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Geschlechtsidentitaten scheinen angesichts der Turbulenzen weltweiter Veranderungen heute letzte Fixpunkte, an denen es sich festhalten lasst. Diese „Haltegriffe“ selbst sind jedoch nichts Festes, wie uns die Kritiken des Identitatsbegriffs und insbesondere die feministisch-theoretische Dekonstruktion von Geschlecht aktuell aufzeigen. Auch im Bewusstsein (und zum Teil im Verhalten) jungerer Frauen und Manner sind sogenannte „weibliche“ Eigenschaften zunehmend weniger auf Frauen, sogenannte „mannliche“ nicht mehr auf Manner beschrankt.

Envenomations are uncommon, challenging causes of critical care admissions. This article describes the diagnosis and treatment of envenomations that cause the most critical care admissions in the United States. Most are caused by the following animals: rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths, coral snakes, brown recluse spiders, and bark scorpions.

Abstract A new water-soluble perforation ball sealer has been developed and successfully used as a substitute for conventional ball sealers. They also can and have been used in situations where conventional ball sealers would not be an option due to the potential of creating undesired costly workover operations. The introduction of a degradable or water-soluble ball sealer signifies a major breakthrough in ball sealer technology. This paper discusses the new ball sealer chemical and physical properties and development methodology. Laboratory testing techniques and methods are presented. This paper focuses on the laboratory testing conducted during the development phase and the data generated to support proper application in the field. Also, the potential benefits of water-soluble ball sealers are presented along with examples of successful application in wells. P. 427

Abstract Stress cycling of proppant packs often occurs during well production operations and is known to be a major contributing factor to proppant pack failure. Proppant crushing occurs due to increasing closure stress as a well is drawn down. The fines generated by such crushing can cause significant damage to proppant pack porosity and fracture conductivity. Additionally, the incidence of proppant flowback (fines and whole proppant) has been reported to be exacerbated by stress cycling. The addition of deformable beads to the proppant pack has been observed to alleviate both problems and may significantly improve well performance. Testing of various mixtures of the deformable beads and proppant has demonstrated significant reductions in the amount of fines generated and accompanying improvements in proppant pack permeability. Furthermore, the initiation of proppant flowback was observed to require much higher flow rates than in the absence of the beads. It is thought the process of bead deformation serves to "cushion" the proppant particles from the full brunt of the stress. New laboratory facilities and procedures have been established to study and quantify, proppant flowback, and conductivity as a function of proppant, temperature, flow rate. fracture width, closure stress, and cycle frequency. P. 659

Oxidative breakers are used extensively to degrade the polymers used in oil and gas well hydraulic fracturing fluids. These oxidative breakers react extremely fast in most downhole environments and can degrade fracturing fluids at rates that are undesirable. To increase the stability of fracturing fluids, these oxidative breakers have been encapsulated, with various techniques, to delay the release of the breaker into the aqueous environment and cause a delayed break or degradation of the fracturing fluid. Historically, evaluation of the release rates has been accomplished by measuring the degree and rate of viscosity degradation in laboratory rheometers. These tests are very time consuming and somewhat subjective. A new methodology is provided to characterize encapsulated oxidative breakers (EOB) using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The new approach is based on weight loss using constant or dynamic heating rates. The novel technique constitutes a powerful tool to characterize the product complementary to conventional laboratory tests which are time consuming. This technique can be used to streamline the developmental process used in manufacturing these encapsulated oxidative breakers. It is also extremely beneficial for QA/QC of this type of product. The quality of these products can be determined in much less time and with better precision than conventional techniques. Relevant literature references have been identified and are included in the paper.

