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Introduction: The increase in antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse has led to changes in the primary pathogens causing otitis media and antibiotic susceptibility. Empirical antibiotic treatment may cause treatment failure or result in complications in diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We aimed to identify bacterial pathogens associated with ear infections and to evaluate antibacterial resistance among isolated organisms. Methods: Ear swab samples of patients who applied to our hospital's Ear Nose and Throat Outpatient Clinic between February 2022 and February 2023, sent to our laboratory with the preliminary diagnosis of ear infection, were examined. The study included 144 patients whose ear swab samples' Gram staining and culture results were compatible with ear infection. Microorganisms that grew in culture were identified using conventional methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and evaluated by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. Results: The study examined 171 external ear canal culture results from 144 patients at their first admission and 19 patients due to recurrent external ear canal discharge in later periods. Pathogenic microorganism growth was observed in 90 specimens, normal microbial flora grew in 58 specimens, and no microorganism growth was observed in 23 specimens. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the second most common pathogen. Ampicillin resistance was the highest among the isolated Gram-negative bacteria (77.7%). Conclusion: It is essential to monitor the frequency of causative pathogens and the rates of resistance to antimicrobial agents to start appropriate antimicrobial therapy in patients with ear infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study conducted in Amritsar, Punjab, India, to evaluate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rate of uropathogens in women with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The study found that E. coli was the most common uropathogen, followed by Klebsiella spp and Enterobacter spp. The study also reported multi-drug resistance in some isolates, but found that gentamicin, imipenem, and meropenem were effective antibiotics against the uropathogens. Additionally, all ESBL-positive isolates possessed the quinolone-resistant gene qnrB. The study concludes that understanding the epidemiological data of UTIs is crucial for appropriate treatment. [Extracted from the article]

