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Regresyon tabanlı metodlar, müşteri siparişlerinin akış zamanının hesaplanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak emek yoğun proje tipi üretim yapan işletmelerde, ilk defa yeni tasarım parametreleri ile üretilecek olan ürünlerin akış zamanını, üretime başlamadan önce müşteriye fiyat teklifi verme aşamasında tahmin etmek zor bir problemdir. Bu durum, üretim sisteminin matematiksel modellerde yer verilemeyen pek çok kontrol edilemeyen değişken içermesinden kaynaklanır. Bu kontrol edilemeyen değişkenler ise beklenen akış zamanı ile regresyon tabanlı denklemlerle tahmin edilen zamanlar arasında hatırı sayılır bir tahmin hatasını ortaya çıkarır. Bu çalışmada, regresyon denkleminin tahmin hatasını minimize etmek üzere, yapay sinir ağları ile regresyon analizini birleştiren bir algoritma önerilmiştir. Bu yolla regresyon denkleminin tahmin performansı arttırılmış ve tahmin hataları minimize edilmiştir, Regression-based methods are widely used for flow time estimation of customer orders. However, for the customer orders that will be produced for the first time in a labor intensive project type production system with new design parameters, it is hard to make thoroughly accurate flow time prediction at the quotation stage. This is caused by having so many uncontrollable factors in a production system, that are not placed in the mathematical models. These uncontrollable factors cause high differences between the observed and expected flow time. In this study, a new algorithm - that combines the regression analysis and the artificial neural networks - is proposed. By this way, the prediction performance of fitted regression model is improved and the lack-of-fit is decreased

Çelik,Sare (Balikesir Author), The joining of dissimilar metals is one of the most essential necessities of industries. Manufacturing by the joint of alloy steel and normal carbon steel is used in production, because it decreases raw material cost. The friction welding process parameters such as friction pressure, friction time, upset pressure, upset time and rotating speed play the major roles in determining the strength and microstructure of the joints. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM), which is a well-known design of experiments approach, is used for modeling the mathematical relation between the responses (tensile strength and maximum temperature), and the friction welding parameters with minimum number of experiments. The results show that RSM is an effective method for this type of problems for developing models and prediction.

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited disorder characterized by malformations, marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. Birth defects and laboratory features are characteristic and helpful in diagnosis, when present. Chromosome fragility is pathognomonic in the diagnosis. However, in some cases, there are no obvious physical anomalies or suggestive hematologic abnormalities, and inconclusive diagnostic tests have also been described. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is required. This approach presents some advantages, especially in populations with a high incidence of FA and of consanguinity. Herein, we present a case with mild phenotypic features, inconclusive hematological findings and a negative breakage test. The diagnosis of FA was confirmed with next-generation sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first publication of a FA patient being molecularly diagnosed utilizing this method since its introduction. Given its technical and financial features, we suggest that next-generation sequencing might be an alternative first-line diagnostic test for selected cases from particular populations.

Karaoǧlan, Aslan Deniz (Balikesir Author), The painting process of corrugated wall radiators of a distribution transformer is performed by a flow-down painting technique in the industrial field. This study has been prepared in accordance with ISO 12944-5. Correspondingly, this work is motivated by Epoxy 2-pack paints (4.3.4.2) to obtain minimum requirements for C3 atmospheric corrosivity categories (5.1.1). This standard requires from the vertical surface of the vessel of the transformer to be painted with epoxy paints that contain anti-corrosive pigments with a minimum of 100 µm dry film thickness. In the present study, a new production methodology called wet-on-wet (WOW) painting is developed which has never been used in industry. In addition, a modified response surface methodology (RSM) is proposed for designing, modeling, and optimizing the proposed process under unsteady environmental effects. The results indicate that the WOW painting can be applied to real industrial systems successfully by the aid of the proposed new RSM algorithm and provide remarkable time and cost savings.

Karaoğlan, Aslan Deniz (Balikesir Author), This paper presents an approach based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to find the optimal parameters of the single-tuned passive filters for harmonic mitigation. The main advantages of RSM can be underlined as easy implementation and effective computation. Using RSM, the single-tuned harmonic filter is designed to minimize voltage total harmonic distortion (THDV) and current total harmonic distortion (THDI). Power factor (PF) is also incorporated in the design procedure as a constraint. To show the validity of the proposed approach, RSM and Classical Direct Search (Grid Search) methods are evaluated for a typical industrial power system.

Taşlama sırasında ortaya çıkan yüksek kuvvet ve sıcaklıklar, taş ve iş parçası için ciddi sorunlar oluşturabilmektedir. Özellikle aşındırıcı imalat kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen kabalama operasyonlarında iş parçasında yüzey yanmaları ve taşlama taşında termal çatlaklar gözlemlenmektedir. Bu gibi sorunlar süreç modelleri ile önceden tahmin edilebilmekte ve önlemler alınabilmektedir. Ancak bu metodun yetersiz kaldığı durumlarda ve daha yüksek malzeme kaldırma oranları hedeflendiğinde, düz taşlama taşları yerine çevresel kanallı taşların kullanımı da düşünülebilir. Bu çalışmada, çevresel kanallı taşlar ile satıh taşlama operasyonu için bir süreç modeli geliştirilmiştir. Farklı kanal sıklığı ve derinliğine sahip taşlama takımlarının sürece etkileri tespit edilmiş, performansları düz taşlar ile kıyaslanmış ve tartışılmıştır. Geliştirilen model deneylerle değişik durumlar için doğrulanmış ve modelin güvenilirliği tespit edilmiştir.

