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The design of a gun barrel aims at maximizing its firing power, determined by its safe maximum pressure (SMP)--the maximal allowed firing pressure--which is considerably enhanced by inducing a favorable residual stress field through the barrel's wall commonly by the autofrettage process. Presently, there are two distinct processes: hydrostatic and swage autofrettage. In both processes, the barrel's material is fully or partially plastically deformed. Recently, a 3D computer code has been developed, which finally enables a realistic simulation of both swage and hydraulic autofrettage processes, using the experimentally measured stress-strain curve and incorporating the Bauschinger effect. This code enables a detailed analysis of all the factors relating to the final SMP of a barrel and can be used to establish the optimal process for any gun-barrel design. A major outcome of this analysis was the fact that the SMP of an autofrettaged barrel is dictated by the detailed plastic characteristics on the barrel's material. The main five plastic parameters of the material that have been identified are: the exact (zero offset) value of the yield stress, the universal plastic curve in both tension and compression, the Bauschinger effect factor (BEF) curve, and the elastic-plastic transition range (EPTR). A detailed comparison between three similar barrel materials points to the fact that the major parameter determining the barrel's SMP is the yield stress of the material and that the best way to determine it is by the newly developed "zero offset" method. All other four parameters are found to have a greater influence on the SMP of a hydraulically autofrettaged barrel than on a swaged one. The simplicity of determining the zero offset yield stress will enable its use in any common elastic and elastoplastic problem instead of the present 0.1% or 0.2% yield stress methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic analysis founded on the linear water wave theory and separation of variables in elliptical coordinates is undertaken to investigate the free sloshing characteristics in the doubly connected fluid domain of an upright (rigid-walled) cylindrical vessel of elliptical cross section that contains an internal (nonconfocal) elliptical core barrel of arbitrary size, aspect ratio, location, and orientation. The lateral tank boundary (impenetrability) condition is imposed by using the addition theorems for Mathieu functions, and a (4N×4N) truncated set of algebraic equations is eventually obtained after application of the relevant orthogonality relations. Extensive numerical experiments include plots of the first five sloshing wave numbers as functions of the (normalized) barrel eccentricity, for selected tank/barrel aspect ratios, barrel angular locations/orientations, and size. Also, the first four dimensionless natural sloshing frequencies are tabulated for selected liquid elevations and a wide range of geometrical configurations. Moreover, certain two-dimensional images of the liquid free-surface oscillation mode shapes are graphically portrayed. The prominent (moderate) effects of container cross-sectional ellipticity and barrel eccentricity (barrel aspect ratio and angular location/orientation) on the liquid sloshing characteristics are noted. In particular, in the circular tank configuration, several frequency clusters are formed among contiguous frequency branches that progressively merge together as the barrel eccentricity decreases (problem symmetry increases), leading to repeated doublet frequencies. Also, at certain barrel eccentricities, frequency crossovers (mode crossings) between different frequency branches are observed. Accuracy of simulations is confirmed by using a standard finite-element package in addition to comparisons with the existing literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For transportation of dangerous goods rail transport uses tank wagons. Structural changes can contribute to reduction in the maximum stresses, and as a result, to improvement in technical and economic characteristics of a tank wagon. In order to investigate the stress-strain state of a tank wagon the finite element model was built, its adequacy having been checked by results of analytical calculations and experiments. It has been applied for numerous researches to find the most effective bracket support structure by comparing it to the existing structure. The laws of stiffness change in radial direction and the laws of contact pressure change have been demonstrated. The improved structure has been checked by a load spectrum according to normative documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When shipping companies first experimented with transporting wine in steel containers in the 1930s they promised to revolutionize the way French Algeria sent its most important export to metropolitan France. What capitalists saw as a rational and efficient use of new technology, however, dockworkers and barrelmakers saw as a dire threat to their livelihoods in a time of intense economic hardship. This article traces the social conflict that followed the introduction of the wine tanker and the declining use of wine barrels in port cities in both Algeria and France. In doing so it illustrates the wide range of people and places that held a direct stake in economic activity arising from France's colonization of Algeria, from the rural environments in which wine was produced all the way to distant urban spaces such as Rouen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After contact shots to the head biological traces