To evaluate the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance in pneumococcal infections in adults and to provide a perspective regarding serotype coverage of both current and future pneumococcal vaccines. This passive surveillance study was conducted with the Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from the specimens of patients with pneumonia (materials isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage), bacteraemia, meningitis, pleuritis and peritonitis between 2015 and 2018. Serogrouping and serotyping were performed by latex particle agglutination and by conventional Quellung reaction using commercial type-specific antisera, respectively. The strains were analysed for penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and moxifloxacin susceptibilities by E-test. In the whole study group (410 samples from adults aged ≥18 years), the most frequent serotypes were 3 (14.1%), 19 F (12%) and 1 (9.3%). The vaccine coverage for PCV13, PCV15, PCV20 and PPV23 was 63.9%, 66.6%, 74.1% and 75.9%, respectively, in all isolates. Penicillin non-susceptibility in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) was 70.8% and 57.1% in the patients aged <65 and ≥65 years, respectively. About 21.1% and 4.3% of the patients with and without IPD had cefotaxime resistance. Non-susceptibility to erythromycin and moxifloxacin was 38.2% and 1.2%, respectively. The results revealed that novel PCV vaccines may provide improved coverage as compared with the currently available vaccine, PCV13. The significant antibiotic resistance rates imply the need to extend the serotype coverage of the vaccines. Continuing the surveillance in pneumococcal diseases is critical to explore the serotype distribution and incidence changes of IPD cases in the population and to inform policy makers to make necessary improvements in the national immunization programmes. This multicentre study demonstrated the most recent serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance in adult population in Turkey. Shifting from PCV13 to novel conjugated vaccines will significantly increase the coverage. Continuing the surveillance in pneumococcal diseases is critical to explore the serotype distribution changes and the incidence of cases with invasive pneumococcal disease in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aim to detection antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. It was collected 264 different clinical specimens (193 urine,18 stool,10 wound swabs,4 vaginal swabs, 8 abscess,5 bronchial liquid,5 blood and 21 sputum . The results of study appeared 67 isolates (54 E. coli 54 and Klebsiella spp. 22) were isolated from 264 specimens .The result showed antibiotic susceptibility test a high resistance (100%) of enterobacterial isolates (E. coli and Klebsiella spp) were to ampicillin fo followed by amoxicillin/clavalunic acid,it registered 29.59% and 90.91% respectively,while imipenem was most active antibiotic agaist these isolates,the sensitivity of isolates to this antibiotic was recorded 77.78% and 81.82% respectively. The study showed 57(75%) of both isolates were biofilm formation Klebsiella spp. Registered higher percentage (81.81 %) more than E .coli (72.22%),moderate biofilm was more frequently than other type of biofilm,it was recorded 36.84% .we concluded the prevalence of biofilm producing multidrug resistant Enterobacterial isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to isolate microorganisms from urine samples taken from dogs with urinary system infection and to determine an antibiotic susceptibility. For this purpose, urine samples taken from 30 dogs by cystocentesis were inoculated on Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar and Sabourraud’s Dextrose Agar. The isolated microorganisms were identified by conventional microbiological methods. In this study, while 19 bacteria were isolated from 15 dogs (63.33%), no isolation was detected within the mycological culture. The most isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (26.32%) and coagulase negative Staphylococci (26.32%). The isolates were susceptible 84.2% to ceftriaxone, 78.9% to enrofloxacine, 73.7% to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, 73.7% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefixime, 57.9% to cephalexin, 52.6% to oxytetracycline and 47.4% to ceftiofur. We concluded that Escherichia coli and coagulase negative Staphylococci were the most common reason for urinary tract infections in dogs and due to the differences to antibiotic of the bacterial isolates that antibiotic susceptibility tests is necessary for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a 36-year-old male patient died of V. vulnificus-induced septicaemia and multiple organ failure syndrome after oyster consumption at a restaurant. We isolated and identified V. vulnificus vv16015 from the patient's blood sample and antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated sensitivity to all 21 antibiotics. Oyster samples were subsequently collected from the restaurant's supplier and three strains of V. vulnificus were isolated. Whole genome sequencing and analysis revealed vv16015 to be distantly related to these strains and confirmed that V. vulnificus contamination was present in the seafood of the restaurant and supplier. Using a Galleria mellonella larvae infection model, the virulence of vv16015 was determined to be higher than that of comparison strains isolated from a surviving patient (vv15018) and an oyster (vv220015). The human and environment distribution of V. vulnificus in Shenzhen is sporadic and heterogeneous, and vv16015 is highly virulent compared to other strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal vaginal discharge is a common complaint among women of reproductive age, affecting about one- third of all women. In resource-limited settings where access to laboratory services is limited, treatment is usually syndromic. This approach may result in ineffective treatment, with high recurrence rates and a potential of developing antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to determine the bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility among women with an abnormal vaginal discharge attending the gynecology clinic at a tertiary hospital in Southwestern Uganda. Methods: We conducted a hospital based cross-sectional study among 361 women aged 15–49 years, presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge at the gynecology clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital from December 2020 to June 2021. Demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire. We collected cervical and vaginal sterile swabs and subjected them to wet preparation and gram stain. The specimens were cultured for bacterial isolates. Susceptibility testing was performed on samples with bacterial isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, on the commonly prescribed antibiotics in this setting. We summarized and described the bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns as frequencies and percentages. Results: We enrolled 361 women with abnormal vaginal discharge. Bacteria were isolated in 29.6% (107/361) of the women, and the commonest isolates included; Staphylococcus aureus 48.6% (52/107), Klebsiella pneumoniae 29.9% (32/107) and Enterococcus faecalis 15% (16/107). Yeast cells were found in 17.7% (64/361) of the women with abnormal vaginal discharge. Cefuroxime (90.7%) and Ciprofloxacin (81.3%) had a high level of sensitivity while high levels of resistance were observed for Doxycycline (86.0%) and Azithromycin (67.0%). Conclusion: The common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The isolated bacteria were most sensitive to Cefuroxime and Ciprofloxacin but resistant to Doxycycline and Azithromycin. There is need for routine culture and susceptibility testing of women with abnormal vaginal discharge so as to guide treatment, minimize inappropriate antibiotic use and consequently reduce antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Campylobacter species are major causes of foodborne illnesses, with unpasteurized milk being a significant carrier of these bacteria, posing a public health risk. One of the challenges in managing Campylobacter infections is the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. We conducted a study in Qazvin, Iran, testing 84 raw cow's milk samples to determine the frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli using culture-based and multiplex PCR methods. Additionally, the disk diffusion and RAPD-PCR approaches were utilized to evaluate the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile and genetic diversity of Campylobacter strains. Results: The findings indicated that Campylobacter spp. was present in 19.05% of the samples, with C. coli being the predominant isolate. We tested eight antibiotic agents, and the resistance levels of the isolates were as follows: erythromycin 100%, tetracycline 75%, doxycycline 56.25%, ceftriaxone 43.75%, chloramphenicol 37.5%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 25%, nalidixic acid 12.5%, and azithromycin 6.25%. Genetic diversity analysis categorized Campylobacter isolates into 39 clusters, indicating a wide diversity among strains. However, no significant correlation was observed between antibiotic resistance and cluster patterns. These findings underscore the role of raw milk as a reservoir for Campylobacter spp. and highlight the substantial antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity within the species population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major clinical problems regarding β-lactam antibiotics resistance is attributed to metallo-beta-lactamases (MβL), which are a group of enzymes that is a subset of beta-lactamases belonging to group B of the Ambler classification, which causes hydrolysis of carbapenems. The study was conducted to check the prevalence of MβL and its genes (IMP, VIM, and NDM) among Gram-negative isolates. Methods. 312 clinical samples (urine and wound) were cultured, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the conventional disk diffusion method. MβL-phenotypic detection was uncovered by standard bacteriological techniques, MβL genes were amplified using pre-determined conditions set on an AB19700 Applied Biosystem thermal cycler. Results. 157 (56.1%) Gram-negative and 123 (43.9%) Gram-positive were isolated. Escherichia coli 32 (11.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 32 (11.4%) were the most predominant. Providencia stuartii 3 (1.1%), Klebsiella ornitholytica 2 (0.7%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1 (0.4%) were some of the less predominant isolates. Imipenem and Ertapenem were the most sensitive, while Gentamicin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, and Ceft riaxone were the most resistant. Twelve species (7.6%) were identified as MβL producers. The VIM gene (12: 100%) was the predominant gene, followed by the NDM gene (6: 50%) and the IMP gene (2: 16.7%). Conclusions. The detection of blaVIM, blaNDM, and blaIMP genes in South-south Uyo is really worrisome, and proper infectious control measures should be taken in order to prevent outbreaks of MβL-producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated in Uyo, South South Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Effective brucellosis treatment necessitates antibiotics that can penetrate macrophages. This study systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Brucella spp. isolated from humans, addressing this critical gap in understanding Brucella infections and their treatment. Materials and Methods: Two authors conducted a systematic search across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, with no time restrictions, encompassing English studies. Data extraction employed a standardized sheet, with two independent authors, and disagreements were resolved by a third. The data sheet included study characteristics and susceptibility/resistance information for various antibiotics. Statistical analysis involved random effects models, MantelHaenszel methods, I2 tests, z-tests, and funnel plots using R and RStudio. Results: Based on the pooled susceptibility ratios, among the 630 samples of Brucella spp., 98% (95% CI: 85% - 100%) were susceptible to trimethoprim. Among the 1255 samples of Brucella spp., 82% (95% CI: 54% - 95%) were susceptible to rifampicin. Among the 1344 samples of Brucella spp., 100% (95% CI: 78% - 100%) were susceptible to doxycycline. Among the 942 samples of Brucella spp., 100% (95% CI: 85% - 100%) were susceptible to tetracycline. Among the 893 samples of Brucella spp., 100% (95% CI: 82% - 100%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Among the 906 samples of Brucella spp., 97% (95% CI: 96% - 98%) were susceptible to gentamicin. Conclusion: Based on our results, trimethoprim, doxycycline, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were effective, but rifampicin had lower susceptibility. This informs antibiotic selection for Brucella infections, underscoring its importance in managing the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Legionnaires' Disease is a pneumonia caused by Legionella spp., currently treated empirically with fluoroquinolones and macrolides. In this study, we aim to describe the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of environmental Legionella recovered in the south of Portugal. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of 57 Legionella isolates (10 Lp sg 1, 32, Lp sg 2-14 15 L. spp) was achieved by broth microdilution, as described by EUCAST, for azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and doxycycline. Results: Fluoroquinolones were the most active antibiotic, displaying the lowest MIC values in contrast to doxycycline which had the highest. MIC90 and epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values were, respectively, 0.5/1 mg/L for azithromycin, 0.125/0.25 mg/L for clarithromycin, 0.064/0.125 mg/L for ciprofloxacin, 0.125/0.125 mg/L for levofloxacin and 16/32 mg/L for doxycycline. Discussion: MIC distributions were higher than reported by EUCAST for all antibiotics. Interestingly, two phenotypically resistant isolates with high-level quinolone resistance were identified. This is the first time that MIC distributions, lpeAB and tet56 genes have been investigated in Portuguese environmental isolates of Legionella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to study the bacterial etiology of ulcerative syndrome in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its associated environmental stressors. A total of 90 live and moribund Nile tilapia showing signs of ulcerative dermatitis were collected from various fish ponds in El-Sharkia Province, Egypt, during the summer seasons from June 2019 to August 2020. Collected fish were subjected to full clinical and postmortem investigation followed by bacteriological and molecular identification of the bacterial agents as well as histopathological examinations. Moreover, water samples from the fish sampling sites were collected and analyzed physiochemically and microbiologically. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the isolated strains was assessed by challenging apparently healthy Nile tilapia to determine the LD50. Clinically, the examined fish exhibited ulcerative dermatitis as focal or fused large ulcers surrounded by red zones of hemorrhages at different body parts. Bacteriologically, Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and A. caviae were isolated and identified. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis verified the identity of these species. Antibiogram profiling of the recovered Aeromonas sp. isolates showed complete resistance to ampicillin, with high susceptibility to gentamycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and erythromycin. Histopathological examination of the affected fish revealed epidermal necrosis with dermal edema and an influx of inflammatory cells into the dermis and hypodermis. The LD50 of A. veronii biovar sobria and A. caviae was estimated as 1.5 × 107 and 1.5 × 108 CFU/fish; respectively. The water temperature and ammonia concentrations recorded a significant rise (P ≤ 0.05) in July and August compared to June; however, the highest pH levels were recorded during August, followed by July. Also, the total bacterial load significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, it was concluded that the improvement of water quality helps sustain the health of farmed fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast abscess is a painful condition that usually appears as a lump and is brought on by infection. Since it's one of the most prevalent medical conditions affecting women, it's critical to understand the most recent developments in isolated bacteria and antibiotics that can be applied empirically. The aim of present study is to evaluate the role of different antibiotics in breast abscess, efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapy and to find out the microbiology of the disease. Material and methods: The present ambispective study was conducted at E.S.I.C. Medical College and Hospital among females presented with breast abscess for a period of 2 years. Total cases selected were 160 based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0. Level of significance was kept at p<0.05. Results: Maximum were in age group of <30 years (47.5%). Most common symptoms were pain (100%) and redness (85%). Examining subjects revealed that maximum 85% of subjects had Mastitis. The most common mycobacteria in abscess was MRSA (30%), followed by E.coli (15%). Linzolid was mostly susceptible with MRSA, Amikacin with E.coli and S.typhi, Gentamycinmycin/tetra with S.aureus. Conclusion: The majority of breast abscess cases involved the isolation of methillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. When choosing an empirical treatment for a breast abscess, understanding the microbiological profile and antibiogram of the bacteria is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rothia mucilaginosa is appearing as an alarming pathogen for respiratory tract infection, infection of prosthetic devices and endocarditis. Over the past few years, Rothia sp. are frequently identified in a tertiary hospital of northern Bangladesh. Biochemical properties and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates were determined. Methods: A total 22 isolates of R. mucilaginosa were studied to observe the fermentation status of carbohydrate and protein substrates for identification by using BD Phoenix M50 system. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion method. Results: All isolates of R. mucilaginosa showed variable reaction to almost 50% of the carbohydrate and around 50% of protein-amino acid substrates used. Amikacin, meropenem, imipenem and moxifloxacin showed maximum sensitivity in vitro. Conclusion: Biochemical characteristics of R. mucilaginosa can reveal the vital information necessary for accurately identifying the organism within a sample. This depends on production of various enzymes by the organism. Antibiotic susceptibility test is essential for proper management of patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the beneficial and safety properties of food-associated microbes is inevitable since they engage in direct interactions with their host via the digestive system. In this view, we have studied the pathogen inhibitory activity and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of a newly isolated lactic acid bacterium obtained from the traditional beneficial beverage borhani. 16S rRNA gene based taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis combined with sugar fermentation tests identified the isolate as Weissella confusa; strain LAB-11. Antimicrobial activity of the lactic acid bacterium was examined using its culture supernatant against ten bacterial pathogens by agar diffusion technique. The isolate inhibited species of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus which indicated a broad spectrum of its antimicrobial activity. Further investigation by coincubation assay revealed a prolonged effect of the antibacterial activity against the above pathogens. The inhibitory activity was found highly effective on the fungal pathogen Candida albicans as well. Antibiotic susceptibility assay revealed that the isolate was sensitive to most of the tested antibiotics while resistant against four antibiotics including ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, ofloxacin, and vancomycin that might be ascribed to intrinsic resistance. The ability to inhibit a wide range of pathogens while itself being relatively safe concerning the transfer of antibiotic resistance suggests that dairy beverages like borhani which carry such beneficial lactic acid bacteria can be of particular benefits to the consumers exerting preventive effects on associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commensal bacteria like the Staphylococcal species are part of the skin microbiota, which helps maintain healthy skin. However, certain factors can lead to these commensals becoming opportunistic pathogens capable of causing diseases like acne vulgaris. Topical and systemic antibiotics have been the main treatment for acne. However, long-term antibiotic usage could result in the emergence of resistant bacterial strains and treatment failure. This study evaluated the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical acne samples. Skin swabs were collected from 50 acne patients and cultured under anaerobic conditions. The resulting bacterial isolates were identified using biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the confirmed isolates were determined using the disc diffusion assay for eight commonly prescribed antibiotics for acne treatment. Sequencing results revealed that S. epidermidis was the most isolated bacterial species (68%, n=34), followed by S. aureus (8%, n=4). However, a significant proportion of bacterial isolates were susceptible to all eight tested antibiotics, which is unusual. On the other hand, 26% (n=13) of the tested bacterial species isolates were found to be resistant to clindamycin, while 36% (18) were resistant to erythromycin and 20% (n=10) were to tetracycline. Since there has been limited research regarding the antibiotic resistance patterns of anaerobic acne-associated bacteria in Malaysia, this study can help shed some light on suitable local prescription practices and raise awareness about the cautious use of antibiotics in treating acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To determine the trends in the microbial spectrum and antibacterial susceptibility patterns of non-viral conjunctivitis over 16 years. Methods: Microbiology data were reviewed from 2006–2021 for all the patients with clinically and culture-proven infectious conjunctivitis. Conjunctival swabs and/or conjunctival scrapings were collected for microbiological workup, and the demographic and antibiotic susceptibility data were extracted from the EMR (Electronic Medical Record). For statistical analysis, χ2-test was performed. Results: Of the 1711 patients, 814 (47.57%) were culture positive and 897 (52.43%) were culture negative. Of the total culture-proven conjunctivitis cases, 775/814 (95.20%) were bacteria, and 39/814 (4.80%) were fungi. Among these bacterial isolates, 75.74% were gram-positive bacteria, while 24.26% were gram negative. The predominant gram-positive pathogens isolated were S. epidermidis (16.7%), S. aureus (17.9%) (p < 0.05), and S. pneumoniae (18.2%), while Haemophilus spp. (36.2%) (p < 0.05) was the most often isolated gram-negative bacteria (36.2%), and Aspergillus spp. was the most commonly isolated fungus (50%). The susceptibility of gram-positive bacteria to cefazoline increased from 90.46 to 98% (p = 0.01), whereas the susceptibility for gatifloxacin decreased in both gram-positive (81–41%; p < 0.0001) and gram-negative bacteria (73–58%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Increasing resistance of ocular isolates to mainstay antibiotics is a concern, and this data can assist healthcare practitioners in making informed choices regarding the treatment of ocular infections with ophthalmic antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections are the most common illnesses that impact pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate bacterial urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility profiles in pregnant women. This study was conducted on pregnant women between April and October 2021 in clinics and hospitals in the Damt district. Midstream urine samples were collected, cultured, identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The prevalence of UTI in pregnant women was 210/350 (60%). Escherichia coli accounted for 90/210 (42.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 50/210 (23.8%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae 25/210 (11.9%). Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis exhibited 15/210 (7.1%) of each with the moderately identified bacterial species. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing showed that bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (80-100%), ceftriaxone (40-70%), gentamycin (0-60%), amikacin (0-50%), tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and amoxiclav (0-40%), and azithromycin (0-30%). Significant bacteriuria was associated with age (p = 0.01), pregnancy trimesters (p = 0.00), gestation (p = 0.00), and residence (p = 0.03), whereas there was no association with education (p = 0.05). Most isolates have become resistant toward antibiotic used in the study treatments, especially ceftriaxone and amoxicillin. Therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women undergo health education on the prevalence and causes of urinary tract infections.