Ystatistiksel kalite kontrolde öncelikle kullanylan araçlardan biri kontrol kartlarydyr. Kontrol kartlarynyn kullanymynda genellikle atfedilen standart varsayym, kontrol altyndaki süreç tarafyndan üretilen verilerin ba?ymsyz oldu?u ve ayny da?ylymdan geldi?idir. Ne var ki, ba?ymsyzlyk varsayymy uygulamada gerçekçi de?ildir. Endüstriyel süreçlerden toplanan veri setleri ardy?yk gözlemler arasy korelasyona (otokorelasyon) sahip olabilir. Bu durumda kontrol kartlary, otokorelasyonlu süreç gözlemlerini izlemek için modifiye edilirler. Pek çok bilim adamy otokorelasyonlu gözlemler için kontrol kartlary alanyna katkyda bulunmu?tur. Bu çaly?mada, otokorelasyonlu gözlemler için kontrol kartlary için geni? bir literatür taramasyna, hem teorik geli?meleri hem de uygulamaly deneyimleri ve ara?tyrma e?ilimlerini göz önüne alarak, yer verilmi?tir. Son olarak, bu alandaki tarihsel geli?im üzerinde durulmu? ve gelecek ara?tyrmalar için tavsiyelerde bulunulmu?tur., One of the primary tools used in statistical quality control is the control charts. The standard assumptions that are usually cited in justifying the use of control charts are that the data generated by the in control process are independent and identically distributed. However the independency assumption is not realistic in practice. Data sets collected from industrial processes may have correlation among adjacent observations (autocorrelation). In this case control charts are modified to monitor the autocorrelated process observation. Many scientists made contributions in the area of control charts for autocorrelated data. In the present paper, a comprehensive overview for control charts for autocorrelated data is given by discussing both theoretical developments and practical experiences, and identifying research trends. Finally, historical progression in this field was emphasized and recommendations for future research are suggested.

The Bloom syndrome, caused by mutations in a single gene [BLM (15q26.1)], is a rare genomic instability syndrome. Despite its autosomal recessive transmission, it shows a male dominance, suggesting the possibility of a subgroup with X-linked recessive inheritance. In view of the latest molecular developments achieved in the other genomic instability syndromes, the potential functions of the X chromosome in maintaining genomic stability, and particularly, the first clues of Bloom syndrome development by mechanisms other than the BLM, we suggest herein that the X chromosome should be investigated in Bloom syndrome.

Toktaş, Alaaddin (Balikesir Author), 2(k) factorial design is employed to find the mathematical relation between the carbon content and intercritical annealing temperature (TAT) in order to predict the responses namely martensite volume fraction (MVF), microhardness (H), yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), total elongation (TEL), yield ratio (YR) and Charpy impact energy (CIE) in dual phase (DP) steels. Steels containing different carbon contents (0.085% C and 0.380% C) had been chosen for this purpose. The main advantages of factorial design are its easy implementation and the effective computation compared with the other optimization techniques, which were employed for predicting mentioned responses in the literature. To verify the proposed approach based on factorial design, experiments for verification were performed. The results of the verification experiments and the mathematical models are in accordance with each other and the literature.

Toktaş,Gülcan (Balıkesir Author), 2(k) factorial design is employed to find the mathematical relation between the carbon content and intercritical annealing temperature (TAT) in order to predict the responses namely martensite volume fraction (MVF), microhardness (H), yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), total elongation (TEL), yield ratio (YR) and Charpy impact energy (CIE) in dual phase (DP) steels. Steels containing different carbon contents (0.085% C and 0.380% C) had been chosen for this purpose. The main advantages of factorial design are its easy implementation and the effective computation compared with the other optimization techniques, which were employed for predicting mentioned responses in the literature. To verify the proposed approach based on factorial design, experiments for verification were performed. The results of the verification experiments and the mathematical models are in accordance with each other and the literature.

