for maxillofacial fractures were evaluated. The data were collected retrospectively from patient files and other available databases. The data collected included date of fracture, age, gender, type of fracture, and injured teeth., Result: Of the total 707 patients, 164 patients (23.2%) presented dental injuries associated with facial fractures. Mandibular condylar fractures, mandibular parasymphyseal fractures, Le Fort fractures, and mandibular body fractures were found to be significantly more associated with dental injury. Zygomatic arch or zygomatic complex fractures were significantly less associated with dental injury. Women had a significant higher risk of facial fractures with dental injuries than men. The maxilla demonstrated the highest incidence of injured teeth. The most affected teeth were the maxillary incisors (33.1%), followed by mandible incisors (13.6%), mandible molars (12.8%), and maxillary premolars (12.6%)., Conclusion: Our findings show a higher risk of dental injury among patients with a mandibular condylar fracture and mandibular parasymphyseal fracture but a lower risk of dental injury among patients with a zygomatic arch or zygomatic complex fracture. On average, patients had more than three injured teeth, with most of the injured teeth being in the upper jaw. The maxillary incisors, followed by the mandible incisors, were the most injured teeth., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to present and discuss the results of a European multicentre prospective study about pediatric maxillofacial trauma epidemiology during a year., Study Design: The following data were recorded: gender, age, etiology, site of fracture, date of injury. Of the 3396 patients with maxillofacial fractures admitted within the study period, 114 (3.3%) were children aged 15 years and younger, with a male/female ratio of 2.6:1. Mean age was 10.9 years. Most patients (63%) were aged 11-15 years., Results: The most frequent cause of injury was fall (36 patients). Sport injuries and assaults were almost limited to the oldest group, whereas falls were more uniformly distributed in the 3 groups. The most frequently observed fracture involved the mandible with 47 fractures. In particular, 18 condylar fractures were recorded, followed by 12 body fractures., Conclusions: Falls can be acknowledged as the most important cause of facial trauma during the first years of life. The high incidence of sport accidents after 10 years may be a reason to increase the use of mouthguards and other protective equipment. Finally, the mandible (and in particular the condyle) was confirmed as the most frequent fracture site., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Sudden hearing loss (SHL) is a disease, isolated or associated with vertigo, of unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to identify the prognostic factors for hearing recovery., Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 287 cases of SHL (mean age 42). Tonal threshold audiometry, BAEP, and RM were the diagnostic procedures for clinical balance of the patient. The therapy used the following: corticosteroids, osmotic diuretic infusion, and vasoactives. All the factors were evaluated through statistical tests, Spearman test, and linear logistic regression., Results: In our study, we observed that 39.3% of patients improved, 27.9% remained unchanged, 29% had complete recovery, and 3.8% worsened. Therapy was not related to the degree of recovery from hearing loss, whereas young age, delayed diagnosis, and audiometric curve type were the three factors related to the degree of hearing recovery., Conclusions: In our study, we report a better overall recovery rate compared with spontaneous recovery. In particular, early treated patients as well as patients with upsloping hearing loss frequently recovered after treatment. Age, time between onset and treatment, and audiogram type were shown to be significantly related to outcome.

Objective: The aim of this study is to present and discuss the demographic characteristics and patterns of assault-related maxillofacial fractures as reported by a European multicenter prospective study., Study Design: Demographic and injury data were recorded for each patient who was a victim of an assault., Results: Assaults represented the most frequent etiology of maxillofacial trauma with an overall rate of 39% and the values ranging between 60.8% (Kiev, Ukraine) and 15.4% (Bergen, Norway). The most frequent mechanisms of assault-related maxillofacial fractures were fists in 730 cases, followed by kicks and fists. The most frequently observed fracture involved the mandible (814 fractures), followed by orbito-zygomatic-maxillary complex fractures and orbital fractures., Conclusions: Our data confirmed the strong possibility that patients with maxillofacial fractures may be victims of physical aggression. The crucial role of alcohol in assault-related fractures was also confirmed by our study., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this study was to analyse the demographics, causes and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures managed at several European departments of oral and maxillofacial surgery over one year. The following data were recorded: gender, age, aetiology, site of facial fractures, facial injury severity score, timing of intervention, length of hospital stay. Data for a total of 3396 patients (2655 males and 741 females) with 4155 fractures were recorded. The mean age differed from country to country, ranging between 29.9 and 43.9 years. Overall, the most frequent cause of injury was assault, which accounted for the injuries of 1309 patients; assaults and falls alternated as the most important aetiological factor in the various centres. The most frequently observed fracture involved the mandible with 1743 fractures, followed by orbital-zygomatic-maxillary (OZM) fractures. Condylar fractures were the most commonly observed mandibular fracture. The results of the EURMAT collaboration confirm the changing trend in maxillofacial trauma epidemiology in Europe, with trauma cases caused by assaults and falls now outnumbering those due to road traffic accidents. The progressive ageing of the European population, in addition to strict road and work legislation may have been responsible for this change. Men are still the most frequent victims of maxillofacial injuries., (Copyright © 2014 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: In several epidemiological studies of maxillofacial trauma, falls were one of the most frequent causes of facial injury. The aim of this study is to analyse the patterns of fall-related maxillofacial injuries based on the height of the fall., Material and Methods: Using a systematic computer-assisted database of patients hospitalised with maxillofacial fractures, only those with fall-related injuries were considered. The falls were divided into four groups: falls from slipping, tripping or stumbling (STSF), loss of consciousness (LOCF), stairs (SAF), and height (HF). Data on the age, gender, fracture site, Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS), facial lacerations, associated lesions, type of treatment, and length of hospital stay were also analysed., Results: This study included 557 patients (338 males, 219 females; average age 51.5 years [range 4 - 99 years]). In the over 60 age group, females were more prevalent in STSF than males. According to aetiology, STSF was the most frequent cause of maxillofacial fractures (315 patients; 56.5%) followed by LOCF (157; 28.2%), HF (55; 9.9%), and SAF (30; 5.4%). The middle third of the face was affected most frequently. After LOCF, however, the inferior third was prevalently involved. The majority of associated fractures, as well as the most severe injuries and greatest rate of facial lacerations, occurred secondary to HF., Conclusions: This study showed that fracture severity and site are influenced not only by patient age, but also by the nature of the fall.