In developing countries, infectious keratitis being the probable cause of preventable blindness, also have a varied epidemiological profile. This study was conducted to know the microbiological profile, risk factors, epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from patients with a corneal ulcers. A total of 193 patients who were clinically diagnosed with cases of infective keratitis in the Department of Ophthalmology were included in the study. The sample collected by an ophthalmologist was received in the Microbiology department. All the demographic details and relevant clinical data were noted. The bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were done using automated methods while the fungal identification was done using the conventional method (Vitek2 Compact system, BioMerieux). Out of 193 patients, 69% were male and 31% % were females. The Majority of cases were from the age group 41- 50 years. Of 193 cases, 83 (43%) showed microbial etiology in culture. Of 83 culture positive cases, 55 (66.3%) were fungal and 28 (33.7%) were bacterial. The most common isolated fungus was Fusarium species detected in 24 (28.9%) cases followed by Aspergillus species in 14 (16.8%) cases. Gram positive bacteria were predominantly isolated from cases of infective keratitis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated bacteria in 12 (14.4%) out of 83 positive cases followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common Gram negative bacteria isolated from the cases. Among the topical antimicrobials, both Gram positive bacteria as well as Gram negative bacteria showed maximum sensitivity to levofloxacin. Proper knowledge of the clinical presentation and etiological agents aided with microbiological examination is necessary in order to effectively treat corneal ulcers and prevent further complications that can lead to blindness.

