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Musculoskeletal disorders are becoming an ever-growing societal burden and, as a result, millions of bone replacements surgeries are performed per year worldwide. Despite total joint replacements being recognized among the most successful surgeries of the last century, implant failure rates exceeding 10% are still reported. These numbers highlight the necessity of technologies to provide an accurate monitoring of the bone−implant interface state. This study provides a detailed review of the most relevant methodologies and technologies already proposed to monitor the loosening states of endoprosthetic implants, as well as their performance and experimental validation. A total of forty-two papers describing both intracorporeal and extracorporeal technologies for cemented or cementless fixation were thoroughly analyzed. Thirty-eight technologies were identified, which are categorized into five methodologies: vibrometric, acoustic, bioelectric impedance, magnetic induction, and strain. Research efforts were mainly focused on vibrometric and acoustic technologies. Differently, approaches based on bioelectric impedance, magnetic induction and strain have been less explored. Although most technologies are noninvasive and are able to monitor different loosening stages of endoprosthetic implants, they are not able to provide effective monitoring during daily living of patients.

Mandarin thinning is done by hand, increasing labor costs and raising total crop production costs. Mechanical thinning has been tested in peaches and other fruits. To achieve the maximum efficiency thinning has to be applied at a specific stage of vegetative development. In this research study, the mechanical thinning of ‘Clemenrubi’ mandarin branches during the different fruit development stages have been assessed using a vibratory laboratory device (amplitudes 0.015 and 0.030 m and frequencies 34.8 and 37.8 Hz). Branches with flower buds, flowers, small green fruits, and medium green fruits were tested for 12 weeks, in two different seasons. It was possible to mechanically detach flower buds, flowers, and green fruits using different combinations of amplitudes and frequencies. Removal percentage decreased when increasing retention traction force, according to a logarithmic regression model. A significant increment in equatorial diameter and retention traction force was registered when the fruit setting was finishing, while mass had a similar development with a week delay. During fruit setting (weeks 5, 6, and 7) removal percentage was higher, while the retention force was very low. The first weeks just after the natural thinning could be considered the adequate time for a mechanical thinning operation.

Background: patient satisfaction with healthcare services provided for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is essential due to high resources use. Objectives: the study aimed to describe patient satisfaction with healthcare services using the CACHE questionnaire and to assess gastroenterologist and nurse perception on patients' satisfaction. Methods: observational multicentric prospective study in 35 Spanish hospitals. Patients included had Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. The study was approved by the Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Ethics Committee. Scheduled study visits: baseline (patient sociodemographics and clinical data were collected), 2-4 and 6-months. Patient satisfaction with healthcare was assessed by CACHE questionnaire at each visit; it scores from 0-least satisfaction to 100-highest satisfaction. Gastroenterologists and nurses answered once an adapted questionnaire. Results: participating 290 patients (54.2 % males, 41.3 years old), 62 gastroenterologists and 47 nurses. At baseline mean (SD) CACHE score was 81.7 (10.9); satisfaction with clinician care was the highest, patient information the lowest. Scores did not change across study. Gastroenterologist global score was 72.5 (9.8); Staff Care satisfaction was the highest, patient information the lowest. All scores were significantly lower than patients'. Nurses' global score was 82.2 (8.5), clinician care satisfaction was the highest, centre facilities the lowest. Scores on satisfaction with clinician care, centre facilities, and patient information scored statistically lower than patients'. No relationship was found between patients' satisfaction and patients characteristics. Conclusions: IBD patients are satisfied with healthcare services provided, even though the information may be improved. Nurses' perception is similar to that of patients, physicians have a lower perception.

Background and aims: nursing management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is highly relevant for patient care and outcomes. However, there is evidence of substantial variability in clinical practices. The objectives of this study were to develop standards of healthcare quality for nursing management of IBD and elaborate the evaluation tool "Nursing Care Quality in IBD Assessment" (NCQ-IBD) based on these standards. Methods: a 178-item healthcare quality questionnaire was developed based on a systematic review of IBD nursing management literature. The questionnaire was used to perform two 2-round Delphi studies: Delphi A included 27 IBD healthcare professionals and Delphi B involved 12 patients. The NCQ-IBD was developed from the list of items resulting from both Delphi studies combined with the Scientific Committee's expert opinion. Results: the final NCQ-IBD consists of 90 items, organized in 13 sections measuring the following aspects of nursing management of IBD: infrastructure, services, human resources, type of organization, nursing responsibilities, nurse-provided information to the patient, nurses training, annual audits of nursing activities, and nursing research in IBD. Using the NCQ-IBD to evaluate these components allows the rating of healthcare quality for nursing management of IBD into 4 categories: A (highest quality) through D (lowest quality). Conclusions: the use of the NCQ-IBD tool to evaluate nursing management quality of IBD identifies areas in need of improvement and thus contribute to an enhancement of care quality and reduction in clinical practice variations.

Introduction: fatigue impacts perceived health, but its importance in inflammatory bowel disease is not known. Objectives: to define the applicability of the fatigue measurement questionnaires and analyze it in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Material and methods: in a first phase, the psychometric properties of 3 fatigue measurement questionnaires were determined in 99 patients: Daily Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale. In a second phase, fatigue status and its relationship to disease and quality of life was determined in 127 patients and 69 healthy controls. Results: the first part of the study showed the applicability of the questionnaires listed in inflammatory bowel disease, the Daily Fatigue Impact Scale (DFIS) having the best correlation with the quality of life and clinical activity. In the second phase, significantly higher levels of fatigue were observed in active disease than in disease in remission and healthy controls (p < 0,05). The severity of fatigue was significantly correlated with quality of life (r = -0.66 and -0.72 between IBDQ-9 and DFIS and in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, respectively) and with disease activity (r = 0.25 and Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, respectively, p < 0.05). Conclusions: in inflammatory bowel disease, fatigue measurement questionnaires have good properties and show that fatigue is an important manifestation of the disease, which has a significant impact on quality of life of patients.

