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EnglishAbstract Cerrado is one of the largest Brazilian biomes and one of the richest and most endangered savannas in the world. In the state of Sao Paulo, it originally covered about 14% of the state territory in a domain that reached 33%. A historical evaluation shows that from 1962 to 2001 88.5% of paulista Cerrado were lost. This percentage corresponds to 1,625,229 hectares of Cerrado. The conservation units hold only 0.51% of the State's original Cerrado, therefore defining priority areas for conservation is a relevant and urgent strategy to maintain the biodiversity of this biome in the state. In this sense, a critical analysis of the biome situation in Sao Paulo, the existing public policies and the representativeness of the existing conservation units were carried out. It is recommended that the public authorities urgently define conservation strategies portuguesO Cerrado e um dos maiores biomas brasileiros e uma das savanas mais ricas e ameacadas do mundo, e no estado de Sao Paulo cobria originalmente cerca de 14% do territorio estadual em um dominio que chegava a 33%. Uma avaliacao historica mostra que de 1962 a 2001 foram perdidos 88,5% do Cerrado paulista, correspondendo a cerca de 1.625.229 hectares de vegetacao. As unidades de conservacao (UC) detem apenas 0,51% do Cerrado original do estado, sendo as UCs uma estrategia relevante e urgente para manutencao da biodiversidade deste bioma no estado. Neste sentido foi realizado uma analise critica da situacao do bioma em Sao Paulo, das politicas publicas existentes e da representatividade das unidades de conservacao existentes. Recomenda-se desta forma urgencia ao poder publico na definicao de estrategias de conservacao

In this paper the lignin gasification by using water in supercritical was studied. The employed lignin was produced via steam explosion of Arundo Donax after alkaline extraction and filtration. The lignin, with a total solid content of about 4 wt% in a solution of sodium hydroxide which confers to the solution a pH of about 11, was fed in a continuous PFR bench scale reactor able to operate at supercritical water conditions. The experiments were carried out at 550 °C and 250 bar by varying the feed flow rate from 10 mL/min to 60 mL/min in order to understand the effect of the residence time on the liquid and solid phases in terms of volume composition, liquid phase composition, carbon and global gasification efficiency. The main results showed that by using lignin after alkaline extraction, syngas with a higher heating value (HHV) greater than 40 MJ/kg without CO2, mainly composed by hydrogen and methane, was obtained. At the same time, in the liquid phase the presence of some compounds, such as glucose, syringaldehyde, formic acid, acetic acid and xylose, was revealed, and all these species are included in the main building block group for the green chemistry or for the development of bioprocess for high added value intermedia production. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

A fragmentacao, caca furtiva e invasao de especies exoticas na Mata Atlântica sao fatores importantes para a perda da biodiversidade de mamiferos de medio e grande porte neste bioma. A Reserva do Patrimonio Natural Alto-Montana (RPPN Alto-Montana), dominada pela Floresta Ombrofila Mista, caracterizada pela presenca de Araucaria angustifolia (Pinales, Araucariaceae), se localiza na Serra da Mantiqueira, que e considerada um dos lugares insubstituiveis para a biodiversidade mundial. Utilizamos oito armadilhas fotograficas, de 2013 a 2016, com o objetivo de avaliar a riqueza e frequencia relativa dos mamiferos que habitam a RPPN Alto-Montana. Encontramos 27 taxons de mamiferos de medio e grande porte, incluindo quatro especies exoticas. Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suidae) foi a especie mais frequente (36% de registros), com mais que o dobro de registros da especie nativa mais frequente, Didelphis aurita (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). A conectividade da RPPN Alto-Montana com outras unidades de conservacao estaduais e federais favorece a presenca de especies ameacadas e que necessitam de grandes areas de vida, como e o caso de carnivoros de topo de cadeia trofica ameacados de extincao, como Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) e Puma concolor (Carnivora, Felidae), alem de pequenos felinos, como Leopardus wiedii , Puma yagouaroundi e Leopardus guttulus (Carnivora, Felidae). A principal ameaca aos mamiferos da RPPN Alto-Montana e a presenca das especies exoticas S. scrofa e Canis familiaris (Carnivora, Canidae), havendo necessidade de controle populacional dessas especies. Desta forma, a RPPN Alto-Montana cumpre um papel fundamental para conservacao dos mamiferos da Mata Atlântica, constituindo-se em uma importante area que favorece a movimentacao das populacoes de mamiferos. MEDIUM AND LARGE MAMMALS RECORDED IN FORESTS DOMINATED BY Araucaria angustifolia FROM THE RPPN ALTO-MONTANA, SERRA DA MANTIQUIRA. Fragmentation, poaching and invasion of alien species in the Atlantic Forest are important factors for the loss of the biodiversity of medium and large mammals in this biome. The Private Reserve of Natural Heritage Alto-Montana (RPPN Alto-Montana), dominated by the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, characterized by the presence of Araucaria angustifolia (Pinales, Araucariaceae), is located in the Serra da Mantiqueira, which is considered one of the irreplaceable places for world biodiversity. We used eight photographic traps, from 2013 to 2016, in order to evaluate the species richness and relative abundance of mammals inhabiting the RPPN Alto-Montana. We found 27 medium and large mammal species, including four alien species. Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suidae) was the most frequent species (36% of records), with more than twice the number of records of the most frequent native species, Didelphis aurita (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). The connectivity of the RPPN Alto-Montana with other state and federal protected areas favours the presence of endangered species that require large home ranges, such as top predator carnivores, such as Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) and Puma concolor (Carnivora, Felidae), as well as small felines, such as Leopardus wiedii , Puma yagouaroundi and Leopardus guttulus (Carnivora, Felidae). The main threat to the mammals of the RPPN Alto-Montana is the presence of the alien species S. scrofa and Canis familiaris (Carnivora, Canidae), and there is a need for population control of these species. In this way the RPPN Alto-Montana plays a fundamental role for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest mammals, constituting an important area favouring the population movements of mammals.

The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using irreversible electroporation (EP) as a microbial cell disruption technique to extract intracellular lipid within short time and in an eco-friendly manner. An EP circuit was designed and fabricated to obtain 4 kV with frequency of 100 Hz of square waves. The yeast cells of Lipomyces starkeyi (L. starkeyi) were treated by EP for 2-10 min where the distance between electrodes was maintained at 2, 4, and 6 cm. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted to observe the cell viability under the high voltage electric field. The forces of the pulsing electric field caused significant damage to the cell wall of L. starkeyi and the disruption of microbial cells was visualized by field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) image. After breaking the cell wall, lipid was extracted and measured to assess the efficiency of EP over other techniques. The extent of cell inactivation was up to 95% when the electrodes were placed at the distance of 2 cm, which provided high treatment intensity (36.7 kWh m-3 ). At this condition, maximum lipid (63 mg g-1 ) was extracted when the biomass was treated for 10 min. During the comparison, EP could extract 31.88% lipid while the amount was 11.89% for ultrasonic and 16.8% for Fenton's reagent. The results recommend that the EP is a promising technique for lowering the time and solvent usage for lipid extraction from microbial biomass. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:838-845, 2018.

Particle agglomeration in fluidized bed systems has been observed in several industrial processes. Bed particles tend to agglomerate when the cohesive force between the particles is strong enough to compare with the other acting forces (gravitational, drag). This cohesive force may arise because of different types of interactions: van der Waals, electrostatic, capillary, viscous, sintering, adhesive, chemical reaction, and so on. The most extensively reported case in the literature is concerned with the fluidized bed combustion of biomass, waste or low-rank coals, containing significant amounts of low-melting compounds (typically alkali metals) in the ash. The occurrence of bed agglomeration in such systems implies the unscheduled shut down of the reactor and costly maintenance operations. Therefore, a great deal of research has been devoted to understand and characterize agglomeration during fluidized bed combustion. This short review is focused on this specific system and tries to summarize the present status of understanding of the mechanisms leading to agglomeration, as well as the influence of the different operating variables on this phenomenon. In addition, because of their great practical importance, the possible early detection techniques and operational countermeasures are also briefly described.

In this work pentose sugar (D-xylose, D-ribose and D-arabinose) gas phase dehydration reaction was investigated by means of mass spectrometric techniques and theoretical calculations. The ionic species derived from the dehydration reaction of protonated D-ribose and D-arabinose were structurally characterized by their fragmentation patterns and the relative dehydration energies measured by energy resolved CAD mass spectra. The results were compared with those recently obtained for D-xylose in the same mass spectrometric experimental conditions. Dehydration of C1-OH protonated sugars was theoretically investigated at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//M11/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory. Protonated pentoses are not stable and promptly lose a water molecule giving rise to the dehydrated ions at m/z 133. D-xylose, D-ribose and D-arabinose dehydration follows a common reaction pathway with ionic intermediates and transition states characterized by similar structures. Slightly different dehydration energies were experimentally measured and the relative trend was theoretically confirmed. The overall dehydration activation energy follows the order arabinose < ribose < xylose. Gas-phase pentose sugar dehydration leads to the formation of protonated 2-furaldehyde as final product. Based on the experimental and theoretical evidence a new mechanistic hypothesis starting from C1-OH protonation was proposed.

