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Abstract Iron, a crucial micronutrient, is an integral element of biotic vitality. The scarcity of iron in the soil creates agronomic challenges and has a detrimental impact on crop vigour and chlorophyll formation. Utilizing iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) via nanopriming emerges as an innovative method to enhance agricultural efficiency and crop health. The objective of this study was to synthesize biogenic IONPs from Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) plant extract using green chemistry and to evaluate their nanopriming effects on rice seed iron levels and growth. The synthesized IONPs were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The UV–Vis peak at 280 nm revealed the formation of IONPs. SEM and TEM showed that the nanoparticles were spherical and had an average diameter of 23.8 nm. Nanopriming resulted in a substantial enhancement in growth, as seen by a 9.25% and 22.8% increase in shoot lengths for the 50 ppm and 100 ppm treatments, respectively. The yield metrics showed a positive correlation with the concentrations of IONPs. The 1000-grain weight and spike length observed a maximum increase of 193.75% and 97.73%, respectively, at the highest concentration of IONPs. The study indicates that G. glabra synthesized IONPs as a nanopriming agent significantly increased rice seeds' growth and iron content. This suggests that there is a relationship between the dosage of IONPs and their potential for improving agricultural biofortification.

Betalain has received increased attention because of its high nutritional value and crucial physiological functions. Based on the elucidation of its core biosynthetic pathway, betalain can be produced in additional plants by metabolic engineering. Synthesis of betalain in carrot (Daucus carota L.) can improve its nutritional quality and economic value by extracting betalain from the fleshy root, non-edible part, and processing residue of carrot. In this study, two different constructs, namely, pYB:mCD (AomelOS, BvCYP76AD1S, and BvDODA1S) and pYB:CDD (BvCYP76AD1S, BvDODA1S, and MjcDOPA5GTS), were introduced into carrot for betanin synthesis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Betanin can be synthetized in both transgenic calli, and pYB:mCD-transgenic callus can be used to produce betacyanin by suspension culture. However, pYB:mCD-transgenic seedlings can synthetize betanin only by tyrosine feeding. The pYB:CDD-transgenic lines can synthetize betanin in whole plants. The betanin content in fleshy root of pYB:CDD-transgenic carrot was (63.4 ± 9) μg ·g−1 fresh weight according to quantitative analysis. These betanin-producing carrot plant materials can be used to synthesize betanin for industrial application or consumption as dietary sources.

Abstract Background Riboflavin is the precursor of several cofactors essential for normal physical and cognitive development, but only plants and some microorganisms can produce it. Humans thus rely on their dietary intake, which at a global level is mainly constituted by cereals (> 50%). Understanding the riboflavin biosynthesis players is key for advancing our knowledge on this essential pathway and can hold promise for biofortification strategies in major crop species. In some bacteria and in Arabidopsis, it is known that RibA1 is a bifunctional protein with distinct GTP cyclohydrolase II (GTPCHII) and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase (DHBPS) domains. Arabidopsis harbors three RibA isoforms, but only one retained its bifunctionality. In rice, however, the identification and characterization of RibA has not yet been described. Results Through mathematical kinetic modeling, we identified RibA as the rate-limiting step of riboflavin pathway and by bioinformatic analysis we confirmed that rice RibA proteins carry both domains, DHBPS and GTPCHII. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsRibA isoforms 1 and 2 are similar to Arabidopsis bifunctional RibA1. Heterologous expression of OsRibA1 completely restored the growth of the rib3∆ yeast mutant, lacking DHBPS expression, while causing a 60% growth improvement of the rib1∆ mutant, lacking GTPCHII activity. Regarding OsRibA2, its heterologous expression fully complemented GTPCHII activity, and improved rib3∆ growth by 30%. In vitro activity assays confirmed that both OsRibA1 and OsRibA2 proteins carry GTPCHII/DHBPS activities, but that OsRibA1 has higher DHBPS activity. The overexpression of OsRibA1 in rice callus resulted in a 28% increase in riboflavin content. Conclusions Our study elucidates the critical role of RibA in rice riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, establishing it as the rate-limiting step in the pathway. By identifying and characterizing OsRibA1 and OsRibA2, showcasing their GTPCHII and DHBPS activities, we have advanced the understanding of riboflavin biosynthesis in this staple crop. We further demonstrated that OsRibA1 overexpression in rice callus increases its riboflavin content, providing supporting information for bioengineering efforts.

A novel method for multi-element analysis in cereals, pseudocereals, and legumes was developed for principal (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus) and trace (manganese, zinc, iron, copper, and aluminum) element determination using a microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (MP-AES). The method was validated using certified reference analyte values from durum wheat (DUWF-1), corn bran (BRAN-1), quinoa (KINO-1), rice (SRM 1568b), and soy (SRM 3234). Spike recoveries were assessed using field-grown crops that represent staple and minor crops with variable matrix compositions. A closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion method consisting of 12 mL of deionized water, 2 mL of HNO3, and 2 mL of H2O2 was efficient for the mineralization of all crops. Acceptable measurement agreement was achieved between certified and determined values for all reference materials with recovery ranges from 89 to 120 percent. Plant breeders can use the method to develop and screen crops for improved nutrient density.