Abstract Introduction High-dose dual therapy (HDDT) can attain acceptable eradication rates provided that the optimal doses, timing and treatment duration are applied. The existing evidence still shows inconsistent reports ( 90% eradication rates for first-line H. pylori eradication as 14-day rabeprazole-containing HT did. HDDT is a potentially beneficial combination, which involves only two drugs with mild adverse effects; more precise studies are urged to find answers regarding these failures. This clinical trial was registered retrospectively on 28 November, 2021, as ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05152004.

Bu çalışmada Kilis ilinde 2 farklı lokasyondan alınan yüzeysel su örneklerindeki fekal streptokok kirlenmesi ve izolatların antibiyotik hassasiyet profillerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Eylül 2020’de alınan su örneklerinin fekal streptokok bakteri sayısı 11 EMS (en muhtemel sayı)/100 mL olarak tespit edilmiştir. Fekal streptokok izolatlarının klindamisin, tetrasiklin ve eritromisin standart antibiyotiklere direnç gösterdikleri ve çoklu antibiyotik direnç indeksi 0.48 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Kilis yüzeysel su lokasyonlarındaki fekal kaynaklı ve çoklu dirence sahip streptokoklara ilişkin bakteriyolojik kirlenme, ekosistemdeki dengeyi tehdit eder düzeydedir.

The current study focused on the formulation, physicochemical characterization, and antibacterial susceptibility testing of inhalable spray dried powders containing ciprofloxacin (CIP) and polymyxin B sulfate (PMB). CIP nanosuspensions with an average particle diameter of 435.9 ± 9.3 nm were initially obtained using the wet-milling protocol and subsequently co-spray dried with PMB solutions to yield inhalable dry powders. The Powder X-Ray Diffraction (P-XRD) results showed that the wet-milled CIP nanoparticles were in a 4.8 hydrate state, which were transformed to 3.7 hydrates and amorphous materials after co-spray drying. The PMB remained in an amorphous state in the dry powders. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed that the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of the co–spray dried formulations were higher than the Tg of CIP, but lower than the Tg of PMB. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) studies suggested the existence of π - π interactions between CIP and PMB in the co-spray dried powders. These powders also retained antimicrobial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. In addition, the spray-dried powder formulations exhibited satisfactory solid-state stability and aerodynamic characteristics when stored under 3% relative humidity and 20 ± 5 °C for 4 months. Overall, the newly developed inhalable CIP/PMB dry powders are a promising therapeutic strategy for respiratory tract infections.

Background and objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant pathogenic bacterium in the health system. The ability to resist antimicrobial drugs and biofilm formation gives the considerable capacity to A. baumannii for existing in a harsh environment, enabling this bacterium to cause hospital-acquired infection. Carbapenem is an important treatment option for severe nosocomial infection and patients infected by multidrug-resistant organisms. The main aim of this study is to detect carbapenemase in isolates, and its association with biofilm formation as well as antibiotic resistance. Methods: Sixty A. baumannii isolates were obtained from several hospital districts in Erbil city. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) of isolates were performed by VITEKII compact system. Phenotypic identification of carbapenem by sCIM also biofilm-forming was detected by 96 well method. Additionally, three antimicrobial agents were used if they were successful in eliminating biofilm formation. . Results: The majority of the isolates were from sputum, accounting 75% and antibiotic susceptibility showed that the isolates are resistant to the most available antibiotics, and significant of the isolates formed strong biofilm. The sensitivity of meropenem, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin were employed for ten isolates of A. baumannii after biofilm formation it was found that biofilm cells need more concentration of antibiotic than planktonic cells then phenotypic detection of carbapenem showed that the overall positive values were 30 (50.0%) for sCIM. Conclusion: We revealed that most resistant isolates have a greater capacity for biofilm development than sensitivite isolates. Biofilm-producing strains of A. baumannii cannot be killed with the relatively similar concentration of antimicrobial drugs that are needed to kill planktonic cells.

Background: In this study, our objective was to characterize Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolated from sterile body fluids (SBFs) in a medical center in Taiwan between 2009 and 2020. Methods: We used MALDI-TOF MS, disk diffusion testing, agar dilution assay, SCCmec typing, and antibiotic resistance gene screening to identify and investigate the characteristics of oxacillin-resistant S. lugdunensis (ORSL). Results: A total of 438 S. lugdunensis isolates were collected and 146 (33.3%) isolates were identified as ORSL. SCCmec type V was dominant (65.7%) in our ORSL isolates, followed by SCCmec type II (18.5%), and type IV (8.9%). After 2013, a slight increase in SCCmec types IV and V was revealed. Moreover, all ORSL isolates with type II and untypable SCCmec were highly resistant to oxacillin (MIC >32 μg/mL), compared to ORSL that had SCCmec types IV, V, and VT. All 146 ORSL isolates were resistant to penicillin and susceptible to teicoplanin and vancomycin. High resistance rates of ORSL to clindamycin (43.2%), erythromycin (43.2%), gentamicin (78.1%) and tetracycline (46.6%) was observed. Moreover, only two (1.4%) and six (4.1%) ORSL isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The erythromycin-resistant ORSL isolates mostly exhibited constitutive MLSB resistant phenotype (61/63, 96.8%) and contained either ermC alone (27/63, 42.9%) or a combination of ermC with ermA (28/63, 44.4%). Conclusion: Our present study showed a stable rate of ORSL from SBFs during 2009–2020. Moreover, teicoplanin, vancomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin were shown to be highly efficient for the treatment of ORSL in vitro.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has made antibiotic resistance (AMR) and healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) increasingly serious problems. Point-prevalence Surveys (PPS) and other surveillance techniques are essential for antimicrobial management and prevention. Methods: In a hematology department of an Italian hospital, the prevalence of HAI, microbiology, and AMR were examined in this retrospective study in two different periods, namely 2019 and 2021 (pre-pandemic and during the pandemic, respectively). Comparisons were made between patient demographics, hospitalization duration, surveillance swabs, and HAIs. Findings: There was no discernible variation in the prevalence of HAI between 2019 and 2021. Higher rates of HAI were connected with longer hospital stays. Variations in antimicrobial susceptibility and species distribution were found by microbiological analysis. Discussion: The incidence of HAI stayed constant during the epidemic. Nevertheless, shifts in antibiotic susceptibility and microbiological profiles highlight the necessity of continuous monitoring and care. Conclusions: Despite the difficulties of COVID-19, ongoing surveillance and infection control initiatives are crucial for halting HAIs and battling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in healthcare environments. To fully understand the pandemic’s long-term impact on the spread of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance, more research is required.