can be found inside firearm barrels. So far silicone coated, gelatin filled box models were used to generate such staining according to the triple contrast method (mixture of acrylic paint, barium sulfate and blood sealed in a thin foil bag). This study was conducted to develop a transparent ballistic model allowing contact shots. Gelatin filled polyethylene bottles with and without a silicone coat were tested in comparison to non-covered gelatin blocks. Finally, thin foil bags of 5 cm × 5 cm dimension were glued on a synthetic absorbent kitchen wipe on top of which 1 L 10% gelatin solution was molded to create blocks of 8.5 cm length. A kitchen wipe with a paint pad on its inside formed the front of the cube. Three contact shots each with a 9 mm Luger pistol and a .38 special revolver were performed on all model variations. The staining was documented by endoscopy and swabs gathered from both ends of the barrel were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Reliable staining was achieved using the front covered gelatin block with comparable results to the silicone coated box model used before. For further research using ballistic models to simulate a human head a symmetric form of the gelatin block such as a cube is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is an important crop for many smallholder farmers in the world. Maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) cause a significant loss in quality and quantity during maize storage, especially in tropical regions. Hermetic storage of maize has been shown to be effective in controlling maize weevils in laboratory and field settings. The objective of this research was to test the effectiveness of steel barrels that could be used by smallholder farmers for hermetic storage. Six 208 L (55 gal) steel barrels were each loaded with 170 kg (375 lb) of maize at an average moisture of 13.4% w.b., with initial weevil population densities of 25 live weevils kg-1 (11 live weevils lb-1) of maize. All six barrels were stored at 27°C (81°F) under non-hermetic conditions for 120 d, corresponding to approximately three weevil lifecycles. After 120 d, weevil population densities had increased to an average of 99 live weevils kg-1 (45 live weevils lb-1) in all six barrels. Three of the six barrels were subsequently hermetically sealed. After an additional 30 days (150 days since experiment start), the weevil population densities were zero in every hermetically sealed barrel (100% mortality) and averaged 141 live weevils kg-1 (64 live weevils lb-1) in the non-hermetic barrels. All barrels where then exposed to non-hermetic conditions for an additional 40 days (approximately one weevil lifecycle). The barrels previously under hermetic conditions had zero live weevils, while the other barrels averaged 214 live weevils kg-1 (98 live weevils lb-1), demonstrating that all stages of weevils (eggs, larvae, and pupae) were killed. Means of barrel oxygen content, test weight (TW), moisture content (MC), temperature, and humidity were significantly different between the hermetically sealed and control treatments. In contrast, broken corn and foreign material (BCFM) and mechanical damage (MD) were not significantly different. Hermetically sealed steel barrels may be an effective maize storage option for smallholder farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with seismic vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete single barrel shell structures. An attempt has been made for seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete single barrel shell structures using nonlinear static and dynamic procedures. The conversion of Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) model of reinforced concrete shell structures into Equivalent Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (ESDOF) model is done using the concept of N2-method suggested by Fajfar and Fischinger (1988) with some modifications. For nonlinear static analysis, SAP2000 software is used, and for nonlinear dynamic analysis, NONLIN computer program is used. Nonlinear time-history analyses of ESDOF model are performed with a suite of 20 ground motions used by Vamvatsikos and Cornell (2002) scaled to different levels of intensity. A computer program NONLIN is used to perform Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Maximum displacement obtained from time-history analyses is plotted against ground motion intensities. Yield and collapse capacities of the structure are determined using IDA curves. Further fragility and hazard survival curves are plotted for seismic evaluation of single barrel shell structures. The fragility curves for yielding and collapse damage levels are developed by statistically interpreting the results of the time-history analyses. The results express the probabilities of yielding and collapse against various levels of ground motion intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential aspect of the MEFASS rolling process is introducing the cyclic axial counter movement of the rolls transverse to the direction of rolling in the course of a band pass through a rolling gap. The effect of a change in the way of deformation obtained in this manner makes it possible to set in one roll pass a deformation several times larger than it is possible in a conventional process. In this paper, upon the basis of the computer model of the MES process, supported by experimental research, the analysis of the influence exerted by the shape of the surface of roll barrels upon the distribution of the intensity of stresses σi and deformations ε2i in the section of the band being rolled, and also upon the kinematic