This article analyses the assault suffered by a group of workers in 1972 in a sugar cane farm known as Las Matipurana, in the city of Escada, Pernambuco, Brasil. The main target of this violence were the brothers Luís Inocêncio Barreto, José Inocêncio Barreto y João Inocêncio Barreto, who were the leaders of la legal action against the farmer under the Labour Law. After winning the suit these workers were persecuted by the farmer and the police and military authorities.

Entre las más recientes aplicaciones del Análisis Probabilista de Seguridad (1997 – 2003) de la Central Nuclear Embalse en Argentina, está el Programa de Mantenimiento Orientado a la Seguridad (2006– 2009) el cual se ha desarrollado con el empleo de la metodología de Mantenimiento Centrado en la Confiabilidad (RCM en inglés). El objetivo general del artículo es demostrar la alta contribución de los fallos mecánicos en el diseño de las políticas de mantenimiento de varios sistemas de la instalación a través del empleo de la metodología RCM. La composición, estructura y políticas de explotación de los sistemas tecnológicos de muchas instalaciones con riesgo asociado, similares a las de los sistemas analizados en este estudio, permite inferir que los resultados que se obtendrán serán equivalentes de aplicarse la metodología RCM en dichas instalaciones. Palabras claves: mantenimiento centrado en la confiabilidad, mantenimiento predictivo, mantenimiento preventivo, fallo mecánico, seguridad, confiabilidad, riesgo.______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract One of the most recent applications of Probabilistic Safety Analysis (1997 – 2003) to Embalse Nuclear Power Plant in Argentina, is the Safety Oriented Maintenance Program (2006 – 2009) developed with employment of the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) methodology. The general objective of the paper is to demonstrate the high contribution of the mechanical failures in the maintenance program design through the RCM methodology. The composition, structure and operation strategies of the technological systems of many risk associated facilities, similar to the analysed systems included in this study, allow deduce that the results will equivalent in case of application of RCM methodology in such facilities. Key words: reliability centered maintenance (RCM), predictive maintenance, preventive maintenance, mechanical failure, safety, reliability, risk.

Background: since 1999, the Crohn-Colitis Care Unit (UACC) has been dedicated to the integral management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The working methodology of the UACC is based on personalized, continued, non-physical presence, open access and patient-centered care. From its creation, the UACC has experienced an increase in the number of its users and outpatient services. However, the impact of the activity of the UACC upon patient hospitalization is not known. Objectives: to determine the hospital activity related to CD and UC, and correlate it to the activity of the UACC. Methods: a retrospective evaluation was made of the physical presence and non-presence activities of the UACC from January 1999 to December 2008, and of the hospital admissions and mean durations of stay due to CD and UC during that same time period. Results: the number of attended patients and of presence and non-presence activities of the UACC has gradually increased. This increase contrasts with the number of annual hospital admissions, which has remained stable during the study period, with 200-300 admissions/year. Consequently, the hospitalized patients / UACC registered patients ratio has decreased from 0.36 at the start of the study period to 0.14 at the end. The median hospital stay has also decreased, from 11 days at the start of the study period to 8 days at the end. Conclusions: the UACC allows effective management of IBD patient care, since it is able to attend the needs of more patients without increasing the number of admissions, and shortening the duration of hospital stay.Introducción: desde 1999 está en funcionamiento la Unidad de Atención Crohn-Colitis (UACC) para la atención integral a los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y colitis ulcerosa (CU). La UACC sigue un método de trabajo basado en la atención personalizada, continuada, no presencial, de acceso abierto y centrada en el paciente. Desde su implantación, la UACC se ha relacionado con un aumento en el número de usuarios y de actividades. Se desconoce, sin embargo, la repercusión que tiene el funcionamiento UACC sobre la hospitalización de los pacientes. Objetivos: determinar la actividad hospitalaria relacionada con la EC y la CU y su relación con la actividad desarrollada en la UACC. Métodos: revisión de la actividad desarrollada en la UACC desde enero de 1999 a diciembre de 2008, y de los ingresos hospitalarios y estancias medias hospitalarias por EC y CU en el mismo período. Resultados: el número de usuarios y de actividades prestadas en la UACC, ha aumentado de forma progresiva. Dicho incremento contrasta con el número anual de ingresos hospitalarios, que ha permanecido estacionario en 200-300 ingresos/año. En consecuencia, la ratio pacientes hospitalizados/pacientes registrados en la UACC ha disminuido de 0,36 a 0,14. La estancia media hospitalaria también se ha reducido, de 11 días a 8 días al final del periodo de observación. Conclusiones: el modelo UACC permite una gestión más eficaz de atención a los pacientes con EII ya que consigue atender las necesidades de más pacientes, sin aumentar el número de ingresos y acortando las estancias hospitalarias.