The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foodstuff involves a human health risk. Edible insects are a precious resource; however, their consumption raises food safety issues. In this study, the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in laboratory-reared fresh mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) and frass was assessed. Antibiotics were not used during the rearing. Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were isolated from 17 larvae and eight frass samples. In total, 62 and 69 isolates presumed to belong to Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp., respectively, were obtained and tested for antibiotic susceptibility via disk diffusion. Based on the results, isolates were grouped, and representative resistant isolates were identified at species level through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. For enterococci resistance, percentages higher than 15% were observed for vancomycin and quinupristin–dalfopristin, whereas Enterobacteriaceae resistance higher than 25% was found against cefoxitin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Based on the species identification, the observed resistances seemed to be intrinsic both for enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae, except for some β-lactams resistance in Shigella boydii (cefoxitin and aztreonam). These could be due to transferable genetic elements. This study suggests the need for further investigations to clarify the role of edible insects in the spreading of antibiotic resistance determinants through the food chain.

Filamentous bacteriophages belonging to the order Tubulavirales, family Inoviridae, significantly affect the properties of Gram-negative bacteria, but filamentous phages of many important pathogens have not been described so far. The aim of this study was to examine A. baumannii filamentous phages for the first time and to determine their effect on bacterial virulence. The filamentous phages were detected in 15.3% of A. baumannii strains as individual prophages in the genome or as tandem repeats, and a slightly higher percentage was detected in the culture collection (23.8%). The phylogenetic analyses revealed 12 new genera within the Inoviridae family. Bacteriophages that were selected and isolated showed structural and genomic characteristics of the family and were unable to form plaques. Upon host infection, these phages did not significantly affect bacterial twitching motility and capsule production but significantly affected growth kinetics, reduced biofilm formation, and increased antibiotic sensitivity. One of the possible mechanisms of reduced resistance to antibiotics is the observed decreased expression of efflux pumps after infection with filamentous phages.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a worldwide disease of small ruminants caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to survive and multiply in certain white blood cells of the host. In this study, 33 strains of C. pseudotuberculosis were isolated from sheep and goats suffering from CLA on nine farms in the Czech Republic. All these strains were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility, ability to form a biofilm and resistance to the effects of commonly used disinfectant agents. To better understand the virulence of C. pseudotuberculosis, the genomes of strains were sequenced and comparative genomic analysis was performed with another 123 genomes of the same species, including ovis and equi biovars, downloaded from the NCBI. The genetic determinants for the virulence factors responsible for adherence and virulence factors specialized for iron uptake and exotoxin phospholipase D were revealed in every analyzed genome. Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes were compared, revealing the presence of genetic determinants encoding exo-α-sialidase (GH33) and the CP40 protein in most of the analyzed genomes. Thirty-three Czech strains of C. pseudotuberculosis were identified as the biovar ovis on the basis of comparative genome analysis. All the compared genomes of the biovar ovis strains were highly similar regardless of their country of origin or host, reflecting their clonal behavior.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to every antibiotic currently approved for the treatment of gonorrhea, prompting the development of new therapies. The phenoxazine dye resazurin exhibits robust antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae in vitro but fails to limit vaginal colonization by N. gonorrhoeae in a mouse model. The lack of in vivo efficacy may be due to oxygen limitation as in vitro susceptibility assays with resazurin are conducted under atmospheric oxygen while a microaerophilic environment is present in the vagina. Here, we utilized broth microdilution assays to determine the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to resazurin under low and atmospheric oxygen conditions. The minimal inhibitory concentration of resazurin for multiple N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates was significantly higher under low oxygen. This effect was specific to resazurin as N. gonorrhoeae was equally susceptible to other antibiotics under low and atmospheric oxygen conditions. The reduced susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to resazurin under low oxygen was largely attributed to reduced oxidative stress, as the addition of antioxidants under atmospheric oxygen mimicked the reduced susceptibility to resazurin observed under low oxygen. Together, these data suggest oxygen concentration is an important factor to consider when evaluating the efficacy of new antibiotics against N. gonorrhoeae in vitro.

Probiotics are the most promising alternative to antibiotics for improving animal production and controlling pathogenic infections, while strains derived from natural hosts are considered highly desirable due to their good adaptation to the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to screen Lactobacillus with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity from broilers fed an antibiotic-free diet and evaluate their potential as poultry probiotics. A total of 44 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from the intestines of healthy broilers, among which 3 strains exhibited outstanding antimicrobial activity and were subsequently identified through 16S rRNA sequencing as Enterococcus faecium L8, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L10, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri H11. These three isolates demonstrated potent bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella cholerae, with inhibition zones ranging from 15.67 ± 1.53 to 21.33 ± 0.58 mm. The selected LAB strains exhibited high tolerance to acid and bile salts, with L. reuteri H11 displaying the highest survival rate (ranging from 34.68% to 110.28%) after exposure to 0.3% (w/v) bile salts for 6 h or a low pH environment (pH 2, 2.5, and 3) for 3 h. Notably, L. reuteri H11 outperformed other strains in terms of hydrophobicity (84.31%), auto-aggregation (53.12%), and co−aggregation with E. coli ATCC 25922 (36.81%) and S. aureus ATCC 6538 (40.20%). In addition, the three LAB isolates were either fully or moderately susceptible to the tested antibiotics, except for strain L8, which resisted gentamycin and vancomycin. Consequently, these three LAB strains, especially L. reuteri H11, isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens, represent promising probiotic candidates that can be employed as feed additives to enhance production performance and control poultry pathogens.

Biofilms are clusters of microorganisms that form at various interfaces, including those between air and liquid or liquid and solid. Due to their roles in enhancing wastewater treatment processes, and their unfortunate propensity to cause persistent human infections through lowering antibiotic susceptibility, understanding and managing bacterial biofilms is of paramount importance. A pivotal stage in biofilm development is the initial bacterial attachment to these interfaces. However, the determinants of bacterial cell choice in colonizing an interface first and heterogeneity in bacterial adhesion remain elusive. Our research has unveiled variations in the buoyant density of free-swimming Staphylococcus aureus cells, irrespective of their growth phase. Cells with a low cell buoyant density, characterized by fewer cell contents, exhibited lower susceptibility to antibiotic treatments (100 μg/mL vancomycin) and favored biofilm formation at air–liquid interfaces. In contrast, cells with higher cell buoyant density, which have richer cell contents, were more vulnerable to antibiotics and predominantly formed biofilms on liquid–solid interfaces when contained upright. Cells with low cell buoyant density were not able to revert to a more antibiotic sensitive and high cell buoyant density phenotype. In essence, S. aureus cells with higher cell buoyant density may be more inclined to adhere to upright substrates.

