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Climate change is a major concern for the near future and for livestock breeding. Cattle breeding, due to its greenhouse gas emissions, is one of the most implicated industries. Consequently, the main future goals are to breed animals resilient to climate change, with the aim of lowering the livestock impact on the environment and selecting animals that will be able to resist different, unsuitable, and changing climates. The aim of this literature review is to compare the most recent studies on the response and adaptation of beef cattle breeds to extreme environments, in terms of genes and pathways involved. Beef breeding is just starting to implement genomics in its selection plans, and shedding light on the genomic responses to extreme climates could speed up and simplify the adaptation of these breeds to climate change. This review discusses the genes involved in climatic stress responses, including those related to extremely cold climates, in beef and dual-purpose cattle breeds. Genes were associated with productive traits, coat and skin structure and development, thermotolerance, cellular physiology and DNA repair mechanisms, immune system, and fertility traits. The knowledge of genes and pathways involved in climate resilience should be taken into consideration for further selection in beef cattle breeding and could promote the valorization of local breeds adapted to extreme environmental conditions. The use of local or resilient breeds could enhance the environmental and social sustainability, animal welfare, and production, compared with the introduction of cosmopolitan breeds with uncertain adaptation in uncontrolled environmental areas., (© 2024 The Author(s). Animal Genetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.)

Obesity is a disease that is assuming pandemic proportions in recent decades. With the advancement of medicine and increased access to care, average survival has increased, resulting in a larger number of elderly people. As a result, the amount of elderly people living with obesity is increasing, and the morbidity and impact of obesity on ageing implies severe limitations for these people. The link between obesity and ageing is not only epidemiological, but also strictly pathophysiological. Obesity accelerates the ageing process and ageing is characterised by pathophysiological mechanisms shared by obesity itself. Some examples of alterations shared by ageing and obesity are metabolic changes, sarcopenia and reduced functional capacity related to both loss of muscle strength and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as a general reduction in the perception of quality of life. The specific ability to antagonize these mechanisms through non-pharmacological treatment based on nutrition and exercise has always been one of the focal points of the international literature. Therefore, this review provides the state of the art on scientific knowledge regarding the main effects of an adequate nutritional plan and an individualised exercise prescription on the general health of elderly with obesity. In particular, this paper addresses the effect of nutrition and physical exercise on pathophysiological changes peculiar of ageing and obesity, providing also the scientific rational for nutritional and exercise prescription in the population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this non-inferiority randomized clinical trial was to compare the surgical and healing complications, vertical bone gain, and volumetric bone changes after vertical ridge augmentation using two different approaches: customized Ti-reinforced d-PTFE mesh versus customized CAD/CAM Ti-mesh., Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with vertical bone defects were randomly treated with Ti-reinforced d-PTFE mesh (control group) or CAD/CAM Ti-mesh (test group) and a mix of autogenous bone and deproteinized bovine bone matrix. Surgical and healing complication rates (SCR-HCR), vertical bone gain (VBG), regenerated bone volume (RBV), and regeneration rates (RR and ERR) were recorded and analysed [significance level (α) of 0.05]., Results: Of the 50 patients, 48 underwent bone augmentation surgery. SCR were 4% and 12% in PTFE and Ti-mesh, whereas HCR were 12.5% and 8.3%. VBG were 5.79 ± 1.71 mm (range: 3.2-8.8 mm) in the PTFE group and 5.18 ± 1.61 mm (range: 3.1-8.0 mm) in the Ti-mesh group (p = .233), whereas RBV were 1.46 ± 0.48 cc and 1.26 ± 0.55. RR was 99.5% and 87.0%, demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p = .013). Finally, the values related to pseudo-periosteum, bone density, and implant stability were similar in the two study groups. Osseointegration rates were 98.2% and 98.3%., Conclusions: This study confirmed the non-inferiority of customized CAD/CAM titanium meshes with respect to reinforced PTFE meshes in terms of surgical and healing