Taşlama, hassas ölçü ve yüzey kalitesi gerektiren parçaların üretiminde en yaygın olarak kullanılan imalat operasyonlarından biri olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Aşındırıcı imalat operasyonlarında kullanılan kesici takım, rastgele konumlanmış ve şekillenmiş kesici parçacıklardan oluşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla deneyim ve pratik bilgiler ile en iyi süreç parametrelerini elde etmek oldukça zordur. Operasyon esnasında gözlemlenebilecek sorunların engellenebilmesi ve neticelerin önceden tahmin edilebilmesi adına, sürecin modellenmesi büyük bir önem taşımaktadır.Bu çalışmanın ana amacı, aşındırıcı imalat süreçlerinde (özellikle taşlama) metallerin gerçek mekanik ve termal davranışlarını temsil eden yarı-analitik veya analitik modellerin geliştirilmesidir. Aşındırıcı takım yüzey topografisinin belirlenmesi, yüzey pürüzlülüğü modeli, termomekanik ve yarı-analitik kuvvet modelleri ve iki boyutlu hareket eden ısı kaynağı sıcaklık modeli sunulmuştur. Bu modeller, imalat sürecininin simülasyonunu yapabilmek ve sonuçlarını isabetli bir şekilde tahmin edebilmek adına kullanılmıştır. Sunulan modellerin daha az kalibrasyon deneyine ihtiyaç duyması ve daha fazla kondüsyon için tahmin yapabilme özellikleri dikkate alındığında, literatürde daha önce sunulan modellere göre daha kapsamlı oldukları söylenebilir. Aşındırıcı takım yüzey topografisi ve aşındırıcı parçacık özellikleri belirlendiği takdirde, parçacık başına düşen kesilmemiş talaş kalınlığı ve iş parçasının son yüzey profili tahmin edilebilmektedir. Aşındırıcı imalat yöntemine uyarlanan termomekanik model ise, her bir aşındırıcı parçacığı mikro freze takımı dişine benzeterek, birinci kayma bölgesini değerlendirmekte ve aynı zamanda aşındırıcı parçacığın talaş yüzeyinde yapışkan ve kaygan kontakt analizi yaparak kesme kuvvetlerini hesaplamaktadır. Kuvvetlerin ve operasyon esnasında açığa çıkan toplam enerjinin bilinmesi, iki boyutlu hareket eden ısı kaynağı teorisini kullanarak süreçte oluşan sıcaklıkların tahmin edilebilmesini sağlamaktadır. Ek olarak, taşlama operasyonu dinamiğinin modellenebilmesi adına bir ilk yaklaşım modeli önerilmiş ve deneyler yapılmıştır. Tüm önerilen modeller deneyler ile doğrulanmış ve karşılaştırmalar sonucu hesap edilen değerlerin deney sonuçlarıyla oldukça yakın olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Grinding process is one of the most common methods to manufacture parts that require precision ground surfaces, either to a critical size or for the surface finish. In abrasive machining, abrasive tool consists of randomly oriented, positioned and shaped abrasive grits which act as cutting edges and remove material from the workpiece individually to produce the final workpiece surface. Hence it is almost impossible to achieve optimum process parameters and a repeatable process by experience or practical knowledge. In order to overcome these issues and predict the outcomes of the operation beforehand, modeling of the process is crucial.The main aim of this thesis is to develop semi-analytical or analytical models in order to represent the true mechanics and thermal behavior of metals during abrasive machining processes, especially grinding operations. Abrasive wheel surface topography identification, surface roughness, thermomechanical and semi-analytical force models and two dimensional moving heat source temperature model are proposed. These models are used to simulate the grinding process accurately. The proposed models are more sophisticated than previous ones as they require less calibration experiments and cover wider range of possible cutting conditions. Once the wheel topography and abrasive grit properties are identified, uncut chip thickness per grain and final workpiece surface profile can be predicted. A novel thermo-mechanical model at primary shear zone with sticking and sliding contact zones on the rake face of the abrasive grit was established to predict cutting forces by assuming each of the abrasive grit similar to a micro milling tool tooth. Knowing the force and total process energy, by using two dimensional moving heat source theory, process temperatures are predicted. Moreover, an initial approach and experimental results are proposed in order to investigate and model dynamics and stability dynamics of the grinding process. All proposed models are verified by experiments and overall good agreement is observed. 117

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are efficient stochastic search techniques for approximating optimal solutions within complex search spaces and used widely to solve NP-hard problems. Genetic algorithm includes a number of parameters whose different levels strictly affect the performance of the algorithm. The general approach to determine the appropriate parameter combination of GA depends on too many trials of different combinations, and the best one of them that produces good results is selected for the programme, which would be used for problem solving. A few researchers studied on the parameter optimisation of GA. In this paper, response surface-dependent parameter optimisation is proposed to determine the optimal parameters of GA. Results are tested for benchmark problems that are most common in mixed-model assembly line balancing problems of type-I.

This paper presents response surface methodology for tuning of fractional order PIλDμ controller of a fractional order diffusion system subject to input hysteresis which is defined with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. Eigenfunction expansion method and the Grunwald-Letnikov numerical technique are used to solve the system. The necessary data for response surface analysis are read from the obtained numerical solution. Then second-order polynomial response surface mathematical model for the experimental design is presented and the optimum controller parameters are predicted from this model. The proposed tuning method is compared with the technique of minimization of integral square error by means of settling time and the results are discussed.

This paper presents response surface methodology for tuning of fractional order PI λ D μ controller of a fractional order diffusion system subject to input hysteresis which is defined with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. Eigenfunction expansion method and the Grünwald-Letnikov numerical technique are used to solve the system. The necessary data for response surface analysis are read from the obtained numerical solution. Then second-order polynomial response surface mathematical model for the experimental design is presented and the optimum controller parameters are predicted from this model. The proposed tuning method is compared with the technique of minimization of integral square error by means of settling time and the results are discussed.

Karaoğlan, Aslan Deniz (Balikesir Author), Data sets collected from industrial processes may have both a particular type of trend and correlation among adjacent observations (autocorrelation). Existing statistical control charts may individually cope with autocorrelated or trending data. Applying the Shewhart, EWMA, CUSUM, or GMA charts to the uncorrelated residuals of an appropriate time series model for a process is a primary method to deal with autocorrelated process data. In the relevant literature, there exists no study that shows how these charts' performances change by the addition of a particular type of trend in autocorrelated data. In the present paper, average run lengths of these charts are computed; first, for autocorrelated data which does not include an increasing linear trend, and second, for autocorrelated data which includes an increasing linear trend. It is assumed that stationary AR(1) model and trend stationary first order autoregressive (trend AR(1) for short) model, respectively, are suitable models for the test data. ARL performances are compared within the charts and among the charts. Comparisons are made for different magnitudes of the process mean shift and various levels of autocorrelation.