There are about two billion people suffered malnourished because of the failing global food system, historical emphasis on crop yield, notably lacking in Fe and Zn. Breeding biofortified staple crops is a sustainable strategy to tackle this issue, but it poses challenges, primarily due to limited genetic resources in modern breeding populations. Simultaneously, global climate change, marked by rising temperatures and increased atmospheric CO2, threatens the stability of micronutrient concentrations in harvest organs, such as gain, fruit, root, tubers etc. The rich biodiversity of crop wild relatives, including wild species, landraces, and natives, offers a promising genetic response to climate change. Advanced breeding technologies, like marker-assisted selection breeding, genomic selection, gene editing provide opportunities to enhance Fe and Zn concentrations in staple crops, such as rice, maize, wheat, cassava, etc. Genome-wide association studies and population genetics research will help found qualitative genes and major-effect homeostasis genes for Fe and Zn, which purpose is to uncover the molecular mechanisms governing Fe and Zn regulation in staple crops. Despite these strides, enhancing Fe and Zn bioavailability for human, requires considering absorption enhancers and inhibitors, rather than solely increasing concentrations. Absorption testing systems like the Caco-2 cell line, elucidating the meta-process of Fe and Zn absorption in the human body should be considered when breeding Fe and Zn biofortified crops through traditional and molecular breeding.

Since soybean is widely cultivated around the world and has a high protein content, it is a great nutritional vehicle for increasing the dietary uptake of selenium (Se). Several studies have evaluated biofortification with Se through fertilizer application in several crops. However, it is not clear how each method and source affect the total Se content or Se species in soybean grains. This work aimed to assess the total Se content and Se speciation in Se-enriched soybean grains produced under different Se application methods in the field. The treatments consisted of Se application (soil or foliar), using organic or inorganic Se sources at 10 g ha-1 or 80 g ha-1, in two genotypes. The results showed that all treatments with inorganic Se (soil and foliar) increased the Se content in grains compared with the control. More than 80% of the total Se in grains was present as selenomethionine (SeMet), and the speciation was affected by the Se source and the method of application. The treatments using inorganic Se, applied via soil or foliar, produced the highest content of Se as SeMet in soybean grains. Finally, we propose that the preservation of the Se species in products derived from soybean grains be evaluated as the following step.

Biofortification increases micronutrient content in staple crops through conventional breeding, agronomic methods, or genetic engineering. Bioaccessibility is a prerequisite for a nutrient to fulfill a biological function, e.g., to be bioavailable. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the bioavailability (and bioaccessibility as a proxy via in vitro and animal models) of the target micronutrients enriched in conventionally biofortified crops that have undergone post-harvest storage and/or processing, which has not been systematically reviewed previously, to our knowledge. We searched for articles indexed in MEDLINE, Agricola, AgEcon, and Center for Agriculture and Biosciences International databases, organizational websites, and hand-searched studies' reference lists to identify 18 studies reporting on bioaccessibility and 58 studies on bioavailability. Conventionally bred biofortified crops overall had higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability than their conventional counterparts, which generally provide more absorbed micronutrient on a fixed ration basis. However, these estimates depended on exact cultivar, processing method, context (crop measured alone or as part of a composite meal), and experimental method used. Measuring bioaccessibility and bioavailability of target micronutrients in biofortified and conventional foods is critical to optimize nutrient availability and absorption, ultimately to improve programs targeting micronutrient deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Optimizing agroecosystems and crops for micronutrient uptake while reducing issues with inorganic contaminants (metal(loid)s) is a challenging task. One promising approach is to use arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and investigate the physiological, molecular and epigenetic changes that occur in their presence and that lead to changes in plant metal(loid) concentration (biofortification of micronutrients or mitigation of contaminants). Moreover, it is important to understand these mechanisms in the context of the soil microbiome, particularly those interactions of AMF with other soil microbes that can further shape crop nutrition. To address these challenges, a two‐pronged approach is recommended: exploring molecular mechanisms and investigating microbiome management and engineering. Combining both approaches can lead to benefits in human health by balancing nutrition and contamination caused by metal(loid)s in the agro‐ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the biofortification of tomato and lettuce plants with strontium (Sr). The Sr was applied at 0, 25, and 50 mg kg−1 in the soil experiment and 0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg L−1 in the rockwool experiment. The Sr application increased growth of plants. The Sr concentration in soil-grown tomato increased from 137 to 384 and 665 mg kg−1 with Sr treatments, respectively. Similarly, Sr concentration in tomato fruits rose from 4.53 