and force parameters of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors that affect the wear and durability of artillery systems are considered. The dependence of the barrel wear on the number of shots fired is determined experimentally. The use of wear-free technology in barrel manufacture reduces the wear by an order of magnitude and thus extends barrel life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tight reservoir exploration in Barmer basin has huge potential with possible in place volumes of multi billion barrels in reservoirs across the Mesozoic to Cenozoic stratigraphic levels. These tight reservoirs (permeability in the range of 0.01-10 mD) are ideal fraccing candidates for commercial production. One of the critical challenges in tight reservoir exploration is early assessment of permeability and reservoir fluid type identification through wireline formation testing (WFT) to determine flow behavior, frac optimization and expected deliverability after fraccing. The most prospective Barmer Hill (BH) and Fatehgarh (FAT) tight formations from the basin have been tested with new 3D radial probe WFT tool providing significant time and cost optimization opportunities. Good quality fluid samples with very low contamination levels were extracted with less rig time and operational costs from very low permeable BH formation (0.18 mD/cP mobility) and FAT formation (0.35 mD/cP mobility) in 150 and 200 min respectively. 3D radial probe and dual packer module based WFT job were compared for their efficiencies in similar environment. The results show that 3D radial probe has less inflation time (~1/5th), quick fluid detection (~1/10th time), quick and reliable packer deployment, focused fluid flow regime to address the formation heterogeneity and minimum hole sticking issues due to mechanical arms around the probe. In short, 3D radial probe can address both the uncertainties of WFT in tight reservoirs and optimized well testing and frac design for cost effective field development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate subjective comfort and energy consumption in cold environment with retrofitted Huotong (warm-barrel). A series of experiments was conducted in one experimental room in Hunan University, China in winter. 16 subjects were exposed to the environments at 9, 12, 15 and 18 °C with retrofitted Huotong. During each test, subjective responses and Huotong's energy consumption were recorded. The obtained results indicates that Huotong maintained overall and local comfort in cold environment. With it, 90% acceptable temperature range could be extended to 9 °C. Thermal sensation, comfort and acceptability improved within 15 min after subjects turning on Huotong, while their preference for warm environment was weaken. Moreover, the heating power required for maintaining comfort increased as temperature was lower. When air temperature dropped from 18 to 9 °C, the average heating power rose from 50.3 to 165.6 W for each person. In addition, based on Corrective Power (CP), a new index (Corrective Energy & Power, i.e. CEP) for evaluating performance of both comfort and energy consumption of personal comfort system (PCS) was proposed. This index makes it possible to compare different PCSs in terms of extending acceptable temperature range and energy-efficiency simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A barrel is one of the most tribologically and thermally loaded parts of artillery weapons. The influence of the salt bath nitrocarburizing and hard-chrome plating of three steels used for artillery barrels on their abrasion resistance is studied in this paper. The tested steels are 42CrMo4, 30CrNiMo8, and 36CrNiMo4 in the initial quenched and tempered state. The test results from the ''dry sand/rubber wheel'' method, after 700 m of wear path, showed that the hard-chrome plating of 42CrMo4 and 30CrNiMo8 steels improved their abrasion resistance. In addition, reduced abrasive wear of 42CrMo4 steel samples was also achieved by nitrocarburizing. Hard chrome-plated samples exhibited good wear resistance due to their greater hardness and bigger thickness of the compound zone in comparison with that obtained on nitrocarburized samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the use of optical sensors to study the oxygen diffusivity of oak wood staves in wine barrel ageing for four months. 2-D oxygen distribution measurements were performed with planar optodes in combination with a colour RGB camera. The transparency of the optode enables to study the correlation of spatial heterogeneities −due to wood swelling during wetting- in O 2 concentration over the wood surface with data on the different anatomical structures involved. For the first time, oxygen dynamics were described with a resolution that permits the identification of the role of wood anatomy on oxygen permeability/diffusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing wine is a common practice used in winemaking, since the quality and sensory profile increase due to the extractable compounds coming from wood, by means of barrels or chips. The quantitative and qualitative compounds of the wood depend on the species, its origins and the treatments applied in cooperages. Traditionally, oak wood species are most often used in cooperage, specifically Quercus alba (Q. alba), Known as American oak and Quercus robur (Q. robur) and Quercus petraea (Q. petraea), both known as French oak. Although this stage is very common for red wines, its use is still restricted in the case of white wines. However, this topic is particularly interesting, since due to the sensorial benefits of wood contact, the option for ageing white wines in barrels or chips could be chosen by winemakers. This review compiles the novel strategies applied to white wines by means of wood contact in recent years with the aim to increase wine quality and sensorial features.

