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Tridax procumbens L., popularmente conhecida como erva de touro ou picão branco é amplamente utilizada pela população de diversos países, é uma espécie nativa da Caatinga e considerada uma erva daninha no Brasil. A espécie é utilizada popularmente para o tratamento de hipertensão, inflamações, depurativo e curativo de feridas. Vale enfatizar que T. procumbens apresenta similaridades taxonômicas com outras espécies tanto do gênero Tridax quanto de outros gêneros de Asteraceae, a exemplo espécies do gênero Bidens. Frente a isso, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar a caracterização anatômica e histoquímica de T. procumbens. No estudo realizado, foram utilizados métodos usuais em anatomia vegetal na preparação de lâminas semipermanentes contendo secções transversais da raiz, caule, pecíolo e lâmina foliar e paradérmicos da lâmina foliar de T. procumbens para análises em microscopia de luz. Também realizou-se testes histoquímicos utilizando reagentes específicos afim de localizar os metabólitos na lâmina foliar fresca através de secções transversais. Os principais caracteres úteis na identificação da espécie foram: presença de canais secretores desde o caule até à lâmina foliar da espécie; tricomas tectores que foram identificados em todos os órgãos vegetativos; assim como a observação dos estômatos anisocíticos, tetracíticos e anomocíticos na face adaxial e estômatos paraciticos, anisociticos e tetracíticos na face abaxial. O estudo histoquímico evidenciou a presença de compostos fenólicos, compostos lipofílicos e lignina nos tecidos vegetativos. Os resultados apresentados são fundamentais para o controle de qualidade da droga vegetal e padronização farmacobotânica da espécie estudada.

Objetivo. Proveer valores de referencia de medidas anatómicas de estructuras tendinosas y ligamentos metacarpales en burros criollos colombianos utilizando la ultrasonografía como herramienta de medición. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó la exploración ultrasonográfica de los tendones y ligamentos de la región metacarpiana palmar de ambos miembros en 15 burros clínicamente sanos. Las variables a medir fueron: área transversal (cm2), ancho latero medial (ALM) (cm) y espesor dorso palmar (EDP) (cm). Resultados. Se encontró que no existe diferencia en las medidas entre los dos miembros ni en función del sexo. Además se encontró que la estructura de mayor área en las zonas proximales (1A y 1B) fue el ligamento suspensorio (0.548 cm2), y en las distales (2A y 2B) el tendón flexor digital profundo (0.468 cm2). Conclusiones. Las medidas anatómicas de las estructuras tendinosas y de los ligamentos metacarpales palmares en burros criollos colombianos son similares a las encontradas en la literatura internacional. Se presentaron los valores de referencia para las medidas anatómicas (morfométricas) de tendones y ligamentos metacarpales palmares en burros criollos colombianos.

Introdução: A punção venosa central é um procedimento médico tradicionalmente realizado seguindo os marcadores anatômicos como referência para atingir o vaso, às cegas. No entanto, nem sempre o sucesso nessa técnica é alcançado, fato que se deve principalmente às variações anatômicas. A ultrassonografia point of care (US-POC) é utilizada para auxiliar a cateterização central por visualização direta do vaso, aumentando a segurança do procedimento. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência das variações anatômicas de vasos femorais através da utilização da US-POC por estudantes de medicina submetidos a curto período de treinamento. Materiais e Métodos: Cinco estudantes de medicina, sem experiência prévia em US-POC, foram submetidos a oito horas de treinamento teórico-prático. Foram avaliados os vasos femorais de cem voluntários. Resultados: A veia femoral direita foi encontrada mais frequentemente na posição medial (43%) em relação à artéria femoral direita. À esquerda, a posição posteromedial foi a mais observada (45%). Conclusão: A técnica tradicional de punção de acesso central se baseia em marcadores anatômicos e não leva em consideração as variações anatômicas existentes. Um treinamento de curto período para uso da US-POC é capaz de capacitar o profissional para reconhecer o posicionamento real dos vasos e evitar punções inadvertidas.