complications. Although PTFE meshes showed higher vertical bone gain and regeneration rates than Ti-meshes, no significant differences were found., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Oral Implants Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Statement of Problem: Titanium has been considered the standard element in implant manufacturing. Recent studies have evaluated the role of titanium as a biological modulator of oral health. However, evidence regarding the association between the release of metal particles and peri-implantitis is lacking., Purpose: The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the literature regarding the release of metal particles in peri-implant tissues correlated with the methods of detection and the local and systemic implications., Material and Methods: The study was performed in adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines and was registered with the National Institute for Health Research PROSPERO (Submission No. 275576; ID: CRD42021275576). A systematic search was conducted in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science bibliographic databases, complemented by a manual evaluation. Only in vivo human studies written in the English language and published between January 2000 and June 2022 were included., Results: In total, 10 studies were included according to eligibility criteria. Different tissues and analytic techniques were reported: the characterization technique most used was inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All 10 studies analyzed the release of metal particles in patients with dental implants, continuously detecting titanium. None of the studies reported a significant association between metal particles and biological effects., Conclusions: Titanium is still considered the material of choice in implant dentistry, despite the detection of metal particles in peri-implant tissues. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the association between analytes and local health or inflammatory status., (Copyright © 2023 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Obesity, a prevalent and multifactorial disease, is linked to a range of metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation. These imbalances not only contribute to cardiometabolic diseases but also play a significant role in cancer pathogenesis. The rising prevalence of obesity underscores the need to investigate dietary strategies for effective weight management for individuals with overweight or obesity and cancer. This European Society for the Study of Obesity (EASO) position statement aimed to summarize current evidence on the role of obesity in cancer and to provide insights on the major nutritional interventions, including the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), the ketogenic diet (KD), and the intermittent fasting (IF), that should be adopted to manage individuals with overweight or obesity and cancer. The MedDiet, characterized by high consumption of plant-based foods and moderate intake of olive oil, fish, and nuts, has been associated with a reduced cancer risk. The KD and the IF are emerging dietary interventions with potential benefits for weight loss and metabolic health. KD, by inducing ketosis, and IF, through periodic fasting cycles, may offer anticancer effects by modifying tumor metabolism and improving insulin sensitivity. Despite the promising results, current evidence on these dietary approaches in cancer management in individuals with overweight or obesity is limited and inconsistent, with challenges including variability in adherence and the need for personalized dietary plans., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

A supramolecular approach based on self-assembled structures allows the formation of large structured co-assemblies based on chiral and achiral compounds with original physicochemical features. In this contribution, an achiral and hydrophobic porphyrin was co-assembled at the air-water interface with mesoscopic silica nano-helices dispersed in the water subphase of a Langmuir trough without covalent bond formation. This procedure allowed transferring the porphyrin/nano-helix co-assemblies on a solid support within a thin hybrid layer. The interaction between the two species was characterized using spectroscopic techniques and atomic force microscopy. As evidenced by the circular dichroism measurements performed directly on solid films, tunable chirality was induced to the porphyrin aggregates according to the chirality of the silica nano-helices. When the co-assemblies were transferred on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) slides and exposed to aqueous solutions of histidine enantiomers, selective chiral discrimination was observed which was determined by the matching/mismatching between the chirality of the analyte and the helicity of the nano-helical structure.