The aim of the present work was to perform layer-by-layer morphometric and immunohistochemical studies of parvalbumin-positive (PA+) neurons in the somatosensory zone (SI) of the cerebral cortex in white mongrel rats ( n = 10). Studies of frontal and tangential sections of thickness 60 and 4 μm revealed significant variation in shape, body size, and process branching among PA+ neurons in all cortical layers. The greatest proportion of PA+ neurons (47.1%) was located in cortical layer IV in the barrel formation zone. Studies of tangential sections showed that the greatest proportion of PA+ neurons was located in barrel septa (43%). These cells in layer IV were distributed most densely in barrel walls, such that their outlines were clearly visible. The quantitative dominance of PA+ neurons in septa may be linked with the direction of the course of their dendrites in the internal part of the barrel and the formation of dendrodendritic gap junctions, which may in turn provide the morphological basis for individual local pacemaker rhythmogenesis and regulation of the functional state of cortical columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the botanical origin (French oak: Quercus petraea and American oak: Quercus alba ) and different toasting levels (light, medium and heavy) on the ellagitannin content of wines aged in oak barrels has been studied. This took place in two consecutive vintages in order to study what happens after the barrels have been already used for one year with another wine. This study was carried out with two red wines (Cabernet Sauvignon) and with two decolored white wines (Macabeo) from vintages 2012 and 2013 in order to work with a simpler matrix which facilitates chemical analysis. The results show that the botanical origin, toasting level and the number of times that the barrels have been used exert a major influence on the final ellagitannin concentration. In general, the behavior of all the individual ellagitannins was very similar to that described for the total ellagitannins. Briefly, the levels of total ellagitannins concentration in the decolored white wine aged for 12 months in new French barrels ranged between 31.2 mg/L in the lightly toasted and 4.7 mg/L in the heavy toasted. In contrast, these levels were quite lower in American new barrels ranging between 3.6 mg/L and 0.9 mg/L. Finally, the total ellagitannin concentration decreased an average of 63% in the wines aged in the one year used barrels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamate neurotransmission refines synaptic connections to establish the precise neural circuits underlying sensory processing. Deleting metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in mice perturbs cortical somatosensory map formation in the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex at both functional and anatomical levels. To examine the cell-autonomous influences of mGluR5 signaling in the morphological and functional development of layer IV spiny stellate glutamatergic neurons receiving sensory input, mGluR5 genetic mosaic mice were generated through in utero electroporation. In the SI cortex of these mosaic brains, we found that most wild-type neurons were located in barrel rings encircling thalamocortical axon (TCA) clusters while mGluR5 knock-out (KO) neurons were placed in the septal area, the cell-sparse region separating barrels. These KO neurons often displayed a symmetrical dendritic morphology with increased dendritic complexity, in contrast to the polarized pattern of wild-type neurons. The dendritic spine density of mGluR5 KO spiny stellate neurons was significantly higher than in wild-type neurons. Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings detected a significant increase in the frequencies of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic events in mGluR5 KO neurons compared with neighboring wildtype neurons. Our mosaic analysis provides strong evidence supporting the cell-autonomous influence of mGluR5 signaling on the functional and anatomical development of cortical glutamatergic neurons. Specifically, mGluR5 is required in cortical glutamatergic neurons for the following processes: (1) the placement of cortical glutamatergic neurons close to TCA clusters; (2) the regulation of dendritic complexity and outgrowth toward TCA clusters; (3) spinogenesis; and (4) tuning of excitatory inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in Cabernet Sauvignon wines from seven regions of China during maturation in oak barrels was investigated. The barrels were made of different wood grains (fine and medium) and toasting levels (light and medium). Twelve VSCs were quantified by GC/FPD, with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methionol exceeding their sensory thresholds. Most VSCs tended to decline during the aging, while DMS was found to increase. After one year aging, the levels of DMS, 2-methyltetrahy-drothiophen-3-one and sulfur-containing esters were lower in the wines aged in oak barrels than in stainless steel tanks. The wood grain and toasting level of oak barrels significantly influenced the concentration of S-methyl thioacetate and 2-methyltetrahy-drothiophen-3-one. This study reported the evolution of VSCs in wines during oak barrel aging for the first time and evaluated the influence of barrel types, which would provide wine-makers with references in making