to 10.7 and 17.5 mg kg−1. Lettuce Sr concentration increased from 64.9 to 119 and 168 mg kg−1 with Sr treatments. The Sr concentration in the vegetative parts of tomatoes grown in rockwool increased from 23 to 600 mg kg−1 with low-Sr and to 604 mg kg−1 with high-Sr application. Similarly, the Sr concentration in tomato fruits increased from 1.13 to 25.7 and 19.0 mg kg−1 with Sr treatments. The Sr concentration in lettuce grown in rockwool increased from 26.2 to 285 and 356 mg kg−1 with Sr, respectively. The fruit Ca concentrations significantly increased in response to the applied high-Sr in soil-grown tomato plants. In rockwool-grown tomato, the Ca concentrations in the vegetative parts increased from 19.3 to 27.8 g kg−1, and in the fruits, it increased from 0.66 to 1.00 g kg−1 under the low-Sr treatment compared to the control. In rockwool-grown lettuce, the Ca concentration increased with the low-Sr. In conclusion, the present research establishes that the biofortification of Sr in the edible parts of tomato and lettuce plants can be achieved successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent centuries, micronutrient deficiencies are considered a major challenge for human health. Biofortification of principal crops has been broadly accepted as a sustainable scenario to overcome this limitation. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized factorial design with three replications during the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons. Four fertilizers and two doses of humic acid were used in the experiment. Analysis of variance indicated that humic acid, fertilizer type, and growing season caused statistically significant differences in macro and micronutrient content and heavy metal concentrations of shoot and seed in plants. Results also denoted that organic material amendment improved macro and micronutrient content of barley plants compared with IF in which SS treatment increased Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Ni concentrations in shoot/seed while SM treatment enhanced N, P, and K concentration of plants. Moreover, IF-treated plants increased heavy metal accumulation in shoot and seed tissues whereas organic amendments reduced heavy metal uptake such that the lowest Pb and Cd were determined in SM-treated plants, and the lowest Ni content was measured in W-treated samples. HA application promoted Zn, Mg, and Cu accumulation in plants, however, individual or combined with fertilizers reduced other micro and macronutrient uptake. In conclusion, the amendment of 40 tons ha−1 of sheep manure and sewage sludge is an improving and beneficial practice in barley cultivation for the biofortification of crops. However, HA treatment did not form a meaningful whole in the experiment but promoted Zn, Mg, and Cu concentrations in plant tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Selenium (Se) deficiency, stemming from malnutrition in humans and animals, has the potential to disrupt many vital physiological processes, particularly those reliant on specific selenoproteins. Agronomic biofortification of crops through the application of Se-containing sprays provides an efficient method to enhance the Se content in the harvested biomass. An optimal candidate for systematic enrichment, guaranteeing a broad trophic impact, must meet several criteria: (i) efficient accumulation of Se without compromising crop yield, (ii) effective conversion of mineral Se fertilizer into usable organically bound Se forms (Seorg), (iii) acceptance of a Se-enriched crop as livestock feed, and (iv), interest from the food processing industry in utilization of Se-enriched outputs. Hence, priority should be given to high-protein leafy crops, such as soybean. Methods: A three-year study in the Czech Republic was conducted to investigate the response of field-grown soybean plants to foliar application of Na2SeO4 solutions (0, 15, 40, and 100 g/ha Se); measured outcomes included crop yield, Se distribution in aboveground biomass, and the chemical speciation of Se in seeds. Results and Discussion: Seed yield was unaffected by applied SeO4 2-, with Se content reaching levels as high as 16.2 mg/kg. The relationship between SeO4 2-dose and Se content in seeds followed a linear regression model. Notably, the soybeans demonstrated an impressive 73% average recovery of Se in seeds. Selenomethionine was identified as the predominant species of Se in enzymatic hydrolysates of soybean, constituting up to 95% of Seorg in seeds. Minor Se species, such as selenocystine, selenite, and selenate, were also detected. The timing of Se spraying influenced both plant SeO4 2- biotransformation and total content in seeds, emphasizing the critical importance of optimizing the biofortification protocol. Future research should explore the economic viability, long-term ecological sustainability, and the broad nutritional implications of incorporating Se-enriched soybeans into food for humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has focused on nanoparticle (NP) applications' impact on edible wheat parts in a field environment. Here, we studied the nutritional quality of edible parts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with a field experiment by spraying MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Wheat was foliar sprayed with 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L composite manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NPs during 220 d of a growth period. Ionic controls were prepared using the conventional counterparts (MnSO4·H2O and FeSO4·7H2O) to compare with the 100 mg/L MnFe2O4 NPs. After three consecutive foliar applications, nanoparticles demonstrated a substantial elevation in grain yield and harvest index, exhibiting a noteworthy increase to 5.0 ± 0.12 t/ha and 0.46 ± 0.001 in