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Background: the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of apocynin (APO) on hormone levels, the blood-testis barrier, and oxidative biomarkers in monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced testicular degeneration. Methods: Sprague Dawley male rats (150–200 g; n = 32) were randomly distributed into four groups: control, APO, MSG, and MSG + APO. MSG and MSG + APO groups were administered MSG (120 mg/kg) for 28 days. Moreover, the APO and MSG + APO groups received APO (25 mg/kg) during the last five days of the experiment. All administrations were via oral gavage. Finally, biochemical analyses were performed based on the determination of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as light and transmission electron microscopic examinations, assessment of sperm parameters, ZO-1, occludin, NOX-2, and TUNEL immunohistochemistry were evaluated. Results: MSG increased both the oxidative stress level and apoptosis, decreased cell proliferation, and caused degeneration in testis morphology including in the blood-testis barrier. Administration of apocynin reversed all the deteriorated morphological and biochemical parameters in the MSG + APO group. Conclusions: apocynin is considered to prevent testicular degeneration by maintaining the integrity of the blood-testis barrier with balanced hormone and oxidant/antioxidant levels.

Background: This study aimed to compare the complications and outcomes of lateral and central Achilles tendon–splitting approaches for the treatment of Haglund syndrome. Methods: Patients who underwent surgery for Haglund syndrome between June 2012 and June 2022 were included in the study. Patients undergoing lateral approach surgery were included in group 1, whereas patients undergoing central Achilles tendon-splitting approach surgery were included in group 2. Surgical outcomes of the patients were evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle hindfoot scale, visual analog pain scale (VAS), and Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Achilles (VISAA) scores. In addition, preoperative and final follow-up scores were compared. Results: The study included 66 patients: 32 (14 females, 18 males) underwent surgery using the lateral approach in group 1, whereas in group 2, 34 patients (18 females, 16 males) underwent surgery using the central Achilles tendon–splitting approach. There was a significant statistical difference in the AOFAS, VISAA, and VAS scores between preoperative and final follow-up for both group 1 and group 2 (P <.001, P <.001, P <.001, P <.001, respectively). Group 1 had a small (0.76) relative increase in VAS score compared with group 2 (P =.033). There was no significant difference between the complication rates of group 1 and group 2. Conclusion: In our study, we found the lateral approach and central Achilles tendon–splitting approaches to be safe and effective in the surgical treatment of Haglund syndrome without clinically meaningful differences in outcomes or complication rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in childhood. Aspergillus fumigatus sensitivity may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma by leading to different clinical presentations. Objective: To investigate the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of A. fumigatus sensitivity in childhood asthma and identify associated risk factors and diagnostic parameters. Methods: A total of 259 children with asthma were included in the study, 7 (2.7%) with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 84 (32.4%) with A. fumigatus‐sensitized asthma (Af‐SA), and 168 (64.9%) with A. fumigatus‐unsensitized asthma (Af‐UA). Results: Aspergillus sensitivity was associated with early asthma onset and longer asthma duration. Total IgE level and asthma severity are highest in ABPA and higher in Af‐SA. Absolute eosinophil count was higher, and FEV1 was lower in Af‐SA and ABPA. Aspergillus fumigatus was associated with greater odds of being male (odds ratio [OR], 2.45), having atopic dermatitis (OR, 3.159), Alternaria sensitivity (OR, 10.37), and longer asthma duration (OR, 1.266). The best cut‐off values for detecting A. fumigatus positivity were 363.5 IU/mL for total IgE and 455 cells/μL for absolute eosinophil count. In Af‐SA compared to Af‐UA, centrilobular nodules and peribronchial thickening were more common, and the bronchoarterial ratio was higher. Conclusions: Aspergillus sensitivity is a strong allergic stimulus in asthma, leading to laboratory, structural, clinical, and functional consequences. Af‐SA is a distinct asthma endotype independent of ABPA that is characterized by increased risk of severe clinical presentations and impaired lung function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The frontal QRS-T angle is a novel parameter of myocardial repolarization. Weight gain during pregnancy and physiological changes during a cesarian section may affect the frontal QRS-T angle. We aimed to assess the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the frontal QRS-T angle in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Method and materials: This study included 90 pregnant women. BMI was calculated for all pregnant women. The study population was divided into two groups: BMI < 30 (n = 66) and BMI ≥ 30 (n = 24). QT interval measurements and the frontal QRS-T angle were obtained from the report of an electrocardiography machine. Results: It was found that the pre-operative and post-operative frontal QRS-T angle (p = 0.045 and p = 0.007) and QTc interval (p = 0.037 and p < 0.001) were higher in pregnant women with a BMI ≥ 30 than in pregnant women with a BMI < 30. In addition, when compared to pre-operative values, the post-operative frontal QRS-T angle (from 24.0 [20.0–41.5] to 34.5 [19.5–50.0], p = 0.031) and QTc interval (from 420.6 ± 13.3 to 431.7 ± 18.3, p = 0.010) were increased in the BMI ≥ 30 group, whereas no significant post-operative increase was observed in the BMI < 30 group. In correlation analysis, BMI was positively correlated with the frontal QRS-T angle and QTc interval. Conclusions: The frontal QRS-T angle and QTc interval were importantly increased in pregnant women with a BMI ≥ 30 than in pregnant women with a BMI < 30. Also, after cesarean section operation with spinal anesthesia, the frontal QRS-T angle and QTc were increased significantly in the BMI ≥ 30 group, whereas no significant change was observed in the BMI < 30 group. Therefore, it is suggested to perform close post-operative monitoring in pregnant women with a BMI ≥ 30 undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object