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Background: Laccases can oxidize a broad spectrum of substrates, offering promising applications in various sectors, such as bioremediation, biomass fractionation in future biorefineries, and synthesis of biochemicals and biopolymers. However, laccase discovery and optimization with a desirable pH optimum remains a challenge due to the labor-intensive and time-consuming nature of the traditional laboratory methods. Results: This study presents a machine learning (ML)-integrated approach for predicting pH optima of basidiomycete fungal laccases, utilizing a small, curated dataset against a vast metagenomic data. Comparative computational analyses unveiled the structural and pH-dependent solubility differences between acidic and neutral-alkaline laccases, helping us understand the molecular bases of enzyme pH optimum. The pH profiling of the two ML-predicted alkaline laccase candidates from the basidiomycete fungus Lepista nuda further validated our computational approach, showing the accuracy of this comprehensive method. Conclusions: This study uncovers the efficacy of ML in the prediction of enzyme pH optimum from minimal datasets, marking a significant step towards harnessing computational tools for systematic screening of enzymes for biotechnology applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart, stimuli‐responsive materials that are also environmentally friendly are highly desired in the fashion and textile industry. For example, thermoresponsive properties show potential in creating dynamic comfort by improving moisture wicking and breathability at high temperatures. Additionally, color change properties provide aesthetic appeal and can be used as flexible sensors for physiological or environmental monitoring. Herein, the integration of bioproduced, thermoresponsive polymers into textiles as coatings that can also deliver pH‐responsive color change is explored. Elastin‐like polypeptides (ELPs) are recombinant protein biopolymers that exhibit an inverse phase transition when temperature is raised above a tunable transition temperature. To incorporate these into cotton textiles, amino acid residues with functional groups are genetically introduced. These are covalently coupled to oxidized cotton fabric, as well as a pH indicator dye, and copper‐free “click” conjugation handles. Thus, a facile layer‐by‐layer assembly process is used to assemble coatings with tunable thickness. The chemical derivatization of ELPs is shown and how these modifications influence thermoresponsive properties in solution is demonstrated. Cotton fabric is oxidized to introduce carboxylic acid chemical handles and up to ten coats of ELP is layered onto the modified cotton. The coating demonstrates spatiotemporal pH responsive color change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFood quality is adversely affected by physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbiological reactions, leading to it becoming inedible. Thus, finding alternative methods to preserve foods effectively and extend their shelf life is important. While chemical preservatives have been effective in preventing the growth of harmful pathogens in foods and extending their shelf life, they can also adversely affect consumers’ health. For example, nitrites commonly used as preservatives in processed meats have been linked to the development of cancer. This is why researchers, and the food industry are exploring various options to find nontoxic and safe biopreservatives that can be used to preserve food. One such promising option is biopreservatives because they are derived from natural sources, such as plants and insects. This review explores the antimicrobial properties of various biopreservatives, including bacteriocins, polymers, bacteriophages, enzymes, and natural oils, and how they work together to create a synergistic effect in food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimuli‐responsive materials exhibiting exceptional room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) hold promise for emerging technologies. However, constructing such systems in a sustainable, scalable, and processable manner remains challenging. This work reports a bio‐inspired strategy to develop RTP nanofiber materials using bacterial cellulose (BC) via bio‐fermentation. The green fabrication process, high biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and abundant hydroxyl groups make BC an ideal biopolymer for constructing durable and stimuli‐responsive RTP materials. Remarkable RTP performance is observed with long lifetimes of up to 1636.79 ms at room temperature. Moreover, moisture can repeatedly quench and activate phosphorescence in a dynamic and tunable fashion by disrupting cellulose rigidity and permeability. With capabilities for repeatable moisture‐sensitive phosphorescence, these materials are highly suitable for applications such as anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption. This pioneering bio‐derived approach provides a reliable and sustainable blueprint for constructing dynamic, scalable, and processable RTP materials beyond synthetic polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An asymmetrical wound dressing functions akin to human skin by serving as a protective barrier between a wound and its immediate environment. However, significant challenges persist concerning the robust adhesion and asymmetrical adhesion properties of hydrogels, particularly when applied in emergency hemostasis and wound healing contexts. Herein, the study has successfully synthesized hydrogel patches with Janus asymmetric‐adhesion, denoted as HGO‐C, exclusively comprised of natural polymers. This achievement is realized through the assembly of adhesive hydrogel (HGO) and non‐adhesive hydrogel (CGC), thereby amalgamating their distinct functionalities. The non‐adhesive hydrogel component served as a physical shield and safeguarding the wound against contamination, while the adhesive hydrogel, when in contacted with the wound surface, firmly adhered to it, swiftly arresting bleeding and facilitating wound healing. Cytocompatibility tests, hemolysis tests, antibacterial assays, and coagulation assays demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, antibacterial, and hemostatic properties of HGO‐C. Finally, the in vivo experiments, including a liver hemorrhage assay and a wound healing assay, unequivocally showed the rapid hemostatic and enhanced wound healing capabilities of HGO‐C. Consequently, these distinctive hydrogel patches, derived from natural polymers and characterized by their asymmetric adhesion properties, may have great potential for real‐life usage in clinical patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degenerative disc disease is the leading cause of lower back and leg pain, considerably impacting daily life and incurring substantial medical expenses for those affected. The development of annulus fibrosus tissue engineering offers hope for treating this condition. However, the current annulus fibrosus tissue engineering scaffolds fail to accurately mimic the natural biological environment of the annulus fibrosus, resulting in limited secretion of extracellular matrix produced by the seeded cells and poor biomechanical properties of the constructed biomimetic annulus fibrosus tissue. This inability to match the biomechanical performance of the natural annulus fibrosus hinders the successful treatment of annulus fibrosus defects. In this study, we fabricated decellularized annulus fibrosus matrix (DAFM)/chitosan hydrogel-1 (DAFM: Chitosan 6:2) and DAFM/chitosan hydrogel-2 (DAFM: Chitosan 4:4) by varying the ratio of DAFM to chitosan. Rat annulus fibrosus (AF)-derived stem cells were cultured on these hydrogel scaffolds, and the cell morphology, AF-related gene expression, and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were investigated. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging, Hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Safranine and Fast Green staining were performed to evaluate the repair effect of the DAFM/chitosan hydrogels in vivo. The gene expression results showed that the expression of Collagen type I (Col-I), Collagen type I (Col-II), and aggrecan by annulus fibrosus stem cells (AFSCs) cultured on the DAFM/chitosan-1 hydrogel was higher compared with the DAFM/chitosan-2 hydrogel. Conversely, the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and IL-6 was lower on the DAFM/chitosan-1 hydrogel compared with the DAFM/chitosan-2 hydrogel. In vivo, both the DAFM/chitosan-1 and DAFM/chitosan-2 hydrogels could partially repair large defects of the annulus fibrosus in rat tail vertebrae. In conclusion, the DAFM/chitosan-1 hydrogel could be regarded as a candidate scaffold material for the repair of annulus fibrosus defects, offering the potential for improved treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased usage and misuse of antibiotics cause antimicrobial resistance, which makes it necessary to develop new antibiotic agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could be a significant solution to addressing this issue. Antimicrobial temporin 1Ta and temporin 1Tb peptides, derived from frog skin secretions, exhibit notable activity against Gram (+) bacteria; on the other hand, apidaecin 1b peptide, obtained from honeybees, is effective against Gram (−) bacteria. In this study, hybrid AMPs were synthesized by merging temporin 1Ta and temporin 1Tb with apidaecin 1b to produce peptides that are active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Furthermore, the hybrid peptides were mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer to produce bioactive nanofibers by electrospinning. The synthesized peptides and the nanofibers were tested on various Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria (E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 29213, and E. faecalis ATCC 29212). As a result, the hybrid peptides were found to have a reasonable antibacterial effect on both bacterial groups. In addition, peptide‐containing nanofibers preserved the antibacterial activity as well. The hemolytic activities of the peptides were also examined, and it was found that the hybrid peptides were not lethal to red blood cells at a concentration of 16 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentamicin is a well-known that is drug effective against a wide range of microbes. It is not effective on some bacterial strains. The combination of gentamicin and other bioactive nanostructures can increase the biological properties of the nanocomposite while maintaining its biological properties. Microwave irradiation was utilized to synthesize novel nanocomposites in this study, which consisted of Zn-MOF, gentamicin, and oxidized chitosan. Its structure using EA, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, EDAX, BET, SEM, and TEM were characterized and confirmed. Antimicrobial evaluations were conducted on various bacterial strains according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute's standards and guidelines, and IZD, MIC, and MBC were reported. The antimicrobial studies resulted in interesting findings. In general, in antimicrobial activity, MIC of synthesized Zn-MOF/gentamicin/oxidized chitosan nanocomposites between 2 and 128 µg/mL, MBC of 4–256 µg/mL and IZD of 15.5–22.7 mm were observed. It was observed that synthesized Zn-MOF/gentamicin/oxidized chitosan nanocomposites were more effective on the strains where gentamicin was effective, and it is also effective on the strains where gentamicin was not effective. These results can be attributed to the loading of gentamicin on the nano substrate as well as the presence of natural bioactive polymer (oxidized chitosan) and the bioactive metal (zinc) in the structure of the final synthesized nanocomposite as well as high specific surface area, and being nano-sized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin, as a natural polymer, was considered to be an ideal functional biomaterial because of its good biocompatibility, abundant storage, and green sustainability. However, the dissolution problems caused by the strong intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds seriously hindered the development of chitin-based functional materials. A green and feasible ZnCl22 hydrated molten salt solvent was designed and developed to address the dissolution problem and prepare the chitin-based hydrogels. The results indicated that the zinc chloride molten salt solvent (ZnCl2·5H2O ) was characterized by excellent dissolution properties with a high level of solubility (4% mass ratio of chitin to solvent) within 6.0 h at 50 ℃. More importantly, the chitin-based hydrogel could be simply prepared by ethanol regeneration to form functional chitin hydrogels. Meanwhile, based on the existing metal ions, the chitin hydrogel demonstrated good flexibility, ionic conductivity, and freezing resistance, which would show potential apply in flexible wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results are given for a study of the thermodynamic conditions of the natural gas hydrates formation in a dispersed medium saturated with water, polymer solutions and their mixtures with aqueous CaCl2 as well as the gas composition in the resultant hydrates. Natural gas in all studied systems is found to form a mixture of hydrates of methane (first-stage hydrates with cubic structure I) and of natural gas (second-stage hydrates with cubic structure II). The equilibrium conditions of the second-stage hydrates formation are shifted toward higher temperatures by 0.5-1°C relative to the calculated equilibrium curve, this is probably caused by the concentration of C2-C4 hydrocarbons in the hydrate. The presence of CaCl2 leads to a shift of the equilibrium conditions of the second-stage hydrates formation in comparison to the calculated curves toward higher temperatures and lower pressures with an increase of C2-C4 components in the hydrates. No specific effect was found for CaCl2 on the thermodynamic conditions of natural gas hydrate formation in a dispersed medium in a mixture with polymer solutions since these data obtained for the equilibrium conditions of the natural gas hydrates formation are identical with the data obtained upon hydrate formation in solutions of CaCl2 and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the appropriate polymer solutions were prepared to create chitosan/PVA blends. By altering the ratio of the ingredients, several chitosan/PVA mixtures were produced, as follows: 12% chitosan and 88% PVA, 40% chitosan and 60% PVA, and 15% chitosan and 85% PVA. To generate physically crosslinked hydrogels for the drug delivery of atenolol, several acid cross-linkers, such as fumaric acid and phthalic acid, were applied to the chitosan/PVA blends. The formulations included 15% chitosan and 85% PVA with 0.02% (0.0024, 0.0041, 0.02) mol of fumaric acid, as well as 15% chitosan and 85% PVA with 0.002, 0.003, and 0.0064 mol of phthalic acid. Using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, the chemical structures of the modified and unmodified chitosan (Chitosan/PVA) hydrogels were examined. Results regarding the formation of ionic cross-links between the protonated hydroxyl groups of the chitosan and the anionic functional groups of the cross-linking agent were established. The swelling ratio was determined for each hydrogel structure as a function of time in three distinct fluids with pH values of 2, 4, and 7.5, and at three distinct temperatures of 42°C and 44°C. The samples with the greatest swelling ratios were identified as PVA.PA0.002 (chitosan) and PVA.FA0.0024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell-free wound dressings (WDs) with desirable effectiveness and safety have received much attention in the field of regenerative medicine. However, the weak linkages between bioactive polymers and the spatial structure of WDs frequently result in interventional treatment failure. Herein, we create a series of quaternized chitosan (QCS)-incorporated composite hydrogels (referred to as GHCH-n) by UV cross-linking and then convert them into microneedle patches (MNPs). QCS, which is positively charged and amphiphilic, is essential for broad-spectrum antibacterial and haemostatic activities. QCS is proven to be slightly toxic, so it is immobilized into the methacrylate gelatine (GelMA) molecular cage to minimize adverse effects. A polydimethylsiloxane micro-mould is used to shape the MNPs. MNPs can pierce tissue, seal off bleeding sites, and cling to wounds securely. Thus, MNPs can cooperate with GHCH-n hydrogels to halt bleeding and accelerate wound healing. This study recommends GHCH-10 MNPs as an advanced biomaterial. Several preclinical research models have thoroughly validated the application effect of GHCH-10 MNPs. This research also proposes a novel strategy for integrating the nature of bioactive polymers and the structure of composite biomaterials. This strategy is not only applicable to the fabrication of next-generation WDs but also shows great potential in expanding interdisciplinary domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent hydrogels derived from chemically modified gum Arabic, designed for controlled folic acid release. The synthesis involves a two‐step process: carboxymethylation followed by grafting with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate via gamma irradiation. The resulting hydrogels exhibit enhanced mechanical strength and controlled diffusivity, essential for nutrient delivery systems. Key factors such as copolymer composition and irradiation dose are investigated, affecting the synthesis process. Systematic studies of swelling behaviors reveal that the hydrogel achieves a maximum swelling of 888.1% at 40 °C. The hydrogels are loaded with folic acid, and in vitro, sustained release profiles are examined under various pH conditions. The maximum release of 83.3% is observed