the 100 mg/L NP dose, respectively, concomitant with a 14% enhancement in the grain number per spike. Fe, Mn, and Ca content in grain increased to 77 ± 2.7 mg/kg, 119 ± 2.8 mg/kg, and 0.32 ± 7.9 g/kg in the 100 mg/L NPs, respectively. Compared to the ion treatment, the 100 mg/L NP treatments notably boosts wheat grain crude protein content (from 13 ± 0.79% to 15 ± 0.58%) and effectively lowers PA/Fe levels (from 11 ± 0.7 to 9.3 ± 0.5), thereby improving Fe bioavailability. The VSM results exhibited a slight superparamagnetic behavior, whereas the grains and stems exhibited diamagnetic behavior. The results indicate that the nanomaterial did not accumulate in the grains, suggesting its suitability as an Fe and Mn-rich fertilizer in agriculture. Above all, the foliar application of nanocomposites increased the concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Ca in wheat grains, accompanied by a significant enhancement in grain yield. Therefore, the research results indicate that the foliar application of MnFe2O4 NPs can positively regulate wheat grains' nutritional quality and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous selenium application could effectively improve the selenium absorption of crops affected by different climatic conditions due to changes in the planting environment and planting conditions. We planted maize at planting densities of 67,500 plants ha−1 (D1) and 75,000 plants ha−1 (D2). Five selenium fertilizer gradients of 0 mg m−2 (Se0), 7.5 mg m−2 (Se1), 15.0 mg m−2 (Se2), 22.5 mg m−2 (Se3), and 30.0 mg m−2 (Se4) were applied to investigate the response of the plants to selenium fertilizer application in terms of the gradient selenium absorption and substance accumulation. With the increase in the amount of selenium fertilizer applied, more of the selenium fertilizer will be absorbed and transported from the leaves to the grains, and the selenium content of the grains will gradually increase and exceed the selenium content of leaves. Under the D2 density in 2022, the selenium content of the grains under Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments increased by 65.67%, 72.71%, and 250.53%, respectively, compared with that of Se0. A total of 260.55% of the plants showed a gradient of grain > leaf > cob > stalk from the Se2 treatment, and the overall selenium content of the plants increased first and then decreased. Under the D1 density, compared with the Se0, the dry matter mass of the Se1, Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments significantly improved by 5.84%, 1.49%, and 14.26% in 2021, and significantly improved by 4.84%, 3.50%, and 2.85% in 2022. The 1000-grain weight under Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments improved by 8.57%, 9.06%, and 15.56% compared to that under the Se0 treatment, and the yield per ha under the Se2, Se3, and Se4 treatments was 18.58%, 9.09%, and 21.42% higher than that under Se0 treatment, respectively. In addition, a reasonable combination of selenium application rate and density could improve the chlorophyll content and stem growth of dryland maize. This lays a foundation for the efficient application of selenium fertilizer and provides an important reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to climate change and exacerbated population growth, the search for new sustainable strategies that allow for greater food productivity and that provide greater nutritional quality has become imperative. One strategy for addressing this problem is the combined use of fertilization with a reduced dose of nitrogen and biostimulants. Celery processing produces a large amount of waste with its concomitant pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to address the valorization of its byproducts. Our results revealed reductions in the biomass, Na, P, Mn, B, sugars, and proteins in the byproducts and increased lipid peroxidation, Fe (all celery parts), and K (byproducts) when the N supplied was reduced. Plants inoculated with Azotobacter salinestris obtained a greater biomass, a higher accumulation of K (byproducts), a build-up of sugars and proteins, reduced concentrations of P, Cu, Mn, B, Fe (petioles), and Zn (byproducts), and reduced lipid peroxidation. The application of Se at 8 μM reinforced the beneficial effect obtained after inoculation with Azotobacter salinestris. In accordance with our results, edible celery parts are recommended as an essential ingredient in the daily diet. Furthermore, the valorization of celery byproducts with health-promoting purposes should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a crucial micronutrient for human health. Plants are the primary source of Se for humans. Selenium in the soil serves as the primary source of Se for plants. The soil contains high total Se content in large areas in Guangxi, China. However, the available Se is low, hindering Se uptake by plants. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in the activation of Se in the soil, thereby enhancing its uptake by plants. In this study, selenobacteria were isolated from Se-rich soils in Guangxi. Then two selenobacteria strains, YLB1-6 and YLB2-1, representing the highest (30,000 mg/mL) and lowest (10,000 mg/mL) Se tolerance levels among the Se-tolerant bacteria, were selected for subsequent analysis. Although the two selenobacteria exhibited distinct effects, they can significantly transform Se species, resulting in a decrease in the soil residual Se (RES-Se) content while concurrently increasing the available Se (AVA-Se) content. Selenobacteria also enhance the transformation of Se valencies, with a significant increase observed in soluble Se6+ (SOL-Se6+). Additionally, selenobacteria can elevate the pH of acidic soil. Selenobacteria also promote the uptake of Se into plants. After treatment with YLB1-6 and YLB2-1, the