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Introduction: Agricultural activity in Varamin plain has been faced with many challenges in recent years, due to vicinity to Tehran the capital of Iran (competition for Latian dam reservoir), and competition with Tehran south network in allocation of Mamlou dam reservoir and treated wastewater of south wastewater treatment plant. Mamlou and Latian dam reservoirs, due to increase of population and industry sectors, allocated to urban utilization of Tehran. Based on national policy, the treated wastewater should be replaced with Latian dam reservoir water to supply water demand of agricultural sector. High volume transmission of wastewater to Varamin plain, will be have economical, environmental, and social effects. Several factors effect on wastewater management and success of utilization plans and any change in these factors may have various feedbacks on the other elements of wastewater use system. Hence, development of a model with capability of simulation of all factors, aspects and interactions that affect wastewater utilization is very necessary. The main objective of present study was development of water integrated model to study long-term effects of irrigation with Tehran treated wastewater, using system dynamics modeling (SD) approach. Materials and Methods: Varamin Plain is one of the most important agricultural production centers of the country due to nearness to the large consumer market of Tehran and having fertile soil and knowledge of agriculture. The total agricultural irrigated land in Varamin Plain is 53486 hectares containing 17274 hectares of barley, 16926 hectares of wheat, 3866 hectares of tomato, 3521 hectares of vegetables, 3556 hectares of alfalfa, 2518 hectares of silage maize, 1771 hectares of melon, 1642 hectares of cotton, 1121 hectares of cucumber and 1291 hectares of other crops. In 2006 the irrigation requirement of the crop pattern was about 690 MCM and the actual agriculture water consumption was about 620 MCM (supplying 90 percent of the demand), 368 MCM of which was supplied through groundwater and 252 MCM was supplied by surface water. In recent years supplying water from Latyan Dam to the agriculture in Varamin Plain due to water supply of Tehran and the recent droughts has been reduced to lower than half (the average 68.8 MCM). On the other hand, shortage of surface water resources has caused an additional pressure to the groundwater resources of the Plain. Excessive groundwater withdrawal and use of brackish reused waters in the southern parts of the plain has caused the quality loss in groundwater resources, so that groundwater salinity has increased about 0.5 dS/m from the year 2000 to 2011. Obviously, by continuing the present situation, in less than two decades the groundwater resources in Varamin will be either quite destroyed or unable to be used due to inappropriate quality. Another source of surface water is allocated to the Varamin Plain is treated wastewater produced from Tehran Wastewater Treatment Plant. Utilizing the phases 1 to 4 of this treatment plant, about 80 MCM (2.5 up to 4 m3/s) of wastewater is annually transferred to Varamin Plain. According to the projections, it is assumed that wastewater will be used in near future as the most important water resource to Varamin Plain. In this study, SD was applied as the system analysis method for the Varamin wastewater management. The spatial boundary of the SD model for Varamin model was the whole Varamin area, which is 1584 km2. The historical review period was from 2001 to 2011, the simulated period was from 2011 to 2036, and the simulation time interval was one year. The most important scenarios evaluated consisted of four wastewater allocation scenarios [(i) keeping the excising condition, (ii) complete allocation of Latian dam reservoir water to Tehran domestic use, allocation of 200 MCM treated wastewater during growing season to agricultural sector and 40 MCM to artificial aquifer recharge during non-growing season starting year 2016, (iii) similar to scenario number two w/o artificial aquifer recharge and (iv) similar to scenario number two plus allocating 50 MCM starting year 2021]. Mass flow or convection method by considering surface adsorption of solute was used to survey movement and adsorption of elements in soil. Adsorption isotherms delineated and determined by field and experimental measurement. Results and Discussion: The result indicated that if raw wastewater be used till 2031, Cadmium and Copeer concentration will be outstanding and will have harmful effects on farmer’s health. Utilization of treated wastewater will be safe and will have not harmful effects on farmer’s health by heavy metals, to about 150 future years. Also, simulating result showed that Nitrate concentration in groundwater will exceed from allowable limitation for potable water in all scenarios to 2031. Application of scenarios (iv) and (iii) lead to the lowest and the highest Nitrate concentration, respectively. Conclusion: In this model a systems system dynamics approach was applied to understand how various factors related to operation of wastewater and water sustainability interrelate. The developed model is capable to simulation of all factors, aspects and interactions that affect wastewater utilization. Result of this study demonstrated that SD is a useful decision support tool for sustainable wastewater management. By considering severe water shortage problems in the study area, and safe utilization of treated wastewater, treated wastewater transmission of Tehran plant to Varamin Plain can help to solve water shortage problems. Increase of treated wastewater allocation lead to decrease of raw sewage and hereby decreasing hygienic harmful effects.