Many carnivore species, particularly felids, are sensitive to land use changes and may disappear from landscapes with reduced natural habitat and increased fragmentation. The jaguar (Panthera onca) is highly affected by these factors and is particularly endangered in the Atlantic Forest (AF) of South America, one of the most threatened biomes in the world. We used noninvasive fecal sampling and microsatellite markers to investigate the genetic diversity of jaguars in one of the last remnant populations of this species in the entire coastal AF. This section of the biome is highly fragmented. We observed low levels of genetic diversity (HO = 0.621, HE = 0.532, AR = 3.195), and estimated a small effective size for the population (Nₑ = 7.9 individuals). We performed comparative analyses incorporating data from previously surveyed populations located farther inland (interior AF), revealing that the coastal population studied shows significant genetic differentiation. Our results support a scenario of anthropogenic, drift-induced differentiation among jaguar populations in small AF fragments, affecting both the interior and coastal components of this biome. Despite its low diversity, we detected putatively unique alleles present in the coastal population, supporting its importance in the context of maintaining the remaining genetic variability of jaguars in the AF. Our results highlight the urgent need to implement coordinated conservation actions for jaguars in this highly impacted biome, including management interventions that foster the restoration of genetic connectivity among isolated remnant populations. Muitas especies de carnivoros, particularmente felinos, sao sensiveis as mudancas no uso do solo e podem desaparecer de paisagens com proporcoes reduzidas de habitat natural e elevada fragmentacao. A onca-pintada (Panthera onca) e muito afetada por esses fatores e esta particularmente ameacada na Mata Atlântica, um dos biomas mais ameacados do mundo. Foram utilizadas amostras fecais nao-invasivas e marcadores microssatelite para investigar a diversidade genetica de oncas-pintadas em uma das ultimas populacoes remanescentes desta especie em toda Mata Atlântica costeira. Esta porcao do bioma esta altamente fragmentada e as poucas populacoes remanescentes de onca-pintada ainda nao foram avaliadas geneticamente. Foram observados baixos niveis de diversidade genetica (HO = 0,621; HE = 0,532; AR = 3,195) e estimado um pequeno tamanho populacional efetivo (Nₑ = 7,9 individuos). Analises comparativas incorporando dados de populacoes anteriormente amostradas e localizadas no interior do bioma (Mata Atlântica de interior) revelaram que a populacao costeira estudada apresenta significativa diferenciacao genetica em relacao aos outros remanescentes. Os resultados obtidos apoiam um cenario de diferenciacao induzida por deriva antropogenica entre populacoes de onca-pintada em pequenos fragmentos da Mata Atlântica, afetando tanto os componentes de interior quanto costeiros deste bioma. Apesar de sua baixa diversidade genetica, foram detectados alelos exclusivos na populacao costeira, indicando a importância deste remanescente para a manutencao do que ainda resta da variabilidade genetica das oncas-pintadas da Mata Atlântica como um todo. Mostra-se necessaria a urgente implementacao de acoes coordenadas de conservacao para as oncas-pintadas neste bioma altamente impactado, incluindo intervencoes de manejo que promovam a restauracao da conectividade genetica entre as populacoes remanescentes e isoladas.

The concern about global warming issues and their consequences is more relevant than ever, and the H2020 objectives promoted by the EU are oriented towards generating climate actions and sustainable development. The energy sector constitutes a difficult challenge as it plays a key role in the global warming impact. Its decarbonization is a crucial factor, and significant efforts are needed to find efficient alternatives to fossil fuels in heating/electricity generation. The biomass energy industry could have a contribution to make in the shift to renewable sources; the quest for a suitable material is basically focused on the energy amount that it stores, its availability, logistical considerations, and safety issues. This work deals with the characterization of a wine-waste dust sample, in terms of its chemical composition, fire behavior, and explosion violence. This material could be efficiently used in energy generation (via direct burning as pellets), but scarce information is present in terms of the fire and explosion hazards when it is pulverized. In the following, the material is analyzed through different techniques in order to clearly understand its ignition sensitivity and fire effects; accelerating aging treatment is also used to simulate the sample storage life and determine the ways in which this affects its flammability and likelihood of explosion.

Neste trabalho foi realizada uma analise comparativa entre dados de precipitacao observados e dados de precipitacao estimados pelo satelite TRMM, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiencia da precipitacao estimada pelo sensor orbital em tres sitios experimentais do bioma Pantanal mato-grossense localizadas proximas a Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural (RPPN) Sesc Pantanal, no municipio de Barao de Melgaco, considerada a maior reserva particular natural do Brasil, distante 160 km de Cuiaba, MT. Foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento do projeto, dados de precipitacao de torres meteorologicas (pluviometro) e o sensor orbital Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) produto 3B43. A avaliacao dos dados foi realizada por meio de alguns indicadores: exatidao – indice de Willmott ( d ); erro quadratico medio (EQM), erro medio absoluto (EMA), coeficiente de correlacao ( r ) e coeficiente de determinacao ( R 2 ). Os resultados obtidos indicam a existencia de boa correlacao entre os dados de precipitacao observados e do sensor TRMM. Tais resultados mostram a eficiencia da utilizacao do satelite TRMM 3B43. Palavra-chave: Processamento de imagens, Satelites, Indices de vegetacao. Evaluation of precipitation estimated by an orbital sensor in the Pantanal Mato-Grossense A B S T R A C T In this work a comparative analysis was carried out between observed precipitation data and precipitation data estimated by the TRMM satellite with the objective of evaluating the precipitation efficiency estimated by the orbital sensor at three experimental sites in the Pantanal biome of Mato Grosso located near the Private Reserve of the Natural Heritage (RPPN) Sesc Pantanal, in the municipality of Barao de Melgaco considered the largest private nature reserve in Brazil, 160 km away from Cuiaba, MT. Precipitation data from meteorological towers (pluviometer) and the orbital sensor Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) product 3B43 were used for the development of the project. Data evaluation was performed using some indicators: accuracy - Willmott index ( d ); mean squared error ( MSE ), mean absolute error ( MAE ), correlation coefficient ( r ) and determination coefficient ( R 2 ). The results obtained indicate the existence of a good correlation between the observed precipitation data and the TRMM sensor. These results show the efficiency of using the TRMM 3B43 satellite. Keywords: Image processing, Satellites, Vegetation indexes.

Usualmente empregadas pelos povos tradicionais, as queimadas também têm sido utilizadas para o desmatamento de vegetação natural e incorporação de atividades agropecuárias. Diante desse contexto, tem-se como objetivo analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal dos focos de queimadas no bioma Cerrado no período de 1999 a 2018, verificando sua ocorrência entre os diferentes tipos de cobertura e uso do solo, no intuito de avaliar a hipótese de que a prática de queimadas esteja recorrentemente associada à desmatamentos e à implantação de atividades agropecuárias. Para tanto, foram compilados, organizados e processados em ambiente SIG, arquivos vetoriais de focos de queimadas, a partir do Banco de Dados de Queimadas (BDQ/INPE), e arquivos raster de mapeamentos de cobertura e uso do solo do Cerrado, elaborados e disponibilizados pelo Projeto MapBiomas, ambos dados referente ao bioma Cerrado e ao recorte temporal de 1999 a 2018. Em termos médios, verifica-se a ocorrência de 65.513 focos anuais de queimadas, porém, em alguns anos a quantidade de queimadas atinge o montante de 137.918 focos, como visto em 2007. Há uma concentração das queimadas no período seco, especialmente, no trimestre agosto-setembro-outubro, que responde por 72% das ocorrências anuais. A maior densidade de queimadas é percebida ao longo da fronteira agrícola na região do MATOPIBA e próxima ao Arco do Desmatamento, nos estados do Maranhão, Tocantins e de Mato Grosso, ao passo que evidencia-se a maior incidência das queimadas sobre determinadas classes de cobertura e uso do solo, sobretudo representadas por formações savânicas e campestres. Space-temporal distribution of fires in the Cerrado biome (1999/2018) and their occurence according to different types of coverage and soil uses A B S T R A C TUsually employed by traditional communities, fires have also been used to deforest and incorporate agricultural activities. Given this context, the objective is to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of the fires in the Cerrado biome, from 1999 to 2018, verifying their occurrence between the different types of cover and land use, in order to assess the hypotheses that the practice of fires is recurrently associated with deforestation and the implementation of agricultural activities. For this purpose, were compiled, organized and processed in a GIS environment, fires focus from the Burn Database of the National Institute for Space Research and mappings of cover and land use, elaborated and availabled by the MapBiomas Project, both data referring to the Cerrado biome and over the years 1999 to 2018. On average, there are 65,513 annual fires, but in some years the amount of burns reaches the amount of 137,918 – as seen in 2007. There is a concentration of fires in the dry period, mainly in the August-September-October, which accounts for 72% of annual fires. The highest density of fires occurs mainly along the agricultural frontier in the MATOPIBA region and close to the Arc of Deforestation, specifically in the states of Maranhão, Tocantins and Mato Grosso, while there is a greater incidence of fires on certain classes of coverage and land use, especially represented by savanna and grassland formation, which corroborates the hypothesis of the use of fires to convert vegetation cover into anthropic uses.Keywords: Fires, Cerrado, Cover and land use.

