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Didymella glomerata and Truncatella angustata associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Iran, were grown in vitro to evaluate the production of phytotoxic metabolites as potential pathogenicity determinants. 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran and (+)-6-hydroxyramulosin were isolated from the culture filtrates of D. glomerata and T. angustata , respectively. They were identified by physical and spectroscopic (essentially 1 D and 2 D 1 H and 13 C NMR and ESIMS) methods and X ray analysis. Both compounds induced significant necrosis and curling on the leaves of the host plant Vitis vinifera L. and the effects were concentration dependent. No effect was observed on the leaves of the non-host Solanum lycopersicum L.. plant.

Ten diphenyl ethers (DPEs), including nine undescribed analogs named betaethrins A-I, were isolated from the desert plant endophytic fungus Phoma betae A.B. Frank (Didymellaceae). Their structures were determined mainly by NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectral and X-ray diffraction experiments. Betaethrins D-I possessed different fatty acid chains connected with the B-ring, which was the first report in all DPEs. The shielding effect of the B-ring on H-6 (A-ring) in methyl barceloneate, betaethrin A and betaethrins D-F (asterric acid analogs) was first observed and analyzed, which could differentiate the 1 H-NMR chemical shift values of H-4/H-6 without the assistance of 3-OH. An empirical rule was then suggested: the steric hindrance between the A- and B-rings in asterric acid analogs might prevent these two aromatic rings from rotating freely, which led to the 1 H-NMR chemical shift value of H-6 being in the high field zone due to the shielding effect of the B-ring on H-6. Based on the empirical rule, the chemical shift values of the A-ring in methyl barceloneate were revised. The possible biosynthesis of these isolates was postulated. Betaethrin H showed moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Betaethrins A-F, H and I displayed strong antioxidant activities. These results further implied that endophytic fungi from unique environments, such as desert plants, with few chemical studies are an important resource of undescribed and bioactive metabolites., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mushrooms have been well known for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for their medicinal properties. Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. (Morchellaceae) is a species of edible mushroom. Due to its distinctive and precise flavor, it has been used as a food and food-flavoring material in soups and sauces. It is one of the most medicinally important and economically beneficial wild species of mushroom. The fruiting body of M. esculenta contains a wide range of active constituents like vitamins, proteins, steroids, minerals, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides. M. esculenta and its active compounds possess significant cardiovascular protective, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, and antidiabetic properties. In this article, the mycochemical profile, nutritional values, and bioactivities of M. esculenta were reviewed., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica S5 derived from the semi-mangrove plant Myoporum bontioides was fermented. Its metabolites were purified by column chromatography. Nine compounds were obtained and identified as terezine P(1), 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one(2), methylhydroheptelidate(3), hydroheptelidic acid(4), 5, 7-dimethoxy-4, 6-dimethylphthalide(5),(3R,4S)-(-)-4-hydroxymellein(6), pestalopyrone(7), indole-3-formaldehyde(8) and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(9) by spectroscopic techniques. Terezine P(1) was a new alkaloid belonging to the terezine class with a pyrazine ring. Compounds 2-7 were lactones, of which 3 and 4 belonged to sesquiterpenes. Compounds 8 and 9 were indole alkaloids and phenols, respectively. Compounds 3-6 were purified from Nigrospora sp. for the first time. These compounds showed different degrees of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli of O6 serotype and E. coli of O78 serotype.

Leptochartamides A and B (± 1 and ± 2 ), two pairs of enantiomeric hybrids with the same cyclo-bridged skeleton containing an unusual dioxa-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core system, were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus Leptosphaerulina chartarum . Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and the total synthesis. Compounds 2a and 2b showed selective cytotoxicity against Ewings sarcoma cells A673, with IC 50 values of 8.98 ± 0.23 and 4.18 ± 0.27 μM, respectively. The colony formation assay of compounds 2a and 2b against A673 cells was completed.

Truffles are appreciated as food all over the world because of their extraordinary aroma. However, quantities are limited and successful cultivation in plantations is very labor-intensive and expensive, or even impossible for some species. These factors make truffles a very valuable food, which is why it is particularly rewarding and tempting to declare inferior species of truffles as more expensive species and thereby counterfeit them. The various species differ in their aroma and thus in their culinary value, but the adulterations cannot be detected on the basis of pure morphology. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to develop a non-targeted lipidomics approach using ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry to distinguish between the white truffle species Tuber magnatum and T. borchii as well as the black truffle species T. melanosporum , T. aestivum and T. indicum . Several hundred features were detected, which were present in significantly different concentrations in the studied truffle species. The most important of them were identified using MS/MS spectra and collision cross section (CCS) values. Some compounds were detected whose CCS values have not yet been published and may facilitate identification by other researchers in the future. Just a few marker substances are sufficient to be able to distinguish both black and white truffle species with 100% accuracy. These results can be used for the development of rapid tests, which in the best case will allow truffle analysis directly on-site.