proposals about wine aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a detailed understanding of the roles and effects of the screw elements in the granule formation along the length of barrel in the twin screw granulator (TSG) by incremental addition of the elements in the screw configuration. The number of kneading and conveying elements in the screw configuration, liquid to solid ratios (L/S) and screw speeds were varied while studying their effects on the mechanism of granule formation and the granule attributes (size, shape and structure). In order to study the granule formation mechanism, the length of TSG barrel was divided into 10 Parts. This was done to mimic and understand the actual granulation process that occurs in the individual Parts (sections) when total barrel length (cumulative length of all 10 Parts) comprising both conveying and kneading zones in the screw configuration is used. Part-1 consisted two long pitch conveying elements (LPCE) followed by four short pitch conveying elements (SPCE). Part-2 consisted of two kneading elements (KE) placed at the end of the granulator after 4SPCE. Similarly, Part-3 to Part-7 subsequently consisted 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12KE. In Part-8, 2SPCE were placed next to 12KE which is named as 12KE + 2SPCE. Same thing was repeated for Part-9 with 4SPCE and Part-10 with 6SPCE. In a separate experiment, last 4SPCE in Part-10 were replaced by 2LPCE to study the effect of increase in the screw channel width on the granule size and structure. It was found that the granules became bigger in size, elongated and denser with increasing number of KE (Part-2 to Part-7) due to increase in shear and compaction forces acting on them. The influence is more evident at higher L/S. However, the presence of SPCE in addition to the KE (Part-8 to Part-10) reduced the size and elongation of granules due to the shearing and cutting action of SPCE. The granule formation and growth in the TSG was found to be the function of the type and number of elements in the screw configuration and the L/S. Presence of 2LPCE at the end of the screw configuration resulted in an increase in the granule size and structural voids due to the coalescence or re-agglomeration of granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and glycerol concentration in cachaças aged for 3 years in barrels made from different types of tropical woods and European oak. Glycerol gives body to spirits, whereas the fatty acid profile influences the spirit sensory characteristics. The concentration of these compounds in aged spirits depends on the wood composition. Tropical wood barrels made from amendoim ( Pterogyne nitens Tul), araruva ( Centrolobium tomentosum), cabreúva ( Myrocarpus frondosus), cerejeira ( Amburana cearensis), grápia ( Apuleia leiocarpa), ipê roxo ( Tabebuia heptaphylla), jequitibá ( Cariniana estrellensis), jequitibá rosa ( Cariniana legalis) and pereira ( Platycyamus regnellii), as well as European oak ( Quercus petraea), were used in this study. Glycerol concentrations in aged cachaças were measured using colorimetric methods, and fatty acid profiles were determined by GC-MS analysis. The main fatty acids found were propanoic (C3:0), butanoic (C4:0), pentanoic (C5:0), octanoic (C8:0), decanoic (C10:0), dodecanoic (C12:0), hexadecanoic (C16:0), octadecanoic (C18:0) and octadecenoic (C18:19) acids. Araruva barrels stood out as the major supplier of C4:0 and cabreúva barrels provided greater amounts of C18:0 to cachaça. Carvalho and araruva barrels conferred more complete fatty acid profiles and higher concentrations of glycerol. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of screw speed (250-600 rpm), barrel temperature (100-160 °C) and water content (16.4-22.5%) on rapidly digestible ( RDS), slowly digestible ( SDS) and resistant ( RS) starch levels of waxy, normal and high-amylose maize starches. In native starches, an increase in amylose content was correlated with lower SDS content. After extrusion, this trend was reversed. Both waxy and normal maize starches became rapidly digested. However, for normal maize starch, some SDS fraction remained. In contrast, the high-amylose maize starch showed a significant increase in digestibility and an increase in SDS content from 20.4% in the native starch up to 27.5% after extrusion. This high level of SDS may be attributed to the presence of some remaining granular structures and formation of crystalline orders, which have slow digestion properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the evolution of co-occurring analogous enzymes involved in L-tryptophan and L-histidine biosynthesis in Actinobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of trpF homologues, a missing gene in certain clades of this lineage whose absence is complemented by a dual-substrate HisA homologue, termed PriA, found that they fall into three categories: (i) trpF- 1, an L-tryptophan biosynthetic gene horizontally acquired by certain Corynebacterium species; (ii) trpF-2, a paralogue known to be involved in synthesizing a pyrrolopyrrole moiety and (iii) trpF-3, a variable non-conserved orthologue of trpF- 1. We previously investigated the effect of trpF-1 upon the evolution of PriA substrate specificity, but nothing is known about the relationship between trpF-3 and priA. After in vitro steady-state enzyme kinetics we found that trpF-3 encodes a phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase. However, mutation of this gene in Streptomyces sviceus did not lead to auxothrophy, as expected from the biosynthetic role of trpF-1. Biochemical characterization of a dozen co-occurring TrpF-2 