Recently, special attention has been paid to artificial groundwater recharge in water resource management in arid and semi-arid regions. Water resources distribution in these regions is extremely uneven, both in spatial and temporal forms and groundwater is the only water resource and is a major constraint on economic and social development. Artificial groundwater recharge is considered an appropriate strategy for overcoming the problem of water scarcity in these areas. Parameters considered in selecting groundwater artificial recharge locations are diverse and complex. In this study factors such as: land slopes, infiltration rate, depth of water table in aquifers, quality of alluvial sediments, land use, land owner density, geological consideration, and water quality and quantity are considered in determining the most suitable areas for groundwater recharge at Sarbisheh basin in the eastern part of Iran. Thematic layers for the above parameters were prepared, classified, weighted, and integrated in a GIS and RS environment by means of Analytic Hierarchy Process and fuzzy logic. Land-use maps were developed from satellite images and other digital maps of topography and geology alongside field investigations were also prepared. The results indicate that Analytic Hierarchy Process and fuzzy logic are reasonably suitable. However, the AHP is better than Fuzzy for practical purposes. Using different approaches for localizing provides the region with suitable context for developing and improving groundwater state. According to the results, employing Fuzzy methods, Boolean, and AHP are compatible with the proper location and this compatibility proves the goodness of the results.

Groundwater resources in Queensland (Australia) have been depleting in many aquifers for the last 100 years and natural recharge processes are not replenishing these resources at the rate of extraction. At the same time, the need to address carbon emissions to reach global climate-change targets is becoming increasingly recognised. Plentiful deep fresh groundwater is available but is difficult, and typically uneconomical, to access due to the high costs of borehole drilling and completion. The emerging concept of 'enhanced water recovery' (EWR) hypothesises that carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into the deep aquifers will increase pressure, making groundwater more easily available at shallower depths across a broad region while simultaneously contributing to a reduction in CO2 emissions. One example where this has been proposed is in the Great Artesian Basin's Surat Basin in Queensland. The findings from a series of focus groups held with different stakeholders, including agricultural producers, rural residents, and urban residents, demonstrate how different groups perceived the risks and benefits of injecting CO2 as part of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) process to raise borehole water levels. The paper discusses the trade-offs that the different stakeholder groups found more acceptable. The significance of this research is that it will be the first to publish public responses to an emerging technology that has the potential to provide multiple benefits in terms of climate-change mitigation and groundwater use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Laizhou Bay coast is a typical region of seawater intrusion in China. Laizhou City, an important city in the region, is located in the transition zone from modern seawater intrusion in the east to paleo-seawater intrusion in the west. By 2010, the total area of Laizhou City affected by seawater intrusion has amounted to 228.5 km², about 12.17% of the city area. Many efforts were made to control seawater intrusion, including the building of a subsurface barrier, and a freshwater lake in the intertidal region, which created a hydraulic barrier. These two engineering control projects were intentional countermeasures against seawater intrusion. On the other hand, the extraction of underground saltwater for turbot aquaculture and brine for salt production unintentionally created a negative hydraulic barrier, as a result of human economic activities that utilized inferior groundwater resources with high salinity. Huge environmental and economic benefits came from these intentional and unintentional seawater intrusion control projects. Although the selection of these countermeasures is influenced by regional hydro- geological conditions and economic activities, the valuable experiences acquired in Laizhou City may also be useful for other coastal regions all over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern Vietnam is known as one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change in the world due to its low elevation and flat topography, heavy groundwater use, and dense population. This paper introduces hydrogeological conditions and critically reviews groundwater issues that southern Vietnam faces by summarizing previous literatures. Issues that this paper covers include groundwater use and associated phenomenon, acid sulfate soils, the occurrence of saline groundwaters, seawater intrusion, land subsidence, groundwater acidification, and groundwater contamination by nitrate, ammonium, and trace metals such as As, Fe, Mn, Al, Cd, and Pb. This paper shows that most of these issues are inter-related and essentially linked with the unique hydrogeological setting of the study area. However, many of these problems have also been triggered or aggravated by human activities that use water resources and land. Issues such as those of As contamination and groundwater acidification are connected with the aquifer characteristics that are generally confined and rich in organics and