The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury in mandibular fractures. This study is based on two databases that have continuously recorded patients hospitalized with maxillofacial fractures in two departments-Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy. Demographic, anatomic, and etiology variables were considered for each patient and statistically assessed in relation to the neurosensory IAN impairment. Statistically significant associations were found between IAN injury and fracture displacement (p = 0.03), isolated mandibular fractures (p = 0.01), and angle fractures (p = 0.004). A statistically significant association was also found between IAN injury and assaults (p = 0.03). Displaced isolated mandibular angle fractures could be considered at risk for increased incidence of IAN injury. Assaults seem to be the most important etiological factor that is responsible for IAN lesions.

Soft tissue giant cell tumor (GCT-ST) of low malignant potential, also called primary giant cell tumor of soft tissue, is usually located in the lower extremities and trunk, whereas it is extremely rare in the head and neck region. It is a rare neoplasm involving both superficial and deep soft tissues that mainly affects young to middle-aged adults, presenting as an asymptomatic, well-circumscribed multinodular mass covered by normal skin or with a fleshy red-brown surface when superficially located. The purpose of this article is to report a case of osteoclast-like giant cell tumors of the lip and to review the literature about GCT-STs involving the head and neck region., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Intraosseous myofibroma of the jaw is a rare neoplasm of mesenchymal origin with limited comprehensive understanding. It typically affects patients in the first two decades of life with a male predilection. Case presentation: This study presents a rare case of myofibroma mimicking an odontogenic lesion in a 2-year-old boy. The patient presented with an incidental finding of a painless swelling of the right mandibular ramus of unknown etiology. Imaging analysis revealed a solid, expansile lesion adjacent to the germinal zone of the right mandibular first molar. Histopathologic analysis and immunohistochemistry after incisional biopsy suggested a possible central odontogenic fibroma, and the patient underwent total enucleation, leading to the final diagnosis of intraosseous myofibroma. Follow-up examinations showed no evidence of recurrence. Conclusions: This report contributes to the understanding of myofibroma in pediatric patients and underscores the critical role of meticulous histopathologic examination for effective surgical planning and optimal patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcifying odontogenic cyst, also known as Gorlin cyst is a rare benign cystic lesion primarily found in the jawbones, accounting less than 1% of odontogenic cysts. It can be associated with odontogenic tumors such as odontomas. We report a rare case of COC associated with complex odontoma in a young patient and discuss its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options. An 18-year-old female patient presented with a painless radiopaque lesion of the right mandibular bone at Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery department. Radiographs revealed irregular tooth-like structures in the canine-premolar area. The lesion was surgically removed, and histopathology confirmed COC with a complex odontoma. As of the World Health Organization's 2022 definition, COC is a developmental odontogenic cyst characterized by calcified ghost cells. It typically affects individuals during their second and third decades of life, with no gender preference, almost equally in the maxilla and the mandible. The main treatment is total enucleation, with a generally favorable prognosis. Histopathology is essential for diagnosis due to its mimicry of other jaw conditions. Long-term follow-up is needed to prevent recurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary gland tumors are a rare and heterogeneous group of neoplasms of the head and neck region. The mixed category of these tumors include the following entities: pleomorphic adenoma (PA), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CEPA), salivary carcinosarcoma (CS), and metastasizing PA (MPA). The most common benign tumor of the salivary glands is PA. Metastasis and malignant degeneration have been reported in cases of PA of a salivary gland origin. Judging by their behavior, MPA, CEPA, and CS can be considered aggressive tumors. Invasive CEPA has been identified in the parotid gland more frequently. MPA and CS cases reported in the current literature are rare. In this paper, we present, narratively, the clinico-morphological features of this group of mixed tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]