Data sets collected from industrial processes may have both a particular type of trend and correlation among adjacent observations (autocorrelation). In the present paper, an integrated neural network structure is used to recognize trend stationary first order autoregressive (trend AR(1)) process. The proposed integrated structure operates as follows. (i) First a combined neural network structure (CNN), that is composed of appropriate number of linear vector quantization (LVQ) and multi layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks, is used to recognize the trended data, (ii) then, the Elman's recurrent neural network (ENN) is used to diagnose the autocorrelation through the data. Correct classification rate is used as performance criteria. Results indicate that proposed structure is effective and competitive with other combined neural network structures. Copyright © Association for Scientific Research.

The fundamental problem while obtaining initial modulus (Young’s modulus) of concrete in experimental studies is to determine the region on stress-strain curve that will be used in calculations of initial tangent. In the present paper, an approach that depends on regression control chart - that is one of the statistical process control (SPC) tools - for determining the initial tangent and Young’s modulus is proposed. The aim of this study is to determine Young’s modulus from a particular region on stress-strain curve, which is determined by monitoring the experimental data obtained from an experimental set-up, with regression control chart. According to the current standards, Young’s modulus of concrete and steel materials is given individually. There is no established young’s modulus exists for reinforced concrete sections. For the displacement calculations, the elasticity modulus is used which is calculated by considering only the compressive strength of concrete. However, steel reinforcements are contained here too. In the relevant literature, there exists no study that uses statistical process control charts to determine the Young’s modulus of data obtained from experimental experience with reinforced concrete specimens. The results demonstrate that the Young’s modulus values calculated by proposed method correspond with values calculated by analytical method. Key words: Reinforced concrete columns, stress-strain models, Young’s modulus, regression control chart.

Üretimde otomasyonun gelişmesiyle birlikte, süreç kalite karakteristikleri daha yüksek oranlarda ölçülmekte ve veriler çoğunlukla otokorelasyonlu olmaktadır. Residual kartları veya otokorelasyonlu veriler için modifiye edilmiş limitli kontrol kartları otokorelasyonlu süreç verilerinin istatistiksel süreç kontrolünde yaygın olarak kullanılan yaklaşımlardır. Endüstriyel süreçlerden toplanan veriler hem belirli bir trende hem de ardışık gözlemler arası otokorelasyona sahip olabilir. Otokorelasyonlu ve trend gösteren süreç gözlemlerinin ortalamadan sapmalarını tespit etmek için gözlemleri direkt olarak görüntüleyen bir kartın mevcut olduğuna ilişkin bir bilgiye sahip değiliz. Bu tezde üretim sürecinde meydana gelen ortalamadan sapmaları teşhiş edebilen yeni bir regresyon kontrol kartı sunulmaktadır. Bu kart doğrusal artan trend gösteren otokorelasyonlu gözlemler için tasarlanmıştır. Eski yöntemler otokorelasyonlu ve trend gösteren verilerle ayrı ayrı uğraşmaktadır. Önerilen kart süreç gözlemleri için uygun zaman serisi modeli olarak trend durağan birinci dereceden otoregresif (kısaca Trend AR(1)) modelin tanınmasını gerektirir. Bu tezde ayrıca trend gösteren otokorelasyonlu örüntülerin tanınmasında kullanılmak üzere uygun sayıda doğrusal vektör parçalama ağları, çok katmanlı algılayıcı ağları ve Elman ağlarından oluşan bütünleşik ağ yapısı önerilmektedir. Önerilen yapay sinir ağı tabanlı sistemin performansı doğru sınıflandırma yüzdesine göre değerlendirilmektedir. Trend gösteren otokorelasyonlu verilerin yapay sinir ağları yardımıyla teşhisinden sonra, otokorelasyonlu veriler için önerilen regresyon kontrol kartı, farklı seviyelerdeki otokorelasyonun varlığı altında farklı büyüklüklerdeki ortalamadan sapmalar için, trend gösteren otokorelasyonlu sürecin kontrol altında olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Önerilen kartın performansı, doğru sinyal oranı ve ortalama koşum uzunluğu dikkate alınarak hesaplanmaktadır. With the growing of automation in manufacturing, process quality characteristics are being measured at higher rates and data are more likely to be autocorrelated. The residual charts or control charts with modified control limits for autocorrelated data are widely used approaches for statistical process monitoring in the case of autocorrelated process data. Data sets collected from industrial processes may have both a particular type of trend and autocorrelation among adjacent observation. To the best of our knowledge there are not any schemes that monitor autocorrelated and trending process observations directly to detect the mean shift in the process observations. In this thesis, a new regression control chart which is able to detect the mean shift in a production process is presented. This chart is designed for autocorrelated process observations having a linearly increasing trend. Existing approaches may individually cope with autocorrelated or trending data. The proposed chart requires the identification of trend stationary first order autoregressive (trend AR(1) for short) model as a suitable time series model for process observations. In this thesis an integrated neural network structure, which is composed of appropriate number of linear vector quantization networks, multi layer perceptron networks, and Elman networks, is proposed to recognize the autocorrelated and trending patterns. The neural based system performance is evaluated in terms of the classification rate. After recognizing the trending and autocorrelated data by means of neural networks, proposed modified regression control chart for autocorrelated data is used for different magnitudes of the process mean shift, under the presence of various levels of autocorrelation, to determine whether the trending and autocorrelated process is in-control or not. The performance of proposed chart is evaluated in terms of the accurate signal rate and the average run length. 115