pyrite. However, groundwater salinization, acidification, groundwater level declining, land subsidence, and high heavy metal concentrations are in large part caused by human activities such as well installation and heavy groundwater abstraction. While previous studies have proposed artificial recharge as a promising means of mitigating groundwater issues in the study area, the development of techniques that help minimizing aquifer disturbances is also likely required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the impacts of managed abstraction and recharge, i.e. artificial regulation of groundwater, on flow dynamics contributes to water resources planning and effective management of river basins. Based on the hydrogeological conditions of the aquifer in the Tailan River Basin, northwestern China, a two-dimensional sand-tank physical model and the corresponding numerical model were conceptualized and developed to investigate the influence of such regulation on the moisture content, groundwater flow patterns, groundwater age, residence time distributions, and groundwater flow paths in the groundwater reservoir. Four scenarios were examined at laboratory scale. The results showed that groundwater flow was influenced significantly by artificial regulation and that the depth of influence greatly increased depending on the regulation modes. Abstraction mainly alters the groundwater flow paths and moisture content at the ground surface in the core area of the depression cone and reduces the groundwater age in the entire aquifer. Groundwater flow lines are gradually parted by artificial recharge at different depths. Groundwaters of different ages have different behavior under the different artificial recharge depths and artificial recharge modes. Saddle points (kind of stagnation points) appeared at different locations, which were highly dependent on the modes of artificial regulation. Some of the lessons learned, and some management strategies, are proposed based on the results. Despite the dimensionality and scale of the model adopted, resulting in a relatively very large capillarity zone unrepresentative of field conditions, these findings nonetheless have important implications for understanding groundwater flow dynamics impacted by highly intensive human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is the main source of fresh water for domestic and agricultural uses in Palestine. Increased dependence on groundwater demonstrates the dire need to improve aquifer management in terms of understanding and controlling recharge and discharge issues. An artificial groundwater recharge feasibility study was proposed as one of the viable options to halt the decline of groundwater storage in Wadi Abu Al-Qamrah (WAAQ) area located in Hebron, south of the West Bank. Artificial recharge provides natural storage with minimum surface area requirements. It also minimizes evaporation loss, improves water quality, and utilizes surplus surface water runoff. The geology, soil, land cover, and natural streams were mapped using GIS and spatial analysis techniques. Geologic, hydrologic, and piezometric analyses were performed to support the decision. The geological investigation shows that there are two dominant geological formations in the study area: The Cenomanian formation at the foothills east and west, and the lower Cenomanian formation down in the valley. The hydrological analysis using the SCS-CN method indicates that the annual runoff generation in the catchment is estimated at about 0.33 MCM, among which, 70% comes from the upper urbanized part. The piezometric analysis obtained from monitoring the water level in thirty-three dug wells showed that in a short period of time, three months after the end of the rainy season, water table elevation was being declined at about 8 meters. This can be attributed to excessive abstraction. Based on the results of these analyses, several artificial recharge methods were proposed to check their suitability for the study area. The injection wells method was found to be the most suitable for WAAQ. This will enhance the sustainable groundwater management in the West Bank. To achieve this objective, a design well for the injection process is proposed. The potential locations the injection wells have been suggested based on the hydrological and geological analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• To investigate on the effective thermal conductivity compared with single well and two well geothermal heat exchange system. • To measure the thermal performance in accordance with no bleeding and 20% bleeding water. • To improve the performance of geothermal facilities equipped with an existing SCW geothermal heat exchanger, we aim to ensure operation stability of all geothermal facilities by switching to the process of balancing the well operation of the bleeding drainage. A study on the change in thermal conductivity according to the bleeding rate of a standing column well (SCW)-type geothermal heat exchanger is experimentally performed in which the thermal conductivity of the geothermal heat exchanger is improved by approximately 165.4% at a bleeding rate of 10%. In studies conducted overseas, a numerical analysis was conducted, in which the effective thermal conductivity was improved by approximately 186.8% at a maximum bleeding rate of 30%. In this study, the change in the thermal conductivity was investigated when the bleeding water of a submerged heat-exchanger was re-injected into other adjacent SCW-type subsea heat exchangers using an artificial recharging method. The thermal conductivity in the two-well type SCW geothermal heat exchanger was 4.0 times higher than that of a single-well type SCW geothermal heat exchanger