Se content in the aboveground part of Chinese flowering cabbage increased by 1.96 times and 1.77 times, respectively, while the Se accumulation in the aboveground part of the plant significantly increased by 104.36% and 81.69%, respectively, compared to the control. Further whole-genome sequencing revealed the genetic difference between the two selenobacteria. Additionally, 46 and 38 candidate genes related to selenium utilization were identified from YLB1-6 and YLB2-1, respectively. This work accelerates our understanding of the potential molecular mechanism of Se biofortification by selenobacteria. It also provides microorganisms and gene targets for improving crop varieties or microorganisms to exploit the rich Se source in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cadmium (Cd) pollution has declined crop yields and quality. Selenium (Se) is a beneficial mineral element that protects plants from oxidative damage, thereby improving crop tolerance to heavy metals. The molecular mechanism of Se-induced Cd tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) is not yet understood. This study aimed to elucidate the beneficial mechanism of Se (1 mg/kg) in alleviating Cd toxicity in rice seedlings. Results: Exogenous selenium addition significantly improved the toxic effect of cadmium stress on rice seedlings, increasing plant height and fresh weight by 20.53% and 34.48%, respectively, and increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid content by 16.68% and 15.26%, respectively. Moreover, the MDA, ·OH, and protein carbonyl levels induced by cadmium stress were reduced by 47.65%, 67.57%, and 56.43%, respectively. Cell wall metabolism, energy cycling, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in rice seedlings were significantly enhanced. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expressions of key functional genes psbQ, psbO, psaG, psaD, atpG, and PetH were significantly up-regulated under low-concentration Se treatment, which enhanced the energy metabolism process of photosystem I and photosystem II in rice seedlings. At the same time, the up-regulation of LHCA, LHCB family, and C4H1, PRX, and atp6 functional genes improved the ability of photon capture and heavy metal ion binding in plants. Combined with proteome analysis, the expression of functional proteins OsGSTF1, OsGSTU11, OsG6PDH4, OsDHAB1, CP29, and CabE was significantly up-regulated under Se, which enhanced photosynthesis and anti-oxidative stress mechanism in rice seedlings. At the same time, it regulates the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. It up-regulates the expression response process of IAA, ABA, and JAZ to activate the synergistic effect between each cell rapidly and jointly maintain the homeostasis balance. Conclusion: Our results revealed the regulation process of Se-mediated critical metabolic pathways, functional genes, and proteins in rice under cadmium stress. They provided insights into the expression rules and dynamic response process of the Se-mediated plant resistance mechanism. This study provided the theoretical basis and technical support for crop safety in cropland ecosystems and cadmium-contaminated areas. Highlights: Se could improve the growth inhibition of rice under Cd stress. Se mediated the increase of photosynthetic pigment content. Se up-regulates functional genes and proteins involved in the photosynthetic system. Se-mediated decreased the content of MDA, ·OH, and protein carbonyl. Se-mediated plant hormone signal transduction plays a vital role in Cd detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While endophytic fungi offer promising avenues for bolstering plant resilience against abiotic stressors, the molecular mechanisms behind this biofortification remain largely unknown. This study employed a multifaceted approach, combining plant physiology, proteomic, metabolomic, and targeted hormonal analyses to illuminate the early response of Brassica napus to Acremonium alternatum during the nascent stages of their interaction. Notably, under optimal growth conditions, the initial reaction to fungus was relatively subtle, with no visible alterations in plant phenotype and only minor impacts on the proteome and metabolome. Interestingly, the identified proteins associated with the Acremonium response included TUDOR 1, Annexin D4, and a plastidic K+ efflux antiporter, hinting at potential processes that could counter abiotic stressors, particularly salt stress. Subsequent experiments validated this hypothesis, showcasing significantly enhanced growth in Acremonium‐inoculated plants under salt stress. Molecular analyses revealed a profound impact on the plant's proteome, with over 50% of salt stress response proteins remaining unaffected in inoculated plants. Acremonium modulated ribosomal proteins, increased abundance of photosynthetic proteins, enhanced ROS metabolism, accumulation of V‐ATPase, altered abundances of various metabolic enzymes, and possibly promoted abscisic acid signaling. Subsequent analyses validated the accumulation of this hormone and its enhanced signaling. Collectively, these findings indicate that Acremonium promotes salt tolerance by orchestrating abscisic acid signaling, priming the plant's antioxidant system, as evidenced by the accumulation of ROS‐scavenging metabolites and alterations in ROS metabolism, leading to lowered ROS levels and enhanced photosynthesis. Additionally, it modulates ion sequestration through V‐ATPase accumulation, potentially contributing to the observed decrease in chloride content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Selenium (Se) application showed no significant effect on maize biomass and yield. • Foliar and soil application of Se enhanced grain Se content. • Grain Se recovery was maximum with foliar Se application. • Foliar