Infectious keratitis is a significant global problem that can lead to corneal blindness and visual impairments. This study aimed to investigate the etiology of infectious bacterial and fungal keratitis, identify the causative pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and analyze the risk factors associated with the development of infectious keratitis. The study was observational and retrospective, involving 226 eyes from 223 patients presented at the Ophthalmology Clinic of the County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Romania. The inclusion criteria included corneal ulceration/abscess/infiltrate present on slit-lamp examination and positive microbiological sampling for bacteria or fungi. The study found that the most common causes of infectious keratitis were coagulase-negative staphylococci (35.40%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.06%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.16%). The Gram-positive bacteria showed high resistance rates to penicillin, moderate rates to gentamycin and clindamycin, and low resistance to chinolones. The Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, while third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, and carbapenems were effective. Systemic antibiotics, such as vancomycine, piperacillin–tazobactam, amikacin, and ceftazidime, show promise against keratitis with low resistance rates, whereas carbapenems and topical aminoglycosides had higher resistance, leaving moxifloxacin as a potential topical option for Gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, albeit with resistance concerns for Klebsiella spp. Although fungal keratitis was rare, Fusarium spp. and Candida albicans were the leading fungal pathogens, with incidences of 2.65% and 2.21%, respectively. Candida albicans was broadly susceptible to most antifungals, while Fusarium solani, Curvularia lunata, and Alternaria alternata exhibited resistance to many antifungals. Amphotericin B and caspofungin can be used as systemic antifungals in fungal keratitis. The study also identified risk factors for keratitis such as ocular trauma (65.92%, OR: 2.5), contact lens wear (11.94%, OR: 1.8), and corneal scarring/leukoma (10.17%, OR: 1.6). Keratitis was more frequent in individuals over 60 years old. The findings of this study have implications for the development of effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for infectious keratitis.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health problems worldwide. This study aimed to detect the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-(ESBL-)producing Escherichia (E.) coli in chicken meat in Istanbul, Türkiye. Raw chicken meat samples (n = 208) were collected from different sale points and analyzed for ESBL-producing E. coli. In total, 101 (48.5%) isolates were confirmed as E. coli by PCR, of which 80/101 (79.2%) demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was most frequent (87.1%). Eighteen isolates (17.8%) demonstrated phenotypical ESBL resistance, as assessed by the double disc synergy test (DDST). Isolates were tested for the presence of β-lactamase genes and mobilized colistin-resistant genes. The blaTEM group was most frequently detected (97.02%), followed by blaCTX m (45.5%), blaSHV (9.9%), and blaOXA-2 (0.9%). However, mcr genes and blaNDM, blaKPC, blaVIM, and blaOXA-48 genes were not found in any isolate. E. coli strains were tested for biofilm formation in six different media [Nutrient broth, LB broth, Tryptone Soya broth (TSB), TSB containing 1% sucrose, TSB containing 0.6% yeast extract, and BHI]. Biofilm formation by E. coli isolates (44/101, 43.5%) was highest in TSB with 1% sucrose. It is worth noting that all biofilm-producing isolates were found to harbor the blaTEM-1 gene, which can indicate a high level of antibiotic resistance. This is the first report about ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry meat, the exposure of consumers in Istanbul metropolitan areas, and the ability of E. coli from this region to produce biofilms.

Foodborne illness can occur following the intake of food containing high number of viable bacteria and their toxins, although highly common and of public health concern, it is a very preventable occurrence. The research aimed at isolating and identifying the microorganisms that are present in ready to eat foods sold at the Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria and to study their antibiotics sensitivity patterns. A total of three (3) samples of ready to eat food (White Rice, Beans and Moin moin) were collected from three different canteens within the school premises. Standard methods were used for the total aerobic bacterial counts, coliform counts, Staphylococcus count and Salmonella-Shigella counts. Identification of isolates were performed using various biochemical tests and the antimicrobial sensitivity of bacterial isolates obtained from the food samples was also performed using disc diffusion assay. Beans sample has the highest total aerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus, Salmonella and Shigella counts of 26.67 ± 8.32 x 105 cfu/mL, 3.00 ± 1.00 x 105 cfu/mL and 4.67 ± 3.06 x 105 cfu/mL respectively and Moin moin sample has the highest total coliform count of 6.67 ± 4.93 x 105 cfu/mL. The bacteria isolated from the samples were identified as Enterococcus aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Salmonella enterica. Proteus vulgaris produced the highest zone of inhibition of 15.00 mm with ciprofloxacin while none of the isolates produced a zone of inhibition with rifampicin. It can be concluded from this study that some of the foods sold have considerable number of bacteria which can pose a health risk to the consumers.

Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a condition caused by aerobic bacteria, posing significant risks to women's health, particularly during pregnancy. Misdiagnosis and treatment challenges stem from widespread multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to diagnose aerobic vaginitis (AV) and assess antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the implicated bacteria in vaginitis among women attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital's Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Zaria, Nigeria. A total of 100 high vaginal swab (HVS) samples were collected and subjected to bacterial isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing using cultural and biochemical methods, and the agar disc diffusion method, respectively. Results indicated 23% positivity for AV, with the highest prevalence observed in the 41-50 age group (50.0%) and the lowest in the 21-30 age group (7.3%), revealing a significant association between age and AV (p0.05). Symptomatically, painful intercourse correlated with a 28.0% AV rate, while vaginal itching showed an 18.5% rate, though lacking a symptom-AV relationship (p>0.05). Notably, condom use during sexual intercourse exhibited a higher AV rate (63.6%) than non-users (18.0%). AV prevalence was notably higher among women with a history of miscarriage (62.5%) compared to those without (15.5%), showing a significant association between risk factors and AV (p

Background: Neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early detection and initiation of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy are crucial. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the antibiogram of the neonatal intensive care unit at Grey’s Hospital, a tertiary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. Method: This was a retrospective descriptive study, reviewing positive cultures from Grey’s Hospital tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa for a 3-year period (01 January 2017 to 31 December 2019). All positive cultures from all sites were included. Results: There were 1314 positive organisms cultured. Late-onset sepsis (89.3%) predominated over early-onset sepsis (10.7%). Blood was the source for 55.2% (725/1314) of positive cultures. Of the 1314 organisms cultured, 53.7% (706/1314) were Gram-positive, 45.7% (601/1314) were Gram-negative and 0.5% (7/1314) were Candida species. Klebsiella pneumoniae, 23.5% (313/1314) was the most frequent Gram-negative organism. It was noted to have high resistance to the unit’s first-line antibiotic regimens; 99% were resistant to ampicillin and 92% resistant to gentamicin. Conclusion: Blood cultures yielded most positive results with a predominance of Gram-positive organisms and late-onset sepsis. A significant proportion of the cultured organisms were resistant to the first-line antimicrobials utilised in the unit, ampicillin and gentamicin. Contribution: Ongoing surveillance on positive cultures is recommended to assess the effectiveness of the unit’s current empirical antimicrobial guideline.