Kombine Spinal-Epidural anestezi rejyonel anestezide göreceli olarak yeni biryaklaşımdır. Subaraknoid ve epidural aralığa lokal anestezik, opioid ve lokal anestezik-opioidkombinasyonlarının uygulanmasıyla meydana getirilen bir epidural subaraknoid blok şeklidir(4,5).Kombine Spinal-Epidural anestezide spinal ve epidural anestezinin avantajlarıkorunurken dezavantajlarının bir kısmı azaltılabilir. Kombine Spinal-Epidural anestezi spinalbloğun sağladığı hızlı başlangıç, etkinlik ve minimal toksik etki ile epidural anestezininsağladığı anestezi süresinin uzatılabilmesinin birlikte kullanılmasına olanak sağlar (4, 6-11).Levobupivakain aminoasit sınıfı lokal anesteziklerin bir üyesidir. Levobupivakaineşdeğer dozlarının iv infüzyonundan sonra, ortalama klirensi, dağılım hacmi ve terminal yarıömrü diğer aminoasit sınıfı lokal anesteziklere benzerdir.Çalışmamızda kombine spinal epidural anestezi yöntemi uygulanan sezaryenlerde ikifarklı düşük doz intratekal levobupivakainin; motor-duysal blok, maternal hemodinamikstabilite ve postoperatif derlenme üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılmasını amaçladık.Çalışmamıza, Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastenesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve DoğumKliniğine başvuran, 18-40 yaş arası, ASA I-II, termde, elektif sezaryene girecek 40 hasta,hasta onayı ve etik kurul izni alındıktan sonra dahil edildi. BMI>30 olan obez hastalar,kullanılacak ilaçlara karşı önceden allerji hikayesi, nöromusküler hastalığı, santral sinirsistemi patolojisi, solunum sistemi hastalığı, çoğul gebeliği, miad olmayan gebeliği vehematolojik problemleri olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmezlerken; yan etki gelişen ya daçalışmaya katılmak istemeyen hastalar araştırmadan çıkarıldılar.63KSEA uygulanan; Grup 1 hastalara (n= 20) 7.5 mg. %0.5 plain levobupivakain + 0.2mg. morfin, Grup 2 hastalara ise (n= 20) ise 5 mg. %0.5 plain levobupivakain + 0.2 mg.morfin intratekal olarak uygulandı.Motor ve duyusal blok, oluşma ve gerileme zamanları karşılaştırıldığında; Bromage 3oluşma zamanı ile duyusal bloğun T4 düzeyine ulaşma zamanı açısından gruplar arasındaistatistiksel fark saptanmadı(p>0.05). Duyusal bloğun 2 segment gerilemesi, duyusal bloğunT10 düzeyine gerilemesi ve motor blok kalkma zamanları ise, Grup 2 hastalarda, istatistikselaçıdan anlamlı olmak üzere, daha kısa saptandı (p

Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Örgütlerin başarılı olabilmeleri ve rekabet edebilmeleri, kaynaklarını verimli kullanmalarına bağlıdır. Kaynakların verimli kullanılmasıyla, daha az girdi ile daha çok çıktı sağlanabilir. Bu da düşük maliyet ve daha çok kar anlamına gelmektedir. Zaman, her işin maliyet unsurlarından (girdilerinden) biri olarak kabul edilebilir ve diğer kıt kaynaklardan farklı olarak yerine ikame edebilecek başka bir kaynak yoktur. Örgütlerde var olan kaynakların verimli bir biçimde değerlendirilmesinden sorumlu kişiler olan örgüt yöneticilerinin, başarılı olabilmek için kıt kaynakları ve dolayısıyla ikamesi olmayan zaman kaynağını verimli kullanması gerekir. Bu çalışmada kıt ve değerli bir kaynak olan zaman kavramı ve zamanın yönetimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu amaçla Türkiye 'nin önde gelen şirketlerinin üst düzey yöneticilerinin zamanlarını nasıl yönettikleri araştırılmıştır. İlk olarak liderlik ve yöneticilik kavramları üzerinde durulmuş ve bu iki kavramla ilgili gerekli tanımlamalara yer verilmiştir. Daha sonra zaman ile ilgili kavramlar açıklanmış ve zaman yönetimi kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Ardından zaman kaybına neden olan; kişiden veya işten kaynaklanan zaman tuzakları açıklanmış ve sonraki bölümde bunların etkilerini yok etmeye yönelik olarak zaman planlama tekniklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Son olarak, Türkiye 'nin üretimden satışlarına göre ilk 300 şirketinin üst düzey yöneticileriyle, zaman yönetimi konulu bir anket çalışması yapılmış ve anketlerin sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesine yer verilmiştir., To be successful and to rival for the organizations, depends on using their resources effectively. By using the resources effectively, much out put can be get with less input. This means lower cost and quite more profit. Time can be accepted as cost compenent (input) of all works and differently from other resources, there is nothing to substitute it. The managers, who is under responsibilty of using the resources effectively, have to use the resources and the time which is unsubstitute, effectively to get success. In this study, insufficient and valuable resource which is called Time and Time Management is examined. To this end, how the top executives of the succesful companies of Turkey are managed their time is examined. At first the manager and the leader conceptions are emphasized and the definitions of these two concepts are given. Then, the conceptions of time is explained and the conception of time management is given. Then, the resons of losing time which are personal or resourced from work are explaind and time planning techniques which are used to abolish the effects of these resons are given. At the end, a questionary is applied to the top executives of Turkey which are the managers of first 300 companies according to their sales from their production and the results of the study is given. The aim of time management is to provide people and the managers to use their time effectively and efficiently. This study aims to tell the methods to get success in time management.

