Search

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc. While there are various avenues for performance improvement in college American football (AF), there is no comprehensive evaluation of the collective array of resources around performance, physical conditioning, and injury and training/game characteristics to guide future research and inform practitioners. Accordingly, the aim of the present review was to provide a current examination of these areas in college AF. Recent studies show that there is a wide range of body compositions and strength characteristics between players, which appear to be influenced by playing position, level of play, training history/ programming, and time of season. Collectively, game demands may require a combination of upper-and lower-body strength and power production, rapid acceleration (positive and negative), change of direction, high running speed, high-intensity and repetitive collisions, and muscle-strength endurance. These may be affected by the timing of and between-plays and/or coaching style. AF players appear to possess limited nutrition and hydration practices, which may be disadvantageous to performance. AF injuries appear due to a multitude of factors-strength, movement quality, and previous injury-while there is also potential for extrinsic factors such as playing surface type, travel, time of season, playing position, and training load. Future proof-of-concept studies are required to determine the quantification of game demands with regard to game style, type of opposition, and key performance indicators. Moreover, more research is required to understand the efficacy of recovery and nutrition interventions. Finally, the assessment of the relationship between external/internal-load constructs and injury risk is warranted.

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc. Monitoring the load placed on athletes in both training and competition has become a very hot topic in sport science. Both scientists and coaches routinely monitor training loads using multidisciplinary approaches, and the pursuit of the best methodologies to capture and interpret data has produced an exponential increase in empirical and applied research. Indeed, the field has developed with such speed in recent years that it has given rise to industries aimed at developing new and novel paradigms to allow us to precisely quantify the internal and external loads placed on athletes and to help protect them from injury and ill health. In February 2016, a conference on "Monitoring Athlete Training Loads-The Hows and the Whys" was convened in Doha, Qatar, which brought together experts from around the world to share their applied research and contemporary practices in this rapidly growing field and also to investigate where it may branch to in the future. This consensus statement brings together the key findings and recommendations from this conference in a shared conceptual framework for use by coaches, sport-science and-medicine staff, and other related professionals who have an interest in monitoring athlete training loads and serves to provide an outline on what athlete-load monitoring is and how it is being applied in research and practice, why load monitoring is important and what the underlying rationale and prospective goals of monitoring are, and where athlete-load monitoring is heading in the future.

Our scoping review was the first ‘big picture’ review to identify the relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being. Data suggest that all forms of rugby union (contact, non-contact and wheelchair) can provide moderate to vigorous physical activity, and can contribute to non-sedentary time, both of which have a raft of associated health and well-being benefits.1 National population surveys also consider rugby union as an activity that can provide muscle-strengthening/balance improvement when accrued for period of over 10 minutes,2 and ‘ball sports’ are generally considered to improve muscle function, bone health and balance.3 ‘Non-contact’ and …

IntroductionThe dissemination of research, and evaluation of its impact is an increasing priority for the scientific community and funders. We take the topic of golf and health and aim to outline processes that may contribute to improved research uptake, use and impact proposing a research impact (RI) tool. We then evaluate our published research using the Research Contributions Framework (RCF).MethodsBuilding on existing research and frameworks we i) assessed the need for, ii) carried out and iii) published research, before iv) creating digital resources, v) sharing these resources widely and vi) evaluating our research.To evaluate uptake, use and impact of our three principal golf and health research outputs, we performed a contributions analysis, using the RCF first proposed by Morton.Results/DiscussionWe developed a specific six-step Research Impact tool. Having implemented this, research uptake and use included over 300 press articles, a dedicated website and social media channels. Golf’s global industry leadership dispersed information across >150 countries, embedded golf and health into curricula for industry professionals and used leading tournaments to promote health. National policy makers hosted dedicated meetings regarding golf and health and began to implement policy change.ConclusionTo date, strong uptake and use can be demonstrated for these studies, while a final contribution to impact requires further time to determine.Frameworks we used aiming to maximise impact (Research Impact tool) and evaluate its contribution to uptake, use and impact (Research Contribution Framework) could potentially add value to public health/sports medicine researchers.