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de estimar el almacén de carbono en sistemas agroforestales (SAF) con base en café en la región de Huatusco, zona de mayor producción de café (Coffea arabiga L.) en el estado de Veracruz, México, a fin de obtener información cuantitativa sobre el potencial de mitigación de carbono en los SAF de la región. Para ello, se estimaron los reservorios de carbono en biomasa vegetal y la materia orgánica edáfica existentes en sistemas agroforestales de café-plátano, café-macadamia, café-cedro rosado, café-ganado ovino y café-chalahuite, y como referencia de una condición no agroforestal se incluyeron un bosque primario y un potrero con pradera natural. La recolección de muestras se hizo en parcelas de 4 x 25 m (100 m2), donde se colectó biomasa de vegetación herbácea y mantillo, y para el suelo la profundidad de muestreo fue de 0 a 30 cm. El sistema agroforestal que presentó la mayor cantidad de carbono aéreo, estimado con modelos alelométricos, fue café-cedro rosado (Ca + Ce), con 114 Mg C·ha-1, seguido de los sistemas café - macadamia (Ca + Ma), con 34 Mg C·ha-1; café-chalahuite (Ca + Ch), con 29 Mg C·ha-1; café-plátano velillo (Ca + Pl), con 27 Mg C·ha-1; y por último el sistema silvopastoril (Sp), con 2 Mg C·ha-1. Para el caso del carbono orgánico del suelo, el tratamiento (Ca + Ce) fue el que presentó mayor contenido de carbono fácilmente oxidable en el suelo, con 58 Mg C·ha-1, y el menor fue el tratamiento potrero (P), con 50 Mg C·ha-1. Del carbono orgánico total entre los SAF el tratamiento Ca + Ce fue el que tuvo el mayor valor, con 172 Mg C·ha-1, y el tratamiento silvopastoril (Sp) presentó el menor, con 65 Mg C·ha-1. De los sistemas evaluados se concluye que, en promedio, los SAF almacenan 102 Mg C·ha-1, mientras que el potrero almacena 52 t C·ha-1, y el bosque primario es el sistema que más almacena carbono total, con un valor de 355 Mg C·ha-1.

ResumenEl artículo presenta un resumen general de las características distintivas de varios métodos deanálisis de seguridad. Partiendo de las limitaciones intrínsecas de los mismos para realizarevaluaciones integrales de los principios de seguridad, se propone un método de fácil manejo pararealizar análisis cualitativos de seguridad, dirigido además a sistematizar el uso de los PrincipiosBásicos de Seguridad (PBS). Esta alternativa tiene como objetivo primordial promover el aprendizajede los PBS. Las bases metodológicas del método propuesto son, una matriz interdependiente dePBS y un sistema de seguimiento de configuraciones peligrosas que enlaza los sistemastecnológicos de la instalación y/o las características gerenciales de la entidad estudiada, con los PBScorrespondientes. El artículo muestra el uso del código utilizando como referencia una instalaciónsimplificada.Palabras claves: seguridad, principios, métodos, evaluación, configuración, control.___________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe paper presents an abstract of the distinctive characteristics of various methods of safety analysis.Beginning from the inherent limitations of these methods for the integral assessments of the safetyprinciples, is proposed an easy-to-manage method for qualitative safety analysis, which as additionalcapability can be used to interpret and apply the Basic Safety Principles (BSP). The principalobjective of this alternative is the BSP learning promotion. The methodological bases of the proposedmethod are the interdependent matrix of BSP and the system to trace dangerous configurations thatcoupled the technological systems of the facility and/or the management characteristics of the studiedentity with the respective BSP. The paper shows the use of the computer code using as reference asimplified facility.Key words: safety, principles, methods, assessment, configuration, control

En el artículo se realiza un análisis de la percepción del riesgo como fenómeno comprometedor deldesarrollo tecnológico, así como generador de errores humanos, principales contribuyentes a laocurrencia de accidentes industriales y laborales. En base a una revisión detallada de varias de lasmetodologías de análisis de percepción de riesgo, el documento presenta el diseño de lametodología de Evaluación de Percepción de Riesgo Ocupacional (EPRO), que puede sergeneralizada para otros objetivos de estudio. Finalmente se ofrecen los resultados de una aplicaciónen una planta de producción de un laboratorio farmacéutico.Palabras claves: riesgo, percepción de riesgo, errores humanos, variables de percepción de riesgo,evaluación de percepción de riesgo.___________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe paper presents the analysis of risk perception as a compromising phenomenon of thetechnological development, and as an important source of human errors, the main contributors to theindustrial and occupational accidents. Based on a detailed review of several risk perceptionmethodologies, it is presented the design of the Occupational Risk Perception Analysis (EPRO inspanish), which can be generalized to others objectives of study. Finally, it is presented the results ofthe application of EPRO to the Production Plant of a pharmaceutical laboratory.Key words: risk, risk perception, human errors, risk perception variables, risk perception evaluation.

La enseñanza basada en problemas constituye un paso importante en la educación de losingenieros. Partiendo del desarrollo de la enseñanza activa, el artículo presenta el diseño de unejercicio docente basado en el estudio comparativo de dos métodos de optimización delmantenimiento: categorización de equipos y mantenimiento centrado en la confiabilidad (RCM eninglés). La aplicación concluye con referencias comparativas de carácter técnico donde sedemuestra la superioridad del segundo método. Finalmente, se establecen recomendaciones para eldiseño técnico metodológico del ejercicio.Palabras claves: mantenimiento, optimización, categorización de equipos, mantenimiento centrado enla confiabilidad, enseñanza basada en problemas, ejercicio docente, recomendaciones metodológicas.__________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe problem based learning is an important step in the education of the engineers. Beginning fromthe development of the active learning the paper presents the design of docent exercise based oncomparative study between two maintenance optimization methodologies: Equipment Categorizationand Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). The application concluded with technical comparativereferences, where demonstrates the superiority of the second one. Some recommendations for thetechnical methodological design of exercise are establishes.Key words: maintenance, optimization, equipment categorization, reliability centered maintenanceproblem based learning, docent exercise, methodological recommendations.