Se application surpasses soil Se application in terms of grain Se content. Selenium (Se) is a vital mineral nutrient for animal and human health, which can be supplemented through seed biofortification techniques. Present study determined the potential of improving Se content in maize grain via several Se fertilizer application methods to enhance the nutritional status of native populations. Field trials were conducted for two growing years with different Se application methods and application rates to evaluate grain Se content in maize, Se recovery, grain macro- and micro-nutrients and grain yield under rain-fed conditions. Results demonstrated that foliar and soil Se applications showed no significant impacts on maize biomass and grain yield as well as maize grain N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents. However, both foliar and soil Se application significantly enhanced the maize grain Se content. Foliar application of Se exhibited greater Se recoveries of 54 % and 108 % in the grain over soil Se fertilizer for the first and second growing seasons while the later was recorded with only 1.71 % and 0.97 % increase as compared to control. In conclusion, foliar Se application at silking stage at the rate of 8.85 µM enhanced the grain Se content in maize at minimum costs as compared to soil Se application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) deficiency in soils not only reduces the productivity of forage crops, but also results in inadequate dietary zinc intake for livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different rates and methods of applying ZnSO4 to both soil and foliage on the yield and quality of fodder maize grown in a sandy loam soil testing low in DTPA-extractable Zn. A 2-year field experiment was conducted with six treatments including control, foliar application of 0.3% ZnSO4 at 30 days after sowing (DAS) (F1), foliar application of 0.3% ZnSO4 at 30 and 40 DAS (F2), soil application of 16 kg ha−1 ZnSO4 (S16) and a combination of both soil and foliar ZnSO4 application (S16 + F1 and S16 + F2). Increase in green herbage yield by 25%, dry matter yield by 47% and Zn content by 79% was observed under S16 + F2 treatment over the control. Zinc application improved N, K, Cu and crude protein content of herbage significantly over the control. Thus, the study shows that significant improvement in growth parameters, herbage yield and quality of maize can be achieved with soil Zn application + two foliar sprays of ZnSO4 at 30 and 40 DAS, thereby ensuring availability of improved fodder Zn to the livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of biofortified crops and their critical role in Rwandan diets motivated the Ministry of Agriculture through Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB) to adopt a national policy of combating micronutrients' deficiencies by developing and releasing fortified crop varieties. In this context, 37 biofortified potato (Solanum tuberosum) clones were introduced from the International Potato Center (CIP) and evaluated for two growing seasons in four agroecological zones in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The evaluation was conducted on the vegetative development traits, root yield (ton/ha), dry matter content (%), iron and zinc (mg/kg) content, flesh color, processing qualities, and taste. The average yield varied between 11.5 and 20.8 ton/ha for biofortified potato clones, while the local checks revealed a yield ranging between 21.5 and 21.8 ton/ha. The dry matter content was between 18.9% and 25.9%, while the local check revealed a dry matter content ranging between 22.4% and 25.4%. The iron and zinc contents ranging between 11.51–27.84 mg/kg and 22.39–43.57 mg/kg was observed on tested bifortifed potato clones, while these contents were ranging between 5.23–8.12 mg/kg and 19.17–21.88 mg/kg for local checks, respectively. Five biofortified clones (CIP312507.311, CIP312764.013, CIP312721.169, CIP312735.253, and CIP312682.042) revealed a chipping quality similar to Kinigi, the most popular potato variety in Rwanda. Regarding the culinary test, the clone CIP312725.057 revealed a bitter taste, 10 clones were ranked as very well, and two clones were ranked as good. Regarding the farmers' feedback, seven clones, namely, CIP312764.013, CIP312721.169, CIP312735.253, CIP312682.042, CIP312721.038, CIP312621.069, and CIP312637.132, were ranked as very good including the local checks Kinigi and Kirundo. Three clones (CIP312507.311, CIP312725.048, and CIP312721.286) were ranked as good, while the clones CIP312507.312 and CIP312725.057 were ranked as bad. In this study, 10 good clones were selected for further evaluation for release as the first biofortified potato varieties in Rwanda or used in crossing blocks for population improvement. Core Ideas: Thirty‐seven tetraploid biofortified potato clones were introduced and evaluated in Rwanda.The tested tetraploid biofortified potato clones revealed significant differences in all evaluated traits.The iron and zinc contents were extremely high in tetraploid biofortified potato clones as compared to local checks.Based on results, 10 clones were selected with the potential to be released as the first biofortifed potato in Rwanda.The selected clones can also be used in crossing blocks for population improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The spike is a crucial organ for intercepting exogenous zinc (Zn) at the late growth stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the role of spikes in wheat biofortification has drawn little attention, and knowledge gaps exist with respect to absorption and translocation of exogenous Zn by wheat. Aims: This study aims to determine the role of spikes in wheat biofortification when Zn is applied to the canopy, and to characterise the absorption