Os efeitos das mudancas climaticas na erosividade possivelmente afetarao os processos erosivos no seculo 21, tornando emergente a discussao dessa tematica. Sendo assim, os objetivos desta revisao de literatura sao: tracar as relacoes entre a variacao de perda de solos e erosividade diante de mudancas climaticas, apresentando produtos cartograficos das decadas passadas e para todo o seculo 21; apresentar um panorama geral de pesquisas (publicadas entre 2016-2020); e demonstrar quais sao os desafios e proximos passos na pesquisa sobre esta tematica. Para tanto, a pesquisa de artigos foi realizada nas plataformas do Portal de Periodicos da CAPES, Google Scholar e Science Direct , totalizando 33 artigos. Foram consideradas pesquisas de natureza conceitual, com revisoes de literatura sobre os temas e de natureza procedimental com calculos do fator R e estimativas de perda de solos. Os trabalhos consultados mostram que a erosividade estimada e a taxa de perda de solos devem aumentar e diminuir em funcao das futuras mudancas climaticas. Embora, em escala global, haja estimativas do aumento de erosividade para a area tropical do planeta, atingindo majoritariamente paises em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Isso demonstra a emergencia da elaboracao de estudos para o pais, em escala regional, de bioma e de bacias hidrograficas. Nesse sentido, ressaltamos a importância da abordagem sistemica, que pode ser proporcionada pela Geografia nos estudos desta tematica, visto que os desafios se relacionam a dificuldade de integrar diversos fatores ambientais e obter dados de campo nas modelagens preditivas de perda de solo. Overview of Changes in Rainfall and Erosion Patterns in the Face of Climate Change: Literature Review A B S T R A C T The effects of climate change on erosivity are likely to affect erosion processes in the 21st century, which makes the discussion emerging. Thus, the goals of this literature review are: to trace the relationship between the variation in soil loss and erosivity in the face of climate change, presenting cartographic products from the past decades and for the entire 21st century; present an overview of research (published between 2016-2021); demonstrate challenges and next steps in research on this topic. Therefore, the search for papers was carried out on the platforms of the CAPES Journal Portal, Google Scholar and Science Direct, totaling 78 papers. Conceptual researches was considered, with literature reviews on the themes and procedural researches with calculations of the R factor and soil loss estimate. The consulted papers show that the estimated erosivity and the rate of soil loss are expected to increase and decrease as a result of future climate changes. Although, on a global scale, there are estimates of the increase in erosivity for the tropical area of the planet, mainly affecting developing countries like Brazil. This demonstrates the emergence of studies for the country, on a regional scale, of biomes and hydrographic basins. In this sense, we emphasize the importance of the systemic approach, which can be provided by Geography in the studies of this theme, since the challenges are related to the difficulty of integrating various environmental factors and obtaining field data in predictive models of soil loss. Keywords: erosivity, extreme precipitation events, global climate models

The loss of trees in Italy’s forests in recent years (go.nature.com/3yzvdp9) is only partly explained by disturbances such as Storm Vaia in 2018, and salvage logging thereafter. The dominant driver is the production of wood fuel (D. Pettenella et al. Forest@ 18, 1–4; 2021), mainly from coppice. This probably removes about 50% of estimated annual growth (see go.nature.com/3xr1mzc).

The spring forage emptiness is an obstacle to the development of Brazilian livestock, including in the Bioma Pampa region. Feed strategies for this period contributed to the development of livestock and to the conservation of the biome. The objective of this work was to know the nutritional potential of forages during spring forage for use as strategies in the forage planning. The experiment had a completely randomized design, with ten forages and four replicates. The chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and the total digestible nutrient content (NTD) of elephant grass, brachiaria cultivars Convert and Marandu, Tifton 68; diploid and tetraploid ryegrass; red, white and arrowleaf clover; and bird’s-foot trefoil. The grasses had a higher proportion of fibrous constituents, and lower levels of NDT and DMD, thus, lower nutritional value. Negative correlation between mineral matter and fibrous constituents with CP, TDN and IVDMD, was observed. Forages studied can be used as pasture alternatives for ruminants in the spring forage emptiness of the Pampa, Brazil, however, the strategy of using them should be a pasture planning.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DAS CHUVAS E INTERCEPTAÇÃO VEGETAL NO BIOMA CAATINGA JOSÉ BANDEIRA BRASIL1; HELBA ARAÚJO DE QUEIROZ PALÁCIO2; JOSÉ RIBEIRO DE ARAÚJO NETO2; JACQUES CARVALHO RIBEIRO FILHO3 E EUNICE MAIA DE ANDRADE1 1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará-UFC, Campus do PICI, Bloco 804, Fortaleza-CE, Brasil. E-mail: josebbrasil@gmail.com; eandrade.ufc@gmail.com.2 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-IFCE, Campus Iguatu, rodovia Iguatu-Várzea Alegre, Km 05, s/n, Iguatu-CE, Brasil. E-mail: helbaraujo23@yahoo.com.br; juniorifcelabas@gmail.com.3 Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido-UFERSA, Mossoró-RN, Brasil; jacquesfilho1@hotmail.com. 1 RESUMO A dinâmica da interceptação vegetal depende principalmente das características das chuvas e estrutura do dossel das árvores. Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar o efeito das características das chuvas (classes de precipitação (CP) - CP < 15 mm, 15 ≤ CP < 30 mm, 30 ≤ CP < 60 mm e CP ≥ 60 mm e classes de intensidade (CI) - 1,1 mm h-1 ≤ CI < 5 mm h-1, 5,1 mm h-1 ≤ CI < 25 mm h-1, 25,1 mm h-1 ≤ CI < 50 mm h-1 e CI ≥ 50,1 mm h-1) e as variações sazonais na interceptação em área de caatinga em regeneração. O experimento foi conduzido em uma microbacia experimental no município de Iguatu-Ceará, em seis anos consecutivos, de 2010 a 2015, totalizando 212 eventos. Foram monitorados a precipitação interna, escoamento pelos caules das árvores e perda por interceptação em uma área de 10 x 10 m. A precipitação total foi medida com o auxílio de um pluviômetro do tipo “Ville de Paris” instalado em área aberta. Constatou-se que não houve diferenças sazonais (período chuvoso - janeiro a junho e período seco - julho a dezembro) entre os percentuais médios de Precipitação interna (Pint), Escoamento pelo caule (Esc) e Perda por interceptação (I), em função das características das chuvas e da vegetação. Os resultados demonstram que as menores perdas relativas por interceptação foram observadas nas classes de precipitação > 60 mm e nos eventos mais intensos os percentuais médios de perda por interceptação são menores. Palavras-chave: Classes de chuva, intensidades pluviométricas, variabilidade sazonal. BRASIL, J. B.; PALÁCIO, H. A. de Q.; ARAÚJO NETO, J. R. de; RIBEIRO FILHO, J. C.; ANDRADE, E. M. deRAINFALL CHARACTERISTICS AND VEGETATION INTERCEPTION IN THE CAATINGA BIOME 2 ABSTRACT The mechanism of vegetation interception depends largely on the rainfall characteristics and canopy of the trees. The main objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the rainfall characteristics (precipitation classes (RC) - RC < 15 mm, 15 mm ≤ RC < 30 mm, 30 mm ≤ RC < 60 mm and RC ≥ 60 mm and intensity classes (IC) - 1,1 mm h-1 ≤ IC < 5 mm h-1, 5,1 mm h-1 ≤ IC < 25 mm h-1, 25,1 mm h-1 ≤ IC < 50 mm h-1 and IC ≥ 50,1 mm h-1) and the seasonal variations of the interception in an area with regenerating caatinga. The experiment was conducted on an experimental catchment in the municipality of Iguatu, Ceará, during six consecutive years, from 2010 to 2015, with a total of 212 events. Internal precipitation, tree trunk runoff and loss by interception in areas of 10 x 10 m were monitored. The total rainfall was measured with a “Ville de Paris” rain gage, installed in an open area. No seasonal changes were observed (wet season – January through June – and dry season – July through December) among the average percentages of internal precipitation (Pint), tree trunk runoff (Esc) and loss by interception (I), due to the rainfall and vegetation characteristics. The results show that the smallest relative losses by interception were observed in the precipitation classes over 60 mm and, among the most intense events, the average loss percentages by interception are smaller. Keywords: Rainfall classes, rainfall intensities, seasonal variability.