Purpose: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a critical marker of overall health and a key predictor of morbidity and mortality, but the existing prediction equations for CRF are primarily derived from general populations and may not be suitable for patients with obesity., Methods: Predicted CRF from different non-exercise prediction equations was compared with measured CRF of patients with obesity who underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Multiple linear regression was used to develop a population-specific nonexercise CRF prediction model for treadmill exercise including age, sex, weight, height, and physical activity level as determinants., Results: Six hundred sixty patients underwent CPET during the study period. Within the entire cohort, R2 values had a range of 0.24 to 0.46. Predicted CRF was statistically different from measured CRF for 19 of the 21 included equations. Only 50% of patients were correctly classified into the measured CRF categories according to predicted CRF. A multiple model for CRF prediction (mL·min -1 ) was generated ( R2 = 0.78) and validated using two cross-validation methods., Conclusions: Most used equations provide inaccurate estimates of CRF in patients with obesity, particularly in cases of severe obesity and low CRF. Therefore, a new prediction equation was developed and validated specifically for patients with obesity, offering a more precise tool for clinical CPET interpretation and risk stratification in this population., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.)

Objectives: To date, no clinical studies have investigated the effect of using resorbable collagen membrane in conjunction with customized titanium mesh to promote bone formation in guided bone regeneration. Therefore, a non-inferiority analysis (one-sided 95% CI approach) was designed to compare the augmented bone gained using meshes with and without collagen membranes, through histological and histomorphometric investigations., Materials and Methods: Thirty patients undergoing bone augmentation procedures at both maxillary and mandible sites were randomly treated with customized titanium meshes alone (M-, n = 15) or covered with resorbable membrane (M+, n = 15), in both cases filled with autogenous bone and xenograft. After 6 months of healing, bone tissue biopsies were taken from the augmented region. The bone tissue (B.Ar), grafting material (G.Ar), and non-mineralized tissue (NMT.Ar) areas were quantified through histomorphometric analysis, as were the osteoid area (O.Ar) and its width., Results: Collagen membrane did not appear to significantly influence the investigated parameters: B.Ar, G.Ar, NMT.Ar, and O.Ar were similar between Group M- (34.3%, 11.5%, 54.1%, 1.95 μm 2 , respectively) and Group M+ (35.3%, 14.6%, 50.2%, and 1.75 μm 2 , respectively). Considering the overall population, significantly higher rates of newly formed bone were obtained in mandibular sites, while non-mineralized and dense connective tissue rates were higher in the maxilla (p < .05)., Conclusions: The application of collagen membrane over titanium mesh did not lead to significant results. Bone formation appeared significantly different in the maxilla compared with the mandible. Additional studies are required to further investigate the issues observed., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Chrono-nutrition studies dietary habits and their role in the onset of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study is to describe chrono-nutritional patterns based on the analysis of the eating habits of patients with severe obesity during the 24-h cycle and investigate a possible relationship between these profiles, the comorbidities, and the psychological status. From the overall evaluation of the chrono-nutritional profiles of 173 patients with severe obesity, four predominant eating patterns were obtained with a refined statistical model. A regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between chrono-nutritional patterns, medical comorbidities, and psychological status. Profile 1 was the most frequent (46.2%) and characterised by the regular presence of the three main meals. The distribution of the chrono-nutritional profiles did not vary with BMI. Chrono-nutritional profiles affected predominantly psychological variables, with lower performances among chrono-nutritional profiles 3 (to eat during all the 24-h, with nibbling and snacking also during the night) and 4 (like the fourth but without night-eating). This finding could be useful in the assessment and treatment of patients with obesity, allowing the identification of patients with a higher probability of suffering from a psychopathological condition simply by knowing the patients' dietary profiles.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with obesity. This study investigates the CRF range and its clinical determinants in patients with obesity. Moreover, a practical proposal for CRF interpretation is provided. In this study, 542 patients (69% females) with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Patients had a median (IQR) age of 47.0 (6.2) years with a mean BMI of 41.7 ± 6.7 kg/m 2 . Normal values curves of VO 2 peak/kg showed a median (IQR) of 20.3 (37.6) mL/min/kg. The lower-quartile threshold of VO 2 peak/kg was at 17.9 mL/min/kg. Analysis of covariance revealed that VO 2 peak/kg inversely correlates with age and BMI with a significant age × BMI interaction effect (all p < 0.0001); as BMI class increases, CRF decreases, but a smaller age-related decline in VO 2 peak/kg is observed. A multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that belonging to the lower quartile of VO 2 peak/kg was independently determined by age (OR 2.549, 95% CI 1.205-5.392, p < 0.0001) and BMI (OR 5.864, 95% CI 2.920-11.778, p < 0.0001) but not by comorbidities. At very high BMI, the effect of age on functional capacity is lower, suggesting that BMI acts as an "aging factor" on CRF. Age and BMI, but not comorbidities, are independent determinants of low VO 2 peak/kg.