ResumenEl control de configuraciones peligrosas en instalaciones con riesgo asociado es una aplicación delos Análisis Probabilistas de Seguridad (APS) previos de las mismas. Una opción de mayor alcancees el uso de monitores de riesgo los que permiten la detección en tiempo real de talesconfiguraciones. Dada la complejidad de los APS y de los monitores de riesgo, esta tarea requiere depersonal experto. El documento presenta un método cualitativo de control de configuracionespeligrosas basado en matrices de dependencias. El algoritmo, informatizado en el códigoCONFIGURACION, puede ser aplicado sin necesidad de APS previos ni uso de monitores de riesgo.La sencillez del método justifica su extensión a instalaciones donde tales herramientas no se handesarrollado, permitiendo así la detección de las configuraciones peligrosas durante su explotación yelevando la seguridad de las plantas. Un sistema similar al descrito se utiliza como ayuda en laoperación de la central nuclear de Embalse. El artículo muestra el uso del método utilizando comobase un sistema de seguridad simplificado.Palabras claves: control de configuración, Análisis Probabilista de Seguridad (APS), matriz de___________________________________________________________________________AbstractThe hazardous configurations control in risk related facilities is an application of the previousProbabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA). A more complete option is the risk monitoring for the on-linedetection of these configurations. The expert personnel are required for this task take into account thecomplexity of the PSA and risk monitor. The paper presents a method of configuration control, basedon dependence matrixes. The algorithm is included in a computer code called CONFIGURACION, todetermine these situations in a qualitative way, without previous PSA results or using a Risk Monitor.The simplicity of the method warrants its application to facilities where these tools have not beendeveloped, allowing that way, the detection of hazardous configurations during the exploitation andincreasing the safety of the plants. One similar configuration control system helps the operation ofnuclear power plant Embalse. The paper presents the use of algorithm beginning from the analysis ofthe simplified safety system.Key words: configuration control, Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA), dependences matrix, PSAapplications, risk monitor.dependencias, aplicaciones de APS, monitor de riesgo.

This article analyses the historical and demographical circumstances of the population of Hispanic origin in the United States, this population’s use of Spanish, English, and also hybrid linguistic forms, as well as the literary reflection of mixed identities. We assert that, in this unstable situation, the conjunction of Spanish and English, resulting in infinite manifestations, is the channel for the emergence of aspects of identity and of means of expression which are applauded by some and combated by most, but which, irrespective of those reactions, are the unavoidable consequence of this linguistic and cultural contact.

This article reflects my journey of historical research in the last six years, and privilege issues that I consider it relevant in productions made in articles and book chapters. The objective in choosing this path is to reflect and map the theoretical and methodological shifts, the learning, considering the contributions of various authors, the challenges and crossroads, the dialogue with historiography in general and specific level. Methodological reflections were constructed in a dialogue with the newspaper, documents of DOPS, the chap-book in addition to oral reports of memory for the political events of the 1950s and 1960s.

This article reflects my recent journey in historical researching, paying special attention to what I have considered as relevant issues in articles and book chapters written in the last six years. The objective in choosing this path is to reflect and map the theoretical and methodological shifts, the challenges and shifts of my historical learning, considering the contributions of various authors, and the dialogue with historiography in general and specific level. Methodological reflections were constructed in a dialogue with sources as newspapers, documents of DOPS, the “chap-books” in addition to oral reports of memory for the political events of the 1950s and 1960s.

The techniques of risk control at the moment available they don't satisfy the necessary speed to the surveillance of the effects from the equipment failures and human errors during practical of radiotherapy. The methodology proposed in this paper integrates databases on possible accident sequences in medical practices using ionizing radiation with a tool for dynamic updating of operational conditions risk variables. An immediate result of the analysis is the knowledge of the new scenarios of danger, under any combination of unavailability to the risk, based on multiple study capacities and mimics for the processes and sequences. These capacities guarantee the instantaneous risk monitoring for any state of the studied scenarios.

Los análisis de riesgo aplicados a los tratamientos de radioterapia se han convertido en una necesidad innegable, partiendo de los peligros generados por la combinación del empleo de potentes campos de radiación sobre los pacientes y la ocurrencia de errores humanos y fallos de equipos durante esos tratamientos. La técnica por excelencia para llevar a cabo estos análisis ha sido la matriz de riesgo. El trabajo presenta el desarrollo de un nuevo algoritmo para ejecutar esta tarea con amplias potencialidades gráficas y analíticas, lo que lo convierte en una opción muy útil para el monitoreo del riesgo y la optimización de los programas de garantía de calidad. El sistema SECURE-MR, soporte informático de este algoritmo, se empleó con éxito en el análisis de riesgo de diversas prácticas de radioterapia. Lo distinguen nuevas posibilidades de análisis partiendo de la consideración de factores controladores del riesgo como las robusteces de frecuencia de iniciadores y de consecuencias. Sus capacidades analíticas y gráficas permiten novedosos desarrollos de ordenamiento de contribuyentes al riesgo y de representación de la información de procesos y secuencias accidentales. El trabajo muestra la aplicación del sistema propuesto a un proceso genérico de tratamiento de radioterapia con acelerador lineal.