O bioma pantaneiro e acometido anualmente por um grande numero de queimadas e incendios. Prever esses eventos e de suma importância, uma vez que, prejuizos a fauna e a flora poderiam ser minimizados e catastrofes evitadas. Uma intervencao imediata do poder publico na mitigacao desses eventos passa, essencialmente, pela previsao do numero de focos e das areas queimadas, e posteriormente, na localizacao desses focos e na identificacao das areas. Dados precisos sobre as variaveis ambientais, em tempo real, podem ser obtidos atraves do sensoriamento remoto, aliado aos sistemas de informacoes geograficas, as tecnicas de inteligencia artificial e estatistica aplicada, favorecendo as tomadas de decisao na previsao. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a tecnica de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) para a previsao dos focos e das areas queimadas no Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. O centro de previsao de tempo e estudos climaticos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), bem como, o Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) possuem bancos de dados do Pantanal, dos quais, as variaveis envolvidas nesse processo foram extraidas. Utilizando as RNAs do tipo Multilayer Perceptron, com algoritmo Retropropagation de aprendizagem foi possivel prever o valor do numero de focos com um ajuste de 84,8% utilizando um conjunto de variaveis meteorologicas como preditoras e, de 99,4% usando como preditora, somente a serie temporal do numero de focos. No entanto, o ajuste passou a ser 90,3% ao se realizar a previsao da area queimada, utilizando as mesmas variaveis, e de 98,6%, usando como preditora, somente os dados da area queimada. A B S T R A C T On a year basis the Pantanal biome is affected by a large number of fires and fire points. Predicting these events is of paramount importance, since damage to fauna and flora could be minimized and disasters might be avoided. Immediate intervention of the government in mitigating these events essentially depends on the identification and location of fire outbreaks. Accurate and reliable data on environmental variables in real time can be obtained by means of remote sensing coupled with geographic information systems, techniques of artificial intelligence and applied statistics, which would favor the decision-making in foreseeing fire foci and burned area. The aim of this study was to apply the technique of artificial neural networks to predict the fire foci and burned areas in the Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. The center for weather forecast and climate studies of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) afford meteorological database of the Pantanal region, from which the environmental variables involved in this process were extracted. By using Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks with Backpropagation algorithm, it was possible to predict the value of the number of fire foci with an adjustment of 84,8% using a set of meteorological variables as predictors and of 99,4% using as a predictor only the time series of the number fire foci. However, the adjustment became 90,3% when the forecast of the burned area, using the same meteorological variables, and 98,6%, using as a predictor, only the time series of the burned area. Keywords: fire forecasting, environmental monitoring, artificial intelligence .

none 5 no The reactivity of Au and AuBi nanoparticles supported on activated carbon AC was investigated in the direct oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid. The catalysts were very active, regardless of the Au nanoparticles size, but the catalyst with the smallest average particle diameter was the least selective to glucaric acid because of the enhanced consecutive oxidative degradation of the intermediately formed gluconic acid. The reaction network included the fast oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid, which was the only primary product, and its consecutive oxidation into either glucaric acid or lighter mono and dicarboxylic acids. The best glucaric acid yield obtained with a AuBi/AC catalyst (Au/Bi 3:1) was 31 %, with 18 % residual gluconic acid. The control of reaction parameters was essential to achieving the best selectivity. Specifically, the glucose concentration turned out to be a critical parameter in relation to O2 pressure and to glucose/metal ratio. Solmi, Stefania; Morreale, Calogero; Ospitali, Francesca; Agnoli, Stefano; Cavani, Fabrizio Solmi, Stefania; Morreale, Calogero; Ospitali, Francesca; Agnoli, Stefano; Cavani, Fabrizio

La investigación tuvo como propósito identificar y describir especies de Meliola (Meliolales/Ascomycetes/Ascomycota) asociadas a plantas silvestres del Cerrado brasileño. Se analizaron muestras colectadas en la hacienda Pelicano del Parque Estatal Serra Ricardo Franco, situado en Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade en la frontera con Bolivia, y también en Barra do Garças, ambos sitios localizados en el Estado de Mato Grosso. A partir de la visualización de estructuras vegetativas y reproductivas de los hongos fueron montadas láminas de vidrio que contenían lactoglicerol y que fueron selladas con esmalte, para su posterior observación a través de microscopio estereoscópico y microscopio de luz. Se identificaron un total de 5 especies de Meliola, siendo estas M. alibertiae en Alibertia edulis, M. desmodii–laxiflori y M. stizolobii var. eriosematis en Desmodium spp., M. kernii en Casearia sp. Meliola voacangae en Aspidosperma nobile. Cada especie fue identificada basándose en la planta hospedera, morfología del ascoma, forma y dimensión de las ascosporas, ramificación de las hifas, distribución de los apresorios e hifopodios espermáticos en las hifas.

Water hyacinth a fresh water aquatic plant is considered as a noxious weed in many parts of the world since it grows very fast and depletes nutrients and oxygen from water bodies adversely affecting the growth of both plants and animals. Hence conversion of this problematic weed to value added chemicals and fuels helps in the self-sustainability especially for developing countries. The present review discusses the various value added products and fuels which can be produced from water hyacinth, the recent research and developmental activities on the bioconversion of water hyacinth for the production of fuels and value added products as well as its possibilities and challenges in commercialization. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are gaining increasing technological relevance for wastewater remediation and ancillary energy production. MFC separators are often fabricated with ion-exchange perfluorinated membranes, the most common of them being Nafion™. Here, we prepared composite separators based on polybenzimidazole (PBI), where the filler is made of SBA-15 mesostructured silica functionalized with sulphonic moieties. These membranes allowed strong increase of power density (up to one order of magnitude), operating life and wastewater treatment efficiency with respect to Nafion™. Moreover, our sustainability and cost analysis clearly showed that PBI is more convenient than Nafion™ for making these membranes. Therefore, we conclude that PBI-based membranes are very promising as separators for MFCs.

O presente tem trabalho tem por objetivo identificar se a pressao do uso e a exploracao economica dos recursos naturais tem contribuido para degradacao do bioma caatinga no municipio de Santa Quiteria-CE. A metodologia consistiu na analise do historico do uso da terra, dispondo de dados da serie historica (1984-2014) de: Producao Agricola Municipal Producao da Extracao Vegetal e Silvicultura e Efetivo de Rebanhos (Pecuaria), bem como dados de Estrutura Fundiaria e Assentamentos e Exploracao Mineral. Utilizou-se interpretacao visual de imagens do satelite CEBERS 4, aerofotos de Veiculo Aereo Nao Tripulado (VANT) e Sistema de Informacao Geografica (SIG), assim como trabalho de campo para subsidiar a execucao do mapeamento. Para obtencao do mapa Uso e Cobertura da terra realizou-se a classificacao semi-supervisionada, utilizando o software ArcMap 10.1 com 7 classes de mapeamento. As classes obtidas foram: Area de Pecuaria extensiva/ Caatinga Fortemente degradada (Ape); Caatinga moderadamente degradada associada a pecuaria e silvicultura (Cmdps); Caatinga levemente degradada associada a pecuaria e silvicultura (Cldps); Caatinga moderadamente conservada/em estado de Pousio(Cmcp); Mata ciliar fortemente degradada associada a agricultura e pecuaria (Mcdp); Mata Ciliar moderadamente conservada associda a agricultura (Mcmca) e Area de Mineracao de granito (Min). O mapeamento comprovou que 71,46% da area do municipio apresenta algum grau de degradacao. Diante disso pode-se concluir que o tipo do uso do solo tem contribuido para degradacao dos recursos naturais. A B S T R A C T This paper aims to identify if pressure from the use and economic exploitation of natural resources has contributed to caatinga biome degradation in the municipality of Santa Quiteria-CE. The methodology was used of history analyzing of land use, with data from the historical series (1984-2014) of : Municipal Agricultural Production, Plant Extraction and Silviculture and Livestock, as well as data on Land Structure and Settlements and Mineral Exploration. We used visual interpretation of images from the CEBERS 4 satellite, Drones photographs and Geographic Information System (GIS), also field research to subsidize the mapping execution. In order to obtain the Vegetation coverage and land use map, was used semi-supervised classification performed ArcMap 10.1 software with 7 mapping classes. The mapping classes were: Extensive Livestock farming / Caatinga tightly degraded (Elf) ; Caatinga partially degraded associated from livestock and forestry (Cpdlf) ; Caatinga slightly degraded associated from livestock and forestry (Csdlf); Caatinga partially conserved on fallow period (Cpcfp) ; Riparian Vegetation tightly degraded associated from Agriculture and livestock.(Rvdl) ; Riparian Vegetation partially conserved associated from Agriculture (Rvpca) and Mining area(granite) (Min). The mapping showed that 71.46% of the municipality area presents some level of degradation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the type of land use has contributed to the degradation of natural resources. Keywords: Land Use, Environmental Degradation, Vegetation cover, GIS