after 24 h at pH 7.0, following a Korsmeyer–Peppas release mechanism. Different characterization techniques, confirm the successful synthesis and unique properties of the superabsorbent hydrogels. Rheological behavior analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and biocompatibility assessments provide a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogel structures. Gamma irradiation ensures a homogeneous network structure, crucial for optimal swelling behavior and mechanical properties. This research highlights the potential of eco‐friendly biopolymer hydrogels in precise drug delivery applications, leveraging the safety and process control benefits of gamma irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article explores the recent innovations in the field of antimicrobial and antiviral macromolecules. With the rising challenge of antibiotic resistance, as well as the overuse of antibiotics, there is a growing demand for efficient solutions to combat microbial and viral infections. The development of new effective antimicrobial and antiviral agents is highlighted. This review is designed to give a comprehensive view of the literature focusing on a few examples of combating microbial and viral infections in each section. A brief description of naturally occurring organic‐based materials that exhibit antimicrobial and/or antiviral activities is presented, focusing on polysaccharides, peptides, and proteins. Synthetic organic‐based materials are divided into subsections including polymers, dendrimers, and nanomaterials. The synthesis and applications of inorganic materials such as polyphosphazenes and polysiloxanes, as well as tin‐, germanium‐ and gallium‐based materials are emphasized in this review. Organometallic macromolecules are also described, and their antimicrobial and antiviral activities are examined. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design of antimicrobial and antiviral macromolecules, offering valuable insights into their potential applications in biomedical research and combating drug‐resistant microorganisms and viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound dressings play a critical role in promoting healing by protecting wounds from external contaminants and providing an optimal environment for tissue regeneration. Traditional dressings, such as gauze and cotton, offer basic physical barriers but lack the ability to maintain a moist wound environment, which is essential for healing. Modern dressings, particularly those incorporating electrospun nanofibers, have emerged as advanced solutions that can sustain moisture, absorb exudate, and support cell growth and migration. This Review covers recent advances in electrospinning technologies and the design of composite materials that integrate natural and synthetic polymers, bioactive agents, and nanomaterials to enhance wound healing. In addition, it highlights key studies demonstrating the efficacy of these composites in various wound models. The primary objective of this Review is to inspire and guide future research endeavors, address existing limitations, and shed light on the promising research prospects in the field of wound healing and tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 70 million metric tonnes of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) are produced each year and are eventually discarded as wholesale garbage. Microorganisms decompose this FVW, which has led to environmental contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and other impacts related to climate change. If FVW are used properly, they can reduce environmental damage and also boost a nation's economy. FVW contain vast amounts of biopolymers, viz., pectin, cellulose, and starch, all of which are hydrolysed by microbes with the aid of the pectinase, cellulase, and amylase enzymes, respectively. Therefore, in light of this, the intervention of microorganisms for the production of pectinase, cellulase, and amylase could be a safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for the precise utilisation of FVW. Nowadays, thermophilic multienzymes are extracted from a group of hot spring microbes. Thermophilic multienzymes are more capable of surviving at high temperatures and have less degrading capability. Moreover, through this advancement, we can obtain vast amounts of pectinase, cellulase, and amylase enzymes within a short period of time. This microbial enzyme preparation might be helpful in food, textiles, paper, pulp, animal feed supplements, detergents, juice/pulp clarity, leather, and other related sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bacillus megaterium LVN01 species native to Colombia has demonstrated the ability to metabolize different coproducts or industrial waste (such as fique juice, cane molasses, and residual glycerol) and accumulate polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), giving it potential in the bioplastics industry. In this research, the potential of liquid digestate as a carbon source for the production of PHA polymers in fermentation processes with this bacterial strain was evaluated. Favorably, it was found that B. megaterium utilizes the nutrients from this residual substrate to multiply appropriately and efficiently synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Bench-scale aerobic batch fermentation, under the operational conditions of this research [volume: 3 L; temperature: 30.8 °C; agitation: 400 rpm; pH: 7.0 ± 0.2; dissolved oxygen: 100% saturation; antifoam: 10% (v/v)], generated maximum values of dry cell weight (DCW) (0.56 g cell L−1) at 60 h, while the maximum PHBV yield (360 mg PHBV L−1) occurred at 16 h, which is very favorable for sustainable degradable bioplastics production. Additionally, GC–MS and NMR analyses confirmed that the PHBV copolymer synthesized by B. megaterium is made up of the monomers 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV). Furthermore, the thermal properties determined by TGA (Tonset = 283.1 °C; Tendset = 296.98 °C; Td = 290.114 °C) and DSC (Tm = °C 155.7 °C; ΔHf = 19.80 J g−1; Xcr = 18.17%) indicate that it is a thermally stable biopolymer with low percentages of crystallinity, providing flexibility that facilitates molding, adaptation, and application in various industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, one of Earth's most abundant biopolymers, is rich in phenolic and aliphatic functional groups, offering significant potential for chemical modification. Technical lignin, a byproduct of the kraft process, is produced in large quantities annually and can be used to enhance the properties of polymer matrices such as polypropylene (PP). PP, a widely used nonpolar polymer, suffers from low surface free energy, leading to poor adhesion properties. Combining PP with polar, renewable-source polymers like lignin can improve these properties. This study investigates the direct acetylation of kraft lignin (KL) to improve its dispersion in the PP matrix and enhance wettability and adhesion. The acetylation of KL was confirmed through FTIR and DSC analyses. PP and acetylated KL (AKL) were combined and processed via continuous extrusion. The blends' thermal and mechanical properties, lignin dispersion, and wettability were evaluated. Additionally, PP and PP–lignin films were bonded to aluminized biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) for peel tests. Results showed increased surface free energy and improved adhesion, particularly in samples with AKL due to better dispersion. This direct acetylation route significantly enhances PP's surface free energy and adhesion, presenting a sustainable alternative to fossil-based materials and promoting the use of lignin, a renewable and low-cost polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-based molecular tweezers have emerged as a prominent research area due to their enhanced ability to form host–guest complexes, driven by advancements in their design and synthesis. The impact of the spacer structure on the tweezers is predominant. They can be rigid, flexible, and stimuli-responsive. Herein, a new generation of molecular tweezers is introduced as polymer-based molecular tweezers. The integration of molecular tweezers onto biopolymers has significantly expanded their potential applications, making them promising candidates, especially in drug delivery, owing to their biocompatibility, adaptive structural features, and versatile interaction capabilities. The unique structure of polymer-based molecular tweezers, particularly when integrated with biopolymers, creates a unique nano-environment that enhances their interaction with guest molecules. This minireview focuses on the synthesis and applications of polymer-based molecular tweezers and examines how the incorporation of various spacers affects their binding affinity and specificity. These features highlight the advancement of these polymer-based systems, emphasizing their potential applications, particularly in drug delivery, water