Olfaction is fundamental for sensing environmental chemicals and has obvious adaptive advantages. In fish, the peripheral olfactory organ is composed of lamellae in which the olfactory mucosa contains three main categories of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) as follows: ciliated (cOSNs), microvillous (mOSNs), and crypt cells. We studied the appearance of these different OSNs during development of Poecilia reticulata, given its growing use as animal model system. We performed immunohistochemical detection of molecular markers specific for the different OSNs, carrying out image analyses for marked-cell counting and measuring optical density. The P. reticulata olfactory organ did not show change in size during the first weeks of life. The proliferative activity increased at the onset of secondary sexual characters, remaining high until sexual maturity. Then, it decreased in both sexes, but with a recovery in females, probably in relation to their almost double body growth, compared to males. The density of both cOSNs and mOSNs remained constant throughout development, probably due to conserved functions already active in the fry, independently of the sex. The density of calretinin-positive crypt cells decreased progressively until sexual maturity, whereas the increased density of calretinin-negative crypt cell fraction, prevailing in later developmental stages, indicated their probable involvement in reproductive activities., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Different approaches are used to classify obesity severity. The Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS) considers medical, physical and psychological parameters. A new modified EOSS with a different functional evaluation method, measuring Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF), has been recently proposed, EOSS-CRF. Bariatric surgery (BS) is one of the most efficient treatments of obesity and all aspect of related disorders. No studies have yet applied EOSS-CRF after BS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate modifications in EOSS and EOSS-CRF before and after BS., Methods: This observational study finally enrolled 72 patients affected by obesity. A multi-disciplinary assessment in order to evaluate eligibility to surgical treatment has been performed, including anamnesis, physical evaluation, anthropometric data measurement, biochemical blood exams and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. One year after BS the same protocol was applied. Patients have been classified according to EOSS and EOSS-CRF before and one year after BS., Results: After BS, patients categorized in classes associated to severe obesity (EOSS ≥ 2 or EOSS-CRF ≥ 2) reduced significantly. Using EOSS, patients without functional impairment were 61% before surgery and 69% after BS (p=0.383). Using EOSS-CRF, patients considered without functional impairment were only 9.7% before BS; this percentage significantly raised to 50% after BS (p<0.001). The impact of functional domains before and after BS is different in grading patients in EOSS and EOSS-CRF, respectively., Conclusions: Improvements obtained after BS are adequately summarized by EOSS and EOSS-CRF. The EOSS-CRF grading method for functional impairment seems to better reflect the known amelioration obtained after BS. Objective measurements of CRF may provide additional value to classify severity of obesity, also in the follow-up after BS., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Quinto, Bettini, Neunhaeuserer, Battista, Milan, Gasperetti, Vecchiato, Vettor, Ermolao and Busetto.)