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia para utilizacao de dados provenientes de sensoriamento remoto para o planejamento de projetos de energia fotovoltaica no Maranhao. Foram utilizados dados de radiacao obtidos na base global GLDAS e precipitacao proveniente do satelite TRMM, no periodo de 2001 a 2014. Os dados de radiacao foram processados atraves da tecnica de analise de series temporais (ACP). O potencial de producao de energia fotovoltaica foi simulado considerando um sistema de 20 modulos fotovoltaicos, cada um com potencial nominal de 45Wp. Uma analise de regressao linear foi realizada para avaliar a correlacao entre radiacao e precipitacao. Por ultimo, o teste de Mann Kendall foi executado para avaliar as tendencias nos dados de radiacao e precipitacao. Atraves da ACP foram identificadas duas Zonas homogeneas em relacao a radiacao, uma menor na regiao do Oeste (bioma amazonico) e a maior na regiao Leste do Estado (bioma cerrado). A precipitacao respondeu por 21,3% na variacao anual da radiacao na regiao da Amazonia e 31,2% no Cerrado. A regiao de cerrado apresentou os maiores valores de radiacao solar, e os menores valores foram registrados na regiao da Amazonia. Pelo teste de Mann Kendall, houve uma tendencia linear de aumento na media mensal de radiacao solar incidente na regiao amazonica e cerrado, tanto no periodo seco quanto no chuvoso. As analises mostraram um cenario favoravel para producao de energia solar no Estado do Maranhao, com reduzido risco climatico devido a tendencia no aumento da radiacao. A B S T R A C T The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for use of data from remote sensing in planning photovoltaic energy projects in the Maranhao. Solar radiation data was obtained from global basis GLDAS and rainfall from the TRMM satellite, from 2001 to 2014. The radiation data were processed through the time series analysis technique (PCA). The photovoltaic power generation potential was simulated considering 20 photovoltaic module system, each one with a nominal power of 45Wp. A regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between radiation and precipitation. Finally, the Mann Kendall’s test was performed to evaluate trends in radiation and precipitation data. By PCA were identified two homogeneous zones in relation to radiation, lower in the west (Amazon biome) and the largest east region of the state (Savanna biome). Rainfall represented 21.3% in the annual variation of radiation in the Amazon region and 31.2% in Savanna. The Savanna region showed the highest solar radiation values and the lowest values were recorded in the Amazon region. By Mann Kendall test, there was a positive linear trend of increase in the monthly average incident solar radiation in the Amazon region (Kendall's tau = 0.2173, p

O clima tem forte influencia sobre os tipos de vegetacao e o Brasil apresenta diferentes tipos de clima e de biomas. O objetivo deste trabalho e comparar, com auxilio da analise estatistica multivariada, os diferentes tipos de clima existentes nas capitais brasileiras, relacionando-os aos varios biomas. Foram obtidos os seguintes dados climaticos das capitais: temperatura media anual, media das maximas, media das minimas, insolacao media anual, evaporacao media anual, umidade relativa anual, media do total pluviometrico anual e da disponibilidade hidrica. Os dados foram utilizados para formar grupos (analise de cluster) e, depois dos grupos formados, foi feita a analise de variância e identificadas as medias. Dois grandes grupos (A e B) e cinco subgrupos se formaram. No subgrupo A1, estao as capitais do sul do Pais e uma do sudeste, sendo que a Mata Atlântica predomina; no A12, capitais do sudeste e centro oeste e o Cerrado predomina. No subgrupo B11, na faixa litorânea do sudeste ate o nordeste, predomina a Mata Atlântica e o subgrupo B12 pertence ao Bioma Amazonia. O bioma mais representado nas capitais brasileiras e a Mata Atlântica, com 10 capitais, seguido do Cerrado com 7 e a Amazonia, com 6. A Caatinga e o Pampa estao representados por uma capital cada e ainda ha duas capitais em transicao de bioma: Belo Horizonte e Natal. A maior presenca de capitais no bioma Mata Atlântica deve-se ao processo de colonizacao, do litoral para o interior do pais, o que justifica tambem a sua forte degradacao. A B S T R A C T The climate has a strong influence on vegetation types and Brazil presents different types of climate and biomes. The objective of this work is to compare, with the aid of multivariate statistical analysis, the Brazilian capitals regarding the climate and relate them to the biomes. The following climatic data were taken: annual mean temperature, maximum average, minimum average, annual mean isolation, annual average evaporation, annual relative humidity and mean annual rainfall and water availability. After the groups were formed, analysis of variance was performed and means were identified. Two large groups (A and B) and five subgroups were formed. The subgroup A1 is formed by the capitals of the south of the Country and one of the southeast and Atlantic Forest predominates, in the A12, capitals of the southeast and center west, where Savannah dominates. In the subgroup B11, the Atlantic Forest predominates, in the coastal strip from the southeast to the northeast and the subgroup B12 belongs to the Amazon Biome. The most represented biome is the Atlantic Forest, with 10 capitals, followed by the Savannah with 7 and the Amazon with 6. There is one in the Caatinga and another in the Pampa and there are still two capitals in transition from biome: Belo Horizonte and Natal. The predominant presence of Atlantic Forest Biome is due to the colonization process of Brazil, from the coast to the interior, which justifies the fact that it is the most degraded biome among them. Keywords: Atlantic Forest, multivariate analysis, temperature, precipitation.

A Caatinga é um domínio fitogeográfico característico do semiárido brasileiro, sendo uma das áreas menos estudadas e uma das regiões naturais brasileiras menos protegida. A Caatinga vem sofrendo um rápido processo de deterioração ambiental, decorrente do desmatamento. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo mostrar a atual distribuição e quantidades de Unidades de Conservação no domínio Caatinga. Para sua realização foram consultados diversos livros, revistas, teses e periódicos referentes as Unidades de Conservação e as consultas dos números de UCs, por estados e biomas, foram feitas por meio do endereço eletrônico do Cadastro Nacional de Unidade de Conservação do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Atualmente a Caatinga possui 166 UCs cadastradas, que conserva uma área de 63.677 km², correspondendo a 7,7% do domínio, sendo 1,2% dessa área protegida pertence ao grupo de Proteção Integral e 6,5% ao de Uso Sustentável. Os estados que mais possuem áreas de Caatinga, são Bahia, Piauí e Ceará, porém Piauí é o único estado que tem pouco mais de 10% da área destinada a conservação desse domínio. Já o Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe, Paraíba e Alagoas possuem menos de 1% de suas áreas de Caatinga para conservação, os demais estados têm entre 6 a 9,5%. Até 2008 mais de 45% da área de caatinga já havia sido desmatada, portanto se faz necessário a ampliação das quantidades de UCs, haja vista que o processo de desmatamento, e consequentemente perda de diversidade biológica, nesta área, é bem rápido e ocorre não somente por ações antrópicas, mas também por fenômenos naturais.

A pecuária no Brasil tem uma longa história referente ao manejo de pastagens, contudo, informações sobre as alterações nas propriedades do solo devido a conversão de áreas de floresta para pastagens no bioma Amazônico ainda são incipientes. Objetivou-se mensurar os impactos nas propriedades químicas e físicas em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com pastagem por 10 e 20 anos sem correções em comparação a condição de floresta. A conversão do uso do solo de floresta para pastagens, num período de 20 anos, resultou em redução do pH, dos teores de fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, saturação por bases e capacidade de troca catiônica. Não se verificou mudanças significativas nos estoques de carbono do solo. O uso do solo por 10 ou 20 anos com pastagem resultou em aumento da densidade de solo, causando compactação superficial.Palavras-chave: fertilidade do solo; sustentabilidade agrícola; estoque de carbono. SOIL DEGRADATION BY THE EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK IN THE SOUTHERN AMAZON OF THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO ABSTRACT: Cattle breeding in Brazil has a long history of pasture management, however, information on changes in soil properties due to the conversion of forest areas to pasture in the Amazon biome is still incipient. The objective of this study was to measure the impacts on the chemical and physical properties of a Yellow-Red Latosol cultivated with pasture for 10 and 20 years without corrections in comparison to the forest condition. The conversion of forest land use to pasture over a 20-year period resulted in reduced pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity. There were no significant changes in soil carbon stocks. Soil use for 10 or 20 years with pasture resulted in increased soil density, causing surface compaction.Keywords: soil fertility; agricultural sustainability; carbon stock.

The extremophile red alga Galdieria sulphuraria was successfully grown immobilized in a twin-layer porous substrate bioreactor (TL-PSBR). A maximal biomass growth rate of 10 g dry weight m−2 day−1 was measured at a photon fluence rate of 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 with addition of 1% CO2 and a temperature of 34 °C. Under these conditions, a maximal biomass value of 232 g m−2 was attained after 33 days of growth. Phycobilin productivity, however, was highest at a lower photon fluence rate of 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and reached a phycobilin value of 14 g m−2, a phycobilin content in the biomass of 63 mg g−1 and a phycobilin growth rate of 0.28 g m−2 day−1 for phycocyanin and 0.23 g m−2 day−1 for allophycocyanin. Addition of CO2 was essential to enhance growth and phycobilin production in G. sulphuraria and further optimization of the cultivation process in the TL-PSBR appears possible using a multi-phase approach, higher growth temperatures and optimization of nutrient supply. It is concluded that autotrophic cultivation of G. sulphuraria in a TL-PSBR is an attractive alternative to suspension cultivation for phycobilin production and applications in bioremediation.