The aim of this study was to identify specific truffle marker substances within the truffle aroma. The aroma profile of different truffle species was analyzed using static headspace sampling with gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis (SHS/GC-MS). Possible marker substances were identified, taking the additional literature into account. The selected marker substances were tested in an experiment with 19 truffle dogs. The hypothesis "If trained truffle dogs recognize the substances as supposed truffles in the context of an experiment, they can be regarded as specific" was made. As it would be nearly impossible to investigate every other possible emitter of the same compounds to determine their specificity, this hypothesis was a reasonable approximation. We were interested in the question of what it is the dogs actually search for on a chemical level and whether we can link their ability to find truffles to one or more specific marker substances. The results of the dog experiment are not as unambiguous as could have been expected based on the SHS/GC-MS measurements. Presumably, the truffle aroma is mainly characterized and perceived by dogs by dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. However, as dogs are living beings and not analytical instruments, it seems unavoidable that one must live with some degree of uncertainty regarding these results.

A novel polysaccharide (MSP-1) was isolated from the fruiting body of Morchella sextelata and purified using DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-75. The molecular weight of MSP-1 was 1.17 × 10 4  Da, as detected by HPLC analysis. The monosaccharide composition of MSP-1 was mannose and glucose at a ratio of 1.00: 1.25. Methylation and NMR results revealed that the backbone of MSP-1 was composed of →4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, and →4, 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→. SEM images of MSP-1 presented a dense network structure with porous characterizations. The immunomodulatory activities of MSP-1 were evaluated using RAW264.7 cells, and the results showed that MSP-1 promoted proliferative and phagocytic activity and increased the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. These results indicated that MSP-1 exhibited significant immunomodulatory activities., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Three new polyketides, eutyketides A and B ( 1 and 2 ) and cytosporin X ( 3 ), along with four known compounds ( 4 - 7 ), were obtained from the marine-derived fungus Eutypella scoparia . The planar structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Their relative configurations of C-13 and C-14 were determined with chemical conversions by introducing an acetonylidene group. The absolute configurations of 1 - 3 were determined by comparing their experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data with their computed ECD results. All of the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compounds 5 and 6 showed stronger anti-inflammatory activities than the other compounds, with the inhibition of 49.0% and 54.9% at a concentration of 50.0 µg/mL, respectively.

The endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. is known to contain many secondary metabolites, but fatty acid derivatives have rarely been found. In this study, four new fatty acid derivatives ( 1 - 4 ), together with four known compounds ( 5 - 8 ), were isolated from Diaporthe sp., which was obtained from the stem of Ligularia fischeri . The absolute configurations of the new compounds 1 - 4 were deduced based on spectroscopic technique and J -based coupling constant analysis. Moreover, compound 1 exhibited cytotoxic activities against HCT-8 and MCF-7 cancer cells, and compounds 3 and 4 showed modest selectivity for HCT-8 cells by MTT assay.

Two new 2,5-diketopiperazines derivatives ( 1-2 ), together with eight known analogs ( 3-10 ), were isolated from a culture broth of an endophytic fungus Nigrospora camelliae-sinensis S30, derived from mangrove Lumnitzera littorea . Their complete structures were determined by a detailed analysis of spectroscopic data and ECD calculations. The antimicrobial activity and neuroprotective activity of these isolated compounds were also evaluated.

Studies on an organic extract of a marine fungus, Periconia sp. (strain G1144), led to the isolation of three halogenated cyclopentenes along with the known and recently reported rhytidhyester D; a series of spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques were used to elucidate these structures. Interestingly, two of these compounds represent tri-halogenated cyclopentene derivatives, which have been observed only rarely from Nature. The relative and absolute configurations of the compounds were established via mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Mosher's esters method, optical rotation and GIAO NMR calculations, including correlation coefficient calculations and the use of both DP4+ and dJ DP4 analyses. Several of the isolated compounds were tested for activity in anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, quorum sensing inhibition, and cytotoxicity assays and were shown to be inactive., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

As the main component of truffles, polysaccharides have a variety of biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and hypoglycemic activity, and these activities are closely related to its structure. In this study, Tuber Aestivum crude polysaccharide (TACP) and Tuber Melanosporum crude polysaccharide (TMCP) were obtained from Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Melanosporum by using microwave-assisted hot water, and then the Sephadex G-200 column was utilized to further separate and purify Tuber Aestivum polysaccharide (TAP) and Tuber Melanosporum polysaccharide (TMP) from TACP and TMCP. The structural characterization results showed that the molecular weight of TAP was 2.18 × 10 4  kDa, while TMP was 8.79 × 10 3  kDa. Although the two polysaccharide components were mainly composed of mannose (Man) and glucose (Glc), the molar ratio of Man and Glc in TAP was 14.76: 12.31, with a molar ratio of 5.43:10.94 in TMP. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of two polysaccharide components was evaluated. TAP and TMP could protect porcine jejunal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells from oxidative damage by H 2 O 2 , but TAP exhibited stronger antioxidant effects. It was mainly reflected that TAP could increase the secretion level of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in IPEC-J2 cells, and had a significant effect on the total antioxidant capacity of cells. The reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde had better scavenging ability at the concentration of 20 µg/ml. The difference between TAP and TMP may be due to the dissimilar structure. Its structure-activity relationship needs further study. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The structure of TAP and TMP were different, and TAP had higher molecular weight. Besides, TAP and TMP can protect IPEC-J2 cells from oxidative stress, providing a theoretical basis for developing potential antioxidant drugs of practical significance., (© 2022 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Cytospone A (1), a pyrone and isocoumarin hetero-dimer possessing an unprecedented skeleton with a polyoxygen-hetero 6/6/6/6 tetracyclic fused ring system, and three other biosynthetic precursors cytospones B-D (2-4), along with eleven known compounds were purified from Cytospora rhizophorae A761. The deduced structure of cytospone A represents the first family of natural hetero-dimers comprising pyrone and isocoumarin moieties. A plausible biogenetic pathway involving an intriguing Knoevenagel condensation/6π electrocyclization cascade sequence as the key chemical transformation is proposed.