D. M. Bilden, SPE, BJ Services Company, P. A. Fletcher, SPE, and C. T. Montgomery, SPE, Arco Exploration and Production Technology, Plano, USA, R. J. Guillory, SPE, ARCO Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia and T. P. Allen, SPE, ARCO International Oil and Gas Co., PIano, U.S.A. Abstract Polymer residue is known to be a major cause of propped fracture conductivity damage. Many factors that can contribute to the significance of this damage are polymer type, initial and final polymer concentrations, breaker types and concentrations, formation mineralogy, bottom hole static temperature, shut-in time and fluid cleanup rates. Most fracturing treatments are designed with good fluid stability for a specific period of time that corresponds to the job pump time. It is then desired to break the fluid as quickly and completely as possible to facilitate rapid cleanup of the well and minimize conductivity damage. A common belief has been that if the treatment is shut-in in the reservoir too long, fracture conductivity damage may increase. This belief has led to operational completion practices that are costly and unnecessary. A laboratory study was conducted to study the effects of long-term shut-in periods of up to seven days. The results indicated that additional conductivity damage would not occur under the conditions tested. These observations resulted in changes in completion procedures that improved rig time efficiency for the completion of remotely located offshore wells. Introduction Offshore and geographically remote well operations often require the use of the drilling rig for completion operations. The time consumed on the completion phase of the well can therefore be very expensive. Significant cost savings can be realized if the rig is moved quickly to the next drilling location. Hydraulic fracturing can significantly increase the completion time of a well. It is common to flow the treatment fluid back after each stage to recover the fluid. Concerns over potential fracture conductivity damage, due to treatment shut-in for an extended period of time, have dictated this practice. Multiple frac stages per well, compound the completion time problem further. Little work has been done regarding the effect of gel residue on fracture conductivity for extended shut-in periods before flowback conductivity studies have been performed to evaluate long-term effects on proppant packs, but only after treatment flowback. Hawkins looked at the effect of fracturing fluids concentrated during closure on conductivity after minimal shut-in times. The results of this work showed a 10 to 20 percent reduction in conductivity. However, much of the fluid tests were done without breaker, and flowback began immediately in most cases or with only a short period of shut-in time (100 hrs) in some cases. It is desirable to move the drilling rig to the next slot as quickly as possible after drilling is complete on each well. Due to the significant amount of time that was being consumed during flowback of the frac treatments between frac stages, it was decided to investigate the effect of long-term shut-in times on the fracture conductivity to determine if this flowback practice was really necessary. Recovery of the frac fluid from all frac stages at the same time after the last frac and after the drilling rig moved, would greatly improve the rig utilization efficiency. The desire for improved operational efficiencies led to the laboratory study described here. Drilling and Completion Program ARCO Indonesia operates several fields in the Offshore North West Java Sea (ONWJ) area. P. 431

SPE Members Abstract For many years retained proppant pack conductivity has been used as a major tool in the prediction of optimizing production. As a result, standardized methods of performing proppant pack conductivity tests have been developed and published. The objective of this study was to determine the difference in near wellbore, mid-fracture, and "tip" cleanup of polymer in the proppant pack during fracturing treatment flowback. To ensure optimum formation production, consideration of polymer cleanup between the mid-fracture and the "tip" is necessary to limit the possibility of production limitations due to pressure drop along the fracture length. Cleanup of a proppant pack is influenced by many factors: fluid leak-off, fluid and breaker chemistry, formation mineralogy, fines migration (i.e. crushed proppant and fluid loss additives), temperature, pressure, etc. This study focused on the different cleanup effects determined by the rate and direction of flow in the proppant pack. The testing methodology used in this study focuses on evaluating the different parameters encountered during actual fracturing treatment flow-back:Removal of filtercake and insolubles due to breaker.Rate of removal of filtercake and insolubles due to flow rate in the fracture.Rate of removal of filtercake and insolubles due to rate of flow through the filtercake into the proppant pack.Rate of removal of filter-cake and insolubles due to interactive flow directions. Introduction In order to obtain an optimization for a fracture treatment design, an accurate model of fracture conductivity is necessary. To create such a model, a determination as to which parameters substantially affect fracture conductivity is considered. PREVIOUS LITERATURE In the past two decades, much progress has been made towards developing more realistic methods for determining fracture conductivity. In 1973, Cooke demonstrated how elevated temperatures and brine solution affect conductivity. Later in 1986, McDaniel published test procedures which used the removal of oxygen to overcome corrosion problems. P. 369^

Der Artikel thematisiert Geschlechterverhältnisse, die weitgehend sozial hergestellt werden, wobei die biologischen Seiten nicht verleugnet werden sollen. Aber Geschlecht ist "ein Bezugspunkt des Handelns", der bei der Einschätzung anderer Menschen immer eine Rolle spielt. "Geschlecht" sollte daher im Kontext sozialer Situationen untersucht werden. Geschlechtszugehörigkeit ist ein zentrales Moment der Orientierung in der Interaktion, sie muss symbolisch dargestellt werden. Der Beitrag fordert, zu untersuchen, wie Geschlecht in historischen sozialen Kontexten hergestellt wird. Menschen sind immer in über-individuelle gesellschaftliche Strukturen und Kontexte eingebunden. Eine psychologische Forschung zu Geschlechterverhältnissen sollte daher Disziplin- übergreifend arbeiten. Als sinnvoll wird ein Vorgehen begriffen, das individuelle Lebensgestaltungs- und Selbst- Konstruktionsprozesse mit Prozessen der Reproduktion und Veränderung gesellschaftlicher Geschlechterverhältnisse verbindet. Der Artikel wendet sich dann feministisch- psychoanalytischen Fragestellungen zu. Männliche und weibliche Entwicklung sollten konzeptualisiert werden und die Konstitution von "Begehren", "Macht" und "Unterordnung" besser verstanden werden. Dann geht der Beitrag auf die Theorie der "Symbolischen Interaktion" und auf "poststrukturalistisches" und "postmodernes" Denken ein. Es wird die Auffassung vertreten, dass ein Konzept "prinzipiell nicht abgeschlossener" Konstruktion von Geschlecht für die Psychologie sinnvoll ist. Denn sowohl Männer wie auch Frauen handeln manchmal "männlich", manchmal aber "weiblich". (ICB)