treatment technology, and future research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides have emerged as therapeutic agents. However, these peptides may lose this bioactivity under gastrointestinal conditions. Encapsulation in edible biopolymers is a solution to this problem. Protein hydrolysates with ACE-I inhibitory activity, obtained previously, were encapsulated. A 1% solution of the biopolymers alginate (AG) and pectin (PC) in various ratios was prepared. The beads formed were evaluated in both wet and dry states for size, roundness, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), encapsulation efficiency, and ACE-I inhibitory activity. Selected samples underwent in vitro digestion, after which peptide release and ACE-I inhibitory activity were determined. Size analysis revealed that increasing the PC content increased the bead size, with 100% PC beads showing total deformation and reduced roundness. TGA indicated that wet beads had lower thermal stability compared to dry beads. The highest encapsulation efficiency (95.57% ± 0.49) was observed with 100% AG beads. The 75% AG 25% PC beads exhibited the highest ACE-I inhibitory activity (97.97% ± 1.01). Encapsulated protein hydrolysates retained their ACE-I inhibitory activity after simulated digestion, whereas non-encapsulated hydrolysates lost their bioactivity. Encapsulation of amaranth protein hydrolysates with AG and PC thus preserves antihypertensive activity even after in vitro digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are a diverse class of biopolymers synthesized by microorganisms under environmental stress conditions, such as pH, temperature, light intensity, and salinity. They offer biodegradable and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic polymers. Their structural versatility and functional properties make them unique in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, cosmetics, textiles, petroleum, and environmental remediation. In this way, among the well-known EPSs, homopolysaccharides like dextran, bacterial cellulose, curdlan, and levan, as well as heteropolysaccharides like xanthan gum, alginate, gellan, and kefiran, have found widespread applications in numerous fields. However, recent attention has focused on the potential role of extremophile bacteria in producing EPSs with novel and unusual protective and biological features under extreme conditions. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the functional properties and applications of the commonly employed EPSs. It emphasizes their importance in various industries and scientific endeavors while highlighting the raised interest in exploring EPSs with novel compositions, structures, and properties, including underexplored protective functionalities. Nevertheless, despite the potential benefits of EPSs, challenges persist. Hence, this review discusses these challenges, explores opportunities, and outlines future directions, focusing on their impact on developing innovative, sustainable, and functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linked polymers synthesized through inverse vulcanization of unsaturated vegetable oils (biopolymers) were used as matrices for incorporating gentamicin (GEN) to form a biocomposite that can amplify GEN antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two different biopolymers were synthesized using soybean (PSB) and sunflower (PSF) oils by inverse vulcanization cross-linked with sulfur in a 1:1 weight ratio. The study involves the synthesis and characterization of these biopolymers using FTIR and SEM as well as measurements of density and hydrophobicity. The results reveal the formation of biopolymers, wherein triglyceride molecules undergo cross-linking with sulfur chains through a reaction with the unsaturated groups present in the oil. Additionally, both polymers exhibit a porous structure and display hydrophobic behavior (contact angle higher than 120°). The biopolymers swell more in GEN solution (PSB 127.7% and PSF 174.4%) than in pure water (PSB 88.7% and PSF 109.1%), likely due to hydrophobic interactions. The kinetics of GEN sorption and release within the biopolymer matrices were investigated. The antibacterial efficacy of the resulting biocomposite was observed through the analysis of inhibition growth halos and the assessment of P. aeruginosa viability. A notable enhancement of the growth inhibition halo of GEN (13.1 ± 1.1 mm) compared to encapsulated GEN (PSF-GEN 21.1 ± 1.3 and PSB-GEN 21.45 ± 1.0 mm) is observed. Also, significant bactericidal activity is observed in PSF-GEN and PSB-GEN as a reduction in the number of colonies (CFU/mL), more than 2 log10 compared to control, PSF, and PSB, highlighting the potential of these biopolymers as effective carriers for gentamicin in combating bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study developed and characterized hydrogels (HG-CGG) and films (F-CGG) based on cationic guar gum (CGG) for application in wound healing. Methods: HG-CGG (2% w/v) was prepared by gum thickening and evaluated for pH, stability, spreadability, and viscosity. F-CGG was obtained using an aqueous dispersion of CGG (6% w/v) and the solvent casting method. F-CGG was characterized for thickness, weight uniformity, morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and swelling potential. Both formulations were evaluated for bioadhesive potential on intact and injured porcine skin, as well as antioxidant activity. F-CGG was further studied for biocompatibility using hemolysis and cell viability assays (L929 fibroblasts), and its wound-healing potential by the scratch assay. Results: HG-CGG showed adequate viscosity and spreadability profiles for wound coverage, but its bioadhesive strength was reduced on injured skin. In contrast, F-CGG maintained consistent bioadhesive strength regardless of skin condition (6554.14 ± 540.57 dyne/cm2 on injured skin), presenting appropriate mechanical properties (flexible, transparent, thin, and resistant) and a high swelling capacity (2032 ± 211% after 6 h). F-CGG demonstrated superior antioxidant potential compared to HG-CGG (20.50 mg/mL ABTS+ radical scavenging activity), in addition to exhibiting low hemolytic potential and no cytotoxicity to fibroblasts. F-CGG promoted the proliferation of L929 cells in vitro, supporting wound healing. Conclusions: Therefore, CGG proved to be a promising material for developing formulations with properties suitable for cutaneous use. F-CGG combines bioadhesion, antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and potential wound healing, making it promising for advanced wound treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is the most commonly investigated functional cationic biopolymer in a wide range of medical applications due to its promising properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioadhesivity, as well as its numerous bioactive properties. Within the last three decades, chitosan and its derivatives have been investigated as biomaterials for drug and vaccine delivery systems, besides for their bioactive properties. Due to the functional groups in its structure, it is possible to tailor the delivery systems with desired properties. There has been a great interest in the application of chitosan-based systems also for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, specifically due to their antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunostimulatory effects. In this review, recent applications of chitosan in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are reviewed, and possibilities and limitations with regards to technical and regulatory aspects are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives on utilization of chitosan as a biomaterial are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial on the recent advances in hydrogels for biomedical applications. It discusses how the complexity of challenges in the biomedical field has driven the progress in designing and engineering advanced hydrogels. Hydrogels are biocompatible materials that can mimic the natural extracellular matrix and interact with biological environments, making them ideal for cellular processes and tissue regeneration. The editorial highlights specific contributions in the field, including the development of hydrogels for drug delivery in anticancer therapies, pH-triggered therapies, and multi-target therapies for wound healing and Candida albicans infection. It also includes two reviews on the use of hydrogels in cell transplantation and dental tissue engineering. Overall, the document showcases the potential of hydrogels in various biomedical applications. [Extracted from the article]