Five previously undescribed oblongolides, namely phomaones A-E, along with four known compounds, were isolated from the endophytic fungus Phoma bellidis Neerg.. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive experimental spectroscopic methods as well as single crystal X-ray diffractions, ECD calculations and GIAO 13 C NMR calculations. Phomaone A represent the first example of oblongolides with glycol directly linked by two C-C bonds, and its biosynthetic pathway were proposed. The cytotoxicity of obtained compounds was evaluated against human cancer cell lines MCF-7, DU145, and SW480. All compounds except phomaone A showed the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with IC 50 value ranging from 12.45 to 49.84 μM., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Peridecalins C and D ( 1 and 2 ), one decalin and one oxygen-decalin containing polyketide-amino acid hybrids with 5/6/6 ring system, was isolated from a genetic mutant of Periconia sp. F-31. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic data analysis, including 1 D/2D NMR and HR-MS spectra. Biosynthetically, two proposed Diels-Alder reactions are supposed to be involved in the skeleton construction of 1 and 2 .

Morchella is the famous medicinal fungi in the ascomycetes. In this study, a new water-soluble polysaccharide (MSP-3-1) with an average molecular weight of 2.35 × 10 7 Da was extracted and purified from fruiting bodies of cultivated M. Sextelata. The structural characterization and biological activities of purified polysaccharide was further investigated. The results indicated that MSP-3-1 was mainly a α-glucan, mainly consisting of mannose (Man), glucose (Glc) and galactose (Gal) in a ratio of 5.10: 91.39: 3.51. Its surface morphology exhibited irregular lamellar structures with small voids. And the particle size analysis showed that MSP-3-1 was the homogeneous nanoparticle in water solution. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity analysis showed that MSP-3-1 possessed certain scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Immunological tests suggested that MSP-3-1 could significantly promote the proliferation, phagocytosis and nitric oxide (NO) production of macrophage RAW264.7. Thus, our results will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Morchella Sextelata polysaccharides as an immunmodulatory component in functional foods., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Pullulan is a microbial polymer, commercially produced from Aureobasidium pullulans. Downstream processing of pullulan involves a multi-stage process which should be efficient, safe and reproducible. In liquid-liquid separations, firstly cell free extract is separated. Cell biomass can be separated after fermentation either by centrifugation or filtration. Due to practically insolubility of pullulan in organic solvents, ethanol and isopropanol are the most commonly used organic solvents for its recovery. Pullulan can also be purified by chromatographic techniques, but these are not cost effective for the purification of pullulan. Efficient aqueous two-phase system can be used for the purification of pullulan. The current review describes the methods and perspectives used for solid-liquid separation, liquid-liquid separations and finishing steps for the recovery of pullulan. Techniques used to determine the structural attributes of pullulan have also been highlighted., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Five bergamotane sesquiterpenoid derivatives, brasilterpenes A-E ( 1 - 5 ), bearing an unreported spiral 6/4/5 tricyclic ring system, were isolated from the deep sea-derived ascomycete fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense HDN15-135. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were established by extensive spectroscopic methods complemented by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data including DP4+ analysis. The hypoglycemic activity of these compounds was assessed using a diabetic zebrafish model. Brasilterpenes A ( 1 ) and C ( 3 ) significantly reduced free blood glucose in hyperglycemic zebrafish in vivo by improving insulin sensitivity and suppressing gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the hypoglycemic activity of compound 3 was comparable to the positive control, anti-diabetes drug rosiglitazone. These results suggested brasilterpene C ( 3 ) had promising anti-diabetes potential.