Enantiorecognition of a chiral analyte usually requires the ability to respond with high specificity to one of the two enantiomers of a chiral compound. However, in most cases, chiral sensors have chemical sensitivity toward both enantiomers, showing differences only in the intensity of responses. Furthermore, specific chiral receptors are obtained with high synthetic efforts and have limited structural versatility. These facts hinder the implementation of chiral sensors in many potential applications. Here, we utilize the presence of both enantiomers of each receptor to introduce a novel normalization that allows the enantio-recognition of compounds even when single sensors are not specific for one enantiomer of a target analyte. For this purpose, a novel protocol that permits the fabrication of a large set of enantiomeric receptor pairs with low synthetic efforts by combining metalloporphyrins with ( R , R )- and ( S , S )-cyclohexanohemicucurbit[8]uril is developed. The potentialities of this approach are investigated by an array of four pairs of enantiomeric sensors fabricated using quartz microbalances since gravimetric sensors are intrinsically non-selective toward the mechanism of interaction of analytes and receptors. Albeit the weak enantioselectivity of single sensors toward limonene and 1-phenylethylamine, the normalization allows the correct identification of these enantiomers in the vapor phase indifferent to their concentration. Remarkably, the achiral metalloporphyrin choice influences the enantioselective properties, opening the way to easily obtain a large library of chiral receptors that can be implemented in actual sensor arrays. These enantioselective electronic noses and tongues may have a potential striking impact in many medical, agrochemical, and environmental fields.

Purpose of Review: To highlight the added benefits of approved and upcoming, centrally-acting, anti-obesity drugs, focusing not only on the most common metabolic and cardiovascular effects but also on their less explored clinical benefits and drawbacks, in order to provide clinicians with a tool for more comprehensive, pharmacological management of obesity., Recent Findings: Obesity is increasingly prevalent worldwide and has become a challenge for healthcare systems and societies. Reduced life expectancy and cardiometabolic complications are some of the consequences of this complex disease. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of obesity have led to the development of several promising pharmacologic targets, so that even more effective drugs are on the horizon. The perspective of having a wider range of treatments increases the chance to personalize therapy. This primarily has the potential to take advantage of the long-term use of anti-obesity medication for safe, effective and sustainable weight loss, and to concomitantly address obesity complications/comorbidities when already established. The evolving scenario of the availability of anti-obesity drugs and the increasing knowledge of their added effects on obesity complications will allow clinicians to move into a new era of precision medicine., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Obesity is associated with a higher energy cost of walking which affects activities of daily living. Bariatric surgery with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has beneficial effects on weight loss and comorbidities., Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of SG on walking economy in subjects with severe obesity., Methods: This observational cohort study included all patients with morbid obesity who were considered suitable candidates for SG between June 2017 and June 2019. Each patient underwent an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill (modified Bruce protocol) one month before and six months after SG. Data on the energy cost of walking were recorded during three protocol stages (stage 0-slow flat walking: speed 2.7 km/h, slope 0%; stage ½-slow uphill walking: speed 2.7 km/h, slope 5%; stage 1-fast uphill walking: speed 4.0 km/h, slope 8%)., Results: 139 patients with morbid obesity (78% women; age 44.1 ± 10.7 years; BMI 42.5 ± 4.7 kg/m 2 ) were included in the study. At six months post-SG, patients presented with a significantly decreased body weight (-30.5 ± 17.2 kg; p < 0.05), leading to an average BMI of 31.6 ± 4.2 kg/m 2 . The net energy cost of walking (measured in J/m and J/kg/m) of the subjects was lower compared to pre-SG at all three protocol stages. This improvement was also confirmed when the subjects were grouped by gender and obesity classes., Conclusion: After a significant weight loss induced by SG, regardless of the severity of obesity and gender, patients exhibited a lower energy expenditure and an improved walking economy. These changes make it easier to perform daily routines and may facilitate an increase in physical activity.