Spain ranks as the world’s leading exporter of citrus for fresh consumption. Manual harvest accounts for 50% of the total production costs. Mechanical harvest would increase labor productivity and benefits of growers. Efficiency of these machines depends on the varieties and operating conditions. Use of abscission chemicals has been promoted to increase the detachment rate of fruit without affecting its quality. This work is aimed at studying whether the mechanical harvest and/or the application of an abscission agent affect the quality and quantity of harvested fruit and tree defoliation under the conditions of citrus cultivation in Spain. Trials were made in a completely randomized experimental design. From 2008 to 2011, different orchards of mandarin and orange trees were sprayed with different doses of ethephon as abscission agent and harvested with a trunk shaker. Harvest related variables (detachment percentage, defoliation and fruit without calyx) were measured. The percentage of fruit detached by the trunk shaker ranged between 70 and 85% and it did not depend on the orchard. The shaker produced minimal damage to the bark when gripped incorrectly. Increased doses of ethephon increased fruit detachment except in ‘Clemenules’ orchard, but also increased the fruit without calyx in 1-9%. Moreover, ethephon promoted significant defoliation. Neither gummosis nor death of branches was observed. This work demonstrates that mechanical harvesting with trunk shakers may be a feasible solution for citrus cultivated in Spain for fresh market. Use of ethephon could only be recommended for citrus destined to industry and only for certain varieties.

Este trabajo, síntesis de una investigación más amplia sobre la economía política del VIH/Sida en México, analiza la distinción entre globalismo neo-liberal (agenda ideológica y mayormente económica) y globalización (fenómeno mundial y multidimensional). Sostiene que la existencia de alternativas al paradigma neo-liberal es resultado de circunstancias político-económicas y sociales concretas de la realidad mexicana en el contexto de la globalización que han originado la formulación de políticas públicas relativamente más incluyentes. Se enfatiza en el contraste entre redes de políticas públicas excluyentes, como las que han caracterizado el proceso de reformas económicas estructurales o la re-estructuración del financiamiento de los sistemas de salud, y redes de políticas públicas con trabajo en VIH/Sida que se caracterizan por ser más incluyentes y democráticas. Como se discutirá, ambos tipos de redes funcionan tanto en México como en el ámbito global.This work is a synthesis of an investigation into the political economics of HIV/AIDS in Mexico within the context of globalization. It is based on a distinction between what is defined as neo-liberal globalism (an ideological and overwhelmingly economic agenda) and globalization (a worldwide, multidimensional phenomenon). The core argument is that the existence of real alternatives to the neo-liberal paradigm results from a series of political, economic and social circumstances which are very real in Mexico today in the context of globalization, which have given rise to a rather more inclusive policy-making process. Special emphasis is given to the contrast between exclusive public policy systems, such as those seen in the process of structural economic reforms or the re-structuring of the financing of healthcare systems, and public policy systems which work with HIV/AIDS, which tend to be more inclusive and democratic. Both types of system operate in Mexico and in other parts of the world.

Sin resumen.

Oral busulfan is the historical backbone of the busulfan+cyclophosphamide regimen for autologous stem cell transplantation. However intravenous busulfan has more predictable pharmacokinetics and less toxicity than oral busulfan; we, therefore, retrospectively analyzed data from 952 patients with acute myeloid leukemia who received intravenous busulfan for autologous stem cell transplantation. Most patients were male (n=531, 56%), and the median age at transplantation was 50.5 years. Two-year overall survival, leukemia-free survival, and relapse incidence were 67±2%, 53±2%, and 40±2%, respectively. The non-relapse mortality rate at 2 years was 7±1%. Five patients died from veno-occlusive disease. Overall leukemia-free survival and relapse incidence at 2 years did not differ significantly between the 815 patients transplanted in first complete remission (52±2% and 40±2%, respectively) and the 137 patients transplanted in second complete remission (58±5% and 35±5%, respectively). Cytogenetic risk classification and age were significant prognostic factors: the 2-year leukemia-free survival was 63±4% in patients with good risk cytogenetics, 52±3% in those with intermediate risk cytogenetics, and 37 ± 10% in those with poor risk cytogenetics (P=0.01); patients ≤50 years old had better overall survival (77±2% versus 56±3%; P

Lymphoma patients with persistent disease undergoing autologous transplantation have a very poor prognosis in the rituximab era. The addition of radioimmunotherapy to the conditioning regimen may improve the outcome for these patients. In a prospective, phase 2 study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the addition of 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan to the conditioning chemotherapy in patients with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Thirty patients with induction failure (primary refractory; n=18) or refractory to salvage immunochemotherapy at relapse (n=12) were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 53 years (range, 25–67). All patients were given 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan at a fixed dose of 0.4 mCi/kg (maximum dose 32 mCi) 14 days prior to the preparative chemotherapy regimen. Histological examination showed that 22 patients had de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and eight had transformed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. All patients had persistent disease at the time of transplantation, with 25 patients considered to be chemorefractory. The median time to neutrophil recovery (>500 white blood cells/μL) was 11 days (range, 9–21), while the median time to platelet recovery (>20,000 platelets/μL) was 13 days (range, 11–35). The overall response rate at day +100 was 70% (95% CI, 53.6–86.4) with 60% (95% CI, 42.5–77.5) of patients obtaining a complete response. After a median follow-up of 31 months for alive patients (range, 16–54), the estimated 3-year overall and progression-free survival rates are 63% (95% CI, 48–82) and 61% (95% CI, 45–80), respectively. We conclude that autologous transplantation with conditioning including 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan is safe and results in a very high response rate with promising survival in this group of patients with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a very poor prognosis. Study registered at European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (EudraCT) N. 2007-003198-22.