Hypothesis: Lipases are widely used in the detergent industry and must withstand harsh conditions involving both anionic and zwitterionic surfactants at alkaline pH. Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TlL) is often used and stays active at high concentrations of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 8.0, but is sensitive to SDS at pH 6.0 and below. We propose that enhanced stability at pH 8.0 results from a structurally distinct complex formation with SDS., Experiments: We use small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to elucidate structures of TlL:SDS at pH 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 and further investigate the complexes at pH 8.0 using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS)., Findings: At pH 4.0, large dense aggregates are formed at low [SDS], which become gradually less dense at higher [SDS], resulting in a core-shell structure. At pH 6.0, SDS induces a TlL dimer and forms a hemi-micelle along the side of the dimer. At higher [SDS], TlL adopts a core-shell structure. At pH 8.0, TlL forms a dimer with a SDS hemi-micelle but avoids a core-shell structure and maintains activity. Three helices are identified as SDS anchor points. This study provides important structural insight into the stability of TlL towards SDS under alkaline conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer (T. vermicularis) is known to have therapeutic effects on various diseases in Southwest China. Recent research has highlighted that T. vermicularis may suppress Aβ level and Tau hyperphosphorylation to improve the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease, indicating that it might have the potential to treat Alzheimer's disease., Aim of the Study: The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of T. vermicularis on the fibril formation of a typical amyloidogenic protein, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), and to identify the effective components that could potentially enable an extract of T. vermicularis to be used in the development of novel therapeutic agents., Materials and Methods: A water extract was prepared from T. vermicularis (TVWE) and its inhibitory effect on amyloid fibrillation in vitro was investigated using thioflavin T and 8-anilinonapthalene-1-sulfonic acid spectrofluorometric analyses. The anti-amyloidogenic components of TVWE were separated and qualitatively analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO 2 ), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Finally, the effect of the bioactive components on the structure of HEWL in the early stages of fibrillogenesis was determined by molecular docking simulation., Results: TVWE strongly inhibited the ability of HEWL to form an amyloid fibril, yielding an IC 50 of 0.018 mg/mL for the inhibition of fibrillogenesis. The chemical constituents in the various TVWE fractions resolved by TLC were qualitatively identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The target components were predicted by reviewing the existing literature on T. vermicularis, in which the components of T. vermicularis, along with three small molecules (molecular weight: 182) were preliminarily identified. Molecular docking simulation showed that these small molecules were bound to the core region of HEWL, affecting its stability. Finally, the active anti-amyloidogenic components were extracted from whole T. vermicularis using SFE-CO 2 and then identified., Conclusion: The potential components of TVWE that could prevent HEWL fibrillogenesis were primarily identified using TLC, LC-Q-TOF-MS, and SFE-CO2. The candidate small-molecule compounds were further predicted by combining the LC-Q-TOF-MS results with molecular docking analysis. The effective components of T. vermicularis were extracted using SFE-CO 2 . Together, these methods could constitute a practical strategy for the isolation and identification of anti-amyloidogenic components from a traditional Chinese medicine., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Three p -terphenyls ( 2 - 4 )-2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy- p -terphenyl ( 2 ), 2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy- p -terphenyl ( 3 ), and 2,3,5,6-tetramethoxy- p -terphenyl ( 4 )-were isolated for the first time as natural products along with seven known compounds ( 1 , 5 - 10 ) from the Antarctic lichen Stereocaulon alpinum. Structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of 1D and 2D NMR and HREIMS experiments. Compound 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells with the IC 50 value of 3.76 ± 0.03 μM and also inhibited NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages with the IC 50 value of 22.82 ± 0.015 μM.

An undescribed 5,6-dihydropyran-2-one, namely diplopyrone C, was isolated and characterized from the cultures of an isolate of the fungus Diplodia corticola recovered from Quercus suber in Algeria. The structure and relative stereostructure of (5 S ,6S,7 Z ,9 S ,10 S )-5-hydroxy-6-(2-(3-methyloxiran-2-yl)vinyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one were assigned essentially based on NMR and MS data. Furthermore, ten known compounds were isolated and identified in the same cultures. The most abundant product, the tetracyclic pimarane diterpene sphaeropsidin A, was tested for insecticidal effects against the model sucking aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum . Results showed a toxic dose-dependent oral activity of sphaeropsidin A, with an LC 50 of 9.64 mM.

We identified two new diterpenoidal acrocalyenes A (1) and B (2) through chemical investigation on Acrocalymma sp., a plant-associated fungus from the tender stem isolates of Sinomenium acutum collected from the Qinling Mountains, along with seven already-recognized compounds (3-9). The HR-ESI-TOF-MS and 1D/2D NMR data were utilized for structural elucidation of these compounds, and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed for absolute configuration clarification of the novel acrocalyenes 1 and 2. Bioassays revealed that the cytotoxicities of compounds 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 against three human carcinoma cells (RKO, HeLa and HCC-1806) were moderate to strong, with IC 50 between 6.70-38.82 μM. These isolates were also evaluated for their fungal resistant potentials against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium solani, in which 3 displayed significant inhibitory effects on all three phytopathogenic fungi, showing respective MIC of 50, 25 and 25 μM., (© 2022 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Investigation of the soil-derived fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae NSTRU-PN1.4 resulted in the isolation of five dimeric γ-lactones including two new botryosphaerilactones D and E ( 4 and 5 ) and three known structurally related analogoues ( 1-3 ) along with seven known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of 1-5 was determined by comparison of the ECD data with those of the structurally related monomeric γ-lactones. For biological evaluation, this is the first report on antifungal activity of the known (3  R ,4 R )-4-acetyl-3-methyl-2(3 H )-dihydrofuranone which displayed weak antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with an MIC value of 200 µg/mL.

Three new phenolic compounds, peruvinides A-C were isolated from the lichen Ramalina peruviana Ach. (Ramalinaceae). Their structures were unambiguously determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. Peruvinides A and B bearing unusual moieties were found for the first time among lichen metabolites.

One new eremophilane sesquiterpene periconianone L ( 1 ), together with four known guaiane-type sesquiterpenes 4,10,11-trihydroxyguaiane ( 2 ), (-)-guai-1(10)-ene-4 α ,11-diolhydroxymecuration ( 3 ), guaidiol A ( 4 ), and epi-guaidiol A ( 5 ) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Periconia sp. F-31. The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HRESIMS, and extensive NMR techniques. Compound 3 was isolated as natural product for the first time.

Four new diphenyl ether derivatives, neopestolides A-D ( 2 - 5 ), were isolated from cultures of the plant endophytic fungus Neopestalotiopsis sp., along with the known metabolite pestalotiollide A ( 1 ); their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 2 and 3 - 5 were deduced by electronic circular dichroism calculations and via Snatzke's method, respectively. Compounds 2 - 4 incorporate tetrahydrofuran moieties attached to the dibenzo[b,g][1,5]dioxocin-5(7 H )-one skeleton via C-C linkages. Compounds 1 and 2 showed modest cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells.