Inorganic chiral nanoparticles are attracting more and more attention due to their peculiar optical properties and potential biological applications, such as bioimaging, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Among inorganic chiral nanoparticles, gold chiral nanostructures were demonstrated to be very interesting in this context, with good physical chemical stability and also the possibility to decorate the surface, improving biomedical application as the interaction with the bio-systems. Gold (Au) nanostructures were synthesized according to a seed-mediated procedure which envisages the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the capping agent and L- and D-cysteine to promote chirality. Au nanostructures have been demonstrated to have opposite circular dichroism signals depending on the amino acid enantiomer used during the synthesis. Then, a procedure to decorate the Au surface with penicillamine, a drug used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, was developed. The composite material of gold nanoparticles/penicillamine was characterized using electron microscopy, and the penicillamine functionalization was monitored by means of UV-Visible, Raman, and infrared spectroscopy, highlighting the formation of the Au-S bond. Furthermore, electron circular dichroism was used to monitor the chirality of the synthesized nanostructures and it was demonstrated that both penicillamine enantiomers can be successfully bonded with both the enantiomers of the gold nanostructures without affecting gold nanoparticles' chirality. The effective modification of nanostructures' surfaces via penicillamine introduction allowed us to address the important issue of controlling chirality and surface properties in the chiral nano-system.

Epidemiological observations, experimental studies and clinical data show that obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing different types of cancer; however, proof of a cause-effect relationship that meets the causality criteria is still lacking. Several data suggest that the adipose organ could be the protagonist in this crosstalk. In particular, the adipose tissue (AT) alterations occurring in obesity parallel some tumour behaviours, such as their theoretically unlimited expandability, infiltration capacity, angiogenesis regulation, local and systemic inflammation and changes to the immunometabolism and secretome. Moreover, AT and cancer share similar morpho-functional units which regulate tissue expansion: the adiponiche and tumour-niche, respectively. Through direct and indirect interactions involving different cellular types and molecular mechanisms, the obesity-altered adiponiche contributes to cancer development, progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. Moreover, modifications to the gut microbiome and circadian rhythm disruption also play important roles. Clinical studies clearly demonstrate that weight loss is associated with a decreased risk of developing obesity-related cancers, matching the reverse-causality criteria and providing a causality correlation between the two variables. Here, we provide an overview of the methodological, epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects, with a special focus on clinical implications for cancer risk and prognosis and potential therapeutic interventions.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate hard and soft tissue parameters around implants placed in augmented posterior mandible, comparing Ti-reinforced d-PTFE membranes with Ti-meshes covered with collagen membranes, after 3 years of follow-up., Materials and Methods: Forty eligible patients were randomly assigned to group A (Ti-reinforced d-PTFE membrane) or group B (mesh covered with collagen membrane) for vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) and simultaneous implants. Implants were evaluated using specific peri-implant parameters for bone and soft tissues: probing pocket depth (PPD), modified plaque index (mPI), bleeding on probing (BoP), modified gingival index (mGI), thickness of keratinized tissue (tKT), width of keratinized tissue (wKT), fornix depth (FD), peri-implant bone level (PBL), interproximal bone peaks (IBP), marginal bone loss (MBL), interproximal bone loss (IBL)., Results: A total of 28 patients with 79 implants were evaluated after 3 years of follow-up. The mean value of MBL was 0.70 mm (group A = 0.73 mm; group B = 0.71 mm), while mean IBL was 0.54 mm (group A = 0.64 mm; group B = 0.40 mm). The treatment with meshes resulted not inferior to PTFE and their clinical results appeared similar. A strong correlation between PBL and IBP was confirmed. Both study groups showed an increase of tKT and wKT values., Conclusion: In the posterior mandible, VRA using both techniques provides stable PBLs up to 3 years. A correct soft tissue management and a strict professional oral hygiene protocol play a crucial role on peri-implant health over time., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This study evaluated the efficacy of buccal fat pad (BFP) as a natural barrier to cover nonresorbable devices for vertical ridge augmentation (VRA). Twelve consecutive patients with 14 vertical bone defects in need of bone augmentation for implantprosthetic rehabilitation were treated according to the described protocol. VRA was performed by means of customized titanium meshes, titanium-reinforced d-PTFE membranes, or resorbable membranes and titanium plates. After buccal flap release, the BFP was identified and isolated, then mesially and coronally advanced to cover the whole augmented area. BFP was used as a pedicle flap in 11 cases and as a free graft in 3 cases. The mean BFP surface area was 13.5 ± 5.5 cm 2 . Healing was uneventful in all 14 augmented sites. No patients reported healing complications or facial volumetric changes. The mean vertical bone gain (VBG) was 4.2 ± 1.8 mm. In this limited number of cases, using the BFP as a natural barrier has proven to be efficient in bone augmentation, as it improved the healing process while reducing the risk of complications.