Introduction: Since over 75% of sudden cardiac arrest events occur in the home where family members may be first responders, broad cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training for family members of high-risk cardiac patients represents a promising intervention. The use of mobile application-based (mApp) CPR training may facilitate this, but data on the approach are limited. Objectives: We compared CPR skill retention among those trained with an mApp and hypothesized that training with the mApp would be non-inferior to training with a well-established video self-instruction (VSI) kit. As a secondary analysis, we examined dissemination via the “multiplier rate” (i.e., those additionally trained by primary trainees) by intervention. Methods: We conducted a multicenter pragmatic, randomized control trial assessing non-inferiority of training family members of cardiac patients in CPR with an mApp (video, but no practice manikin) to training with an established VSI method (video and manikin). Subject’s CPR skills were tested 6-months post-training. We hypothesized that mApp training would be non-inferior to VSI training, with a non-inferiority margin set at 5 chest compressions (cc) per min. Results: From 01/2016-01/2018, 1446 subjects were enrolled at 8 hospitals with 685 trained with VSI, and 761 trained with the mApp. Of those, 541 were included in the skills analysis (275 VSI, 266 App). The mean age was 52±16 years and 69% were female. Mean cc rate was 85±34 per min; mean cc depth was 40±14 mm. When stratified by intervention arm, those trained with VSI had a mean rate of 86 per min (83, 90), compared to 88 per min (84, 92) with the mApp; those trained with VSI had a mean depth of 42 mm (41, 44), compared to 39 mm (38, 41) with the mApp. Findings were similar when accounting for loss to follow-up. We concluded non-inferiority of the mApp with a mean difference of 1 (-5, 7) cc per min for rate. Subjects trained with VSI shared with an additional 2±4 individuals compared to 1±2 (p Conclusion: In this large prospective trial of CPR skill retention, the mApp CPR training approach was non-inferior to VSI training for family members of cardiac patients. Future work may include evaluating additional means for adoption and dissemination of the mApp.

Background In federal response to the aging population of Vietnam-era Veterans, Congress directed the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to create a pilot program to identify and develop best practices for improving hospice care for this population. A first step in VA's response was to identify whether the end-of-life (EOL) care needs and outcomes of Vietnam-era Veterans differed from previous generations. Methods Using medical records and bereaved family surveys, we examined clinical characteristics, healthcare utilization, and EOL quality indicators for Vietnam-era Veterans who died in VA inpatient settings between fiscal year 2013-2017. Contemporaneous comparisons were made with World War II/Korean War-era Veterans. Results Compared to prior generations, higher percentages of Vietnam-era Veterans had mental health/substance use diagnoses and disability. Similar percentages of family members in both groups reported that overall EOL care was excellent; however, post-traumatic stress disorder management ratings by families of Vietnam-era Veterans were significantly lower. Conclusions Although current VA EOL practices are largely meeting the needs of Vietnam-era Veterans, greater focus on mental health comorbidity, including post-traumatic stress disorder, Agent Orange-related conditions, and ensuring access to quality EOL care in the community is warranted. Implications Policymakers and healthcare professionals should anticipate more physical and mental health comorbidities among Veterans at EOL as Vietnam-era Veterans continue to age. Findings are being used to inform the development of standardized EOL care protocols and training programs for non-VA healthcare providers that are tailored to the needs of this population.

© 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Purpose: Despite the perceived importance of sleep for American collegiate football (ACF) players, particularly given the schooling and athletic expectations for these players, descriptions of the duration and quality of sleep are limited. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between objective measures of sleep and training load across different phases of the ACF season. Methods: 23 ACF players’ (21.1 ± 1.2 years; 108.0 ± 20.0 kg). sleep/wake behaviour and daily external training load were assessed using wristwatch actigraphy and accelerometry (PlayerLoadTM [PL]), respectively, for a minimum of 3 nights/days in each phase (Off-season, Camp [Pre-season], In-Season and School). The relationships between each sleep metric and both season phase and external training load were assessed using linear mixed models. Results: Overall, total sleep time was very likely shorter in Camp (−41 ± 13 min, effect size [ES 0.68 ± 0.36[), almost certainly shorter In-Season (−56 ± 14 min, ES 0.93 ± 0.39) and likely shorter in School (−28 ± 15 min, ES 0.46 ± 0.42) compared to the Off-season phase. There was almost certainly a difference in sleep latency during the school phase (ES = 4.67 ± 2.03). Conclusion: These data suggest sleep time is reduced during periods of intensified training in ACF players. Of further concern are the demands placed upon student-athletes during the School phase, where aspects of sleep can be compromised.