measured at the same bleeding rate. We consider that the two wells in the SCW geothermal heat exchangers are connected to each other by 90 and 280 m underground. Additionally, we consider that the bled discharge water in each geothermal heat exchanger is returned to the other underground heat-exchanger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Geológico y Minero is the property of Instituto Tecnologico Geominero De Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Travel time is one of the important criteria in the design of managed aquifer recharge systems for securing good drinking water quality. Traditionally, groundwater travel time has been modelled without considering the effect of temperature. In this study, a cross-sectional heat transport model was constructed for the Amsterdam dune filtration system (in the Netherlands) to analyse the effect of temperature on groundwater travel times. A groundwater flow model, a chloride transport model, and a heat transport model were iteratively calibrated with measured groundwater levels, chloride concentrations, and temperature series in order to improve model calibration and reduce model uncertainty. The coupled flow and heat transport model with temperature-dependent density and viscosity provided more accurate estimation of travel times. The results show that seasonal temperature fluctuations in the source water in the infiltration pond cause temperature variations in the shallow groundwater. Viscosity is more sensitive to temperature changes and has a larger effect on groundwater travel times. Groundwater travel time in the shallow sand aquifer increases from 60 days when computed with the traditional groundwater flow model to 73 days in the winter season and 95 days in the summer season when computed with the coupled model. Longer travel time is beneficial for water quality improvement. Thus, it is important to consider the effect of temperature variations on groundwater travel times for the design and operation of managed aquifer recharge systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though springs are the primary source of water for communities in the mid-hills of Nepal, an in-depth scientific understanding of spring systems is missing, preventing the design of effective climate-resilient interventions for long-term sustainability of springs. This study marks the first attempt to combine environmental isotopes analysis with hydrometric and hydrogeological measurements to identify dominant recharge zones for springs in two mountainous catchments—Banlek and Shikarpur—in Far-Western Nepal. In total, 422 water samples collected from rainfall, springs and streams between March 2016 and March 2017 were analyzed for their isotopic composition (δ18O and δD). Isotopic composition of rainwater shows seasonality, suggesting that different sources of water vapor cause rains in monsoon and in dry season. Rainfall responses of individual springs were used to identify connections to unconfined and deeper groundwater strata. The isotopic composition of springs in the two catchments ranges from −9.55 to −8.06‰ for δ18O and −67.58 to −53.51‰ for δD. The isotopic signature of the spring sources falls close to the local meteoric water line for the corresponding season, indicating strong rainfall contribution to springs. Altitudinal isotopic gradients suggest mean recharge elevation of 2,600–2,700 m asl for springs in Shikarpur, which lies beyond the surface-water catchment, and a recharge elevation of 1,000–1,100 m asl for Banlek, which partially extends beyond the surface-water catchment. The demarcated recharge zones will be used by government agencies to implement recharge interventions to increase the resiliency and reliability of springs in Far-Western Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrological study of four streambed recharge structures, locally called check dams, in a monsoonal area of hard-rock terrain in Rajasthan, India, was conducted over 3 years to evaluate their contribution to agricultural production. Their catchment area totalled 3,003 ha, and mean annual recharge from the 4 impoundments was 779,000 m3 or 26 mm. The calculated components of the annual water balance of these check dams are presented, together with a sensitivity analysis on unmeasured parameters and documentation of capital and maintenance costs of check dams. The maximum recharge was found to occur in the wettest year for the two structures on first-order streams; however, for the two structures on second-order streams, the maximum recharge occurred in the average rainfall year because, at these sites, groundwater levels rose so that the stream became hydraulically connected to the aquifer for a period in the wettest year causing mean dry weather infiltration rates to diminish. The study also evaluated the effect of manual desilting and mechanical desilting on mean dry-weather-infiltration rate. For the check dam that was manually desilted, the recharge increased by 84% over that of the preceding year, whereas for the mechanically desilted check dam it reduced by 18%, and the two control check dams increased by 13%. A present value analysis for net benefits of additional crop production attributable to recharge from check dams indicated that, after accounting for average annual maintenance costs 2.9% of capital costs, the benefit:cost ratio of the four check dams averaged 4.1. Hence this study shows that these check dams are economically attractive at the local level for securing irrigation water supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of water resources in India has been a challenge whose magnitude has risen manifolds over the past 50 years due to a variety of reasons, notably the rising