12 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49797-4, Terrestrial (trees, shrubs) and marine (seaweeds and seagrasses) organisms act as carbon (C) sinks, but the role of benthic suspension feeders in this regard has been largely neglected so far. Gorgonians are one of the most conspicuous inhabitants of marine animal forests (mainly composed of sessile filter feeders); their seston capture rates influence benthic-pelagic coupling processes and they act as C sinks immobilizing carbon in their long-living structures. Three gorgonian species (Paramuricea clavata, Eunicella singularis and Leptogorgia sarmentosa) were studied coupling data of population size structure, biomass and spatial distribution in a NW Mediterranean area (Cap de Creus, Spain) with feeding, respiration and growth rates. In the study area, we calculated that P. clavata sequestered 0.73 ± 0.71 g C m−2 year−1, E. singularis 0.73 ± 0.89 g C m−2 year−1 and L. sarmentosa 0.03 ± 0.02 g C m−2 year−1. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to calculate the importance as C sinks of gorgonian species that we consider as a starting point to estimate the importance of marine animal forests in C sequestration, and to ensure appropriate management and protection especially in areas and at depths where they are concentrated, C was funded by a FI AGAUR research grant (2012_FI_B00752), CZ was funded by the Erasmus Placement fellowship, SR was funded by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (ANIMAL FOREST HEALTH, Grant Agreement Number 327845) and assistance from P-SPHERE (COFUND Marie Curie, Grant Agreement Number 665919). The authors thank the Generalitat de Catalunya (MERS) for their support (2017 SGR - 1588)

Submitted by Anna Barbara Alves Beraldine (annabarbara@unisinos.br) on 2022-02-21T19:17:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Fontoura Freiry_.pdf: 1985684 bytes, checksum: a40aa204e3f050073133c307a9be863c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-02-21T19:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Fontoura Freiry_.pdf: 1985684 bytes, checksum: a40aa204e3f050073133c307a9be863c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-08-27 CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A distribuição das espécies entre locais pode ser influenciada por processos relacionados às interações bióticas e abióticas (seleção de espécies) como pelos processos independentes do ambiente (processos espaciais). O zooplâncton é reconhecido por ser influenciado pelos processos de seleção de espécies, embora a importância de cada processo dependa da distância geográfica, da configuração da paisagem, da capacidade de dispersão e fase do ciclo de vida. Em áreas úmidas intermitentes, o zooplâncton responde rapidamente às alterações do ambiente e pode ser encontrado tanto na coluna d' água (fase ativa) como no sedimento (fase dormente). No entanto, a distribuição espacial e os efeitos dos gradientes ambientais sobre a estrutura do zooplâncton ativo e dormente ainda permanecem desconhecidos. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral da tese foi avaliar a distribuição do zooplâncton em diferentes escalas espaciais e verificar a influência da distância geográfica e dos preditores ambientais (locais e regionais) associados a variação da diversidade beta, assim como, testar a concordância na estrutura das fases ativa e dormente do zooplâncton em uma região de transição dos biomas Mata Atlântica e Pampa no Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em doze lagoas intermitentes em uma faixa latitudinal de 520 km. Um total de 124 táxons zooplanctônicos foram encontrados neste estudo. Os principais resultados foram de que a fase dormente foi estruturada unicamente pelos fatores ambientais locais (variáveis físicas e químicas e estruturais do habitat) e a fase ativa foi estruturada pelos fatores locais (estruturais do habitat) e regionais (clima). Não foram encontrados padrões concordantes na riqueza e composição entre as fases de vida e a avaliação da fase ativa resultou em maior riqueza de espécies. A diversidade beta da fase dormente mostrou maior variação na escala espacial de área úmida, principalmente no bioma Mata Atlântica. Em relação aos grupos, Rotifera foi estruturado pelos fatores ambientais locais e Cladocera e Copepoda por ambos (locais e regionais). Foi encontrada concordância significativa entre a riqueza de Cladocera e Rotifera (fase dormente) e entre Cladocera e Copepoda (fase ativa), além de padrões concordantes significativos na composição de Cladocera e Copepoda e Rotifera e Copepoda. Os resultados combinados de ambas as fases indicaram que a seleção de espécies explicou a estrutura de metacomunidades de zooplâncton, porém, cada fase foi distintamente afetada pelos preditores ambientais locais e regionais. A ausência de concordância na riqueza e composição entre as fases indicou que a fase dormente não é substituta adequada da fase ativa, pelo menos em condições de incubação semelhantes. No entanto, encontraram-se evidências iniciais de que Cladocera e Copepoda podem ser empregados como substitutos de outros grupos em áreas úmidas intermitentes se as conclusões forem limitadas a mesma fase. Além disso, como Cladocera e Copepoda responderam ao clima, espera-se que ambos sejam mais afetados pelas mudanças climáticas previstas para as próximas décadas. Estes resultados podem ser úteis para o planejamento de estratégias de restauração e conservação de áreas úmidas intermitentes em regiões de transição entre os biomas Mata Atlântica e Pampa, uma vez que, demonstraram que diferentes variáveis ambientais e escalas espaciais influenciaram na estruturação do zooplâncton na região estudada. The distribution of species among sites can be influenced by processes related to biotic and abiotic factors (species sorting) and by processes independent of the environment (spatial processes). Zooplankton is strongly influenced by species sorting processes, although the importance of each process depends on geographic distance, landscape configuration, dispersal hability and life cycle phases of species. In temporary ponds zooplankton responds rapidly to changes in the environment and can be found in both the water column (active phase) and the sediment (dormant phase). The spatial distribution and effects of environmental gradients on the structure of active and dormant phase zooplankton remain unknown. In this sense, the general objective of this thesis was to evaluate the distribution of zooplankton at different spatial scales and to verify the influence of geographic distance and environmental predictors (local and regional) associated to variation of beta diversity, and additionally, to test concordance on the structure of active and dormant phases of zooplankton along a transition region between the Forest and Grassland biomes in southern Brazil. The study was carried out in twelve intermittent ponds along a forest-grassland transition in southern Brazil, within a 520-km. A total of 124 zooplankton taxa were found. The main results were that the zooplankton dormant phase was structured by local environmental factors (physical and chemical variables and habitat structure) and the active phase was structured by local (habitat structure) and regional factors (climate). Concordance patterns in species richness and composition were not found between phases and the evaluation of the active phase resulted in greater species richness. The beta diversity of the dormant phase showed greater variation in the scale of ponds, mainly in the Atlantic Forest biome. In relation to the groups, Rotifera was structured by local environmental factors and Cladocera and Copepoda were structured by both (local and regional). Concordance patterns significative were found between the richness of Cladocera and Rotifera (dormant phase), and between Cladocera and Copepoda (active phase). Significative concordance was also found in the composition of Cladocera and Copepoda and Rotifera and Copepoda. The combined results of both phases indicate that species sorting process explained the structure of zooplankton metacommunities, although the phases were distinctly affected by local and regional environmental predictors. The lack of concordance on richness and composition between phases indicates that the dormant phase are not adequate surrogates of active phase in temporary ponds, under similar incubation conditions. However, there is initial evidence that cladocerans and copepods can be employed as surrogates of other groups in temporary ponds, if the conclusions are strictly limited to similar life phase. In addition, as both respond to climate, expected that Cladocera and Copepoda may be more affected by climate change predicted for decades to come. These results may be useful for the planning of restoration and conservation strategies for temporary ponds of transition areas between grassland and forested biomes, since different environmental variables and spatial scales influenced zooplankton composition in the region.