Copyright of Clinical Neuroscience / Ideggyógyászati Szemle is the property of LifeTime Media Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The following study consisted of an anatomical description of the bony segments of the splanchnocranium of older animals, focused on horses (Equus caballus) and cattle (Bos taurus). The skull constitutes the bony skeleton of the head, housing the brain and sense organs; thus, it gives structural support to the face and contains the initial sections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. It comprises a series of bones articulated with each other, allowing us to distinguish bone segments that limit the face (splanchnocranium). However, although the vast literature on their anatomy in these species is one of the contents in anatomy subject programs for students of the veterinary area, there are very few texts that generate a comparative differentiation in parallel to the time to study these structures. For this reason, we sought to create an article that allows a comparative start to be made to the head of larger animals, focused on cattle and horses, specifically at the level of the bones of the face or splanchnocranium. It was possible to distinguish a series of structural differences and dimensions between the bone segments of both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the joint between the mandibular condyles, the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone. TMJ has been described as a "bicondylar" joint, a term that in current literature is used in multiple and dissimilar contexts. We present a scoping review of the term "bicondylar" as a descriptive term for TMJ in the scientific literature of the last 5 years. After selection according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 24 articles were selected for further analysis. The countries with the most publications were Brazil, India and Turkey with 3 articles each. Seven articles (29.17 %) were published by Spanish-speaking authors, six of these written in Spanish. Regarding the use of the term "bicondylar", 50 % of the articles referred to this term but did not explain it; 25 % cited this term to refer to the location in the left and right mandibular condyles; and 25 % the articles use the term and explain it according to the morphology of the articular surfaces. Discrepancies were also detected regarding as to how to consider TMJ: 54.17 % considered that TMJ is a single joint between a single bone (the jaw) and two bones of the cranium, while 45.83 % considered that TMJ are actually two different TMJs that work at the same time. We suggest discussing the appropriate use of the term "bicondylar" to avoid confusion and to be able to adapt and satisfy the needs of both anatomists and clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Puma concolor is one of the largest carnivores present in Chile, although its size varies according to the geographical area in which it is found. It is increasingly common to find them outside their habitat and more in our environment. Its ecological, reproductive and nutritional aspects are known, but very little is known about its anatomy, which creates a challenge in the veterinary morphological area that needs strengthening. The present study consisted of an anatomical description of the appendicular skeleton of three adult specimens of Puma concolor (3 males) in the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidad San Sebastián, headquarters of Patagonia Puerto Montt, which allowed a detailed study of the conformation of the skeleton of each structure present in the thoracic appendicular skeleton of these specimens. This allowed us to achieve results of morphological interest and delve into the anatomy of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastination is an anatomical preparate preparation technique characterized by the replacement of tissue fluids with a reactive polymer. Although more challenging and economically costly than many anatomical methods, this method is desirable because of the fact that specimens created in this method are highly similar to the natural appearance of the intended objects, and they are durable and harmless end products for human health. Our main goal was to completely leave out formaldehyde and similar carcinogenic chemicals used in a method like plastination and to allow production of formaldehyde-free plastinates to be used in anatomy training and examinations in our country. To that end, we compared nose and tongue of 10 large ruminants by subjecting them to plastination, 5 of them with formaldehyde and 5 of them without formaldehyde, and aimed to leave formaldehyde out by taking into account the difference between them. Silicone plastination is the most commonly-used and best-known technique among the plastination techniques because specimens created using this technique look aesthetically impressive. Silicone plastination consists mainly of 5 phases. First of all, we obtained the anatomical situs we wanted and made specimens ready by dissecting some of them after fixation and some of them without fixation. Then, after the implementation of a dehydration phase in acetone baths at -25 °C, a forced impregnation phase was implemented by using a mixture of S10-S3 chemical under negative pressure. In the final phase, the curing and hardening phase, the plastination process was completed by giving the specimens their final shape with the use of the S6 solution. As a result, no significant difference was observed between silicone plastination with and without formaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical-emotional perceptions have proven connotations in training and professional future. To analyze the evidence on the measurement instruments to evaluate the physicalemotional perceptions in students of Anatomy in medicine. Systematic review in which observational studies from 2010 to 2020 were consulted in the Scopus, Ovid, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science and ProQuest databases, with validated search terms. The study selection process was synthesized in a flow chart. Data extraction and quality assessment were done by three independent reviewers using scales from the National Institutes of Health in the United States; The agreement between reviewers was assessed with the Fleiss kappa coefficient. 