demands and growing environmental degradation. Broadly, most of the challenges in water management in India can be categorized in the following groups: (a) water availability, variability and increasing withdrawals, (b) environment and quality, (c) project construction, (d) water sharing disputes, (e) water governance and institutions, and (f) challenges induced due to climate and land-use cover changes. Here we discuss each of these challenges in detail. It is suggested that conservation of water and management of variabilities should be a cornerstone of water resources management in India. This note also suggests remedies to address the challenges and covers new initiatives by the Government of India (GoI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory scale model of composite radial filter was designed, fabricated and tested for recharging aquifer with canal water. Charcoal (C), coarse sand (CS) and gravel (G) filter materials were placed in annular rings of developed radial filter in different combination of thickness, viz. 1:1:1, 1:1:2, 1:2:2 and 1:2:1 for four treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Flow equation for discharge through composite radial filter was developed and verified through experiments. The design depth of the filter for given discharge was also obtained. Sodium hypochlorite solution was injected through chlorination unit at the outlet of the radial filter to remove the bacteriological contamination of filtered water. The performance of composite radial filter was evaluated by analyzing canal water before and after filtration. Water quality parameters of filtered water were found to be within permissible limit at low flow rate (0.3 lps). The water quality parameters of filtered water from treatment T3 with thickness of 10, 20 and 20 cm for C, CS and G respectively was found to be comparatively better than other three treatments (T1, T2 and T4). The composite radial filter consists of C, CS and G filter media having thickness in ratio of 1:2:2 was found to be the best for recharging groundwater aquifer with canal water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Both pumping test and recharge test in silty and sandy soil layer were conducted. • Recharge and pumping simultaneously is recommended for controlling settlement. • The different settlements in different schemes is mainly caused by the aquitard. • Because of the soil arching, the soil deformation can be divided into two zones. In deep excavation engineering, the head of the confined aquifer below the excavation bottom must be lowered when the anti-uprush safety factor is not satisfied. However, the drawdown of the confined aquifer may cause ground settlement around the excavation and endanger adjacent buildings, tunnels or municipal pipes. Artificial recharge (AR) is a measure that has been applied in such situations to recover the water level and control the settlement. However, practical engineering cases have shown that AR could control only the development of settlement and could hardly recover the settlement caused by long-term dewatering. Therefore, three recharge schemes, namely, "recharge first", "simultaneous pressure relief and recharge" and "pressure relief first", are studied using numerical modeling. The results show that the opening timing of the recharge wells and pressure relief wells has a significant impact on the final settlement. In different recharge schemes, different stress paths of the soil in the confined aquifer and overlying aquitards cause different plastic compressive deformations. To reduce plastic deformation, recharge should begin at the same time as pressure relief when the surrounding environment of the deep excavation must be strictly protected. Additionally, the case study and numerical simulation both show that the most significant settlement or uplift occurs in the deep soil layer rather than at the ground surface, a phenomenon that occurs because the vertical displacement of the soil adjacent to the relief and recharge wells is larger than that in the soil far away, leading to a vertical soil arching in the strata above the confined aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater recharge is an effective method to solve the groundwater overexploitation. In this study, the method of numerical simulation is used to discuss the environmental change of groundwater in the process of multi-source recharge. The results of multiple water sources including local regenerated water source, wetland water source and South-to-North water source show that the cumulative loss of groundwater resources in Mihuaishun area in 2007 ~ 2016 reaches -1.784 × 109 m3. The influence of different water sources on the local groundwater environment is different. Nitrate nitrogen concentration of regenerated water source and wetland water source is higher than that of groundwater, and artificial recharge increases the concentration of groundwater in the receiving water area. The nitrate concentration in the water source of South-to-North Water Division is relatively low, which plays a diluting role in the process of groundwater recharge. In addition, the artificial recharge of multiple water sources is also related to local hydrology geological conditions. The influence of multi-source recharge on groundwater quantity and water quality is analyzed comprehensively in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable utilization of groundwater in parts of hyper-arid Sub-Saharan Africa, like the Namib Desert, is always a challenge due to lack of resources and data. For the Omdel Aquifer in the Omaruru catchment, Namibia, issues to investigate include the lack of information on the geology and hydrogeological setting, the hydraulic