and translocation of Zn applied to different wheat organs. Methods: In two field experiments and one pot experiment, Zn was applied at different stages (heading or early filling stage) to the canopy or to different organs (flag leaf or spike), and Zn concentrations in various organs were determined. Zn interception, Zn absorption, recovery in grain, and translocation amount and rate were calculated. Key results: With application to the canopy, the Zn interception rate of spikes was 13% at heading and 28% at early filling. Grain Zn concentration was improved by 17–33% under flag leaf Zn application and 30–37% under spike Zn application, with absorption accounting for 68–90% and 88–99% of Zn applied, respectively. Zn applied at heading was translocated throughout plants before anthesis, and then to spikes. Zn applied at early filling was entirely translocated to spikes. The amount of Zn translocated after flag leaf application and spike application accounted for 16–40% and 13–14% of absorbed Zn, respectively. Conclusions: Spikes are critical for intercepting and absorbing exogenous Zn. The Zn absorbed by the spike was more effective for grain Zn biofortification than the Zn absorbed by the flag leaf. Implications: The information generated from this study assists in understanding how wheat plants intercept, absorb and translocate Zn. Understanding of interception, absorption and translocation of exogenous Zn in wheat is important to the goal of improving biofortification efficacy; however, knowledge gaps exist with regard to absorption and translocation of exogenous Zn by wheat and the role of spikes in biofortification. Results show that spikes are critical in intercepting and absorbing exogenous Zn, and translocation of exogenous Zn is dependent on application stage. The outcomes improve our knowledge of how wheat plants intercept, absorb and translocate Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often hypothesized that adaptive capacity leads to increased yield. However, the veracity of this assumption in quantitative terms has largely remained understudied by researchers. Also, adaptation depends on the vulnerability of the agricultural sector, climate risks, biocapacity of the area, readiness and adaptive capacities of stakeholders. Adaptation can only take place if stakeholders are ready to respond and resources are also available. To understand these relationships, the paper examined the impacts of climate change, food vulnerability, adaptive capacity, biocapacity and readiness on yields of major cereal crops in thirty-five African countries. We used the panel autoregressive distributive lag model to analyse publicly available panel data obtained from FAOSTAT, Global Foot Print Network, and Notre Dame Adaptation Index databases, and World Bank Group Climate Change Knowledge Portal. The results show that biocapacity, adaptive capacity, food sector vulnerability, and temperature decreased rice yield in the long. Biocapacity increased maize and sorghum yields, while adaptive capacity decreased their yields in the long run. Food sector vulnerability and temperature decreased maize yield in the long run, while temperature increased sorghum yield in the long run. The results suggest that improvement in adaptive capacity is an important policy tool to increase the yield of some cereal crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of the plant seed yield and quality represents the basis of the successful productivity of the deriving crop. The effect of single and combined foliar treatments of lettuce plants with sodium selenate and garlic bulb extract on seed yield and quality and on mature plant biochemical characteristics was investigated using four lettuce cultivars (Bouquet, Picnic, Moskovsky parnikovy and Cavalier). The seed production of plants treated with Se increased by 20–41%, compared to the untreated control plants, while the augmentation was as much as 10–23% and 17–27% under garlic extract and the joint application of Se and garlic, respectively. Garlic extract stimulated the accumulation of Se in lettuce seeds, which rose by 1.21–1.29 times compared to the Se-treated plants. The proline levels in lettuce seeds exceeded the corresponding values recorded in the control ones by 1.32–1.64 times in the case of the Se supply, 1.10–1.47 times upon garlic extract application and 1.09–1.31 times under the combined Se/garlic treatment. All the treatments given to lettuce plants increased the leaf weight by 1.10–1.30 times, compared to the untreated control. The seed Se levels positively correlated with the leaf weight (r = 0.621; p < 0.005), chlorophyll (r = 0.672, p < 0.002) and total antioxidant activity (AOA; r = 0.730, p < 0.001) of plants grown from these seeds. Positive correlations were also recorded between the seed proline content and lettuce plant leaf weight, chlorophyll and AOA (r = 0.868, 0.811 and 0.815, respectively, at p < 0.001). Lettuce yield was positively correlated with the leaf AOA, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content (r = 0.942, 0.921 and 0.665, respectively, at p < 0.001). The results indicate high prospects of Na2SeO4 and garlic extract application to seed-addressed lettuce plants, to improve seed productivity and quality, as well as lettuce yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C is crucial for physical well-being, and its deficiency can lead to severe health consequences. Biofortification has been used to address this deficiency by enhancing vitamin C in plants. Additionally, soilless agriculture has been used to conserve and optimize water use in comparison to conventional agriculture. While hydrogels have been shown to improve water conservation and are used for biofortification in crops, their application has only been explored in soil-based and hydroponic