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, serotype distribution, phenotypical antibiogram, and molecular resistance gene characteristics of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in Denmark from 2014 to 2022. Additionally, the potential impact of outdoor temperature and COVID-19 restrictions on the epidemiology of H. influenzae was assessed.Materials and methodsInvasive H. influenzae isolates were received from patients with positive culture results from cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or other sterile sites. Sample data were obtained from the Danish laboratory surveillance system/MiBa database, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on the isolates. The incidence rates and distribution of H. influenzae cases were analyzed, and antibiotic susceptibility were assessed.ResultsA total of 1,007 invasive H. influenzae cases were identified, with serotyping conducted for 752 (74.7%) isolates. The median incidence per year of H. influenzae was 2.0 cases per 100,000, with the highest incidence in 2014 and the lowest in 2020. The majority of H. influenzae isolates were non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi), while the most prominent serotypes were serotype f followed by serotype b. Bacteremia cases accounted for the majority (88.6%) of occurrences, although meningitis cases showed an increasing trend during the time period. The age group 85+ exhibited the highest incidence. The implementation of COVID-19 preventive interventions in 2020 resulted in a significant reduction in H. influenzae incidence, which returned to pre-COVID levels in 2021. A negative correlation was observed between monthly H. influenzae cases and outdoor temperature. An overall level of genetic beta-lactamase resistance of 26.3% was observed divided into 10.6% beta-lactamase-positive ampicillin-resistant (gBLPAR), 13.6% beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (gBLNAR) and 2.1% beta-lactamase-positive amoxicillin clavulanate-resistant (gBLPACR). Other non-beta-lactam resistance traits were detected in 7.6% of isolates (primarily aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes).ConclusionThe overall incidence of H. influenzae in Denmark returned to stable levels after the COVID-19 epidemic, with NTHi strains dominating. The COVID-19 preventive interventions led to a major reduction in incidence. A significant negative correlation between the incidence of H. influenzae and temperature was observed. The study revealed an overall genetic beta-lactam resistance rate of 26.3%, and the concordance between genotypic and phenotypic beta-lactam resistance was high (98.2%).

Cockroaches are very capable of mechanically transmitting harmful microorganisms, which is seen to be a severe hazard to the general public's health. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of cockroach bacterial contamination in various locations throughout Babylon. 300 cockroaches were caught from different wards of the hospital, restaurants, and houses. Using PBS buffer, the external surface of the cockroaches was washed to collect bacteria. Standard phenotypic methods were used to identify and classify bacteria. Afterward, the bacterial resistance to different antibiotics was investigated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. The 200 (66.6 %) American cockroaches including 56 (18.7 %) Blattella germanica and 44 (14.6 %) Blatta orientalis were identified. Noteworthy, 96.6 % of cockroaches were infected with different bacteria. Bacillus strains, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNs), and Escherichia coli were the most frequent among the isolated bacteria. On average, the highest antibiotic resistance was detected to cefotaxime, ampicillin, cephalothin, and kanamycin. On the other hand, the isolated bacteria showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and chloramphenicol. high antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from different wards of the hospital and the high potential of transmission of these bacteria by cockroaches is a serious warning for the health of society.

ABSTRACT Control of protein folding is a conserved function in all domains of life. The ubiquitous peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases) catalyze the cis/trans-isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds, often a rate-limiting step for protein folding. PPIases are involved in central processes in eucaryotes but their functions in bacteria are poorly understood. We applied a large-scale two-hybrid screen to identify novel targets of SlyD, a metallochaperone PPIase, from the model organism Escherichia coli, and the important gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. SlyD from both organisms interacts with metal-containing proteins including TCA cycle enzymes and with enzymes driving the biogenesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. In H. pylori, a ∆slyD mutant contains strongly diminished amounts of MisSU, its sole Fe-S biogenesis proteins as well as diminished activity of the Fe-S aconitase. E. coli and H. pylori ∆slyD mutants are less susceptible to ampicillin and gentamicin antibiotics and under microaerobic conditions to the ROS-producing molecule hypochlorite. In addition, the intracellular ATP content and proton motive force are reduced in the H. pylori ∆slyD mutant, and its gentamicin and hypochlorite susceptibility phenotypes are rescued upon restoration of MisSU expression. Measurement of malate and fumarate in the H. pylori ∆slyD mutant suggests that the two enzymes before and after fumarase in the TCA cycle are affected. We conclude that SlyD regulates the activity of TCA cycle enzymes by controlling the efficiency of their Fe-S cluster formation. This is the first report of the role of a bacterial PPIase in central metabolism and susceptibility to stress and antibiotics. IMPORTANCE Correct folding of proteins represents a crucial step for their functions. Among the chaperones that control protein folding, the ubiquitous PPIases catalyze the cis/trans-isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds. Only few protein targets of PPIases have been reported in bacteria. To fill this knowledge gap, we performed a large-scale two-hybrid screen to search for targets of the Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori SlyD PPIase-metallochaperone. SlyD from both organisms interacts with enzymes (i) containing metal cofactors, (ii) from the central metabolism tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and (iii) involved in the formation of the essential and ancestral Fe-S cluster cofactor. E. coli and H. pylori ∆slyD mutants present similar phenotypes of diminished susceptibility to antibiotics and to oxidative stress. In H. pylori, measurements of the intracellular ATP content, proton motive force, and activity of TCA cycle proteins suggest that SlyD regulates TCA cycle enzymes by controlling the formation of their indispensable Fe-S clusters.