Bu çalışmada, üretim kaynaklarından olan hammadde, malzeme ve yedek parçaların stok seviyelerinin malzeme ihtiyaç planlama sistemi (MRP) içinde işletme politikalarına uygun olarak hangi seviyelerde tutulacağı uygulamalı şekilde sunulmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, üretim birimlerinin ihtiyacı olan hammadde, malzeme ve yedek parçalar için uygun stok seviyesinin üretim planları ve geçmiş stok seyirlerine göre nasıl tespit edileceği açıklanmaktadır. Sonraki bölümde, bilgisayar destekli olarak her bir stok kalemi için stok seviyelerinin; statik stok seviyesi değerlerine göre değil, ERP sisteminden sürekli alınan verilere dayalı olarak, sistemce güncellenen dinamik değerlerle nasıl belirleneceğine ilişkin bir yaklaşım oluşturulmuştur. Son bölümünde ise bu yaklaşımın bir işletmede uygulanması örneği kısaca verilmektedir. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi

ÖZET `BİR KALITIMSAL İZ OLARAK MİMARLIK` ÜZERİNE BİR DENEME. `Bir Kalıtımsal İz Olarak Mimarlık` üzerine yaptığımız bu çalışma, görüngübilimsel temelde mimarlığı bir üst başlık olarak ele alan, onun özünün de bojluk olduğu ön kabulü ile mimari biçimlenmeyi eşzamanlı (senkronik) ve artzamanlı(diakronik) olarak tartışmaktadır. Bu niyetle, Giriş Bölümü, kapsamın ele alınma sebeplerini içerir. İkinci Bölüm özellikle çağdaş mimarlık söylemlerinin görüngübilimsel bir yönelme ile kavranmasına olanak sağlamak için olgu, görüngü ve olay kavramlarının farklılaşması ve mimarlık alam ile kurulacak ilişkiler üzerine yorumlan içerir. Mimarlık olgu, olay, ve görüngülerin metaforik algısı, farklı olguların birçok an ve olay ile biçimlenmesidir. Bu varoluşların insan algısındaki şekillenmesi ise görüngüler yoluyla olur. Görüngülerin içsellikleriyle yapının göstereninden daha aşkın iletişim kurma yeteneklerinin olmasından dolayı anlamsal dizgeler oluşur. Böylelikle gerçek bir yapıdan bahsedilebilir. Bu bölümün önemli kavramı dekonstrüksiyon, bir üslup olarak değil, yine zamandan bağımsız bir iletişim olanağı olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın Üçüncü Bölümü `arkitektonik yapı ve kalıtımsallık` kapsamında mimari biçimlenmeyi inceler. Kalıtım, önceki ve sonraki arasında var olan aktanmsal bağdır. Ardışıklık ve evrimsellik kalıtımın özüdür. Önceki, sonrakine göre yeterli olmayan bir zorunlu koşuldur, buna göre takip edenin öncekine göre daha zengin ve aşkın olması beklenmelidir. Çalışmanın bundan sonraki alt bölümlerinde biçimlenmede kapalı dizgelere dayalı statik biçimlenme (özellikle toplumsal uzlaşmaya dayalı bir biçimlenme olarak) 'doymuşluk' algıda dinamik süreçleri güçlendiren açık dizgeli biçimlenme (özellikle 20.yüzyılın deneysel biçimlenme süreci olarak) 'arakesit biçimlenme' kavramları ile ele alınmıştır. Mimarlık kuramlarının çoklaştığı ve karmaşıklaştığı bu zaman diliminde karşımızda birden ev gibi, mağaradan bu yana inşam mekânsal bir iz olarak kuşatan en öz, en bildik ve en güvenilir yaşam birimini bulmak çok düşündürücüdür. Tüm arkitektonik oluşlar arasında en geçici olma özelliğini taşıyan ev, ürettiği imgesellikle en kalıcı olandır. Bu nedenle kişinin seyirci olmadığı tek gerçek olan ev üzerine yapılacak deneysel çalışmalar, insanın genetik programında algıya yönelik bir iz olarak da yer alacaktır. Sonuç bölümünde ise çalışmanın mimarlık alanı içindeki yeri tartışılmıştır. SUMMARY ARCHITECTURE AS A GENETIC TRAJECTORY Structural changes in the conception of knowledge thus lead us to a better understanding and definition of phenomenology. Phenomenology interprets knowledge not as a closed system or construction, but rather as a dynamic existence signified by interaction with and transition to others. Phenomenological method contradicts with the preposition that bases its emergence on knowledge theory. Due to the nature of its subject it is a mental process. Phenomenology, as a product of twentieth century western critical thinking, has been mutually influential with hermeneutics and existentialism. And yet while positive thinking is engaged with the visual or the factual; phenomenology demands a receptivity to the full ontological potential of human experience. This study aims to discuss architecture from a phenomenological perspective, emphasising space as its core and conceiving architectural formation as a diachronic process. Space, in architectural context, is generally conceived as a void defined through design. The objective is to transform void/space into a defined and recognised tangible entity. Through the transformation, the undefined space attains a new reality possessing both objective and mental attributes. In this study, some generic traces of architecture are referred to as oppressive, thus it is aimed to elude all architectural acts based on presumptions. New provides the energy required to activate imagery. Like space/void, it is not quantifiable, but it can communicate and trigger desire. And this is essential in distinguishing architecture from the art of building. Communication is a consequence of the formation of parallel texts by meaning allocating mechanisms. This is an act of superposition. Today fact, phenomena and happening/occurrence are frequently misconstrued. Although they might have similar connotations, their definitions require different contextual thresholds. Second section of the study comprises a commentary on the differences of these concepts and then- potential relations to architectural context. Fact is distinct, detailed and final. It is a construction. Phenomenology can be defined as the study of how phenomena appear/happen. However it can not be limited to the visual domain. Occurrences that are not visual or factual can be classified as phenomena. Phenomenon is a mental manifestation. It may also concede the ability of thinking on a thing not thought of before. Phenomena lead us to new understandings when facts are inadequate. Phenomenology entails a deeper interpretative dimension in the form of hermeneutics, and hermeneutics allows for the disclosure. VIIt is obvious that there are powerful interactions with facts and their supporting phenomena. Yet, it introduces a paradoxical situation indicated by a potential problem of synchronisation. Derrida proposes the term original dilay to explain the situation; `first is not a first if there is not a second to follow. Thus, second is not only a procrastinated occurrence but also a must to enable first's existence. Thus the existence of the first is not only limited to its own attributes.