Background: This study explored the most suitable materials for incorporating cyano-phycocyanin (C-PC) into hydrogels, focusing on maintaining the C-PC's long-term structural integrity and stabilityNext, the release of C-PC from the hydrogels and its skin penetration were investigated. Methods: A series of 1% (w/w) C-PC hydrogels was prepared using various gelling agents and preservatives. Spectrophotometric measurements compared the amount of C-PC in the hydrogels to the initially added amount. After selecting the most suitable gelling agent and preservative, two C-PC hydrogels, with and without propylene glycol (PG) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), were produced for further testing. In vitro release studies utilized modified Franz-type diffusion cells, while ex vivo skin-permeation studies employed Bronaugh-type cells and human skin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analyzed C-PC accumulation in the skin. Results: The findings demonstrated that sodium alginate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and SoligelTM (Givaudan, Vernier, Switzerland) are effective biopolymers for formulating hydrogels while maintaining C-PC stability. After 6 h, C-PC release from the hydrogel containing PG was approximately 10% or 728.07 (±19.35) μg/cm2, significantly higher than the nearly 7% or 531.44 (±26.81) μg/cm2 release from the hydrogel without PG (p < 0.05). The ex vivo qualitative skin-permeation study indicated that PG enhances C-PC penetration into the outermost skin layer. Conclusion: PG's ability to enhance the release of C-PC from the hydrogel, coupled with its capacity to modify the skin barrier ex vivo, facilitates the penetration of C-PC into the stratum corneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize coatings of bioglass nanoparticles (BGNs) on biopolymer (poly [glycolide-co-L-lactide], (PGLA)) surgical sutures, and to investigate the effects of these coatings on the performance of the sutures as they slid through a skin substitute. Melt-derived BGNs were used to coat resorbable PGLA biopolymers, providing them with bioactivity, biocompatibility, and improved physical and mechanical properties. The structural, thermal, and physical properties of the coated and uncoated biopolymers were analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS). The dissolution profiles and bioactivity of the BGNs-coated PGLA biopolymers were assessed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Tensile strength tests were conducted on the biopolymers before and after immersion in simulated body fluid to evaluate the impact of the BGNs coating on the degradation of PGLA biopolymers. Incorporating BGNs into PGLA resulted in improved tensile strength properties. The study also found that increasing the BGNs ions content facilitated the formation of a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and medium with L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate solutions. In vitro bioactivity tests demonstrated that the coated suture biopolymers exhibited enhanced attachment, migration, and proliferation of fibroblasts, indicating favorable biocompatibility of the biomaterial for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality which primarily occurs due to the blood vessel obstruction or narrowing. Surgical procedures such as, coronary artery and peripheral artery bypass grafting frequently require vascular grafts for long‐term revascularization. However, using autogenous vessels, such as the internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein, especially for vessels with diameters less than 6 mm, are associated with number of concerns due to limited availability, invasive retrieval procedures, and aptness. To overcome these limitations, the development of tissue‐engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) is in continuous thrust. This review comprehensively provides the potentiality of a range of artificial and naturally occurring biopolymers and their fabrication techniques, cell sources and seeding techniques to realize the state‐of‐the‐art TEVGs. Moreover, this review article presents a synopsis of insights obtained from a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, including human clinical trials. It underscores the need for further exploration into key areas such as optimal cell sources, seeding techniques, mechanical properties, hemodynamics, graft integration, the impact of patient conditions, optimum burst pressure, sufficient suture strength, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and related factors. In summary, the review offers insights into the current strategies, challenges, and future perspectives of TEVG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the preparation and characterization of Poly lactic acid (PLA)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blends with the addition of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a chain extender, as well as nanocomposites of compatibilized and uncompatibilized PLA/PCL with nanocalcium carbonate (NCC). The blend compositions included 2 and 3 phr of GMA, while the nanocomposites contained 7 and 9 phr of NCC. The samples were processed via melt mixing, and their crystallinity, tensile properties, morphology, permeability, migration, and rheology were analyzed. The addition of 3 phr of GMA and 9 phr of NCC resulted in a significant increase in the tensile modulus of the PLA/PCL (75/25) blend from 1800 MPa (for neat PLA) to 3400 MPa. AFM analysis revealed that GMA improved the barrier properties of the PLA/PCL nanocomposite by reducing the roughness of the material. Furthermore, GMA and NCC promoted a higher degree of network formation within the polymer blend, as evidenced by a 4.5% increase in gel content. The incorporation of 9 phr of NCC increased the crystallinity of the PLA/PCL blend from 1.2% to 4.85%, although this effect was mitigated when GMA was also present. Interestingly, the simultaneous use of GMA and NCC significantly reduced the total migration of the material, resulting in a weight loss percentage of only 1.2%, compared to samples containing only one additive. Ultimately, the oxygen permeability of the compatibilized nanocomposite with 9 phr of NCC was measured at 60 ( cm 3 mm m 2 day atm) , a value comparable to that of commonly used oil-based polymers such as PE and PP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies are concerned with the stabilization of polymers using natural polymeric polyphenols. There are no literature reports on the use of poly(flavonoids) produced by bio-chemical polymerization as stabilizers. The aim of the research was to analyse the stabilizing potential (anti-ageing UV) of poly(catechin) and poly(naringenin) in polymer compositions based on the thermoplastic elastomer of ethylene-norbornene copolymer (TOPAS Elastomer E-140). Poly(flavonoids) were obtained in a polymerization reaction with a cross-linking compound and then introduced into cyclic olefin copolymer TOPAS. For comparison, materials with monomeric catechin and naringenin were also prepared. The scope of research included the thermal analysis of the polymer compositions (Oxidation induction time OIT, Thermogravimetry TG), determination of carbonyl indices and ageing coefficients K (based on changes in mechanical properties) after UV ageing (400 h). In addition, the colour change after ageing of the samples was investigated. Samples containing polymeric forms of catechin and naringenin were more susceptible to degradation than samples with monomeric flavonoids. Inferior stabilizing properties of poly(flavonoids) were associated with steric hindrances and limited availability of hydroxyl groups to provide the antioxidant activity of the polymeric compounds. The work extends the literature data by providing an analysis of the stabilizing effect of synthetic poly(flavonoids) in polymer compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is great interest in using natural materials in production, and this is due to ecological concerns. The two main pillars in developing natural composites are waste utilization and ensuring good economic returns. The biodegradability of natural fillers is one of the factors in expanding their use in natural fiber-reinforced composites. Naturally added composites, which are effectively used in different applications such as automotive, aviation, and maritime as well as design and construction industries, offer improved mechanical and tribological properties to the material. In the study where the mechanical effects of natural additives on the polymer were examined, waste banana peel powder and rice peel powder were added to polypropylene at different concentrations. After melt mixing of the components forming the composite, injection molding was performed. To determine the mechanical properties, tensile, hardness, Izod impact strength and density tests were carried out, and the microstructure examination of the composites was carried out with a scanning electron microscope. As a result of the studies, adding natural additives to the polymer caused the impact properties, elongation amount and tensile strength to deteriorate. In addition, with the increase in the reinforcement ratio, the density, hardness and elastic modulus of polymer composites increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) has attracted substantial attention as a sustainable biopolymer in drug delivery applications, in recent years, because of its nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and accessibility. This study develops chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethylcellulose (CS/PVA/CMC) ternary hydrogel with excellent efficacy as a potential delivery vehicle for the antidiabetic drug metformin hydrochloride. The incorporation of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in the blend remarkably improves the swelling properties of the hydrogel. Metformin hydrochloride is loaded in the CS/PVA/CMC ternary blend by ultrasonication method. The prepared hydrogel beads are characterized by, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and confirm the presence of the drug in the beads. The loading and release of metformin from the CS/PVA/CMC hydrogel beads are followed by UV–visible spectroscopy at 233 nm. Different formulations are prepared by varying the compositions of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose. α‐Glucosidase inhibitory studies reveal that metformin loaded CS/PVA/CMC hydrogel beads show excellent antidiabetic activity. The maximum value of inhibitory activity observed is 89%. Cytotoxic analysis proves that the beads prepared are nontoxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoplastic starch has been attracted due to its availability, biodegradability, and processability. However, its poor tensile properties, high hydrophilicity and lack of antibacterial activity are still the major concerns for many applications. In current study, several thermoplastic cassava starch samples (THPCS), reinforced with kapok (KP) fibers and modified by varying levels of tartaric acid (TA), a natural organic acid, were prepared to enhance their limitations. All samples were mixed and shaped using an internal mixer and a compression molding machine, respectively. The modified THPCS samples were characterized using analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM and TGA. Morphology, water uptake, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and antimicrobial performance of various samples were also evaluated. IR peak positions of O–H stretching as well as O–H bending were clearly observed for shifting to lower wavenumbers with the addition of KP fibers or KP fibers/TA, indicating of new H-bond formation. In addition, the use of KP fibers caused the enhancement of mechanical strength and thermal properties including the reduction of water uptake. Moreover, THPCS/KP fiber sample modified by TA presented surface smoothness, good biodegradability, and antibacterial performance against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, smart materials are commonly used in various fields of science and technology, such as medicine, electronics, soft robotics, the chemical industry, the automotive field, and many others. Smart polymeric materials hold good promise for the future due to their endless possibilities. This group of advanced materials can be sensitive to changes or the presence of various chemical, physical, and biological stimuli, e.g., light, temperature, pH, magnetic/electric field, pressure, microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, toxic substances, and many others. This review concerns the newest achievements in the area of smart polymeric materials. The recent advances in the designing of stimuli-responsive polymers are described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a growing demand for biomaterials has been observed, particularly for applications in bone regenerative medicine. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to develop innovative materials and strategies for repairing and regenerating bone defects and injuries. Polysaccharides, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability as well as bioactivity, have emerged as promising candidates for scaffolds or composite systems in BTE. Polymers combined with bioactive ceramics can support osteointegration. Calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics can be a broad choice as an inorganic phase that stimulates the formation of new apatite layers. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of composite systems based on selected polysaccharides used in bone tissue engineering, highlighting their synthesis, properties and applications. Moreover, the applicability of the produced biocomposites has been analyzed, as well as new trends in modifying biomaterials and endowing them with new functionalizations. The effects of these composites on the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and osteoconductivity were critically analyzed. This article summarizes the latest manufacturing methods as well as new developments in polysaccharide-based biomaterials for bone and cartilage regeneration applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic wounds often result in multiple infections with various kinds of bacteria and uncontrolled wound exudate, resulting in several healthcare issues. Advanced medicated nanofibres prepared by electrospinning have gained much attention for their topical application on infected chronic wounds. The objective of this work is to enhance the critical variables of ciprofloxacin-loaded polycaprolactone-silk sericin (PCL/SS-PVA-CIP) nanofibre production via the process of electrospinning. To examine the antibacterial effectiveness of PCL/SS-PVA-CIP nanocomposites, the material was tested against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The combination of PCL/SS-PVA-CIP exhibited potent inhibitory properties, with the most effective concentrations of ciprofloxacin (CIP) being 3 μg/g and 7.0 μg/g for each bacterium, respectively. The biocompatibility was evaluated by conducting cell reduction and proliferation studies using the human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in vitro cell lines. The PCL/SS-PVA-CIP showed good cell compatibility with HaCaT and HGF cells, with effective proliferation even at antibiotic doses of up to 7.0 μg/g. The drug release effectiveness of the nanocomposites was assessed at various concentrations of CIP, resulting in a maximum cumulative release of 76.5% and 74.4% after 72 h for CIP concentrations of 3 μg/g and 7 μg/g, respectively. In summary, our study emphasizes the possibility of combining silk sericin (SS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) loading with CIP nanocomposite for wound management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on optimizing the physical and mechanical properties of foam materials produced with the addition of sodium alginate as the matrix, and cellulose and activated carbon as fillers. Foam materials, valued for their lightweight and insulation properties, are typically produced from synthetic polymers that pose environmental risks. To mitigate these concerns, this study investigates the potential of natural, biodegradable polymers. Various foam formulations were tested to evaluate their density, compression modulus, and thermal conductivity. The results indicated that an increase in activated carbon content enhanced thermal stability, as indicated by higher Ti% and Tmax% values. Additionally, a higher concentration of sodium alginate and activated carbon resulted in higher foam density and compressive modulus, while cellulose exhibited a more intricate role in the material's behavior. In the optimal formula, where the sum of the component percentages totals 7.6%, the percentages (e.g., 0.5% sodium alginate, 5% cellulose, and 2.1% activated carbon) are calculated based on the weight/volume (w/v) ratio of each component in the water used to prepare the foam mixture. These results indicate that natural and biodegradable polymers can be used to develop high-performance, eco-friendly foam materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores lignin-retaining transparent wood biocomposite production through a lignin-modification process coupled with epoxy resin. The wood's biopolymer structure, which includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is reinforced with the resin through impregnation. This impregnation process involves filling the voids and pores within the wood structure with resin. Once the resin cures, it forms a strong bond with the wood fibers, effectively reinforcing the biopolymer matrix and enhancing the mechanical properties of the resulting biocomposite material. This synergy between the natural biopolymer structure of wood and the synthetic resin impregnation is crucial for achieving the desired optical transparency and mechanical performance in transparent wood. Investigating three distinct wood species allows a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between natural and transparent wood biocomposite properties. The findings unveil promising results, such as remarkable light transmittance (up to 95%) for Aspen transparent wood. Moreover, transparent wood sourced from White Spruce demonstrates excellent stiffness (E = 2450 MPa), surpassing the resin's Young's modulus. Also, the resin impregnation enhanced the thermal stability of natural wood. Conversely, transparent wood originating from Larch showcases superior impact resistance. These results reveal a clear correlation between wood characteristics such as density, anatomy, and mechanical properties, and the resulting properties of the transparent wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New carriers for protein immobilization are objects of interest in various fields of biomedicine. Immobilization is a technique used to stabilize and provide physical support for biological micro- and macromolecules and whole cells. Special efforts have been made to develop new materials for protein immobilization that are non-toxic to both the body and the environment, inexpensive, readily available, and easy to modify. Currently, biodegradable and non-toxic polymers, including cellulose, are widely used for protein immobilization. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polymer with excellent biocompatibility, purity, high porosity, high water uptake capacity, non-immunogenicity, and ease of production and modification. BC is composed of glucose units and does not contain lignin or hemicellulose, which is an advantage allowing the avoidance of the chemical purification step before use. Recently, BC–protein composites have been developed as wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems, drug delivery systems, and enzyme immobilization matrices. Proteins or peptides are often added to polymeric scaffolds to improve their biocompatibility and biological, physical–chemical, and mechanical properties. To broaden BC applications, various ex situ and in situ modifications of native BC are used to improve its properties for a specific application. In vivo studies showed that several BC–protein composites exhibited excellent biocompatibility, demonstrated prolonged treatment time, and increased the survival of animals. Today, there are several patents and commercial BC-based composites for wounds and vascular grafts. Therefore, further research on BC–protein composites has great prospects. This review focuses on the major advances in protein immobilization on BC for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the only natural source of aromatic biopolymers, lignin can be converted into value-added chemicals and biofuels, showing great potential in realizing the development of green chemistry. At present, lignin is predominantly used for combustion to generate energy, and the real value of lignin is difficult to maximize. Accordingly, the depolymerization of lignin is of great significance for its high-value utilization. This review discusses the latest progress in the field of lignin depolymerization, including catalytic conversion systems using various thermochemical, chemocatalytic, photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and biological depolymerization methods, as well as the involved reaction mechanisms and obtained products of various protocols, focusing on green and efficient lignin depolymerization strategies. In addition, the challenges faced by lignin depolymerization are also expounded, putting forward possible directions of developing lignin depolymerization strategies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating environmental impact of plastic packaging waste necessitates sustainable alternatives in food packaging. This study explores starch-based films derived from cassava and potato as viable substitutes, aiming to mitigate plastic pollution and enhance environmental sustainability. Utilizing a casting method, formulations optimized by CCRD were characterized for their physical, physicochemical, and morphological properties. Comprehensive analysis revealed both cassava and potato starch films to exhibit robust structural integrity, high tensile strength (up to 32.6 MPa for cassava starch films), and semi-crystalline morphology. These films demonstrated low water vapor permeability and moderate solubility, akin to conventional low-density polyethylene used in packaging. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated glass transition temperatures between 116.36 °C and 119.35 °C, affirming thermal stability suitable for packaging applications. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed homogeneous film surfaces, with cassava starch films (C4-15) exhibiting superior transparency and uniformity. X-ray diffraction corroborated the films' semi-crystalline nature, unaffected by sorbitol content variations. Despite their mechanical and thermal suitability, further enhancements in thermal degradation resistance are essential for broader thermoprocessing applicability. These findings underscore the potential of starch-based films to be used as lids or other part of a food package, decreasing the plastic dependency in food packaging, contributing decisively to waste reduction and environmental preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review examines the role of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the biorefinery process. It covers the characteristics and classification of two‐component DESs, their preparation methods, and their physicochemical properties. The various applications of DES systems in biomass pretreatment, including lignin and hemicellulose removal, production of cellulose nanofibers, and the extraction of proteins, lipids, and phenolic compounds, among others, are explored. The synthesis of platform molecules using DES is also discussed. Finally, this review provides some tools that may be useful for researching the involvement of DES systems in high‐ or low‐biomass biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the goals of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is restoring primary living tissue function by manufacturing a 3D microenvironment. One of the main challenges is protecting implanted non-autologous cells or tissues from the host immune system. Cell encapsulation has emerged as a promising technique for this purpose. It involves entrapping cells in biocompatible and semi-permeable microcarriers made from natural or synthetic polymers that regulate the release of cellular secretions. In recent years, droplet-based microfluidic systems have emerged as powerful tools for cell encapsulation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These systems offer precise control over droplet size, composition, and functionality, allowing for creating of microenvironments that closely mimic native tissue. Droplet-based microfluidic systems have extensive applications in biotechnology, medical diagnosis, and drug discovery. This review summarises the recent developments in droplet-based microfluidic systems and cell encapsulation techniques, as well as their applications, advantages, and challenges in biology and medicine. The integration of these technologies has the potential to revolutionise tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by providing a precise and controlled microenvironment for cell growth and differentiation. By overcoming the immune system's challenges and enabling the release of cellular secretions, these technologies hold great promise for the future of regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the use of lipid-based nanocarriers for the targeted and controlled delivery of a variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive-compounds and drugs has increased significantly. However, challenges such as thermodynamic instability, oxidation, and degradation of lipid membranes, as well as the unintended release of loaded compounds, have limited the use of these systems in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the present study reviews the latest achievements in evaluating the characteristics, production methods, challenges, functional, and biological stabilization strategies of lipid-based carriers (including changes in formulation composition, structural modification, membrane-rigidity, and finally monolayer or multilayer coating with biopolymers) in different conditions, as well as molecular dynamics simulations. The scientists' findings indicate the effect of natural biopolymers (such as chitosan, calcium alginate, pectin, dextran, xanthan, caseins, gelatin, whey-proteins, zein, and etc.) in modifying the external structure of lipid-based carriers, improving thermodynamic stability and resistance of membranes to physicochemical and mechanical tensions. However, depending on the type of bioactive compound as well as the design and production goals of the delivery-system, selecting the appropriate biopolymer has a significant impact on the stability of vesicles and maintaining the bioaccessibility of the loaded-compounds due to the stresses caused by the storage-conditions, formulation, processing and gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted wheat germ is a highly nutritious