or TrpF-3, with PriA homologues, explained the prototrophic phenotype, and unveiled an enzyme activity trade-off between TrpF and PriA. X-ray structural analysis suggests that the function of these PriA homologues is mediated by non-conserved mutations in the flexible L5 loop, which may be responsible for different substrate affinities. Thus, the PriA homologues that co-occur with TrpF-3 represent a novel enzyme family, termed PriB, which evolved in response to PRA isomerase activity. The characterization of co-occurring enzymes provides insights into the influence of functional redundancy on the evolution of enzyme function, which could be useful for enzyme functional annotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanillin-(6′- O -galloyl)-β-glucopyranoside (VGG), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-(6′- O -galloyl)-β-glucopyranoside (TMPGG), and (6 R ,9 R )-3-oxo-α-ionol-9- O -(6′- O -galloyl)-β-glucopyranoside (macarangioside E) were identified as aroma precursors in oak wood. An LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify these three galloylglucoside compounds in brandies aged in oak barrels. The detection system consisted of a triple quadrupole mass analyser operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. For the first time, vanillin-β- d -xylopyranoside (VX) was synthesised for use as an internal standard. The detection limits (48 μg L −1 for VGG, 52 μg L −1 for TMPGG, and 19 μg L −1 for macarangioside E) were low enough to quantify these aroma precursors in spirits without any sample preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) and aging in oak barrels are two oenological processes which modify the composition and sensory characteristics of the wines. However, there are few studies on the MLF in barrels. This work compares wines in which MLF is carried out in steel tanks and then aged in oak barrels, with wines in which MLF has been carried out in barrels. MLF occurs faster in barrels and while the fundamental structure of the wine is virtually identical, there is less color loss. Some groups of volatile compounds vary significantly depending on whether MLF takes place in tanks prior to aging or in the oak barrels themselves. It was shown that in this latter case, wines were obtained with slightly higher concentrations of methoxy-phenols and approximately double amount of whisky-lactones and furanic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two isolated Bronze Age cremation pits were found at Lovedean, Hampshire, each of which contained a barrel or bucket urn considered to belong to the Deverel-Rimbury tradition of the Middle Bronze Age. Each contained cremated bone, albeit in small quantities. A single adult was identified from one urn while the material from the other was too small to allow any diagnosis of age or sex. Of two similar pits, one contained a Middle Bronze Age urn but no human remains, and the second produced no finds. During the watching brief, a single feature containing Middle to Late Bronze Age, Late Prehistoric and Romano-British pottery was revealed on the higher ground at the northern end of the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how low impact development approaches (LIDs) reduce urban stormwater runoff and increase baseflow is significant for urban water resources management. The SCS model and baseflow equation were employed to evaluate the performance of green roofs (GRs), permeable pavement (PP) and rain barrels (RBs) as retrofitting technologies in a high-density residential community in Nanjing, China. In addition, the factors relevant to the performance of LIDs were explored by estimating runoff variations at different rainfall frequencies. The findings are that the application of GR, PP and RB resulted in reduction in surface runoff by 0.6-36.8 % and increased in baseflow by 2.68-60.93 × 10 m. In addition, there is a negative linear correlation between runoff depth and effective storage, and the effectiveness of RB on runoff reduction is greater than that of PP. The baseflow generated by 100 % LID implementation is 1.94 times greater than that generated by 50 % LID implementation. For PP, generated baseflow increased with the increase in effective storage. The baseflow generated by GR is 1.16 times greater than that generated by RB in the same roof area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuál es el aporte que los arquitectos podemos hacer desde nuestro campo al problema de las infraestructuras? Dejando fuera el problema de la expresión, tal vez una mirada cuidadosa frente al comportamiento de los materiales y su durabilidad, que calibre la relación entre los actos albergados por el espacio y el manto construido que lo cubre.What contribution can we architects make on the infrastructure issue? Leaving aside the problem of expression, perhaps we can offer a careful look at the behavior of materials and their durability, that balances the relationship between the activities sheltered by the space and its constructed covering.

Nigeria is an oil producing country and crude oil is an important asset to its economy. This research focuses on the analysis of importation and exportation of crude oil products (measured in million barrels). Comparisons between the total importation and exportation were made and descriptive analysis was performed on the crude oil components. Poisson regression was used to establish the relationship between total importation and the importation of the petroleum products under consideration. The results show that Nigeria makes more importation than exportation of these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]