` The interaction of fact and phenomena has the potential to introduce a similar problem. The concept of occurrence comprises a collection of uncontrollable processes with inner cycles. Program is a fact ascribed by attributes such as, a priori existence, cyclical recurrence, empirical and transitional (Tschumi, 1994). Occurrence is defined `when the program's potential meets the conditions surrounding the construction.` Architecture is the metaphorical perception of the facts, occurrences and phenomena, thus concretion of different facts through a variety of instances and occurrences. Phenomena are accounted for the formation of these existences in human perception. Meaningful systems are due to the inclusive nature of phenomena enabling more effective communications than the visual attributes of constructions. It is agreed that all perception-based productions are consequences of a multiple reading process. This process is distinguished by distribution and address determination. Image hunting, visual media, consuming of visual declarations without decoding... all account for today's perception styles. It can also be argued that different media, effecting taste and perception levels, dominate every period. At this point what is important is the timing or duration of the conception patterns. In the prominent essays of thinkers/philosophers like Descartes, Aristhotheles, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger, Derrida, Deleuze aesthetics is exhorted as a dimension of perception and presentation, thus the attributes of architectural instances transcending the limits of time and locality are enhanced. Historians of architecture, architects and philosophers agree that architecture cannot be limited to the concretion of functionality and/or form. If the problems of architecture are to be traced to their roots, then attention should be focused on each and all of the issues like sheltering, socialising, possessing and identifying. Design is the act that leads to the creation of place. Designers seek to meet the requirements of the individual, society and nature in their constructions. The house accelerates the feelings of identifying with a place and inclusion within a place. It provides a sensation of inclusiveness. Deconstruction is an approach adopted to overcome a misrepresentation. In this respect deconstruction is as ancient as the existence of language. As highlighted by Octavio Paz and Bachelard, poems can be conceived as transformations within a language. ` Material exists in a free state in poetic creation. Transformation commences as soon as words, sounds, colours and materials are introduced to the poetic cycle.` There exist a variety of deconstructivist processes in a variety of contexts. Thus, deconstruction cannot be limited to a theory or a singular concept. viiIts existence depends on operational but not control mechanisms of today. `Rules become Nietzchean manifestations, and they, consequently, enable the probability of an instance referred to as architecture by Derrida. All values are ascertained.` In a state where there is nothing left to say, deconstruction obtains an enriched background. In an architectural entity, this process commences when values related to its aestethic conception, its functionality and form are suspended. Human beings transform themselves within a universe of manifestations while constructing house versus nature, society versus individual, interior versus exterior. They surround. This is the conscious of image making and designing individual. In the third section of the study, hereditary context is discussed in relation to consciousness and descent. Heredity is a transmittable relation existing between post and prior. Evolution and succession are essential to heredity. The prior is an inadequate conditional for the post, the post is expected to be more comprehensive and enriched. `All of the succeeding stages continuously improve thus reaching to a level more elaborate and complex than the precedent.` An architectural entity can be conceived as the enclosure of closed systems bearing an ability to transform when interacted. Integrity, transformation and self- referentiality (Piaget, 1982, pp. 10-13) enhance its tectonics. Hereditary construction contains knowledge forwarding mechanisms enabling a constructive program for a potential successor, while protecting its own. This is a coding system based on transmission. Tradition is also exposed to dissociation through repetition -thus protection- of knowledge and cultural abstraction. `Attribute required to signify the traditional, is repetition from its exordium to end- through a time span long enough to keep its periodicity indistinct. At the same time the whole background and ideological context becomes vague, and the form transforms into a traditional topos. This is relevant to symbolism. Symbols, through successive repetitions, also tend to differ from their initial states and attain abstraction. ` Architecture as a dynamic process, provides an effective medium for formal and semantic changes. `Changing conditions in the use of lighting, allocation of functions, and consequent changes in interior and exterior organisations will trigger building's reactions thus effecting its perception. Such mental/visual accumulations will enable the perceiver to recognise the building's identity.