Introduction: Obesity is associated with a higher risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a common bariatric surgery with beneficial effects on weight loss and comorbidities. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of arrhythmias during maximal exercise testing in patients with moderate-severe obesity and to evaluate the impact of SG on these arrhythmic events., Methods: All patients with moderate or severe obesity who were considered suitable candidates for SG between June 2015 and September 2020 were recruited. Each patient underwent three incremental, maximal, ECG-monitored cardiopulmonary exercise test 1 month before and 6 and 12 months after SG; the frequency and complexity of ventricular premature beats (VPBs) and atrial premature beats (APBs) have been evaluated during rest, exercise and recovery phases., Results: Fifty patients with severe obesity (BMI 46.39 ± 7.89 kg/m 2 ) were included in the study. After SG, patients presented a decreased BMI (34.15 ± 6.25 kg/m 2 at 6 months post-SG and 31.87 ± 5.99 kg/m 2 at 12 months post-SG). At 6 months post-SG, an increase in VPBs, mainly during the recovery phase, was observed. At 12 months post-SG, a reduction in VPBs compared with the 6 months evaluation was showed., Conclusion: Although in the early post-surgical phase the risk of exercise-induced arrhythmias may be higher, SG does not seem to increase the occurrence of arrhythmias in the long-term. No life-threating arrhythmias were found during post-SG evaluations., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disease caused by ALMS1 mutations, characterized by short stature, and vision and hearing loss. Patients with AS develop the metabolic syndrome, long-term organ complications, and die prematurely. We explored the association between AS and a shortage of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), which is linked to metabolic diseases and predicts diabetic complications. We included patients with AS at a national referral center. We measured HSPCs with flow cytometry at baseline and follow-up. We followed patients up to January 2022 for metabolic worsening and end-organ damage. We evaluated HSPC levels and mobilization as well as bone marrow histology in a murine model of AS. In 23 patients with AS, we found significantly lower circulating HSPCs than in healthy blood donors (-40%; P = .002) and age/sex-matched patients (-25%; P = .022). Longitudinally, HSPCs significantly declined by a further 20% in patients with AS over a median of 36 months (interquartile range 30-44). Patients with AS who displayed metabolic deterioration over 5.3 years had lower levels of HSPCs, both at baseline and at last observation, than those who did not deteriorate. Alms1-mutated mice were obese and insulin resistant and displayed significantly reduced circulating HSPCs, despite no overt hematological abnormality. Contrary to what was observed in diabetic mice, HSPC mobilization and bone marrow structure were unaffected. We found depletion of HSPCs in patients with AS, which was recapitulated in Alms1-mutated mice. Larger and longer studies will be needed to establish HSPCs shortage as a driver of metabolic deterioration leading to end-organ damage in AS., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the survival and success rates of dental implants placed in atrophic alveolar ridges reconstructed with mandibular symphysis autogenous onlay bone grafts, with a 20-year follow-up. A sample of five patients referred to the authors' department between 2000 and 2001 seeking for an implant-supported fixed rehabilitation. Patients were treated by means of autogenous bone blocks grafted from the mandibular symphysis and covered with bone substitutes (DBB) and a resorbable membrane. Then delayed implants were placed and finally prosthetic restoration was performed. In total, 10 implants placed in 5 patients were evaluated with a follow-up of 20 years. Both implant survival and success rate were 100%. The mean marginal bone loss was 0.32  [[EQUATION]]  0.39 mm (range 0-1.3 mm). Considering the conditions of peri-implant hard and soft tissues, the diagnosis of peri-implant health was made for all the implants included. According to this study, implants placed in alveolar ridges augmented by means of autogenous chin bone grafts showed long-term survival and high success rates. A correct management of peri-implant soft tissues and an accurate prosthetic rehabilitation are also fundamental to obtain the durable success of the treatment.