The isolation and characterization of bacteria from the Arpa River water (Bilaspur, India) could give a better knowledge of their variety, distribution, and possible influence on antibiotic usage. Several species of bacteria were found and their potentiality against antibiotics was determined as a result of this research. Isolation entails collecting sample water and cultivating the microbial culture in a suitable medium. Bacteria were separated from microbial cultures and subjected to biochemical assays, antibiotic susceptibility tests, and microbial evaluation studies. The goal of the research is to determine the types of microorganisms found in the Arpa River as well as to expand our understanding of the river. The potential of microorganisms is assessed in this study. The antibacterial activity of isolated microorganisms was tested using five drugs. The bacterial colony exhibits a zone of inhibition against various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, ofloxacin, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin, but not against Cefixime & L.A. The antibacterial activity of five different oils and extracts from plants were determined using the well diffusion method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: In underdeveloped countries, open fractures are fairly prevalent. Open fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including a car accident, a fall from a great height, a gunshot, an attack, machine injuries, and others. Infection is a typical side effect of open fractures. The goal of our study was to describe the pattern of bacterial contamination, antibiotic susceptibility, and possible antibiotic resistance in open fractures that arrived at our institute within 6 hours after injury. Material and Methods: A one-year prospective study was undertaken on 200 patients with open fractures of the extremities admitted to the accident and emergency department of Tertiary Care Teaching Institute of India. The first swab is obtained at the primary wound assessment, followed by the second culture swab shortly after debridement, the third culture swab on the day of the first aseptic dressing, and the fourth culture swab if the infection persists or the asepsis score is greater than 20 for a period of four days. Reports on culture and sensitivity were collected in order to analyse the pattern of bacterial isolates and their sensitivity. Results: The majority of the patients in this study were men (83%). We discovered 144 (72%) open fractures in the lower limb, with the tibia being the most often fractured bone, with 76 (38%) occurrences with right sided predominance (58%). Out of 200 patients, 78 (39%) had Gustilo II open fractures, followed by type IIIA (33%). Pre-debridement swabs were collected from all 200 patients with open fractures of the extremities upon admission. 26 (13%) of the patients were determined to be culture positive. Conclusion: In the therapy of patients with open fractures of the extremities, cultures acquired during the first aseptic dressing are considerably more predictive than pre- and post-debridement cultures, and are important in developing an antibiotic policy. It is thus recommended that cultures acquired during the first aseptic dressing provide direction in the selection of antimicrobial therapy, which, when paired with complete wound debridement, will allow for early wound closure and fewer problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing microorganisms according to different criteria is useful when investigating sources of microbiological contamination in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to characterize 38 Acinetobacter baumannii complex strains isolated from a biopharmaceutical industry by 16S rRNA sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF/MS), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial susceptibility profile, biofilm formation, and sensibility to disinfectants. Thirty-three (86.9%) strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as A. seifertii / pitti / nosocomialis / lactucae , four (10.5%) as A. baumannii , and one (2.6%) as A. vivianii/courvalini. MALDI–TOF/MS did not identify one strain, and incorrectly identified 30/37 (81.1%) strains as A. baumannii. Strains were assigned to 12 different STs, of which nine were newly defined in this study (STs 2091–2099). Twenty-six (68.4%) strains showed resistance to amikacin and gentamicin. Thirty-three (86.8%) strains were classified as moderately or strongly adherent on polystyrene. Alcohol 70%/15 min and quaternary ammonium 0.08%/20 min were not able to eliminate the biofilm formed, but sodium hypochlorite 0.1%/15 min was efficient. In conclusion, improved methods are needed to improve the identification of Acinetobacter strains in pharmaceutical industries. This organism is of particular concern as it forms recalcitrant biofilms, leading to persistence in the manufacturing environment and increased risk of product contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out between 2016 and 2020 in Makour Hamou Public Hospital, Ain Defla district, North Centre of Algeria. The study aimed to characterise the antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance in bacteria isolated from 620 patients with purulent skin wounds. Out of the 428 bacterial isolates, 283 were Gram-positive (66.12 ± 4.48%) (P<0.001). A total number of 77 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained, among them 31.2 ± 9.3% (24/77) were methicillinresistant. The most frequent Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (30.34±7.4%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.52±7.10%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.45±6.70%). All Staphylococcus aureus isolates (77/77) were sensitive to clindamycin. Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to several antibiotics with high resistance rates to amoxicillin (38/44; 86.4 ± 10.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (30/44; 68.2 ± 13.8%), cefazolin (21/44; 47.7 ± 7.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (16/44; 36.4 ± 14.2%) (P<0.001). All Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to amikacin (145/145) and only one Gram-positive isolate (99.65 ± 0.69%) was resistant to vancomycin. Multidrug resistance was observed in 31.54% of isolates; it was significantly higher in Gram-negative compared to Gram-positive bacteria (62/145; 42.76 ± 8% and 73/283; 25.79 ± 5.10%, respectively) (P<0.001). Multidrug resistance rate was significantly correlated to patients’ age (P<0.001) but not according to years. These results showed the presence of different bacteria species from human wound infections. The resistance to one or multiple antibiotics were frequent. It is recommended to reduce irrational use of antibiotics and a more frequent use of antibiogram before any antibiotic prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of our work was to determine the bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from diabetic foot wounds. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from July 1 to December 31, 2020. During this period, all diabetic patients with wounds were sampled. The different samples were plated on appropriate media. The identification of the isolated bacterial strains as well as the study of their sensitivity to antibiotics was performed according to conventional methods. Results: A total of 689 diabetic patients were followed during this period, 58 (8.41%) had infected foot wounds. The average age was 53.6 years with a sex ratio (M/F) of 1.15. Bacteriological analyses allowed the isolation of 48 bacterial strains (10 different species) with a predominance of Staphylococcus aureus (35.42%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.84%), Escherichia coli (12.50%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (10.42%). We observed a predominance of Gram-negative bacilli (56.25%). The sensitivity tests performed on the identified bacteria showed that 100% of the enterobacteria strains were sensitive to ertapenem and imipenem, except for Proteus mirabilis. Four strains were tested for extended-spectrum betalactamase and none were producers. All Gram-positive cocci isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and resistant to penicillin G. Staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to erythromycin (82.35%), kanamycin (82.35%), and oxacillin (82.35%). Conclusion: These results show that diabetic foot wound infections are becoming more frequent. It is necessary to manage them with adequate antibiotic therapy based on an antibiogram to avoid the spread of multiresistant bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study; the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp from chicken meat samples sold in Kayseri province and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of the obtained isolates were aimed. For this purpose, a total of 100 chicken meat samples collected from chicken meat sales points were used as material. Preenrichment and membrane filtration methods were used for the isolation of Arcobacter spp. For the identification of the obtained Arcobacter spp, isolates were performed by means of phenotype tests and multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (m PCR). The disk diffusion test method was used to determine the susceptibility of Arcobacter spp. isolates to erythromycin, azithromycin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, streptomycin, neomycin antibiotics. For genotyping Arcobacter spp. Isolates were performed with Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR). In this study, 23 (23%) of 100 chicken meat samples collected as a result of the isolation process were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp. As a result of the molecular identification tests, 3 of 23 Arcobacter spp. isolates were identified as Arcobacter cryaerophilus and 20 isolates were as Arcobacter butzleri. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that 12 (52.17%) of Arcobacter spp isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 13 (56.52%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 20 (86.95%) to trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin, 8 (86.95%) to enrofloxacin, 2 (8.69%) to tetracycline, 5 (21.73%) to streptomycin, 16 (69.56% to azithromycin, and 21 (91.3%) to neomycin. In addition, it was determined that all isolates were susceptible to gentamicin. As a result, the presence of Arcobacter spp, which has been determined to be multi-antibiotic resistant, in widely consumed poultry meat, indicates that these agents, which cause gastro enteritis and extra intestinal diseases in humans, may pose a risk to public health. For this reason, it is thought that preventing contamination of poultry carcasses with the agent and training the food handlers pre venting diseases caused by poultry meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety is of increasing concern among consumers of meat especially with reference to food borne microbes. In Nigeria, the consumption and sales of meat products are increasing. The aim of this work was to determine the microbial loads cow meat obtained from different market sources and antibiotic resistance of the isolates. Cow meat samples were randomly collected from local markets in five (5) different LGA in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria and were subjected to microbial isolation and identification procedures using the serial dilution and pour plate methods and were identified using the colonial, microscopic, cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results obtained revealed that the predominant bacterial pathogen isolated was Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonas spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella flexneri. S. aureus and Salmonella spp were resistant to 80 % of all the antibiotics. C. jejuni, and S. flexneri showed resistance to 60% of the antibiotics while C. perfringes and P. aeruginosa showed resistance to 50 % of the antibiotics whereas, E.coli and Aeromonas spp. showed resistance of 40%. The lowest resistance of 30 % was recorded in Y. enterocolitica. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of the isolates recovered in the present study indicates multidrug resistance in nature. The result of the study showed contamination of cow meat probably due to poor sanitary environment and dirty places during slaughtering, transportation and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]