This study deals with approaches for a social-ecological friendly European bioeconomy based on biomass from industrial crops cultivated on marginal agricultural land. The selected crops to be investigated are: Biomass sorghum, camelina, cardoon, castor, crambe, Ethiopian mustard, giant reed, hemp, lupin, miscanthus, pennycress, poplar, reed canary grass, safflower, Siberian elm, switchgrass, tall wheatgrass, wild sugarcane, and willow. The research question focused on the overall crop growth suitability under low-input management. The study assessed: (i) How the growth suitability of industrial crops can be defined under the given natural constraints of European marginal agricultural lands; and (ii) which agricultural practices are required for marginal agricultural land low-input systems (MALLIS). For the growth-suitability analysis, available thresholds and growth requirements of the selected industrial crops were defined. The marginal agricultural land was categorized according to the agro-ecological zone (AEZ) concept in combination with the marginality constraints, so-called 'marginal agro-ecological zones' (M-AEZ). It was found that both large marginal agricultural areas and numerous agricultural practices are available for industrial crop cultivation on European marginal agricultural lands. These results help to further describe the suitability of industrial crops for the development of social-ecologically friendly MALLIS in Europe. publishersversion published

Household air pollution (HAP) is of public health concern, with ~3 billion people worldwide (including >15 million in the US) exposed. HAP from coal use is a human lung carcinogen, yet the epidemiological evidence on carcinogenicity of HAP from biomass use, primarily wood, is not conclusive. To robustly assess biomass’s carcinogenic potential, prospective studies of individuals experiencing a variety of HAP exposures are needed. We have built a global consortium of 13 prospective cohorts (HAPCO: Household Air Pollution Consortium) that have site- and disease-specific mortality and solid fuel use data, for a combined sample size of 587,257 participants and 57,483 deaths. HAPCO provides a novel opportunity to assess the association of HAP with lung cancer death while controlling for important confounders such as tobacco and outdoor air pollution exposures. HAPCO is also uniquely positioned to determine the risks associated with cancers other than lung as well as nonmalignant respiratory and cardiometabolic outcomes, for which prospective epidemiologic research is limited. HAPCO will facilitate research to address public health concerns associated with HAP-attributed exposures by enabling investigators to evaluate sex-specific and smoking status-specific effects under various exposure scenarios.

Neste trabalho, verificou-se a influência de fatores edáficos na estrutura populacional de cinco espécies arbóreas em duas fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado na Fazenda Experimental do Moura em Curvelo – MG. Na área de estudo, em 2010, foram alocamos 25 parcelas de 20 x 50 metros, separadas entre si por 100m, sendo 15 parcelas no Cerrado sensu stricto e 10 no Cerradão. Foram identificados e medidos todos os indivíduos arbóreos vivos com diâmetro altura do solo (DAS) ≥ 5,0 cm, e coletadas amostras de solo em todas parcelas amostradas, para realização de análises química e granulométrica. Foram selecionadas as cinco espécies mais abundantes na área de estudo, e utilizou-se análises de correlação de Pearson para verificar as relações solo-vegetação destas populações. Os resultados mostraram correlações significativas (positivas e negativas) entre as variáveis: P, M.O., pH, K, SB, m, K, Areia, Silte e Argila e as espécies amostradas, além de diferenças entre ambientes. Considerando-se as relações existente entre as espécies e as variáveis ambientais, pode-se concluir que as populações investigadas, apresentaram variações na densidade ao longo das duas fitofisionomias. Tal informação reforça a ideia de que embora as fitofisionomias pertençam ao mesmo bioma e que apresentam espécies em comum, as populações precisam se adaptar às condições microambientais existentes em cada fitofisionomia.Palavras-chave: variáveis edáficas; relação solo-vegetação; densidade. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE IN THE STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS OF CERRADO IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF MINAS GERAIS ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to generate information on the ecology of important populations in two Cerrado biome Phytophysiognomies in the Experimental Farm of Moura in Curvelo - MG. An inventory was carried out in 2010, with 25 parcels being systematically allocated with dimensions of 20 x 50 meters, separated from each other by 100m. All living arboreal individuals with soil height diameter (DAS) ≥ 5.0 cm were identified and measured. In all plots of each phytophysiognomy soil samples were collected to determine the chemical and granulometric analyzes to be used in Pearson correlation analysis (vegetation and environment) in order to understand the possible relationships. The results of the analyzes showed that there were significant correlations between the variables P, M.O., pH, K, SB, m, K, Sand, Silt and Clay. Considering the diametric structure and the relationships between the species and the environmental variables, it can be concluded that the populations investigated showed variations in density along the two phytophysiognomies. This information reinforces the idea that although the phytophysiognomies belong to the same biome and that they have species in common, the populations need to adapt to the environmental conditions of each phytophysiognomy.Keywords: edaphic variables; soil-vegetation ratio; density.

Resumen El presente artículo de revisióntiene por objeto analizar un tema fundamental para la supervivencia de la especie humana como lo es la preservación de los Ecosistemas de Páramo o también llamadas fábricas de agua. Los páramos gozan de especial protección en el ámbito internacional a través de la suscripción de diferentes convenios, entre los que se destaca: “el Convenio de Diversidad Biológica ”, como en el ámbito nacional mediante un conjunto de Leyes, Decretos, Resoluciones y Sentencias de la Corte Constitucional Colombiana que buscan que no desaparezcan los ecosistemas de páramos que gozan de una singular riqueza cultural, biótica y con un alto grado de especies de flora y fauna endémicas de inmenso valor, que constituyen un factor indispensable para el equilibrio ecosistémico, el manejo de la biodiversidad y del patrimonio natural del país. Por lo tanto, se realizó un análisis a la protección brindada por el Estado Colombiano a los ecosistemas de páramos, partiendo de la revisión de los convenios internacionales suscritos por los diferentes Estados, así como la normatividad ambiental existente, en concordancia con los precedentes jurisprudenciales, donde se puede concluir de acuerdo a los documentos analizados, que a pesar de existir un desarrollo legislativo y reglamentario amplio, es poco lo que se hace para evitar acabar con las fábricas de agua (páramos) ante el avance desmedido de la explotación de recursos naturales no renovables (carbón, oro) y al desarrollo económico. Abstract The present review article aims to analyze a fundamental issue for the survival of the human species such as the preservation of the Ecosystems of Paramo or also called water factories. Paramos enjoy special protection at the international level through the signing of different conventions, including: "the intergovernmental agreement" Ramsar "and the Convention on Biological Diversity", as well as at the national level through a set of laws , Decrees, Resolutions and Judgments of the Colombian Constitutional Court that seek to ensure that the ecosystems of páramos that enjoy a unique cultural richness, biotic and with a high degree of endemic species of flora and fauna of immense value, that are an indispensable factor For the ecosystem balance, the management of the biodiversity and the natural heritage of the country. Therefore, an analysis was made of the protection provided by the Colombian State to the páramos ecosystems, starting from the revision of the international agreements signed by the different States, as well as the existing environmental regulations, in agreement with the precedents jurisprudenciales, Where it can be concluded according to the analyzed documents, that although there is a broad legislative and regulatory development, little is done to avoid ending the water mills (páramos) in the face of the excessive progress of the exploitation of natural resources Non-renewa.

Mangroves, dominating tropical intertidal zones and estuaries, are among the most salt tolerant plants, and propagate through reproductive units called propagules. Similarly to plant seeds, propagules may harbor beneficial bacteria. Our hypothesis was that mangroves, being able to grow into seawater, should harbor bacteria able to interact with the host and to exert positive effects under salt stress, which could be exploited to improve crop production. Therefore, we isolated bacterial endophytes from mangrove propagules with the aim to test whether these bacteria have a beneficial potential on their natural host and on different crops such as barley and rice, cultivated under salt stress. The 172 bacterial isolates obtained were screened for plant growth promotion (PGP) activities in vitro, and the 12 most promising isolates were tested on barley under non-axenic conditions and salt stress. Gordonia terrae KMP456-M40 was the best performing isolate, increasing ear weight by 65%. Based on the in vivo PGP activity and the root colonization ability, investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, three strains were additionally tested on mangrove propagule germination and on rice growth. The most effective strain was again G. terrae KMP456-M40, which enhanced the root length of mangrove seedlings and the biomass of salt-stressed rice under axenic conditions up to 65% and 62%, respectively. We demonstrated that propagules, the reproductive units of mangroves, host beneficial bacteria that enhance the potential of mangrove seedlings establishment and confer salt tolerance to cereal crops.

Plants can stablish symbiosis with arburcular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), in which the fungus uses carbohydrates synthesized by plant photosynthesis in exchange for soil nutrients. AMF symbiosis may benefit plants by increasing the rates of nutrient uptake, tolerance to abiotic stresses, protection against pathogens and, by promoting resilience of forest species to adverse conditions. Knowledge about the diversity of mycorrhizas may help stablish relationships of species selection, AMF production and inoculation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compile information to identify existing patterns in AMF diversity in Brazilian forest ecosystems. Compilation was based in 74 articles (in English, Portuguese and Spanish languages) searched in the Web of Knowledge and selected for having the keywords ?forest?, ?diversity?, ?mycorrhizal? and ?Brazil?, and that identified AMF species by spore morphology. Compilation resulted in a list of 164 AMF species and indicated that AMF species are not plant host specific but they are selected by environmental conditions where the host grows. Some AMF species were ubiquitous and some were rare in forest ecosystems. Rare AMF species may be an artefact of AMF identification because, in comparison to molecular tools, spore morphology may underestimate AMF diversity. Four AMF species, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora foveata, Clareoideglomus etunicatum and Glomus macrocarpum, were ubiquitous to several biomes, existed in different stage of forest succession and seemed to be adapted to different forest managements. Therefore, A. scrobiculata, A. foveata, A. mellea, C. etunicatum and G. macrocarpum could have potential to be used as AMF inoculant in forest species. Made available in DSpace on 2019-05-21T00:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2019C.AuerCerneDiversity.pdf: 463198 bytes, checksum: 47c05964e0b5a2139b94bcfb5078c9fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Just talking about conserving the Cerrado without a greater human interaction with Bioma is something deposable. When the families start to work with fruits and they start making money, they’re going to take better care of the vegetation. The Harves-ting is essencial for savanna maintenance, it is an important instrument for us work with natural resources as a conservation strate-gy. Most part of the conserved areas of the Cerrado is occupied by traditional commu-nities. Keeping these people on their lands is keeping the Cerrado alive. This article is about the document and disclosure of the resistance of this population., Falar de conservação do Cerrado desconsiderando a interação humana com o Bioma é algo descartável. À medida que as famílias começam a trabalhar com frutos e gerar renda, elas também passam a cuidar melhor da vegetação. O extrativismo é imprescindível para a manutenção da savana, um importante instrumento para se trabalhar o uso de recursos naturais como estratégia de conservação. Hoje, a maior parte das áreas conservadas deste Bioma abriga comunidades tradicionais. Manter esses povos em suas terras é manter vivo o Cerrado. Esse artigo é sobre o documento e a divulgação da resistência desta população.