Objectives Hearing and visual sensory loss is prevalent among older adults and may impact the quality of healthcare they receive. Few studies have examined sensory loss and end-of-life (EOL) care quality. Our aim was to describe hearing and vision loss and their associations with the quality of EOL care and family perception of care in the last 30 days of life among a national sample of veteran decedents. Design Retrospective medical record review and Bereaved Family Survey (BFS). Setting Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers (N = 145). Participants Medical record review of all veterans who died in an inpatient VA Medical Center between October 2012 and September 2017 (N = 96 424). Survey results included 42 428 individuals. Measurements Three indicators of high-quality EOL care were measured: palliative consultation in the last 90 days of life, death in a non-acute setting, and contact with a chaplain. The BFS reflects a global evaluation of quality of EOL care; pain and posttraumatic stress disorder management; and three subscales characterizing perceptions regarding communication, emotional and spiritual support, and information about death benefits in the last month of life. Results In adjusted models, EOL care quality indicators and BFS outcomes for veterans with hearing loss were similar to those for veterans without hearing loss; however, we noted slightly lower scores for pain management and less satisfaction with communication. Veterans with vision loss were less likely to have received a palliative care consult or contact with a chaplain than those without vision loss. Although BFS respondents for veterans with vision loss were less likely than respondents for veterans without vision loss to report excellent overall care and satisfaction with emotional support, other outcomes did not differ. Conclusion In general, the VA is meeting the EOL care needs of veterans with hearing and vision loss through palliative care practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:817-825, 2020.

There you are, spending hours, days, months maybe even years on your research. You go ahead and publish it and alas! Those stress-filled seasons turn into a meagre 10 downloads. ‘ No one gets how important this is!’ you cry. Let us at the B ritish Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM), prepare cushions around you and break it to you: it’s not them, it’s you! You expected a dopamine reward kick, but you have missed out because you’ve only done two-thirds of the work—the research part and the publish part. That last part is communicating your work. Why? Well, for you. It’s part of your personal growth- the more people your work reaches, the better engagement you’ll have1 2 and the better the discourse around your topic will be! We believe it’s your professional duty to get the word out in a way that works for your audience. And it’s not only us. Funding agencies, academic institutions and …

This chapter examines the nature of network neutrality or net neutrality. This is a highly prized design feature of the network that all data packets shall be treated equally. It was the nature of the early network that this design feature was protected and established by visionaries such as Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. Tim Berners-Lee the creator of the World Wide Web has written at length as to how net neutrality allowed him to create the web without asking permission from anyone. However, modern network design challenges this ‘first amendment of the internet’ and recent developments, in particular in the United States, have led to debate on whether net neutrality should be legally enshrined.

This chapter examines the rights of data subjects under GDPR and the role of the state in supervising data controllers. It examines data subject rights, including the subject access right and the right to correct and manage personal data. It deals with the development of the so-called Right to be Forgotten and the Mario Costeja González case. It examines the current supervisory regime, including the role of the Information Commissioner’s Office and the enforcement rights of data subjects. Key cases, including Durant v The Financial Services Authority, Edem v IC & Financial Services Authority, Dawson-Damer v Taylor Wessing, and Ittihadieh v 5–11 Cheyne Gardens are discussed, and the chapter concludes by examining the enhanced enforcement rights awarded to the Information Commissioner’s Office by the General Data Protection Regulation in 2018.