protein, which contains about 30% protein. In this study, defatted wheat germ (DWG) protein was used to form coacervate with apple pectin. Structural transition during coacervate formation was evaluated by ζ-potential, spectrophotometry, and light scattering as a function of pH (2.0-6.0), protein to polysaccharide ratio (DWG protein-Pectin, R=1:1, 2:1 and 4:1) and total biopolymer concentration (0.5 and 1%). Furthermore, the phase changes of DWG protein-pectin complex coacervate was studied by checking the turbidity during the time. The best ratio of DWG protein/pectin for complex coacervation was found 4:1 (Pr:Ps). The critical pH affiliated with forming of soluble and insoluble complexes (respectively pHc and pHf1) at the optimum DWG protein/pectin ratio were found 6.0 and 4.9, respectively. The most interaction, the most turbidity, was found at pH=4.0. The inconsistency and liquidation of DWG protein/pectin complex coacervates initialized at pH=2.0. Particles size of DWG protein/pectin (R=4:1, CT=1 %) measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) at critical pH values, provided further insight into the segregate and associative processes during complex coacervation. The findings can be contributed to the development of DWG protein/pectin complex coacervates as delivery systems for volatile aromas, or bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Increasing human population demands more usage of consumable items thus causes more destruction to the environment by developing advanced materials and technologies. Synthetic plastic is one of the most used material in daily life which results in accumulation of non-degradable waste material that stays in the environment for thousands of years and creates plastic pollution. Many species on the earth suffer from pollution caused by plastic and it is one of the leading causes of global warming. For sustainable development, we need to protect our environment from plastic pollution by making use of biodegradable materials. In the past few years, biodegradable materials with plastic like properties have gained much attention. They have been made from biomass such as sugarcane, corn, wheat, rice, banana peels, etc. Such desirable properties are also present in PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) synthesized by microorganisms. Several types of PHAs have been discovered from bacteria and used as a bioplastic candidate. However, there are major challenges also such as high production cost and expensive raw material which limits its commercial applications. Modern tools and strategies have allowed precise metabolic engineering of various microorganisms to produce PHAs using highly efficient microbial cell factories. This review article focuses on the research done on the microbial bioplastic production and its various applications. We have also discussed the future perspectives of bioplastic for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee production worldwide has grown by almost 200% since 1950 due to increased demand, being the world's most important traded commodity after oil and the second most popular beverage after water, with more than 500 billion cups of coffee consumed annually (Visser and Dlamini in Sustainability 13:6558, 2021). Colombia is the third largest producer and exporter of coffee worldwide (Garcia-Freites et al. in Biomass Bioenerg 140, 2020). Due to its nature, the coffee sector produces a large amount of waste throughout its production chain, with ~ 0.9 kg of accumulated waste per 1 kg of coffee cherries harvested, equivalent to about 4 thousand tons per year for Colombian production (Garcia-Freites et al. in Biomass Bioenerg 140, 2020). Among the variety of remnants or by-products generated are those from plant pruning and coffee processing (Mendoza Martinez in Biomass Bioenergy 120:68–76, 2019, Hejna in Waste Manage 121:296–330, 2021). This diversity of by-products represents a varied source of molecules suitable for utilisation in different industries in a promising way to solve the environmental and economic impacts represented by the disposal of these remnants. This review aims to present the value and utilisation of these by-products in different industries in which several articles published on the subject were compiled and discussed, with utilisation in the food, agriculture, biorefinery and bioplastics industries. Based on the review presented, it is discovered that the by-products of the coffee industry offer many valuable options developed by scientists to generate value in the coffee production chain that contribute to environmental protection with a promising approach in search of a circular economy.Article Highlights: By-products of the production chain. Characterisation of coffee by-products and utilisation of coffee by-products. Use of coffee by-products in the food industry, agriculture, animal food, in the biorefinery industry and the generation of biopolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention has recently been given to finding alternative and sustainable raw material sources for wood and metal adhesives, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), corn starch (CS), arabic gum (AG), and dextrins (D). Modifying polymer dispersion using unique substances, such as modifying reactive elastomer liquid (EL) using PVA, CS, AG, or D results in sufficiently moisture-resistant adhesive joins. In the present study, the physical characteristics of EL/blended with the natural polymers PVA, CS, AG, and D, based on high-density fiberboard (HDF) wood and aluminum (Al) adhesives and coatings, were investigated and compared to those of pure EL. The EL was blended with PVA, CS, AG, or D at a ratio of 60/40 (w/w) to form EL/blends. The chemical structures, surface and interface morphology, adhesion strengths (including shear strength and pull-off strength), surface roughness, wettings, color intensity, and thermal insulation of the prepared EL and EL/blends were investigated. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation confirmed filler dispersion and adhesion between the blends, and coated HDF wood, or Al. The developed EL/AG blend had a pull-off strength of 144±5 and 102±3 MPa and a shear strength of 771±11, and 52±3 N with HDF wood and Al substrate, respectively. The EL/PVA blend had a maximum surface roughness value 4.57 μm, and its average water contact angle (WCA) was 85.6°. A plasma jet was used to treat the surface roughness and hence the wettability of the pure EL and the EL/blends, for example, plasma treatment decreased the roughness of the EL/AG blend from 4.36 to 3.28 μm. WCA, and hence wettability, was also significantly influenced by plasma treatment, for example, plasma treatment decreased the WCA of the pure EL from 71.7±0.4° to 30.7±0.7°. The lightness value of the EL/blends was less than that of the pure EL, indicating that (the color adhesives have darkened). Similarly, the yellowness-blueness and redness-greenness values of the EL/blends were greater than those of the pure EL, (rendering the blended adhesives more reddish and bluish). The EL/AG blend was found to have a minimum thermal conductivity (of 0.27 W/m.K), indicating maximum insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a renewable, biocompatible, biodegradable soft material, chitin hydrogels have better advantages in stability, antibacterial activity, antifouling, cost, immunogenicity, and so on than most polymer hydrogels. However, compared with other widely used polymer hydrogels with high strength and toughness, the practical applications of chitin-based hydrogels have been limited by their weak mechanical properties, such as cartilage repair and meniscus replacement. Here, we present the design and fabrication of chitin hydrogels with excellent mechanical strength and toughness by a dehydration and rehydration strategy. By sequential dehydration and rehydration processes, the crystalline domains in the chitin hydrogels can be properly controlled. With optimized crystallinity, the elastic modulus of the chitin hydrogels exceeds all previously reported values, and the fracture toughness is even comparable to some synthetic polymer hydrogels, while maintaining a high-water-content of about 80 wt.%. At the same water content, the mechanical properties of the chitin hydrogels are positively correlated with the hydrogel crystallinity, which proves that the change of mechanical properties of hydrogels is not simply dependent on weight concentration. The hydrogels can be further strengthened by incorporating other biopolymers that are intrinsically weak, which makes the hydrogels promising for applications in fields such as cartilage repair and meniscus replacement. Moreover, the hydrogels enable loading and release of water-soluble and poorly water-soluble drugs. This highly extendable strengthening and toughening strategy of chitin and chitin-based biopolymer hydrogels paves the way for their widely applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]