properties and geometry of the aquifer at the inflow and outflow sections, groundwater recharge conditions upstream of the aquifer, and the impact of artificial recharge. In this desert environment, the methods applied are hydrogeological surveys and site visits, together with interpretation of geological, hydrological and geomorphological data from investigations carried out to define the hydrogeological characteristics of the Omdel Aquifer. The bedrock geometry of the aquifer indicates that the Main channel (one of four palaeochannels) is the largest reservoir of stored fresh groundwater, estimated at 133 Mm3, and it is deeper than the other three channels, with an average sediment thickness of 80 m. All groundwater chemistry facies of the selected boreholes tapping the Omdel Aquifer reveal a NaCl character, indicating a coastal environment. The yield of the Omdel Aquifer is estimated to have increased from 2.8 Mm3/year before construction of a recharge enhancement dam to 4.6 Mm3/year after the construction. This paper focuses on the understanding of hydrogeological characteristics of the Omaruru Delta Aquifer System in terms of groundwater recharge and discharge, groundwater dynamics within the aquifer and groundwater chemistry, in order to assess whether the current abstractions are operating within the hydrogeological limits of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to discuss the change in groundwater level and quantity supplemented to Mihuaishun area from South to North Water Division Project. In this study, the method of numerical simulation was adopted to predict and analysis of the trend of groundwater level in the study area within 20 years. The survey concluded that the cumulative loss of groundwater resources in Mihuaishun area in 2007 ~ 2016 reaches -1.784 × 109 m³. According to the forecast, after the water source of South-to-North Water Division continues to recharge the aquifers at the rate of 0.12 billion m³/a for ten years, the local groundwater equilibrium changes from negative to positive, and the water level in the central funnel area increases by 25m. In addition, the artificial recharge of multiple water sources is also related to local hydrology geological conditions. The impacts of the obtained results are analyzing comprehensively the influence of South to North Water Division supplement on groundwater and providing reference for underground regulation and unified regulation of water resources after the water source of South-to-North Water Division transferred into Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal utilization management is indispensable due to the limited groundwater resources and water resources high demand. The artificial recharge of aquifers is one of the most important approaches for this purpose, because of high performance and relatively low cost. In order to find the optimum sites for artificial recharge of aquifers, it is necessary to consider the whole effective factors in relation to recharge. In this study, the Rockworks software, widely employed in previous subsurface studies, was used for site selection analysis and final map generation. The case study is located in Surander watershed, Saravan countryside, Sistan and Baluchestan province in Iran. In order to find the suitable sites, it was used for analyzing data layers including slope, infiltration, permeability, alluvium thickness, alluvial quality, land use, watershed discharge, and aquifer layers transmissivity. These factors were weighted in Rockworks interface. Then, each of them was interpolated using Krigging method. All of the maps were produced by using Boolean operation. In the next step, generated Boolean maps were overlaid by using Algebra multiplication operation. Finally, the map of suitable places for artificial recharge was produced. As the result, the susceptible and insusceptible areas of artificial recharge were calculated as 2104.57 (17.33 percent) and 10036.53 hectares (82.67 percent), respectively.

The last 60 years has seen unprecedented groundwater extraction and overdraft as well as development of new technologies for water treatment that together drive the advance in intentional groundwater replenishment known as managed aquifer recharge (MAR). This paper is the first known attempt to quantify the volume of MAR at global scale, and to illustrate the advancement of all the major types of MAR and relate these to research and regulatory advancements. Faced with changing climate and rising intensity of climate extremes, MAR is an increasingly important water management strategy, alongside demand management, to maintain, enhance and secure stressed groundwater systems and to protect and improve water quality. During this time, scientific research—on hydraulic design of facilities, tracer studies, managing clogging, recovery efficiency and water quality changes in aquifers—has underpinned practical improvements in MAR and has had broader benefits in hydrogeology. Recharge wells have greatly accelerated recharge, particularly in urban areas and for mine water management. In recent years, research into governance, operating practices, reliability, economics, risk assessment and public acceptance of MAR has been undertaken. Since the 1960s, implementation of MAR has accelerated at a rate of 5%/year, but is not keeping pace with increasing groundwater extraction. Currently, MAR has reached an estimated 10 km3/year, ~2.4% of groundwater extraction in countries reporting MAR (or ~1.0% of global groundwater extraction). MAR is likely to exceed 10% of global extraction, based on experience where MAR is more advanced, to sustain quantity, reliability and quality of water supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]