This chapter examines defamation cases arising from traditional media sites and user-generated media entries. It first provides an overview of the tort of defamation, and the issue of who is responsible and potentially liable for an online defamatory statement. It then looks at the Defamation Act 2013, considering when defences may be raised to a claim in defamation, and how online publication and republication may result in defamation. Four cases are analysed: Dow Jones v Gutnick, Loutchansky v Times Newspapers, King v Lewis, and Jameel v Dow Jones. The chapter explores intermediary liability, particularly the liability of UK internet service providers, by citing recent decisions on intermediary liability such as Tamiz v Google, Delfi v Estonia, and MTE v Hungary, as well as specific intermediary defences found in the Defamation Act 2013. The chapter concludes by discussing key social media cases such as McAlpine v Bercow and Monroe v Hopkins.

This chapter examines antisocial conduct in social media platforms (SMPs), such as Facebook and Twitter, and how it has spawned cases of defamation, blasphemy, and incitement to violence. It first considers how social networking breeds gossip and speculation leading to invasion of privacy, citing the Ryan Giggs case in 2011 and its legal implications of postings on SMPs. After discussing the Neuberger report and the joint committee on privacy and injunctions, the chapter looks at use of SMPs to make criminal threats and organize criminal activity, focusing on the Paul Chambers case and the Facebook riot cases in England. It then analyses cyberbullying, trolling, and harassment on SMPs, concluding with an assessment of the controversial movie that appeared on YouTube entitled ‘Innocence of Muslims’.

This chapter examines database right, a sui generis form of intellectual property protection, the roots of which are to be found in copyright law. It first compares copyright and database rights before turning to cases in which the UK’s Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 was applied to listings of information in the form of a simple database. The chapter then considers the European Union’s Database Directive and analyses the Fixtures Marketing, British Horseracing Board Ltd v William Hill, and Football Dataco v Yahoo! cases. Finally, it looks at databases, along with the intellectual property issues that they generate, within the framework of the information society.

This chapter examines whether the actions of individuals in the digital environment could be regulated. It first considers John Perry Barlow’s 1996 publication of his Declaration of Independence for Cyberspace, in which he asserts that cyberspace was a separate sovereign space where real-world laws and real-world governments were of little or no effect. Barlow’s forceful challenge to lawmakers and law enforcement bodies gave rise to a school of thought known as cyberlibertarianism. The chapter compares cyberlibertarianism with another school of thought called cyberpaternalism, which rejected the notion that cyberspace was immune from regulatory intervention by real-world regulators. It also explains Lawrence Lessig’s modalities of internet regulation, network communitarianism, private regulators of cyberspace, and states’ supranational regulation of cyberspace. The chapter goes on to examine contemporary theories of internet governance and regulation including libertarian paternalism, platform and intermediary regulation, and algorithmic regulation.

This chapter analyses cases of copyright infringement in the online environment. It begins by analysing some early cases regarding file-sharing technologies, including A&M Records, Inc. v Napster, Inc., MGM Studios, Inc. v Grokster, Ltd, and Sweden v Neij et al. (the Pirate Bay case). It assesses new techniques for fighting illegal file-sharing, such as blocking access to websites offering file-sharing technology or indexes with a focus on the operation of s. 97A website blocking orders. It examines the recent Supreme Court decision in Cartier International v British Sky Broadcasting which will have substantial implications for costs in these orders. Finally, it describes the slightly controversial process known as speculative invoicing.

This chapter examines cybercrimes, cyberattacks such as denial-of-service attacks, and law enforcement in the information society. It looks at advance fee fraud, internationally known as ‘419 Fraud’ with reference to Nigeria; as well as the ‘Russian Scam’ that targets the users of online dating sites. It also examines other criminal activities common on the internet, such as privacy attacks, including phishing which illegally appropriates personal data; harassment; cyberstalking; and grooming, and also considers identity theft and identity fraud, as well as cyberterrorism. The chapter presents case studies dealing with cybercrimes, and, finally, it discusses the efforts of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime to harmonize international cybercrime laws.

This chapter examines the purpose and impacts of state surveillance in the digital environment. It considers the effects of the revelations brought to light by Edward Snowden and outlines the current legal framework for the interception of communications in the UK. The programmes of state surveillance, including by the NSA, GCHQ, and Prism are outlined. The retention and use of personal digital data is also discussed and its relation to the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 examined in detail. The chapter discusses the challenges to data interception in Liberty and Privacy International v GCHQ and against data retention in Tele2 Sverige.