detection in high resolution enables the identification and localization of objects for monitoring critical areas with precision. Although there have been improvements in object detection at high resolution, the variety of object scales, as well as the diversity of backgrounds and textures in high-resolution images, make it challenging for detectors to generalize successfully. This study introduces a new method for object detection in high-resolution images. The pre-processing stage of the method includes ISA and SAM to slice the input image and segment the objects in bounding boxes, respectively. In order to improve the resolution in the slices, the first layer of YOLO is designed as SRGAN. Thus, before applying YOLO detection, the resolution of the sliced images is increased to improve features. The proposed system is evaluated on xView and VisDrone datasets for object detection algorithms in satellite and aerial imagery contexts. The success of the algorithm is presented in four different YOLO architectures integrated with SRGAN. According to comparative evaluations, the proposed system with Yolov5 and Yolov8 produces the best results on xView and VisDrone datasets, respectively. Based on the comparisons with the literature, our proposed system produces better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, in spite of advanced technology, there are still some sound problems on modern cars because of mechanical parts, oil lubrications, and electric motors. Due to these unwanted problems, it is necessary to design intelligent predictors such as artificial neural networks. In this investigation, a procedure of testing and evaluation on the sound quality of two types of cars are proposed and sound quality is analyzed through the cars road running test on the providing ground, which is carried out with varying running speed. To improve and predict the results of experimental approach analysis, a proposed neural network predictor is also designed to model of the system for possible experimental applications. The proposed neural network is a feedforward type network, which consists of multi hidden layers. Three different training algorithms are used for training the network. As basic factors for sound quality, only objective factors a considered such as loudness, sharpness, speech intelligibility, sound pressure level. The correlation between sound pressure level and other factors are discussed from a point of view of running speed dependency. Results of both computer simulations and experiments show that the neural predictor algorithm gives good results at accommodating different cases and provides superior prediction on two cars's sound analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ELX/TEZ/IVA) was given US Food and Drug Administration approval based on its therapeutic benefits to treat patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who had at least 1 allele of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) with phenylalanine deleted at position 508 (F508del). The increase in genotyping studies has increased the frequency of use of CFTR modulators; however, severe allergic reactions to CFTR modulators have also been described. It is critical to avoid the offending medication and select alternative treatments while dealing with drug allergies. Drug desensitization may be taken into consideration in situations where there is no other option. This article describes home desensitization treatment for a patient with CF who developed a maculopapular rash following CFTR modulator medication. There are currently no alternative drugs for CFTR modulators, which are crucial for patients with CF, and limited experience is available with allergic reactions to these drugs. It is important to establish desensitization protocols in order to control drug reactions to CFTR modulators, which are vital for individuals with CF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 has a devastating natural course and presents a severe course marked by scoliosis and hip subluxation in nonambulatory patients. Nusinersen, Food and Drug Administration-approved spinal muscular atrophy therapy, extends survival and enhances motor function. However, its influence on spinal and hip deformities remains unclear. Methods: In a retrospective study, 29 spinal muscular atrophy type 1 patients born between 2017 and 2021, confirmed by genetic testing, treated with intrathecal nusinersen, and had registered to the national electronic health database were included. Demographics, age at the first nusinersen dose, total administrations, and Children's of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders scores were collected. Radiological assessments included parasol rib deformity, scoliosis, pelvic obliquity, and hip subluxation. Results: Mean age was 3.7 ± 1.1 (range, 2–6), and average number of intrathecal nusinersen administration was 8.9 ± 2.9 (range, 4–19). There was a significant correlation between Children's of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders score and the number of nusinersen administration (r = 0.539, p = 0.05). The correlation between Children's of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders score and patient age (r = 0.361) or the time of first nusinersen dose (r = 0.39) was not significant (p = 0.076 and p = 0.054, respectively). While 93.1% had scoliosis, 69% had pelvic obliquity, and 60.7% had hip subluxation, these conditions showed no significant association with patient age, total nusinersen administrations, age at the first dose, or Children's of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders scores. Conclusion: Disease-modifying therapy provides significant improvements in overall survival and motor function in spinal muscular atrophy type 1. However, progressive spine deformity and hip subluxation still remain significant problems in the majority of cases which would potentially need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oil (REO) in lamb fattening diets on blood, rumen parameters, fattening performance and meat quality. Thirty Norduz male lambs weaned at 4 months of age with average body weight 22.0 ± 4.41 kg were used. Lambs were divided into three groups: no rosemary oil (control, R0), with 250 mg/kg DM (R250) and with 500 mg/kg DM (R500) rosemary oil added to the basal ration, and fed for 70 d. The daily feed intake of the R500 lambs (1.63 kg) was lower than other groups (1.70 kg) (p = .01). Rosemary oil did not change the density of methane-producing bacteria in the rumen fluid. Rumen pH was 6.31 in R250 lambs, while it was 6.16 in control (p