Mathematical model applications for the bioaugmented anaerobic digestion (BAD) process seem to be lacking in the scientific literature, even more so when related to microbiological data. The present study suggests a simplified mathematical model to investigate and simulate the process kinetics of bioaugmented anaerobic digestion (BAD) aimed at improving biogas production from wheat straw (WS). Bioaugmented conditions were obtained through a mixed inoculum of anaerobic ruminal fungi (ARF) and hydrogen-producing fermenting bacteria (F210) added to a methanogenic inoculum. The investigation focused on two process configurations characterized by a mono (I-BAD) and two-stage (II-BAD) process and a conventional anaerobic digestion (AD) control test. Each configuration was used on two operating scales (i.e., 120 ml and 12,000 ml reactor volume) to provide different data sets for the calibration and validation of the mathematical model proposed. The model calibration step was used to determine the optimal values of selected parameters displaying higher significance for experimental result predictability. The model calibration results highlighted a similar behavior for both BAD tests, which was further strengthened by a statistical analysis supporting the observed correlation regardless of the BAD configuration involved. The BAD configuration always enhanced the CH4 production (>70%) with a faster kinetic in the II-BAD test. The microbiological results support the superior performance of the II-BAD test, displaying higher Archaea fractions (up to 14.5% on day 23) with values more than double compared to I-BAD and triple compared to the AD test. Furthermore, the presence of Methanosarcina inside the Archaea guild (6.4% and 4.5% at days 11 and 61, respectively) ensures a greater diversification of the metabolic pathways and supports the strength of the process performance. Cell density values are strongly in line with these results.

O bioma Pampa possui uma das maiores diversidades de vegetação campestre, e está localizado na região sul do Brasil, tendo continuidade no Uruguai e Argentina, ocupando aproximadamente 37% do território do estado do Rio Grande do Sul com pastagens naturais. Os micro-organismos presentes no solo desempenham um importante papel nos ciclos da comunidade do bioma Pampa. A interação entre estes micro-organismos contribui para o equilíbrio dos agroecossis temas, influenciando de forma benéfica as espécies nativas do bioma. Organismos fitopatogênicos presentes em áreas do bioma Pampa interferem de várias formas no desenvolvimento das populações de espécies nativas que a habitam, causando problemas na germinação de sementes e lesões em plântulas. Micorrizas arbusculares exercem efeitos benéficos, representando uma potencial ferramenta biológica para reabilitação de áreas degradadas do bioma Pampa. As rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas (RPCP) influenciam o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, incrementando a absorção de água, auxiliando plantas a se desenvolverem em condições hídricas limitantes. O estudo da interação entre micro-organismos e espécies nativas do bioma Pampa constitui-se em um novo enfoque de pesquisa pelo qual objetiva-se elaborar alternativas de manejo sustentável da vegetação e de recuperação de áreas degradadas, considerando os efeitos benéficos da microbiota às plantas., Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 37 n.º 1 (2014)

O regime juridico de protecao ambiental requer consideracao especial para os bens ecologicamente relevantes e constitucionalmente declarados como patrimonio nacional brasileiro. Entretanto, e necessario compreende-los como ligados a conflitos especiais, conflitos intergeracionais relacionados a heranca ambiental. A construcao de uma heranca ambiental intergeracional positiva exige uma leitura critica da cidadania. Nesse contexto, o artigo adota o metodo critico e propositivo, a partir da reconstrucao normativa, para lidar com os conflitos ambientais. O objetivo geral e o desenvolvimento de proposta concreta de aplicacao do conceito de cidadania intergeracional. O objetivo especifico e aplicar o conceito de cidadania intergeracional na compreensao do regime juridico do Bioma Mata Atlântica. Nesse ponto de vista, a protecao do Bioma e uma tarefa federal, estadual e municipal. A coordenacao de acoes federais, estaduais e municipais somente pode ser alcancada pelo principio do federalismo ecologico. As normas ambientais assumem formas diferenciadas de execucao da protecao constitucional, com enfase as normas de cumprimento voluntario e normas de cumprimento forcado. A Mata Atlântica se torna aqui compreendida como um patrimonio intergeracional ambiental, como uma heranca intergeracional. A supressao de vegetacao requer analise do papel do Poder Publico na avaliacao do impacto ambiental, especialmente em relacao ao espaco territorial urbano. Palavras-Chave : cidadania intergeracional; direito ambiental; federalismo ecologico; heranca intergeracional; Mata Atlântica Abstract The legal framework of environmental protection requires special attention to ecologically relevant goods and recognized by Constitution as Brazilian national patrimony. However, it is necessary to understand them as linked to special conflicts, intergenerational conflicts related to environmental heritage. The building of a positive intergenerational environmental heritage requires a critical reading of citizenship. In this context, the paper takes the critical and propositional method, by the way of normative reconstruction, to handle with environmental conflicts. The general objective is the development of a concrete proposition of the application of intergenerational citizenship concept. The specific objective is to applicate intergenerational citizenship concept in the understanding of the Atlantic forest Biome law framework. In this point of view, the protection of Biome is a local, regional and federal task. The coordination of local, regional and federal actions only can be achieved by the ecological federalism principle. The environmental rules assume different forms of constitutional protection execution, with emphasis on compliance and enforcement rules and regulations. Atlantic forest become understanding as intergenerational patrimony, as intergenerational heritage. The suppression of vegetation require analysis of public power role in the environmental impact assessment, specially, regarding urban territorial space. Keywords : intergenerational citizenship; environmental law; ecological federalism; intergenerational heritage; Atlantic forest

The municipal biowaste anaerobic digestate of a typical waste treatment plant is pyrolyzed under a mild condition (i.e., 540 °C) to directly yield N-doped biochar without performing any subsequent functionalization process. The results confirmed the integration of nitrogen heteroatoms within the carbonaceous framework. The morphological characterization, instead, evidenced the formation of a rather dense biochar with a very low surface area.

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is considered a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In this study, P. tricornutum cultivation using waste products from anaerobic digestion (i.e. liquid digestate and CO2) was tested and scaled-up in closed and open prototype systems. The chemical composition of algal biomass was evaluated to optimize the lipid content. Algal productivity and composition, especially in terms of PUFAs, were not modified by the use of waste CO2. Digestate led to a lower protein (24%) content than medium (36–37%), without affecting lipid amount (about 37%). Algal and EPA productivity were nearly two-fold higher by using photobioreactors (0.075 g biomass L−1 day−1 and 1.62 mg EPA g−1 day−1) than open ponds, which are more influenced by environmental conditions. This study highlights that economic and environmental benefits could be achieved by using waste CO2 and liquid digestate from anaerobic digestion for microalgae cultivation.

India has emerged as a key player with a high potential to develop a biomass and biobased economy due to its large geographic size and the massive amounts of agricultural and non agricultural biomass produced. India has joined hands with Europe to synchronize its efforts to create and facilitate the development of a biobased economy in this country. This paper aims to examine common research and development actions between the European Union (EU) and India to facilitate the development of these biobased economies. As a base, a thorough study has been performed considering the biomass potential and current status of the bioeconomy in both the EU and India based on the distillation of a series of 80 potential recommendations. The recommendations were grouped into four major categories: (1) biomass production, (2) by-products/waste, (3) biorefineries and (4) policy, market, and value-added products. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to key stakeholders belonging to: academia, industry, and policymakers in both India and the EU. A total of 231 responses were received and analyzed, based on the key recommendations made for the essential research and development topics that are of prime importance to develop biobased economies in both the EU and India. The findings of this study suggest recognizing the value-added contributions made by biobased products such as: food, feed, valuable materials and chemicals in both regions. It is important to reduce the overall process costs and minimize the environmental impacts of such a biobased economy.