farming. The aeroponics system is a plant-growing method that has shown potential for increasing yields and biomass while conserving water and nutrients. In this paper, we have developed an aeroponic-compatible medium to grow romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with eggshell powder (ESP) mixed with calcium-alginate hydrogel as a substrate and nutrient source aiming to conserve water and incorporate vitamin C through biofortification. Herein, lower water spray time and higher intervals, with varied gel types and ESP concentrations, resulted in healthy lettuce growth. Plants treated with 0.5% ascorbic acid-absorbed ESP-mixed alginate hydrogel for biofortification showed higher levels of vitamin C compared to the traditional method. This study suggests using an alginate hydrogel–ESP-based substrate in aeroponics to reduce water usage and enhance plant biofortification of vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly lighting systems, like LED lights, can reduce energy consumption in greenhouse operations, have a long lifespan, and enable precise control over plant growth through spectrum selection. On the other hand, Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient with a beneficial role in plant metabolism and an essential element for human health. In this study, we aim to unravel the effects of LED lighting combined with Se supplementation on the physiological behavior, yield, and quality of arugula (Eruca sativa). Arugula plants were cultivated under controlled conditions using two distinct LED lights: full white spectrum (W) and a mix of 80%/20% of red/blue light (R:B). These plants were then supplemented with three levels of Se: 0 mg Se kg−1 soil [0], 0.3 mg Se kg−1 soil [0.3], and 0.6 mg Se kg−1 soil [0.6]. The results showed that stomatal conductance remained unaffected by the light script. However, the plants exposed to R:B displayed more pronounced signs of photodamage and reduced net photosynthetic rate. Supplementation with Se plays a significant role in mitigating light-induced stress and in improving the antioxidant defense system; this was especially notable in R:B plants. Finally, R:B light decreased the accumulation of aboveground biomass, while no significant impact of Se was noticed on this outcome. Se accumulation exhibited a direct and proportional relationship with the concentration of Se applied. The integration of LED technology and Se supplementation not only enhances crop nutritional value but also aligns with the adoption of more sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil applied micronutrient, especially boron (B) and zinc (Zn) can trigger growth, yield attributes, yield and nutritional value of crops including grass pea, however determination of their optimal dose under changing pedo-climatic conditions needs fresh studies. A trial was conducted to study the effect of B (B1 = 0 kg ha-1, B2 = 4 kg ha-1, B3 = 8 kg ha) and Zn (Zn1 = 0 kg ha-1, Zn2 = 1.5 kg ha-1, Zn3 =3.0 kg ha-1) on growth and yield of grass pea (cv. BARI Khesari-5). The response variables included plant height, fresh shoot and root weight, dry shoot and root weight, number of grains and pods plant-1, 100 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Additionally, B and Zn contents of grass pea were also determined. The B2 treatment recorded the tallest plants (109.70 cm) and 100 grain weight (5.79 gm) which led to maximum grain yield (1.72 t ha-1), biological yield (4.54 t ha-1) and harvest index (37.86 %). The same treatment remained superior by recording the maximum B and Zn contents of 31.55 ppm) and 56.47 ppm, respectively, whereas B1 had the lowest corresponding values. Among Zn doses under investigation, Zn2 remained unmatched by producing the maximum yield attributes, whereas Zn1 could not perform at par to the rest of the treatments. Overall, the interactive effect of B2 and Zn2 surpassed other treatment combinations by exhibiting superior yield attributes which led to the highest grain yield (1.94 t ha-1), straw yield (2.92 t ha-1), biological yield (4.86 t ha-1), harvest index (39.96 %). The same treatment combination gave the maximum B (33.29 ppm) and Zn content (58.70 ppm), whereas B1 andZn1 treatment combination remained inferior to rest of treatment combinations. Based on recorded findings, it could be inferred that coapplication of B (4 kg ha-1) and Zn (1.5 kg ha-1) with recommended doses of other fertilizers hold potential to increase the seed yield and minerals bio-fortification of grass pea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient known for its essential role in human health and plant metabolism. Waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis kulesh)—known for its high nutritional quality and distinctive flavor—holds significant consumer appeal. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effects of foliar Se spraying on the nutritional quality of waxy maize grains, with a focus on identifying varietal differences and determining optimal Se dosage levels for maximizing nutritional benefits. We employed a two-factor split-plot design to assess the nutritional quality, trace elements, and pigment content of jinnuo20 (J20) and caitiannuo1965 (C1965) at the milk stage after being subjected to varying Se doses sprayed on five leaves. Our findings indicate superior nutrient content in J20 compared to C1965, with both varieties exhibiting optimal quality under Se3 treatment, falling within the safe range of Se-enriched agricultural products. JS3 (0.793) demonstrated the highest overall quality, followed by JS2 (0.606), JS4 (0.411), and JS1 (0.265), while CS0 had the lowest (−0.894). These results underscore the potential of foliar biofortification to enhance the functional component contents of waxy maize grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]