The debate on context in architectural theory emerged as a response to how to integrate modern and historical patterns in the reconstruction of European cities bombed during World War II. Colin Rowe introduced a specific concept of 'contextualism' and analyzed modern and traditional urban patterns by using figure-ground maps and embraced a position of mediation between continuity and regeneration. With Rowe, context received a specific meaning with an ideological foundation that included inspiration from the Townscape vision of pluralist democracy, Karl Popper's criticism of reductionist science and society and Lionel Trilling's commentary on contradiction and social dialectics, the compositional form of Gestalt psychology and the cubist influence of Henry-Russell Hitchcock, the historical analysis of Rudolf Wittkower and the formal comparisonanalysis of Heinrich Wölfflin. The integrity and rich conceptual background of Rowe's contextualism was weakened by the rise of the multilayered, fragmented, multiscale structure of the contemporary city in the 1980s and the visible effects of poststructuralism on architectural theory. The powerful formal tools of contextualism have largely been reduced to simple figure-ground analysis in today's urban design projects. This paper explores how the erosion of the conceptual content of Rowe's contextualism paralleled the evolution of architectural discourse that revolved around the relationship between architecture and the city. A historical perspective is used to examine possible causes for the erosion of Rowe's contextualism in the changing relationships, scale, and texture of the contemporary city. In the 21st century, economic functions and processes became more global, the relationships of the city and/or parts of the city were diversified in multiple scales, mobility and fluidity had a larger part in the character of urban life, autonomous city segments had multiple contexts, and the distinctions between figure and ground, mass and void, land and building were diversified by hybrid typologies. The structure of the 21st century city is largely characterized by networks and relationships, and thus, a reading of the city requires a multiscale and multilayered perspective. Rowe's comprehensive contextualism fell out of favor as the 21st century city changed structurally since the context had become a multi-layered structure. This article is a critical literature review and uses an embedded theory research model. Rowe's contextualism is examined using the literature and historical texts. A comparative method was applied to examine 21st century cities and American cities of Rowe's time to analyze why Rowe's total context lost its strength. This study concludes that the expression and form of cities is linked to the context of their own period. However, past configurations provide information to understand the current city since the contemporary city includes layers of history and conditions. Rowe's comprehensive contextualism fell out of favor as the 21st century city changed structurally, yet the potential of contextualism for the future of the city, its architecture and architectural design is accessible and the holistic understanding of context need not be rejected. The fragmented, multilayered, multiscale urban conditions of the 21st century city sometimes appear in today's context reading in the form of fragmented and unconnected analyses. Rowe's contextualism reminds us of the need to understand what we presently refer to as context with a strong conceptual and theoretical background. Reading the dynamics of today's contemporary city through a rich framework (such as Rowe's contextualism) constitutes consistency, not weakness or totalitarianism. Rowe's contextualism provides a multidimensional and holistic approach to a coherent reading of context in the social, political, economic, historical and physical domains while recognizing the multiple contexts within the city of the 21st century and its parts and taking into account the networks of relationships of the city's context on regional and global scales. It reveals that the necessity of a hybrid reading is useful. Each scale includes different spatial relationships, meanings, and contexts. Rowe's analysis, among other tools, offers possibilities to read the complex, multidimensional texture, and morphology of the contemporary city and can be applied to different sets of knowledge and reading on a global, regional, and local scale.