Fungi can be used as a potent chemotherapeutic agent to treat various cancers. In current study acetone and methanol extracts of Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, Terfezia olbiensis, Picoa lefebvrei, Picoa juniperi were used to assess total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, ion-chelating impact, antimicrobial activity, the cytotoxic and protective effects. Both methanol and acetone extracts of T. boudieri had the highest FRAP and DPPH scavenging abilities. Dose-dependent increased ion-chelating impact of all tested truffles species was found. Extracts of T. boudieri, T. claveryi, and T. albiensis exhibited higher antimicrobial activities. T. claveryi and T. boudieri showed the highest protective effects against H 2 O 2 -induced genotoxicity (P < 0.05), in S. cerevisiae BY4741. The least protective effect was showed by the acetone extracts of T. olbiensis (144 ± 8); methanol extracts of P. lefebvrei (140 ± 8) and P. juniperi (140 ± 10). MCF 7 cells showed more sensitivity against to methanol extracts of T. boudieri at 10-100 μg/mL concentrations. HepG2 cells showed more sensitivity against the methanolic extracts of T. boudieri at both doses. Overall, P. lefebvrei and P. juniperi extracts had the least cytotoxic effects. The species of Terfezia exhibit significant protective effects against DNA damage and also have the potential of cytotoxicity effects., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Features of the biochemical adaptations of alkaliphilic fungi to exist in extreme environments could promote the production of active antibiotic compounds with the potential to control microorganisms, causing infections associated with health care. Thirty-eight alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant Emericellopsis strains (E. alkalina, E. cf. maritima, E. cf. terricola, Emericellopsis sp.) isolated from different saline soda soils and belonging to marine, terrestrial, and soda soil ecological clades were investigated for emericellipsin A (EmiA) biosynthesis, an antifungal peptaibol previously described for Emericellopsis alkalina. The analysis of the Emericellopsis sp. strains belonging to marine and terrestrial clades from chloride soils revealed another novel form with a mass of 1032.7 Da, defined by MALDI-TOF Ms/Ms spectrometers, as the EmiA lacked a hydroxyl (dEmiA). EmiA displayed strong inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and viability of HCT 116 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manners and induced apoptosis.

Four new cytochalasans, arbuschalasins A-D (1-4), along with thirteen known analogues (5-17), were isolated from the solid rice medium of endophytic fungus Xylaria arbuscula. Arbuschalasins A-B feature a rare 5/6/6/6 fused ring system while arbuschalasin D was characterized as the first example of natural cytochalasans that possesses a 5/5/11 fused scaffold. The structures of 1-4 were assigned by spectroscopic data, with their absolute structures being determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. All of the isolates were evaluated against the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HCT15). Compounds 6 and 7 showed significant inhibitory effects (IC 50 values were 13.5 and 13.4 μM, respectively), being more active than those of the positive control, fluorouracil (103.1 μM)., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Four new isoindolinone derivatives, daldinans D‒G (3‒6), together with two known compounds, daldinans A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the stroma of the ascomycete Daldinia concentrica. Chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. All of these compounds exhibited antioxidant activities with IC 50 values of 3.21 to 39.67 µM in the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay., (© 2021. The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy.)

Bacterial cellulose (BC) exhibits a unique combination of porosity, tensile strength, reticulated crystal structure and biocompatibility useful for many applications in the food, biomedical and other industries. Polysaccharide addition has been shown to improve the production and the mechanical properties of BC nanocomposites. This study examined the effect of pullulan on BC fermentation as well as the co-culturing of the BC producer with Aureobasidium pullulans, a fungal strain that produces pullulan as an exopolysaccharide. Results showed that a 1% pullulan addition improved Young's modulus of BC pellicles for sixfold. Addition of pullulan at 1.5% and 2% levels could increase the BC production from 0.447 to 0.814 and 1.997 g/L, respectively. The co-culture fermentation demonstrated a mixed effect on the aggregation and bundling of BC while resulting in a significant improvement in mechanical properties. The study provided a polysaccharide additive and a novel fermentation method to produce BC with improved properties., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Three known compounds were isolated from Virgaria nigra CF-231658; 2,7-dihydroxy naphthalene ( 1 ), virgaricin B ( 2 ) and virgaricin ( 3 ). The isolated compounds was obtained from liquid-state and agar-supported fermentation using Amberlite XAD-16 solid-phase extraction during the cultivation step. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR as well as HRMS spectroscopic analyses. The isolated compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit elastase using normal human diploid fibroblasts. Compound 2 displayed the most potent activity with 76.7 ± 2.12% inhibition of the enzyme activity at 5 μM concentration.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) regulates selective protein degradation to maintain protein homeostasis. Small molecules that inhibit the UPS-dependent protein degradation are promising anti-tumor agents. We report a cell-based luminescent assay using HeLa cells expressing luciferase-fused oxygen-dependent destruction domain (ODD) of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1 α). ODD is degraded by the UPS and this assay system can aid in the identification of natural products that inhibit either process of the UPS, including ubiquitination/deubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. This reporter assay can exclude the influences of coloring or fluorescent compounds in extracts, thereby leading to effective high-throughput processing. The screening of 15,025 extracts of natural sources identified the culture extract of the fungus Remotididymella sp. (18F02908). Bioassay-guided isolation yielded two new polyketides, mellains A (1) and B (2), together with leptosphaerodione (3) and its acetone adduct 4. Compound 1 was revealed to have an unprecedented benzo[g]isoquinoline-8,10-dione skeleton. Evaluation of the biological activities demonstrated that these polyketides inhibit the proteasomal proteolysis. This is the first report of the identification of proteasome inhibitors from natural sources using a cell-based reporter assay targeting UPS inhibitors., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Volatile compounds from the marine cyanolichen Lichina pygmaea , collected from the Moroccan Atlantic coast, were extracted by hydrodistillation and their putative chemical composition was investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Based on the obtained results, Lichina pygmaea volatile compounds (LPVCs) were mainly dominated by sesquiterpenes compounds, where γ -himachalene, β -himachalene, ( 2E,4E )-2,4 decadienal and α -himachalene were assumed to be the most abundant constituents, with percentage of 37.51%, 11.71%, 8.59% and 7.62%, respectively. LPVCs depicted significant antimicrobial activity against all tested strains ( Staphylococcus aureus CCMM B3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50090, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Candida albicans CCMM-L4) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values within the range of 1.69-13.5 mg/mL. Moreover, this LPVC showed interesting scavenging effects on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical with an IC 50 of 0.21 mg/mL. LPVCs could be an approving resource with moderate antimicrobial potential and interesting antioxidant activity for cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.