The question ‘what can we control?’ underpins both the information society and the knowledge economy, and represents the maturity of information technology. Most importantly, it signals a transition from a world that saw economic value in terms of atoms to a world which values information in bits. This chapter examines this transition and the role of bits in the information society. It first provides an overview of bits and their place in the digitization process. The chapter then looks at the advent of digital music and other digital goods such as digital video and electronic books. It also considers the shift from rivalrous goods to nonrivalrous goods before concluding with a discussion of the legal challenge of the information society.

This chapter examines how consumers are protected when they go online. It examines the extensive protections offered by the Consumer Rights Directive to distance agreements (including online agreements). The rules on jurisdiction, choice of law, and enforcement are examined alongside what rights the consumer has to receive information and to cancel contracts agreed at a distance. In addition, this chapter examines the suite of rights created by the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and, in particular, the new provisions therein which digital content (including software, apps, and in-game content among others). The chapter continues with a discussion of the regulation of unsolicited commercial communications or spam, including a discussion of the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications, GDPr, and the proposed ePrivacy Regulation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the proposed online sales and Digital Content Directives.

This chapter examines cyber-speech and its implications for free expression. It first provides an overview of the technologies involved, from simple systems such as web pages and internet forums to social media platforms (SMPs) such as blogs, social media platforms, and media-sharing sites. The chapter then highlights the social implications of the shift in power from centralized media organizations to decentralized ‘citizen journalism’. It also considers the responsibilities that citizens owe to each other in this environment and how regulators may balance freedom of expression with social responsibility. To determine whose values predominate when regulating a global media tool which does not recognize traditional borders, the chapter presents three particular case studies: political speech, hate speech, and commercial speech.

This new chapter examines the sometimes fraught relationship between authors, publishers and distributors, and fans. While copyright law protects authors and creators, and while publishers and distributors benefit from either assigned copyright or specific copyright protection of distribution and transmission of content, fans are sometimes ‘shut out’. A flourishing online community of fan creators who produce written fanfiction, remixed music, and fan videos sometimes feel copyright law is designed to keep them at a distance from the creators and characters they love. This chapter examines where the balance should be drawn between copyright protection for original content and the interests of fans and other users in creating non-commercial derivative works. It concludes with a short discussion of computer-generated works as a form of original creation.

This chapter examines computer misuse, a collective term for a number of criminal offences committed by means of a computer, often through access to the internet, including computer hacking (unauthorized access), denial-of-service attacks, and the creation and distribution of computer viruses and other malware. It first discusses hacking, focusing on employee hackers and external hackers, and then looks at the political debate surrounding the UK’s Computer Misuse Act 1990, and extradition centred on the cases of hackers Gary McKinnon and Laurie Love. The chapter also considers ‘digital criminal damage’ associated with the creation and distribution of computer viruses, along with cases of web defacement and mail-bombing.

This chapter examines how data flows are managed by the General Data Protection Regulation. Strict rules of equivalency manage transfers for non-EEA states and recent challenges to agreed data equivalency rulings, in particular, in the case of Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner decision have proven challenging for regulators. This chapter will examine these challenges and what GDPR says is permissible and what is not in relation to transfers to third countries. In addition to the Schrems decision, the chapter also examines the more recent Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v European Commission and Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems cases.

This chapter examines brand identities, search engines, and secondary markets and their operation in the information society. It considers jurisdiction and online trademark disputes, as well as search engine optimization and the role of Google and the impact of its search engine services on brand profile and market presence. The chapter goes on to examine secondary markets and the liability of sellers of counterfeit products for the abuse of trademarks. The chapter concludes with a summary of the changing nature of online branding and the diminishing impact of domain names to cement brand identity, as well as the growing influence of developments to web browser functionality on consumer behaviour.