Objective(s): This study was designed to assess the effect of fraxin which has various biological properties against liver injury induced by cisplatin.Materials and Methods: In our study, 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to control, fraxin, cisplatin, and fraxin+cisplatin groups. Cisplatin 12 mg/kg IP and fraxin 40 mg/kg orally were applied. When the experiment ended, the rats were sacrificed and the liver tissues were taken rapidly. Liver tissue specimens were maintained under appropriate conditions. Later, biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed.Results: According to our biochemical findings, oxidant parameters increased while antioxidant parameters decreased in cisplatin group compared with control group. Antioxidant parameters increased but oxidant parameters decreased in fraxin + cisplatin group compared with the cisplatin group. Immunohistochemical evaluations showed that the expressions of TNF-α and Caspase-3 were negative in control and fraxin groups, whereas severe levels were found in the cisplatin group. However, it was determined that the expressions of TNF-α and Caspase-3 were in mild levels in fraxin + cisplatin treatment group. In addition, it was observed that the increase of pathological markers such as coagulation necrosis, hydropic degeneration, dilatation in sinusoid, and hyperemia in the cisplatin group were compatible with our biochemical and immunohistochemical findings. Conclusion: Biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological results revealed that fraxin was effective in relieving cisplatin-induced liver damage.

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is a Gram+, anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that can produce toxins, and it is mainly because its virulence is attributed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. difficile and hyper virulent ribotypes in chicken carcasses and the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated strains.

Successful application of microbial community for bioproduction relies on the selection of appropriate heterotroph and phototroph partners. Here, the authors construct community metabolic models to guide strain selection and experimentally validate metabolic exchanges that sustain the heterotrophs in minimal media.