Black truffle, a culinary and medical fungus, is highly valued worldwide for its nutritional and therapeutic importance. To enhance the existing knowledge about the beneficial properties, this study investigates the antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of black truffle extract in in vitro biochemical assays and animal study. Briefly, black truffle extract was administered orally to treat streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic Wistar rats for 45 days. At the end of the experimental duration, rats were sacrificed to perform biochemical and gene expression analyses related to lipid regulatory and inflammatory pathways. Our results indicated that total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and low-density lipoprotein in different tissues and circulation were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the β -hydroxy β -methylglutaryl-CoA enzyme was also significantly increased; lipoprotein lipase and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase enzymes were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. However, the above conditions were reversed upon black truffle extract feeding. Furthermore, black truffle extract was also found to downregulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor- α and interleukin-6) and lipid regulatory genes (serum regulatory element-binding protein-1 and fatty acid synthase). The truffle extract-treated effects were comparable to glibenclamide and medication commonly used to treat diabetes mellitus. Overall, our results suggested that black truffle possesses strong antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects on diabetic rats. These findings will enhance the current knowledge about the therapeutic importance of black truffles. They might be exploited as a possible food supplement or even as a natural source of pharmaceutical agents for diabetes prevention and treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Ziyuan Wu et al.)

In our continuous exploration for bioactive polysaccharides, a novel polysaccharide FMP-2 was isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of Morchella esculenta by alkali-assisted extraction. FMP-2 had an average molecular weight of 1.09 × 10 6  Da and contained mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 4.10:0.22:1.00:5.75:0.44. The backbone of FMP-2 mainly consisted of 1,2-α-D-Galp, 1,6-α-D-Galp, and 1,4-α-D-Manp, with branches of 1,4,6-α-D-Manp and 1,2,6-α-D-Galp. FMP-2 can stimulate phagocytosis and promote the secretion of NO, ROS, and cytokines like IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL. FMP-2 had great repairing effect on the immune injury of zebrafish induced by chloramphenicol. The phagocytosis ability of zebrafish macrophages and the proliferation of neutrophils can be greatly enhanced by polysaccharide FMP-2 with concentrations from 50 to 200 μg/mL. These findings suggest that FMP-2 might be used as a potential immunomodulator in the food and pharmaceutical industries., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To discover sources for novel anti-influenza drugs, we evaluated the antiviral potential of nine extracts from eight medicinal plants and one mushroom ( Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook. f., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., Lycium ruthenicum Murr., Nitraria tangutorum Bobr., Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. by-products, Potentilla anserina L., Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl., and Armillaria luteo-virens ) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau against the influenza A/H3N2 virus. Concentrations lower than 125 μg/mL of all extracts demonstrated no significant toxicity in MDCK cells. During screening, seven extracts ( A. sativa , H. vulgare , H. rhamnoides , L. ruthenicum , N. tangutorum , C. rangiferina , and A. luteo-virens ) exhibited antiviral activity, especially the water-soluble polysaccharide from the fruit body of the mushroom A. luteo-virens . These extracts significantly reduced the infectivity of the human influenza A/H3N2 virus in vitro when used at concentrations of 15.6-125 μg/mL. Two extracts ( N. tangutorum by-products and P. anserina ) had no A/H3N2 virus inhibitory activity. Notably, the extract obtained from the fruits of N. tangutorum and N. tangutorum by-products exhibited different anti-influenza effects. The results suggest that extracts of A. sativa , H. vulgare , H. rhamnoides , L. ruthenicum , N. tangutorum , C. rangiferina , and A. luteo-virens contain substances with antiviral activity, and may be promising sources of new antiviral drugs.