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a widespread comorbidity of obesity. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been demonstrated very effective in treating patients with OSA. The aims of this study were to investigate whether or not cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) can characterize patients with OSA and to evaluate the effect of nasal CPAP therapy., Methods: An observational study was conducted on patients with moderate to severe obesity and suspected OSA. All patients underwent cardiorespiratory sleep study, spirometry, and functional evaluation with ECG-monitored, incremental, maximal CPET., Results: Of the 147 patients, 94 presented with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 events/h and were thus considered to have OSA (52 receiving nasal CPAP treatment; 42 untreated) while 53 formed a control group (AHI < 15 events/h). Patients with untreated OSA showed significantly lower oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), heart rate, minute ventilation (VE), and end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO 2 ) at peak exercise compared to controls. Patients receiving nasal CPAP showed higher VE and VO 2 at peak exercise compared to untreated patients. A difference in PETCO 2 between the maximum value reached during test and peak exercise (ΔPETCO 2 max-peak) of 1.71 mmHg was identified as a predictor of OSA., Conclusion: Patients with moderate to severe obesity and untreated OSA presented a distinctive CPET-pattern characterized by lower aerobic and exercise capacity, higher PETCO 2 at peak exercise associated with a lower ventilatory response. Nasal CPAP treatment was shown to positively affect these cardiorespiratory adaptations during exercise. ΔPETCO 2 max-peak may be used to suggest OSA in patients with obesity., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Resting energy expenditure (REE) decreases after weight loss more than expected according to body composition changes. Metabolic adaptation (MA) or metabolic slowing represents the difference between measured (m) and predicted (p) REE, and it is not clear whether it persists in the long-term. The aim of this study is to evaluate MA occurring 1 year (V1) and 5 years (V5) after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in patients with obesity and normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes (preDM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM)., Methods: We reassessed 37 patients (14 males/23 females) of 44.8 ± 10 years old, since they registered all the biochemical, body composition, and REE assessments at baseline (V0), V1, and V5. Physical activity (PA) was assessed by interview and questionnaire., Results: Patients displayed a percentage of weight loss of 31.5 ± 7.4% at V1 and a weight regain of 8.9 ± 7.5% at V5. Comparing V1 and V5, fat mass showed a slight increase (P = 0.011), while free fat mass remained unchanged (P = 0.304). PA improved at V1 (P < 0.001), remaining stable at V5 (P = 0.9). Measured REE (mREE) displayed a 31.2% reduction with a corresponding decrease of predicted REE (pREE) of 21.4% at V1, compared with V0 (P = 0.005), confirming a significant MA at V1. Conversely, no difference between mREE and pREE was observed at V5 (P = 0.112)., Conclusion: Our results suggested that only patients with preDM and T2DM displayed MA at V1, which vanished 5 years after LSG. Patients who practiced more PA prevent MA after surgery-induced wight loss., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The new 2019 coronavirus 19 disease (CoVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a serious threat to health systems. As a global health problem, this pandemic poses a huge threat to people and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. On the other hand, obesity has also reached epidemic proportions and poses another challenge to the healthcare system. There is increasing evidence of a strong association between obesity and CoVID-19 disease, but the mechanisms underlying the link between the two remain unclear and the role of obesity also remains to be elucidated. In particular obesity-related low-grade inflammation has been hypothesized as the Achille's heel that could predispose subjects with obesity to a more severe CoVID-19 compared to subjects with normal weight. Hence, we summarized recent evidence on the role of low-grade inflammation in clinical aspects of CoVID-19 in subjects with obesity in both childhood and adulthood. Further, we provide molecular insights to explain this link., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)