Abstract In deviated wellbores, the relationship between friction pressure and hydrostatic pressure differs from that in vertical wellbores. The change in this relationship increases the need for accurate slurry friction pressure modeling. Because of deviation, incremental slurry friction pressure changes are more significant than incremental changes in hydrostatic pressures. Real-time calculation of an accurate bottomhole treating pressure in deviated wellbores is more difficult to achieve, than in vertical wells, because of the lack of accurate slurry friction models. 'Abnormal' surface treating pressures, which are caused by this change in relationship, were recorded while fracturing deviated wells in the Prudhoe Bay Field in Alaska. The significance of this relationship is presented along with observed slurry friction pressure data obtained through the use of bottomhole pressure recorders. A methodology and mathematical model for more accurate calculation of slurry friction pressure is presented for these conditions. Introduction While performing fracturing treatments in vertical wells with the tubular and treatment conditions presented here, the surface treating pressure will normally decrease when proppant is added and proppant concentrations increase. 'Abnormal' or increasing surface treating pressures have been recorded while fracturing highly deviated wells. Misinterpretation of these surface pressure increases can cause erroneous decisions to be made during the fracturing treatment. Figure 1 is a hypothetical plot of surface treating pressure, slurry rate, and proppant concentration versus time for a frac job performed in a near vertical well. This example shows a continual decrease in surface treating pressure with proppant addition. Figure 2 is a hypothetical plot of the same parameters on a well that has a high angle of deviation from vertical. Note that at first, the surface treating pressure decreases when proppant is added but then begins to increase as the proppant concentration increases. The hydrostatic and tubular friction pressures must be accurately calculated during the treatment in order to obtain the net bottomhole treating pressure for proper analysis. Hydrostatic pressures are fairly simple to derive if the slurry density is monitored at the surface. The tubular friction pressure must be calculated based on a friction pressure model that is incorporated into the real-time computer monitoring package. This parameter is much more difficult to predict because of the variables involved. Because of the higher significance of friction pressure in highly deviated wells, proper slurry friction pressure modeling is even more critical. To properly understand this pressure phenomena and its significance, one must first have a thorough understanding of surface treating pressure and its components. FRACTURING PRESSURES The fracturing surface treating pressure is a function of four basic pressure components: hydrostatic head, pipe friction pressure, perforation friction pressure, and the formation fracturing pressure or bottomhole treating pressure. Their relationship is expressed in the following equation: (1) P. 771^

SPE Members Abstract The Midway Sunset Field is the 2nd largest oil producing field in the state of California. Current production is approximately 155,000 barrels of oil per day from 9,200 wells. Due to variable productivity exhibited by wells in this productivity exhibited by wells in this field, an extensive study was conducted to determine potential production impairment mechanisms. This study was accomplished by analyzing cores, produced fluids and the organic deposition found in and around the slots of liners pulled from two wells. The reduced productivity exhibited by these wells was determined to be due primarily to the deposition of organic and inorganic components in the liner slots. This deposition can be associated with the asphaltic properties of the crude, the unconsolidated nature of the formations and the use of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery techniques. Quantitative and qualitative studies were performed to evaluate the damage and generate an operationally feasible and cost effective treatment. This investigation resulted in the design of a unique treatment and placement technique. Production response is presented from 35 Production response is presented from 35 wells included in this ongoing stimulation program. Candidate selection criteria and program. Candidate selection criteria and related stimulation performance are also discussed. Introduction An extensive stimulation program was implemented on two properties in the Midway-Sunset (MWSS) field. This program consisted of 37 stimulation treatments performed on 35 wells over a 2 year period. performed on 35 wells over a 2 year period. The development and implementation of the stimulation treatment utilized is described in detail in a previously published paper. This subsequent paper presents a summarized review of the ongoing stimulation program along with additional analyses quantifying the nature of the organic and inorganic fractions of the damaging deposits present in the wellbores. The first 18 wells of this program were Potter completions. Based on favorable production response from the initial 18 Potter well treatments, the program was expanded to Tulare Zone program was expanded to Tulare Zone completions. The production data from all 35 wells treated is presented along with critical properties of the Tulare and Potter formations. FIELD HISTORY The subject properties are located in the Midway-Sunset Field which lies in the southwestern portion of the San Joaquin Basin, Kern County, California. The field spans more than 50,000 acres and extends some 25 miles from the town of McKittrick southeasterly along the Temblor Range foothills to the town of Maricopa (Figure 1). Surface elevations range from 500 ft. to 1800 ft. above sea level with the productive interval occurring from just below the surface to depths below 2000 ft. P. 523