Eight new polyketides, including three dimeric benzophenones, named dipleosporones A-C ( 1 - 3 ), three benzophenones ( 4 - 6 ), one xanthone ( 7 ), and one phenylbenzoate ( 8 ), along with seven known polyketides ( 9 - 15 ) were isolated from the fungus Pleosporales sp. YY-4. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. This is the first report of a benzophenone dimer connection via a C bridge from natural sources. An anti-inflammatory assay indicated that the dimeric benzophenones ( 1 - 3 ) inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values ranging from 8.8 to 18.1 μM, being more potent than the positive control, dexamethasone (IC 50 = 22.2 μM).

Twelve new dimeric tetrahydroxanthones, muyocoxanthones A-L ( 1 - 12 ), were isolated from the endophytic fungus, Muyocopron laterale . Their structures were characterized on the basis of the interpretation of NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of 1 - 10 and 12 were unambiguously determined by ECD spectrum data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 2 , 6 , and 11 showed inhibitory activity against the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells with IC 50 values of 5.2, 1.3, and 5.1 μM, respectively.

Truffles represent the best known and most expensive edible mushroom. Known as Ascomycetes , they belong to the genus Tuber and live in symbiosis with plant host roots. Due to their extraordinary taste and smell, truffles are sold worldwide for high prices of up to 3000-5000 euros per kilogram ( Tuber magnatum &nbsp;PICO). Amongst black truffles, the species Tuber melanosporum &nbsp;VITTAD. is highly regarded for its organoleptic properties. Nonetheless, numerous different sorts of black truffle are offered at lower prices, including Tuber aestivum &nbsp;VITTAD., Tuber indicum and Tuber uncinatum , which represent the most frequently consumed types. Because truffles do not differ visually for inexperienced consumers, food fraud is likely to occur. In particular, for the highly prized Tuber melanosporum , which morphologically forms very similar fruiting bodies to those of Tuber indicum , there is a risk of fraud via imported truffles from Asia. In this study, 126 truffle samples belonging to the four mentioned species were investigated by four different NIR instruments, including three miniaturized devices-the Tellspec Enterprise Sensor, the VIAVI solutions MicroNIR 1700 and the Consumer Physics SCiO-working on different technical principles. Three different types of measurement techniques were applied for all instruments (outer shell, rotational device and fruiting body) in order to identify the best results for classification and quality assurance in a non-destructive manner. Results provided differentiation with an accuracy up to 100% for the expensive Tuber melanosporum from Tuber indicum . Classification between Tuber melanosporum , Tuber indicum , Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum could also be achieved with success of 100%. In addition, quality monitoring including discrimination between fresh and frozen/thawed, and prediction of the approximate date of harvesting, was performed. Furthermore, feasibility studies according to the geographical origin of the truffle were attempted. The presented work compares the performance for prediction and quality monitoring of portable vs. benchtop NIR devices and applied measurement techniques in order to be able to present a suitable, accurate, fast, non-destructive and reliable method for consumers.

A novel hybrid PKS-NRPS alkaloid, xylarialoid A ( 1 ), containing a 13-membered macrocyclic moiety and [5,5,6] fused tricarbocyclic rings, together with ten known cytochalasins ( 2 - 11 ), was isolated from a plant-derived endophytic fungus, Xylaria arbuscula . The chemical structures of all compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR, HR ESIMS spectroscopic analyses, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. Compounds 1 - 3 and 10 exhibited significant antitumor activities against A549 and Hep G2 cell lines, with IC 50 values of 3.6-19.6 μM. In addition, compound 1 showed potent anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (IC 50 , 6.6 μM).

Solid-state fermentation may produce therapeutic compounds with higher biomass or better product characteristics than those generated by submerged fermentation. The objectives of this study were to analyze the antioxidant activities and biosafety of products obtained by white truffle ( Tuber magnatum ) solid-state fermentation in media with different ratios of soybean and red adlay. High levels of antioxidant components and high antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation, and reducing power were measured in 20 mg/mL water and ethanol extracts of the white truffle fermentation products. When the solid-state fermentation medium contained soybean and red adlay in a 1:3 ratio (S1A3), the fermentation product had more uniform antioxidant compositions and activities by principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, a 200 ppm water extract of the mycelial fermentation product was able to protect zebrafish embryos from oxidative stress induced by 5 mM hydrogen peroxide. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the mycelial fermentation product for 90 consecutive days, revealing a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 3000 mg/kg BW/day. Therefore, mycelial products obtained by white truffle solid-state fermentation can be used instead of expensive fruiting bodies as a good source of antioxidant ingredients., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Malaria is a global health problem for which novel therapeutic compounds are needed. To this end, a recently published novel family of antiplasmodial macrolides, strasseriolides A-D, was herein subjected to in vivo efficacy studies and preclinical evaluation in order to identify the most promising candidate(s) for further development., Methods: Preclinical evaluation of strasseriolides A-D was performed by MTT-based cytotoxicity assay in THLE-2 (CRL-2706) liver cells, cardiotoxicity screening using the FluxOR™ potassium assay in hERG expressed HEK cells, LC-MS-based analysis of drug-drug interaction involving CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 isoforms inhibition and metabolic stability assays in human liver microsomes. Mice in vivo toxicity studies were also accomplished by i.v. administration of the compounds (vehicle: 0.5% HPMC, 0.5% Tween 80, 0.5% Benzyl alcohol) in mice at 25 mg/kg dosage. Plasma were prepared from mice blood samples obtained at different time points (over a 24-h period), and analysed by LC-MS to quantify compounds. The most promising compounds, strasseriolides C and D, were subjected to a preliminary in vivo efficacy study in which transgenic GFP-luciferase expressing Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA-infected Swiss Webster female mice (n = 4-5) were treated 48 h post-infection with an i.p. dosage of strasseriolide C at 50 mg/kg and strasseriolide D at 22 mg/kg for four days after which luciferase activity was quantified on day 5 in an IVIS ® Lumina II imager., Results: Strasseriolides A-D showed no cytotoxicity, no carditoxicity and no drug-drug interaction problems in vitro with varying intrinsic clearance (CLint). Only strasseriolide B was highly toxic to mice in vivo (even at 1 mg/kg i.v. dosage) and, therefore, discontinued in further in vivo studies. Strasseriolide D showed statistically significant activity in vivo giving rise to lower parasitaemia levels (70% lower) compared to the controls treated with vehicle., Conclusions: Animal efficacy and preclinical evaluation of the recently discovered potent antiplasmodial macrolides, strasseriolides A-D, led to the identification of strasseriolide D as the most promising compound for further development. Future studies dealing on structure optimization, formulation and establishment of optimal in vivo dosage explorations of this novel compound class could enhance their clinical potency and allow for progress to later stages of the developmental pipeline., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Sphaeropsidin A (SphA) is a tetracyclic pimarane diterpene, first isolated as the main phytotoxin produced by Diplodia cupressi the causal agent of a severe canker disease of Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.). It was also produced, together with several analogues, by different pathogenic Diplodia species and other fungi and showed a broad array of biological activities suggesting its promising application in agriculture and medicine. The anticancer activity of SphA is very potent and cell specific. Recent studies have revealed its unique mode of action. This minireview reports the structures of SphA and its family of natural analogues, their biosynthetic origins, their fungal sources, and biological activities. The preparation of various SphA derivatives is also described as well as the results of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and on their potential practical applications., (© 2021 The Authors. ChemBioChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