Background and objectives: Hydatid cyst is a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The aim of our study is to present the clinical features of the patients who were treated for hydatid cyst, determine the interventional techniques and anesthesia methods used and review the occurred complications in detail. Methods: This study included 393 patients who were followed up and/or treated with the diagnosis of hydatid cyst between January 2013 and November 2018. The patients’ data was evaluated retrospectively. Results: The mean age of the patients was 31.0 ± 17.2 years. Of the patients, 111 (28.4%) had more than one cyst and 36 (9.2%) patients had multi-organ involvement. Six of the patients refused the intervention or was transferred to another hospital. Among the remaining 387 patients, 335 (85.2%) received general anesthesia and intubation, 9 patients (2.3%) received general anesthesia and laryngeal mask airway, 39 patients (9.9%) received sedoanalgesia and 4 patients (1%) received regional anesthesia. Perioperative mortality was developed in one patient. The most common periopertaive complication was allergic reaction (1.5%), whereas the most common post-operative complications were atelectasis (3.3%) and biliary fistula (3%). The mean Intensive Care Unit stay (ICU) was 1.9 ± 1.1 days in patients requiring ICU. Recurrence during the 40 ± 17 months follow-up occurred in 8.4% patients. Conclusions: Anesthesiologists have an important role in the management of hydatid cyst patients. Patients should be evaluated exhaustively in terms of multi-organ involvement and the presence of more than one cyst in the same organ. The type of treatment procedure and the localization of the cysts determine the anesthetic management. Resumo: Introdução e objetivos: Cisto hidático é uma zoonose causada por Echinococcus granulosus. O objetivo do estudo é apresentar as características clínicas dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento de cisto hidático, determinar as técnicas intervencionistas e os tipos de anestesia utilizados, e revisar as complicações ocorridas, em detalhe. Método: Este estudo incluiu 393 pacientes que foram acompanhados e/ou tratados com o diagnóstico de cisto hidático, entre Janeiro de 2013 e Novembro de 2018. Os dados dos pacientes foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi 31,0 ± 17,2 anos. Do total de pacientes, 111 (28,4%) tinham mais de um cisto, e 36 (9,2%) apresentavam comprometimento em vários órgãos. Seis pacientes recusaram a intervenção ou foram transferidos para outro hospital. Dentre os 387 pacientes remanescentes, 335 (85,2%) receberam anestesia geral e intubação, 9 (2,3%) anestesia geral e máscara laríngea, 39 (9,9%) sedação e analgesia, e 4 (1%) anestesia regional. Houve um óbito no período perioperatório. Reação alérgica foi a complicação perioperatória mais comum (1,5%), e no pós-operatório, observou-se mais atelectasia (3,3%) e fístula biliar (3%). O tempo médio de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva foi 1,9 ± 1,1 dias para aqueles que necessitaram desses cuidados. Recidiva durante o seguimento de 40 ± 17 meses ocorreu em 8,4% dos pacientes. Conclusões: Os anestesiologistas têm um papel importante no tratamento dos pacientes com cisto hidático. Os pacientes devem ser avaliados exaustivamente em relação a comprometimento de vários órgãos e presença de mais de um cisto no mesmo órgão. O tipo de procedimento terapêutico e a localização dos cistos determinam a conduta anestésica.

In the first stage of the manuscript, we aimed to examine antioxidant capacity and anticholinergic properties of avocado (Folium perseae) leaves. Avocado leaf was extracted by water (WEFP) and ethyl alcohol (EEFP) and antioxidant activity was determined using by several antioxidant assays including DPPH· and ABTS•+ radical scavenging assays, Cu2+-Cu+ reducing, Fe3+-Fe2+ reducing, and FRAP reducing activities. Avocado leaf extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity and anticholinergic activities, while α-tocopherol, BHT, trolox, and BHA were used as positive antioxidant controls. In the second part of this study, the inhibition effects of WEFP and EEFP were valuated against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes, which catalyze the breakdown of choline esters (i.e. neurotransmitters). This study obviously showed that avocado leaf extracts had effective antioxidant, antiradical, and anticholinergic influences.

In current study is done antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II inhibition assays, screening of biological active compounds and electronic microscopy analysis of secretory canals of fruits, flowers, roots, and aerial parts extracts and essential oils of Angelica purpurascens. Phenolic constituents, antioxidant, and anti-lipid peroxidation potentials of variants were estimated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) processes. Cholinesterase inhibition effect was detected through Ellman’s method. The GC/ Mass Spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography (GC)-flame Ionization Detector (FID) was used for essential oils analysis. NMR techniques was used for identification of the isolated compounds. The fruit hexane and dichloromethane fractions exhibited a greater antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. The dichloromethane fraction of fruit demonstrated the most higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition (39.86 ± 2.63%), while the fruit hexane fraction displayed the best inhibition towards butyrylcholinesterase (84.02 ± 1.28%). Cytosolic isoenzymes of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) I, and II isoenzymes were influentially suppressed by flower and fruit dichloromethane fractions with 1.650 and 2.020 µM IC50 values, respectively. The electronic microscopy analysis of secretory canals found that the small number of secretory canals were at leaf while the largest shape of secretory canals was at the fruit. The secretory canals of roots, aerial parts, and fruits include more monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the canals, existing in the flowers are qualified by a higher presence of sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (12.1%), germacrene D (4.5%) and ether octyl acetate (11.9%). The highest level of monoterpene β-phellandrene (47.6%) and limonene (8.2%) were found in the fruit essential oil. The next isolated compounds from fruits of A. purpurascens like stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, bergapten, and oxypeucedanin have shown high anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities. Keywords: Angelica purpurascens, Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant activity, Secretory canals, Essential oil, Carbonic anhydrase