Survivin is over-expressed in most hematologic malignancies but the prognostic significance of the subcompartmental distribution of wild-type or splicing variants in acute myeloid leukemia has not been addressed yet. Using western blotting, we assessed the expression of wild-type survivin and survivin splice variants 2B and Delta-Ex3 in nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extracts in samples taken from 105 patients at the time of their diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Given that survivin is a downstream effector of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, survivin expression was also correlated with pSer473-Akt. Wild-type survivin and the 2B splice variant were positive in 76.3% and 78.0% of samples in the nucleus, cytoplasm or both, whereas the Delta-Ex3 isoform was only positive in the nucleus in 37.7% of samples. Cytoplasmic localization of wild-type survivin was significantly associated with the presence of high levels of pSer473-Akt (P

This study explored factors that affect access to and use of sexual and reproductive health services including family planning among immigrant Latino men residing in rural Oregon communities that have experienced a high growth in their Latino population. In-depth interviews were conducted with 49 sexually active men aged 18 to 30 years who recently immigrated to the United States. Findings from content analysis identified multiple overlapping individual-level barriers, including lack of knowledge, perception of personal risk for unintended pregnancy and STIs, and fear of disease. On a service delivery level, structural factors and the importance of confianza when interacting with providers and clinic staff were dominant themes. The majority of these themes were grounded in a cultural context and linked to men’s cultural background, beliefs, and experiences. Examining the needs of immigrant Latino men through this cultural lens may be critically important for improving access and use of sexual and reproductive health services.

Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We have genotyped the first hypervariable region (HVS-I) of 720 samples representing the main regions in Bolivia, and these data have been analyzed in the context of other pan-American samples (>19,000 HVS-I mtDNAs). Entire mtDNA genome sequencing was also undertaken on selected Native American lineages. Additionally, a panel of 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sub-set of samples. The vast majority of the Bolivian mtDNAs (98.4%) were found to belong to the main Native American haplogroups (A: 14.3%, B: 52.6%, C: 21.9%, D: 9.6%), with little indication of sub-Saharan and/or European lineages; however, marked patterns of haplogroup frequencies between main regions exist (e.g. haplogroup B: Andean [71%], Sub-Andean [61%], Llanos [32%]). Analysis of entire genomes unraveled the phylogenetic characteristics of three Native haplogroups: the pan-American haplogroup B2b (originated ∼21.4 thousand years ago [kya]), A2ah (∼5.2 kya), and B2o (∼2.6 kya). The data suggest that B2b could have arisen in North California (an origin even in the north most region of the American continent cannot be disregarded), moved southward following the Pacific coastline and crossed Meso-America. Then, it most likely spread into South America following two routes: the Pacific path towards Peru and Bolivia (arriving here at about ∼15.2 kya), and the Amazonian route of Venezuela and Brazil southwards. In contrast to the mtDNA, Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) reveal a higher (although geographically variable) European introgression in Bolivians (25%). Bolivia shows a decreasing autosomal molecular diversity pattern along the longitudinal axis, from the Altiplano to the lowlands. Both autosomes and mtDNA revealed a low impact (1-2%) of a sub-Saharan component in Bolivians.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this work, we characterized the phenotype and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) production of HCMV-specific T cells using QuantiFERON-HCMV assay in 26 patients 6 months after HSCT. We analysed whether these two parameters were associated with clinical variables. Our results showed that the patients receiving stem cells from donors ≥40 years old were 12 times more likely to have HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells with “differentiated phenotype” (CD45RA+CCR7+ ≤6.7% and CD28+ ≤30%) than patients grafted from donors

Este artigo tem como lema central a problemática das crianças pobres, que vivem e/ou são abandonadas nas ruas das cidades. A partir de uma analise de diferentes momentos da história do Brasil, procura-se estudar como essa questão foi historicamente tratada da perspectiva do Estado. Ao mesmo tempo se estabelece um contraponto entre literatura, fontes orais e escritas, buscando ressaltar a importância da diversidade documental para o trabalho do historiador.

Este artigo analisa a luta no campo no Nordeste às vésperas do golpe de 1964. A partir da segunda metade da década de 1950, o Nordeste assistiu a uma crescente organização dos trabalhadores rurais. As Ligas Camponesas, criadas pelo Partido Comunista na segunda metade da década de 1940, ganharam uma nova força ante o engajamento do deputado socialista Francisco Julião. Essa organização adquiriu uma visibilidade nacional e mesmo internacional, principalmente após a Revolução em Cuba. Além disso, a Igreja, sentindo ameaçada sua hegemonia sobre os camponeses, foi desafiada a assumir uma posição de apoio à luta destes.