This study investigated the purification and characterization of a new immunomodulatory GlcNAc-containing polysaccharide (MIPB70-1) from Morchella importuna with molecular weights of 20.6 kDa. Structural analysis indicated that MIPB70-1 was composed of GlcNAc:Gal:Glc:Man with molar ratios of 1.00:7.16:5.54:5.61, and its primary structure was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→, α-D-Galp-(1→, β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→, →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, →2)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →2,3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→. Immunological assays indicated that MIPB70-1 enhanced the phagocytic function and promoted the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) as well as cytokines through targeting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophage membrane and activating the downstream signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. MIPB70-1 regulated mouse immunity to counteract the immune damage caused by the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (CTX) in vivo. Furthermore, MIPB70-1 enhanced the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin (DOX) and inhibited the growth of tumors, by immunomodulation in the orthotopic murine model of 4T1 breast cancer. These results demonstrate the potential of this GlcNAc-containing polysaccharide as an immune enhancer., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Morchella esculenta (M. esculenta) is a delicious edible mushroom prized for its special flavor and strong health promoting abilities. Several bioactive ingredients including polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, proteins, and protein hydrolysates all contribute to the biological activities of M. esculenta. Different polysaccharides could be extracted and purified depending on the extraction methods and M. esculenta studied. Monosaccharide composition of M. esculenta polysaccharides (MEP) generally includes mannose, galactose, and glucose, etc. MEP possess multiple bioactivities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, hypoglycemic activity, atherosclerosis prevention and antitumor ability. Other components like polyphenols, protein hydrolysates, and several crude extracts are also reported with strong bioactivities. In terms of potential applications of M. esculenta and its metabolites as nutritional supplements and drug supplements, this review aims to comprehensively summarize the structural characteristics, biological activities, research progress, and research trends of the active ingredients produced by M. esculenta. Among the various biological activities, the substances extracted from both natural collected and submerged fermented M. esculenta are promising for antioxidants, immunomodulation, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory applications. However, further researches on the extraction conditions and chemical structure of bioactive compounds produced by M. esculenta still need investigations., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Seven enzyme groups were applied to hydrolyze broken fruiting bodies of morel mushroom (Morchella sextelata) to extract umami substances. Physical-chemical properties, as well as compositions and concentrations of quintessential umami compounds of morel hydrolysates were analyzed. Electronic tongue and electronic nose were used to evaluate the sensory characteristics. The results suggested that peptides below 3 kDa showed the highest correlation with umami taste. Morel hydrolysate obtained from Neutrase-Flavourzyme (NF) combination contained the most contents of small peptides (<3 kDa), free amino acids (224.83 ± 0.87 mg/g), as well as flavor 5'-nucleotides (4.84 ± 0.32 mg/g), giving the best overall flavor properties. The reaction conditions of NF were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) was up to 36.64%. An enzymatic hydrolysis approach was established to develop novel flavor products with high umami and low bitter taste from morel mushroom., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Two new phthalide derivatives, rhytidhylides A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), together with ten known compounds ( 3 - 12 ) were isolated from cultures of Rhytidhysteron sp. BZM-9, an endophyte isolated from the leaves of Leptospermum brachyandrum . Their structures were identified by an extensive analysis of NMR, HRESIMS, ECD, and through comparison with data reported in the literature. In addition, the cytotoxic activities against two human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 and SMMC7721) and antibacterial activities against MRSA and E. coli were evaluated.