Abstract Introduction: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme activity may affect the vessel wall and have a role in development of aortic aneurysms. EPCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells and can be enumerated from peripheral blood samples by flow cytometry. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relation of EPC number and NADPH oxidase enzyme activity in the development of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Methods: Patients with TAA (n=30) and healthy individuals without TAA (control, n=10) were included in our study. Characterization and enumeration of EPC from peripheral blood samples were performed by flow cytometry with panels including markers of EPCs (CD34/CD133/CD309/CD146/CD144). Additionally, NADPH oxidase enzyme activity (capacity) was also measured by the dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) test. Results: The enumeration of EPC with CD34+/CD146+ marker showed that the number of mean EPC/106 cells was increased in the patient group (41.5/106 cells), but not in the control group (20.50/105 cells) (P

The widespread usage of Schiff bases in chemistry, industry, medicine, and pharmacy has increased interest in these compounds. Schiff bases and derivative compounds have important bioactive properties. Heterocyclic compounds containing phenol derivative groups in their structure have the potential to capture free radicals that can cause diseases. In this study, we designed and synthesized eight Schiff bases (10–15) and hydrazineylidene derivatives (16–17), which contain phenol moieties and have the potential to be used as synthetic antioxidants, for the first time using microwave energy. Additionally, the antioxidant effects of Schiff bases (10–15) and hydrazineylidene derivatives (16–17) were studied using by the bioanalytical methods of 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS•+) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging activities, and Fe3+, Cu2+, and Fe3+-TPTZ complex reducing capacities. In the context of studies on antioxidants, Schiff bases (10–15) and hydrazineylidene derivatives (16–17) were found to be as powerful DPPH (IC50: 12.15–99.01 μg/mL) and ABTS•+ (IC50: 4.30–34.65 μg/mL). Additionally, the inhibition abilities of Schiff bases (10–15) and hydrazineylidene derivatives (16–17) were determined towards some metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and human carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCAs I and II), enzymes that are linked to some global disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, and glaucoma. In the context of studies on enzyme inhibition, it was observed that the synthesized Schiff bases (10–15) and hydrazineylidene derivatives (16–17) inhibited AChE, BChE, hCAs I, and hCA II enzymes with IC50 values in ranges of 16.11–57.75 nM, 19.80–53.31 nM, 26.08 ± 8.53 nM, and 85.79 ± 24.80 nM, respectively. In addition, in light of the results obtained, we hope that this study will be useful and guiding for the evaluation of biological activities in the fields of the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries in the future.

In this study, for the first time, the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) leaves were evaluated and investigated using various bioanalytical methods. In addition, the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α-amylase, which are associated with various metabolic diseases, were determined. Further, the phenolic contents of the essential oil were determined using LC-HRMS chromatography. Twenty-seven phenolic molecules were detected in cinnamon oil. Moreover, the amount and chemical profile of the essential oils present in cinnamon oil was determined using GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. (E)-cinnamaldehyde (72.98%), benzyl benzoate (4.01%), and trans-Cinnamyl acetate (3.36%) were the most common essential oils in cinnamon leaf oil. The radical scavenging activities of cinnamon oil were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and (ABTS•+) bioanalytical scavenging methods, which revealed its strong radical scavenging abilities (DPPH•, IC50: 4.78 μg/mL; and ABTS•+, IC50: 5.21 μg/mL). Similarly, the reducing capacities for iron (Fe3+), copper (Cu2+), and Fe3+-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) were investigated. Cinnamon oil also exhibited highly effective inhibition against hCA II (IC50: 243.24 μg/mL), AChE (IC50: 16.03 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC50: 7.54μg/mL). This multidisciplinary study will be useful and pave the way for further studies for the determination of antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition profiles of medically and industrially important plants and their oils.