` In the following sections of the thesis, the term saturation will be used to refer to static formation resulting from closed systems; whereas open-ended systems enabling dynamic perceptions will be referred to as intersectional formation. According to Tanyeli pre-modernist architectural space exist in a cultural framework, and tradition and unavoidable conformation have impacts on its formation. Constructive conception of the central authority and the traditional formation- perception pattern of the society act in a dialectic nature to enable architectonic body. The state of saturation continues till a new perspective is adopted by the society. viiiModern architecture was required to comply wit a dichotomy. As Tanyeli states, modernism sought to find a mutual conformation between the desires of the central authority and the traditional continuity. This, in a way, aims to delete the formal aspects of the collective memory in order to enable a new abstract construction. Thus, new aesthetic values are defined. In relevance to intersectional formation, modernism will be accepted as the framework for discussion on the thresholds of 20th century architectural discourse. Thus, today's architecture will be discussed on an axis determined by the sub programs of modernism, including post-modernism. Revivalist/historicist formation approach will be excluded from discussion. According to Tanyeli, like modernism, post-modernism also contradicts with a limited definition. Post-modernism can be identified by its adopted narrative based on visual communication and repressed reasoning of form. Everybody is allowed through the gate to modernism. This is synonymous to the modern revolution reaching out to people. This extensive nature reflected in architecture, economics and politics; consequents in the emergence of new authorities, like media and stock markets; growing with the dynamics of populism. In this polyphonic state is now distinguished a decentralised new reality. Current debates, referring to the interactions of nature and architectural formations, were initiated by a series of natural phenomena: erosive natural forces constantly changing earths surfaces and topography, winds reforming dunes, endless folds and striations... Consequently, a new series of concepts such as `folds` and `striae` were elaborated. Deleuze bases his definitions of `fold` and `stria` on time and material transformations, thus highlights an organismic stratification. While exemplifying his analysis on the dynamic relation between perception and physical reality, he refers to Baroque Architecture; `Folds, existing in decorations and articulations of Baroque space, are like the consequences of individual bodily or holistic experiences feflected in religious contexts.` As in other cyclical movements, elastic fluctuation also provides a new reason of existence for materials. This in a way, is anew energy. Indefinite points on topography define a line. The points of inclination in a fold resemble the `elastic points` of Klee and `smooth and firm angles` of Kandinsky. Architecture as a means of communication enables the possession of new perceptual understandings. Building is now conceived as an industrial product; an entity to be consumed. Here, electronic media and virtuality also account for an abstract reality. This abstract neo mechanical reality bears a supportive role in our mental quest for freedom. While extending the discussion on architectural discourse to other directions, we find ourselves in a very familiar dimension. Allegorically, this situation can be depicted by descend. Space leads us to house through spatialising man, who is restructuring and dimentioning space. The last parenthesis of the study is dedicated to house in this respect. The first shelters man inhabited to be protected from natural conditions were caves. Through the course of evolution, caves were abandoned in favour of dwellings of ixman's creation. Technological innovations enabled new constructions or architectonics, articulated according to extended requirements and programs. As Kuban states, `After all these centuries of developments and evolutions it is rather fascinating to still discuss doors, windows, roofs... In all architectural traditions; the most humanistic, common yet personal and social amongst all artefacts is the house. It is unique for its potential to fully reflect even the most private moods of its inhabitant.` From primitive to virtual, house encloses man as a spatial boundary. The physical life of a house is similar to that of man. Although possessing the attribute of being the most temporary among other architectonics; house also attains longevity due to the existence of its symbolic attributes especially significant in monumental architecture. According to Bachelard, house embraces dreams and shelters the dreamer. Hence, dreaming guides us in this hereditary flow. Modern architecture, in a position against the evolutionary development of architecture, proposed to restructure the imagery and semantic coding of a house while trying to convey the idea of modernism to the society. In this restructured system the house is defined by an alienated and tyrant nature. The tyrant discourse of Le Corbusier, consequents in a `dishousing` project. House is a goal. The theoretical and practical dimensions of a new life are experimented in the house. Man is considered only as another moving element in this new tyrant architectonic context. The sheltering edges/walls are punctured, the interior became the exterior, and the dominant sheltering element- the roof- is omitted and transformed into a plane slab, another space to be inhabitted. The first program that Eisenman dealt with in respect to deconstructivism is again a house. In his virtual house project, Eisenman, reprocesses the precedent deconstructivist house 4 while eliminating all generic elements and undefinable forms. An objectively definable house does not exist for there exists no house image that could be attributable to virtuality. Eisenman' s constant experiments on house can be interpreted as a step towards restructuring of human perception. His experiment is very critical in respect to architectural practice, education and theory. House is considered as a pure ideological object. The attempt to take man out of his house is equivalent to dissuading the architect from being a portrait designer. 96