This chapter, which examines pornography and obscenity on the internet, first provides an overview of the UK common law standard known as the Hicklin principle and the Obscene Publications Acts. It then discusses the UK standard and US statutory interventions on pornography, the impact of the case ACLU v Reno on the regulation of sexually explicit content on the internet, pseudo-images, and images depicting child abuse as the most extreme form of pornographic image, and the policing of pseudo-images in the UK and internationally. The chapter also considers the law on non-photographic pornographic images of children, along with private regulation of pornographic imagery and the new Age-verification code for adult websites.

This chapter examines whether software should be protected by patent law or by the law of copyright, or through a sui generis form of protection. It first provides a historical background on software and copyright protection, before discussing the scope of software copyright protection and copyright infringement. The chapter then looks at several forms of copyright infringement such as offline, online, and employee piracy, and also explains the look and feel infringement by citing three cases: Navitaire v easyJet, Nova Productions v Mazooma Games, and SAS Institute v World Programming Ltd. In addition, it considers permissible acts under the UK’s Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 without infringing the rights of the copyright holder, including software licences, end-user licence agreements (EULAs),. Finally, the chapter analyses cases relating to patent protection for computer software, including software patents under the European Patent Convention and the decision in Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan.

This chapter examines data protection, digitization of data, its implications for personal privacy, and the regulation of data industries. It begins by discussing the current law found in the General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Act 2018. It examines the key concepts of data controllers, data processors, and data subjects, and discusses the conditions for the processing of personal data. This includes an examination of key cases such as Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner and Bodil Lindqvist. It looks at the geographical scope of the GDPR and the extraterritorial effect of the Regulation, and examines the domestic purposes exemption after Ryneš.

This chapter traces the history of the internet, sometimes called the network of networks. It first looks at the origins of computer networks, beginning with the introduction of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network or ARPANET, followed by the ALOHANET and the SATNET. The chapter then outlines the development of the internet that began when Bob Kahn built an Internetwork Protocol and also explains how the modern internet functions, along with net neutrality. Finally, it considers the third network layer, the applications layer where higher-level protocols such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol make it possible to carry out operations such as web surfing.

This chapter examines online payment methods, including the use of tokens, in electronic commerce. It first provides an overview of token payments before looking at alternative electronic payment systems including debt substitution, payment by credit cards, and fund transfer. The chapter reviews the failure of the European Commission’s Electronic Money Directive 2000 and examines whether the current law, found in the 2009 Electronic Money Directive, is likely to provide a better legal environment for electronic money to flourish. It spends considerable time looking at the development of cryptocurrencies, including bitcoin and how blockchain is used to establish trust in cryptocurrency transactions, before concluding with an analysis of the law in relation to cryptocurrency.

Illnesses can impair sports participation and performance in athletics training or competition (including major championships).1 Travel, jet lag, changes in climatic/environmental conditions and changes in food habits, in addition to the competition per se, could predispose athletes to illness in major championships context.2–4 During international athletics championships, an incidence of illnesses between 20 and 68 per 1000 registered athletes have been reported.2 3 5 6 However, extended and deeper epidemiological analyses are needed to develop effective illness prevention strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the occurrence and characteristics of illnesses at international athletics championships with regards to sex (male and female athletes), disciplines (explosive and endurance) and championships type (indoor and outdoor). In major athletics championships between 2009 …

Patients presenting to intensive care units (ICUs) report high rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). Globally, Indigenous populations report higher rates of renal disease than their non-Indigenous counterparts.This study reports the prevalence, presenting features, and outcomes of Indigenous ICU admissions with AKI (who require RRT) within an Australian ICU setting and compares these with those of Indigenous patients without AKI.A retrospective database review examined all Indigenous patients older than 18 years admitted to a regional Australian ICU between June 2013 and June 2016, excluding patients with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. We report patient demography, presenting clinical and physiological characteristics, ICU length of stay, hospital outcome, and renal requirements at three months after discharge, on Indigenous patients with AKI requiring RRT.AKI requiring RRT was identified in 15.9% of ICU Indigenous patients. On univariate analysis, it was found that these patients were older and had a higher body mass index, lower urine output, and higher levels of creatinine and urea upon presentation than patients who did not have AKI. Patients with AKI reported longer ICU stays and a higher mortality rate (30%, p 0.05), and 10% of these required ongoing RRT at 3 months. Multivariate analysis found significant associations with AKI were only found for presenting urine outputs, urea and creatinine levels.This study reports higher rates of AKI requiring RRT for Indigenous adults than non-Indigenous adults, as has been previously published. Benefits arising from this study are as follows: these reported findings may initiate early targeted clinical management and can assist managing expectations, as some patients may require ongoing RRT after discharge.