Toxic leachates originate from landfills are one of the major environmental problems. It has an important role in groundwater contamination and its treatment is crucial for environmental protection. In this research, the Electrooxidation (EO) process is applied to the landfill leachate balancing pool effluent. At the beginning of the study, conventional characterization of landfill leachate was conducted. Then, the EO process was progressed via 14 stainless steel and parallel positioned electrodes. Through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effectiveness of process variables was explained statistically. Effects of pH, current density, and reaction time on the process efficiency were studied and optimum conditions of the EO reaction were determined via COD and color removal efficiency parameters. By the model, optimum conditions of the reaction were found to be pH 7, current density 4.30 mA/cm2, and reaction time 35 min. The estimated removal efficiencies for COD and color were 42% and 97%, respectively. R2 values of the models were 98% for color removal and 93% for COD removal.

The gene GPNMB is known to play roles in phagocytosis and tissue repair, and is upregulated in microglia in many mouse models of neurodegenerative disease as well as in human patients. Nearby genomic variants are associated with both elevated Parkinson's disease (PD) risk and higher expression of this gene, suggesting that inhibiting GPNMB activity might be protective in Parkinson's disease. We tested this hypothesis in three different mouse models of neurological diseases: a remyelination model and two models of alpha-synuclein pathology. We found that Gpnmb deletion had no effect on histological, cellular, behavioral, neurochemical or gene expression phenotypes in any of these models. These data suggest that Gpnmb does not play a major role in the development of pathology or functional defects in these models and that further work is necessary to study its role in the development or progression of Parkinson's disease.

Purpose The aim of this study was to present to the literature a rare injury mechanism that causes knee dislocation (KD) and describe its characteristics. Methods A retrospective review of patients with KD who were treated between January 2014 and December 2019 at our hospital was performed. Patients with KD due to rotavator machine injury were included in Group 1 and all patients with KD due to other etiological reasons were included in Group 2. Patients’ age, gender, side, injury mechanism, time to surgery, length of stay (LOS), operation time, follow-up time, neurological injury status, vascular injury status, open injury status, and surgical interventions were evaluated. Results A total of 34 patients were evaluated in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, side, or follow-up time ( p = .915, p = 1.000, p = .682, p = .374, respectively). However, LOS and time to surgery were statistically significantly longer in Group 1 ( p = .037, p = .010, respectively). Moreover, neurovascular damage was statistically significantly more common in Group 1. Conclusion As a rare injury mechanism for KD, rotavator machine injuries cause more neurovascular injuries in patients compared to other injury mechanisms and increase the time to surgery and LOS due to preoperative soft tissue damage.

Purpose: To reveal the causes of reamputation of patients who underwent amputation due to diabetic foot and identify the role of imaging methods in determining the level of amputation. Method: Included in the study were 167 patients who underwent amputation due to diabetic foot between January 2018 and January 2021. The patients were divided into two groups. Patients who did not need reamputation were included in Group I, and patients who needed reamputation were included in Group II. The following information regarding the patients were evaluated: age, gender, the amputated side, duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), presence of chronic renal failure (CRF), need for hemodialysis, Charlson Comorbidity Score (CCS), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, presence of diabetic neuropathy, smoking, HbA1C, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation ratio (ESR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophile/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet-monocyte ratio (PMR), presence of diabetic foot necrosis, Exitus status of the patient and doppler ultrasonography (D-USG) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) results. Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.69 ± 16.37 years. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of age, gender, the amputated side, duration of DM, presence of CRF, need for hemodialysis, CCS, smoking, HbA1C, albumin, ESR, LMR, NLR, PLR, PMR or exitus status. However, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the ASA score, neuropathy due to DM, CRP, and presence of diabetic foot necrosis (P = 0.012, P = 0.038, P = 0.000, and P = 0.026, respectively). It was found that the use of D-USG in determining the level of amputation statistically reduced the need for reamputation (P = 0.013). Conclusions: According to the results of the study, diabetic neuropathy, the CRP value, ASA score, and the presence of a wound on the heel increases the possibility of reamputation. Compared to CTA, D-USG provides more reliable results in determining the level of amputation due to diabetic foot.