Este artículo analiza la historia del ataque sufrido en 1972 por un grupo de trabajadores del ingenio de azúcar conocido como Matapiruma, establecido en la ciudad de Escada, Pernambuco. El blanco central de la violencia fueron los hermanos Luís Inocêncio Barreto, José Inocêncio Barreto y João Inocêncio Barreto, quienes, junto con 71 trabajadores más, habían liderado una acción laboral ante la Junta de Conciliación y Juicio de aquella ciudad. Después de haber vencido en la causa ante la justicia del Trabajo, esos trabajadores y, en especial, los tres hermanos, pasaron a ser perseguidos por el dueño del ingenio y por las autoridades policiales y militares. Esta microhistoria de los hermanos Inocêncio muestra la lucha del los trabajadores campesinos por sus derechos laborales y la persecución de la que eran víctimas por parte de fuerzas e instituciones del estado durante la dictadura militar (1964-1985). El artículo analiza una serie de documentos encontrados en el archivo del Dops-PE y utiliza una entrevista con uno de los hermanos que sobrevivió a ese ataque. Palabras Clave: Dictadura militar, Asesinato, Matapiruma, Pernambuco, Luís Inocêncio Barreto, José Inocêncio Barreto y João Inocêncio Barreto, Brasil ABSTRACT Justice of labor and murder of peasants in the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship This article analyzes the attack on a group of workers in 1972 in the sugarcane central known as las Matipurana, in the city of Escada, Pernambuco, Brazil. The main targets of this violence were the brothers Luís Inocêncio Barreto, José Inocêncio Barreto and João Inocêncio Barreto, who were the leaders of the legal action under the Labour Law, together with other 71 workers. After winning the suit the workers were persecuted by the owner of the sugarcane central and the police and military authorities. This microhistory of the brothers Inocêncio shows the struggle of farm workers for their labor rights and the persecution that were subjected by forces and state institutions during the military dictatorship (1964-1985). The article analyzes a series of documents found in the Dops-PE archive as well as an interview with one of the brothers who survived that attack. Key Words: Military Dictatorship, Murder, Matapiruma, Pernambuco, Luis Inocêncio Barreto, José Inocêncio Barreto and João Inocêncio Barreto, Brazil

El principio de división de poderes nunca significó la parcelación de la soberanía, que es única e indivisible, como declaraban los primeros textos del constitucionalismo, también el gaditano. Equivalía y equivale más bien a una división de las funciones correspondientes al poder estatal. Aun así, ha habido dos versiones básicas del citado principio: la separación de poderes/funciones, nunca total, que es la seguida por la Constitución estadounidense de 1787, y su distribución equilibrada, que es el modelo más extendido en Europa. La Constitución gaditana se inclinó por esta segunda versión estableciendo relaciones entre los órganos fundamentales del sistema político que quería implantar: las Cortes y el Rey. Relaciones que eran bien de coparticipación en una función, como la del Rey en la legislativa con su iniciativa, bien de participación en el nombramiento de los titulares de una institución, como la de las Cortes en el de los miembros del Consejo de Estado, ora de bloqueo, aunque sea temporal, como el veto regio a las leyes aprobadas por las Cortes, ora, en fin, de intervención en determinadas cuestiones puntuales, como la de las Cortes en asuntos de la Corona. La división de poderes tampoco impide la existencia de jerarquía entre ellos. En el esquema de John Locke, la supremacía la tiene el poder legislativo, bien que en él participaba el Rey. Éste es el modelo seguido por el constituyente gaditano, con la salvedad de que el veto regio a las leyes de Cortes era superable por éstas. Las Cortes instituidas por la Constitución de 1812 eran un Parlamento en el sentido moderno y liberal de la expresión, muy lejos del precedente que algunos autores han querido ver en las Cortes de Castilla. Se sustenta esta tesis en su composición a base de sufragio activo universal masculino, su autonomía reglamentaria, la publicidad de su funcionamiento, el estatuto de los diputados con las prerrogativas clásicas y la adopción de un sistema de representación muy próximo ya al mandato representativo. Todo lo cual hace que el sistema político que se pretendió instaurar, el de una monarquía moderada, significara realmente una monarquía protoparlamentaria, como la que había por aquella época, aún con notables diferencias, en Inglaterra y como la que quiso crear la Constitución francesa de 1791, que la antecedió en el diseño y en el fracaso, a todas las cuales sólo les faltaba para igualarse a las actuales el importante instituto de la responsabilidad gubernamental ante el Parlamento. The principle of separation of powers never meant the division of sovereignty, which is one and indivisible, as stated the first texts of constitutionalism also Cadiz. Equivalent and roughly corresponds to a division of roles for the state power. Still, there have been two basic versions of that principle: the separation and powers / functions, never complete, which is followed by the U.S. Constitution of 1787, and its even distribution, which is the most widespread model in Europe. The Cadiz Constitution was inclined to this second version establishing relationships between the main organs of the political system he wanted to implement: the Cortes and the King. Relationships that were sometimes of sharing a function, like that of the King in the legislative initiative, good participation in the appointment of holders of an institution, like the courts in the member of the Council of State locking prays, even temporarily, as the royal veto laws passed in the Parliament pro, now, finally, to intervene in certain specific issues, such as the courts in matters of the Crown. The division of powers does not prevent the existence of hierarchy among them. In the scheme of John Locke, the supremacy has the legislative power, well that, in him Rey participated. This is the model followed by the constituent Cadiz, with the exception that the royal veto the laws of Cortes was surmountable by them. Courts instituted by the 1812 Constitution was a parliament in the modern sense of the term liberal, far from the above that some authors have seen in Castile. He supports this thesis in its composition based on universal male vote, their regulatory autonomy, the advertising of its operation, the status of traditional prerogatives deputies and taking a very close representation system and the representative office. All of which makes the political system that sought to establish was that of a moderate monarchy, and monarchy protoparlamentaria really meant, as he had at the time, even with significant differences in England and how they wanted to create the French Constitution 1791, that preceded the design and failure, which only lacked to match the existing institute the important government accountability to Parliament.