Abstract Formation damage results primarily through three types of mechanisms: particulate plugging, organic deposition and chemical plugging, organic deposition and chemical incompatibilities. Each of these damage mechanisms can be very detrimental to production performance. Complex damage production performance. Complex damage caused by a combination of formation lines migration, calcium carbonate scale and asphaltene precipitation can result in severe reduction in productivity. When this type of complex damage exists, a specialized stimulation treatment design is required to effectively remove the damage. The production history of an unconsolidated, asphaltic crude reservoir indicated that a damage mechanism existed and was responsible for abnormally low production rates. Quantitative and qualitative studies were performed in order to analyze this damage performed in order to analyze this damage and generate an operationally feasible and cost effective treatment. The conclusions generated from this investigation resulted in the design of a unique treatment and placement technique. This technique was placement technique. This technique was applied using a specialized solvent and acid system in a stimulation program that resulted in significant, stabilized improvement in well productivity. Treatment descriptions and production results are presented from the 18 wells that were included in this ongoing stimulation program. Candidate selection criteria and program. Candidate selection criteria and corresponding stimulation performance are also discussed. Introduction The Midway-Sunset Field is located in the southwestern area of the San Joaquin Basin, Kern County, California. The field extends from the town of McKittrick southeasterly along the Temblor Range foothills for 25 miles to the town of Maricopa. The average width of the field is 3 1/2 miles (Figure 1). Midway-Sunset spans more than 50,000 acres and contains over 9,200 wells producing in excess of 155,000 barrels of oil per day (BOPD). Anticipated ultimate recovery figures place this field as one of the largest oil fields in the continental United States. The topographic elevation ranges from 500' to 1800' with the oil zone occurring from just below the surface to several thousand feet in depth. Early development activity was concentrated in the Midway area northwest of the town of Taft and in the Sunset area near Maricopa. Following additional discoveries, the two areas merged. Field development increased in the 1960's as a result of the thermal enhanced oil recovery (TEOR) technology. These techniques coupled with a demand for low gravity crude have resulted in extensive field development to date. Currently the Midway-Sunset field is divided into three main areas: Northern, Central and Southern. P. 113

Der Beitrag informiert über erste Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Panel-Studie über arbeitslose Mädchen mit Hauptschulbildung. Dabei geht es weniger um die Darstellung der äußeren Merkmale der Situation "Arbeitslosigkeit", sondern vielmehr um die Analyse der Formen, in denen sich Mädchen mit der Erfahrung der Arbeitslosigkeit auseinandersetzen. Berufseinstieg, Familiensituation und die Beziehungen zu den Gleichaltrigen sind die Bereiche, die vorrangig analysiert werden. Dabei zeigt sich, daß Arbeitslosigkeit im Jugendalter mit einer Stagnation in wichtigen Entwicklungsprozessen verbunden ist. (DIPF/Orig.)

Der Beitrag informiert über erste Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Panel-Studie über arbeitslose Mädchen mit Hauptschulbildung. Dabei geht es weniger um die Darstellung der äußeren Merkmale der Situation "Arbeitslosigkeit", sondern vielmehr um die Analyse der Formen, in denen sich Mädchen mit der Erfahrung der Arbeitslosigkeit auseinandersetzen. Berufseinstieg, Familiensituation und die Beziehungen zu den Gleichaltrigen sind die Bereiche, die vorrangig analysiert werden. Dabei zeigt sich, daß Arbeitslosigkeit im Jugendalter mit einer Stagnation in wichtigen Entwicklungsprozessen verbunden ist. (DIPF/Orig.)

Die Autorinnen befassen sich kritisch mit dem Konzept der Individualisierung, wie es in der neueren Jugendforschung benutzt wird. Dabei wenden sie sich gegen eine unangemessen euphorische Interpretation historischer Individualisierungsprozesse, indem sie die Widersprüchlichkeit und Ambiguität dieser Prozesse vor allem für Lohnabhängige herausarbeiten. Konkretisiert wird dies durch den Blick auf soziale Differenzierungen von Jugend und insbesondere auf die prekäre Situation von weiblichen Jugendlichen mit Hauptschulbildung. Ihr Augenmerk richtet sich vor allem auf die problematische Beziehung zwischen gesellschaftlichen Anforderungen an die Jugendlichen, sich als vereinzelte Akteure zu verhalten, ihren individuellen Ansprüchen und den realen Freiräumen für die Gestaltung ihres Lebens gemäß ihren eigenen Wünschen und Interessen. (DIPF/Orig.)

In diesem Artikel kann nicht die Geschichte weiblicher Jugend geschrieben werden. Noch konnen wir die Ergebnisse der Madchenforschung darstellen (der Jugendbericht ist dafur eine gute Zusammenfassung, nur wenig veraltet). Stattdessen wollen wir