© 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This study investigated the effect of home advantage (HA) in NCAA Division I football, and assessed factors related to why HA may exist. Game location (home/away), points differential between team scores, distances between team stadiums (short [1332 km]), crowd number, differences in team penalty counts (penalty differential), penalty yardage differential and time zone change (Eastward or Westward direction of travel) data from two non-consecutive NCAA college football seasons (2013 and 2016; 719 games; 222 teams) were obtained. Matches played at home were associated with a ~5 point advantage (ES = 0.58 ± 0.18). Away teams traveling >484 km resulted in a moderate disadvantage (~5 to 7 points, ES = −0.61 to −0.77). When crossing time zones in a Westerly direction resulted in a ~7.5 point disadvantage (ES = −0.82 ± 0.31) for away teams. When playing at Home, larger crowds resulted in a ~6 point advantage (ES = 0.67 ± 0.36), whilst larger crowds were negatively associated with performance (~8 points; 2 points) for away teams (ES = −0.97 ± 0.27). These results suggest HA exists in NCAA Division I football, particularly evident with larger crowds. These results provide evidence that could aid logistical or periodisation strategies in preparation for games.

BackgroundPrevious research of spectators at professional golf tournaments has highlighted that obtaining exercise/physical activity (PA) can be a motivator to attend, and that spectators can engage in health-enhancing PA while at the event. We assessed whether attending a golf event and receiving an intervention improve knowledge and change attitudes related to physical activity, and self-reported physical activity 3 months later.MethodsFollow-up observational study. Spectators at a European Tour Golf event were given a leaflet about physical activity and health. Three months after that event, we emailed a questionnaire to all 326 spectators who had participated in the original study and provided us their contact details.Results135 spectators (41.4%) completed the questionnaire. Among responders, 68.0% ‘agreed/strongly agreed’ that their knowledge relating to PA had increased, 65.1% agreed/strongly agreed that receiving this information at the event made them consider increasing physical activity in daily life and 40.4% reported that they had increased their physical activity during the 3 months after the golf tournament.Principal findings/conclusionsGolf spectators may contemplate/prepare to increase PA in daily life while a smaller number self-report an increase in PA during the 3 months post intervention at a golf tournament. Spectators’ preferred method for receiving information about ‘active spectating’ is via a big screen. These findings are presented with caution, as respondents may not be representative of all golf spectators.

ObjectivesThere is no published data on the incidence or risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission when playing golf, a sport played outdoors where social distancing is possible. The purpose of this prospective study was to report incidence and transmission regarding SARS-CoV-2, of professional golfers competing on the PGA European Tour across 23 events in 11 countries.MethodsDaily symptom and temperature checks and weekly reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) screening were performed to determine potential carriage of SARS-CoV-2. Onset and type of symptomology were analysed. Gene expression and cycle thresholds (Cts) were reviewed for all positive cases. Repeat PCR testing was performed on all positive players. RT-PCR analysis included human housekeeping genes and various RNA genes specific for SARS-CoV-2.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 2900 RT-PCR tests performed on 195 professional golfers competing on the European Tour. Four players tested positive on-site during the study period (0.14% of tests; positive results were declared with Ct ConclusionGolf is an outdoor sport where social distancing is possible, meaning risks can be low if guidance is followed by participants. Risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be mitigated by highly accurate RT-PCR testing of participants and by setting up a safe bubble that includes testing players and support staff, as well as all persons coming into contact with them during the course of the tournament, for example, drivers and hotel staff. This report can also provide reassurance for participants and policy makers regarding community golf, which can be encouraged for the health benefits it provides, in a relatively low-risk environment, with minimal risk of transmission by observing sensible viral hygiene protocols.