En este trabajo se hace un cotejo entre el principio de soberanía nacional, propio del constitucionalismo (no de las llamadas «Constituciones» o «Leyes Fundamentales» del Antiguo Régimen) y la primera Constitución española, de1812. Para ello, en primer lugar, se descarta por insuficiente la teoría que diferencia la soberanía nacional y la soberanía popular; después se cifra la diferencia entre las Constituciones más o menos democráticas en el concepto de ciudadanía, del que se solía escindir el de ciudadanía activa. Se estudia más adelante el poder constituyente como derivado de la soberanía, el carácter más o menos universal del sufragio y un modelo de representación más próximo al mandato representativo que al imperativo. De este análisis se concluye que la Constitución gaditana incorporó, en dosis variadas, todos estos elementos del constitucionalismo y se ponen de relieve los textos más significativos al respecto. This paper makes a comparison between the principle of national sovereignty, constitutionalism itself (not the so-called «constitution» or «fundamental laws» of the Old Regime) and the first Spanish Constitution, de1812. To do this, first, it is discarded as inadequate theory differentiates national sovereignty and popular sovereignty, then figure the difference between more or less democratic constitutions in the concept of citizenship, which is used to split the active citizenship. Discussed below constituent power as a byproduct of sovereignty, the more or less universal suffrage and representation model representative office closest to that imperative. This analysis concludes that the Constitution of Cadiz joined, in varying doses, all these elements of constitutionalism and highlights the most significant texts about.

Se estudian en este trabajo dos aspectos de las reformas a la Ley Orgánica del Régimen Electoral General electorales aprobadas a principios de 2011: las medidas adoptadas para combatir el transfuguismo y las arbitradas para poder expulsar de los órganos representativos a los miembros que hayan sido elegidos en candidaturas de partidos y otras formaciones políticas que ulteriormente resultaren ilegalizadas. Unas u otras medidas adolecen de inconstitucionalidad por vulneración del principio de mandato representativo. En una segunda parte del trabajo se pone de relieve que este principio no ha funcionado correctamente nunca porque los presupuestos en los que se asienta lo llevan a la parálisis y, al parecer, se camina hacia su superación en los regímenes demoliberales, pero hurtando la correspondiente reforma constitucional. The article analyses two different aspects of the amendments of the Organic Law on the General Electoral Regime which were approved at the beginning of 2011: the measures to combat turncoatism and the ones adopted to expel from the representative institutions the elected candidates of political parties or similar associations which afterwards are declared illegal. All these measures are unconstitutional since they infringe the principle of the representative mandate. In the second part of the article it is pointed out that this principle never was applied correctly since its basis makes it inefficient. It seems that democratic-liberal regimes will do without this principle in the near future, howe ver, without the due constitutional reform.

Aberrant DNA methylation is one of the most frequent alterations in patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Using methylation bead arrays we analyzed the methylation status of 807 genes implicated in cancer in a group of ALL samples at diagnosis (n = 48). We found that 154 genes were methylated in more than 10% of ALL samples. Interestingly, the expression of 13 genes implicated in the TP53 pathway was downregulated by hypermethylation. Direct or indirect activation of TP53 pathway with 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine, Curcumin or Nutlin-3 induced an increase in apoptosis of ALL cells. The results obtained with the initial group of 48 patients was validated retrospectively in a second cohort of 200 newly diagnosed ALL patients. Methylation of at least 1 of the 13 genes implicated in the TP53 pathway was observed in 78% of the patients, which significantly correlated with a higher relapse (p = 0.001) and mortality (p

This article develops a series of historiographical reflections on my own impasses that privilege since the period of my masters until today. The numerous issues and challenges that the option to work with oral histories of memory meant / mean and how they were being faced. There is also a concern in our article on the shifts that punctuate a historical perspective no longer centered on the subject, on causality and instituting real history as references, were being addressed.

En la lucha contra el terrorismo, las democracias tienen como límite el principio de juridicidad estatal y el convergente con él y tautológico principio democrático. Pero ello no es óbice alguno para rechazar la simplista y acrítica acusación de ser una democracia militante cuyo concepto peyorativo sostiene la doctrina mayoritaria española. La democracia no es un régimen éticamente neutro y debe ser todo lo fuerte que necesite para defender los valores que propugna.

One of the most recent applications of Probabilistic Safety Analysis to Embalse NPP is the Safety Oriented Maintenance Program developed through the Realibility Centered Maintenence (RCM) methodology. Such an application was carried out by a cooperated effort between the staff of nuclear safety department of NPP and experts from Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences of Cuba. So far 6 technological systems have been analized with important results regarding the optimization of preventive and predictive maintenance program of those systems. Some RCM tasks were automated using the MOSEG code. The results of this study were focused on the elaboration and modification of the Preventive Program, prioritization of stocks, reorientation of predictive techniques and modification in the time parameters of maintenance.

The hazardous configurations control in risk related facilities has been carried out by the analysis of minimal cut sets obtained from previous risk analysis. A more complete option is the risk monitoring for the on-line detection of these configurations. This is a very important task in cases of real demand, because these configurations represent a degraded condition of system reliability and, which in the worst case, may result in the system fault, and consequently, in the loss of the facility. On the other hand, the dependence matrixes are generally used in studying the interfaces among technological systems in PSA. The paper presents a configuration control method, based on dependence matrixes. The algorithm is included in a computer code called CONFIGURACION, to determine these situations in a qualitative way, without previous PSA results or using a Risk Monitor. This possibility of analysis is a novelty. The simplicity of the method warrants its application to facilities where these tools have not been developed, thus allowing the detection of hazardous configurations in case of simultaneous failures, equipment rotations, test and/or maintenances. The first version of this configuration control system is used as an aid in the operation of NPP Embalse