28 differentiated studies were included in validated measurement instruments (n 16) and studies that used other collection instruments (n 12). The most frequent types of validation were internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha and construct, factor analysis. There is an acceptable number of instruments that evaluate the subject, new studies are required that provide evidence of the rigor in the measurement processes with cross-cultural adaptation and of different types of instrument validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The pancreatic ducts and duodenal papillae present variable location and morphology. This variability must be known when performing endoscopic, surgical or radiological procedures that involve them; necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of bilio-digestive pathologies. The objective of the present study is to review the anatomy of these structures, record possible variations and carry a review of the literature. Material and method: A descriptive, observational anatomical study was carried out, in which 40 duodenum-pancreatic blocks were dissected from adult corpses of both sex preserved in formaldehyde. We recorded the frequency, location and morphology of both duodenal papillae, the prevalence of the main and accessory pancreatic ducts and the site of junction between the two ducts. These findings were compared with classic and recent literature. Results: The percentage relative frequency of the major and minor duodenal papillae was 100% and 87.5% respectively. The first was predominantly located at the second portion of the duodenum, in its middle third and in the posteromedial sector (82.5%); while the minor papilla was found in the upper third of the second duodenal portion, anteromedial sector (80%). The main and accessory pancreatic ducts were found in 97.5% and 87.5% of the cases, respectively. The junction of the pancreatic ducts was found in 54.3%. Conclusions: Classical anatomy prevailed in the studied structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several studies have shown beneficial effects of platelet-rich plasma. However, there are very few studies investigating the effectiveness of PRP in the neck region. We aimed to assess the efficacy of PRP injection for neck rejuvenation in females aged 40-55. Fifty-two female consecutive participants had PRP injected and roller applied in three sessions at 3-week intervals. Evaluations were blindly performed by comparing the improvements from the pre- to post-application assessments of anatomical measurements of the neck area based on before and after photography of the participants by two anatomists and three medical aesthetic doctors. The Fitzpatrick Skin Scale, Fitzpatrick Goldman Scale, Wrinkle Assessment Scale (Dedo classification system) and patient satisfaction scale were used for assessment. Additionally, skin stiffness and elasticity, cervicomental angle and jawline angle measurements were performed to analyze anatomical changes in the neck area. The study enrolled 52 volunteers with a mean age of 48.60±5.35 years, mean body weight of 63.21±8.43 kg and mean height of 163.25±4.56 cm. Significant differences were found in the elasticity, jawline angle, cervicomental angle, wrinkling, elasticity G and patient satisfaction scores before and after the treatment. When the results of anatomical parameters and scales are compared, it was revealed that PRP is effective in neck rejuvenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variations knowledge of the cerebral arterial circle (CAC) is relevant due to its influence on the development of ischemic encephalic disorders. Among these variations, when the external diameter of the posterior communicating artery exceeds the posterior cerebral artery caliber, we have a fetal conformation of this circle. The aim of this study was to describe the variations of the CAC in Chilean individuals and to know the type of arterial conformation. Thirty adult brains were used to measure lengths and caliber of the pre-communicating segments of the anterior (A1) and posterior (P1) cerebral arteries, and the anterior (ACoA) and posterior (PCoA) communicating arteries. The arterial conformation type was established, and the length and caliber of these vessels were compared according to the right or left side. It was observed that 76.6 % of the CACs presented aplasia and / or hypoplasia. Of its components, PCoA was hypoplasic in 53.3 %, appearing bilaterally in 40 % of the subjects. The comparison according to the side, indicated that the mean length of A1 and PCoA on the right side was slightly higher. In the case of caliber, the mean of A1, P1 and PCoA was higher on the left side. Regarding P1 and PcoA caliber, 33 % of the CACs presented unilateral fetal conformation. Regardless of the variability presented by the CAC, there is consensus that PCoA exhibits the greatest variability. The understanding of this variability requires an analysis of the embryonic aspects that can explain the fetal conformation of the CAC in the adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential prerequisite to perform any dental procedure is a clear understanding and knowledge of dental anatomy and its possible variations. The root canal system is characterized for a complex morphology, which varies among populations, i ndividuals in the same population and even in the same person. The aim of this study was to evaluate by CBCT the morphology, number, curvature, and length of roots of first and second maxillary premolars in a Mexican population. In this stud 1700 maxillary premolars were evaluated by CBCT scans of patients; the axial, sagittal and coronal sections were analyzed following the longitudinal axis of each tooth. As a result 51.60 % of the maxillary first premolars had a single root, 31.03 % had two roots, 16.29 % had root fusion, and 1.07 % had three roots. 22.3 % of the maxillary first premolars showed mesial curvature, 41.9 % had a distal curvature, and 35.7 % did not show any curvature; and the most prevalent configuration in maxillary first premolars was Type V. 88.9 % of the maxillary second premolars had a single root, 3.9 % had two roots, 6.9 % had root fusion, and 0.11 % had three roots; 37.59 % of the maxillary second premolars showed a mesial curvature and 62.40 % showed a distal curvature; and the most prevalent configuration in maxillary second premolars was Type I. The anatomy of the root canal system is extremely complex and has many anatomical configurations, these clinical situations must be considered previous to performing any endodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced all university teaching to be taught online, including the teaching of human anatomy. The objective of this work was to evaluate the students' perception regarding digital resources and active strategies used in the online version of the human anatomy subject. The sample consisted of 77 first-year dentistry students who were studying anatomy. For data collection, a self-application questionnaire and three focus groups with semi-structured questions were used. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and qualitative data using grounded theory. The qualitative analysis determined 6 relevant categories expressed by the students: possibility of working collaboratively, feedback spaces, type of information, use of the material, perception of the academic and the time factor. Regarding the quantitative analysis, the manual of Applied Anatomy for Dentistry Students was the best evaluated digital resource (p<0.005), which was statistically significant. It was followed by the Visible Body 3D atlas as the second best evaluated digital resource (p < 0.005). While the analysis of clinical cases and the making of drawings were the best evaluated active strategies, they were statistically significant (p<0.005). The most recommended digital resource by the students, was the manual (30.4 %) followed by the Visible Body 3D atlas (28.5 %). The most recommended active strategy was group labeling of manual models (37.5 %). Students positively perceive the virtualization of the subject, highlighting the role of the teacher through feedback and peer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Student Assessment Program showed that Brazilian students have significant reading, mathematics, and science deficits. Neuroscience has the nervous system as its object of study, and recent discoveries can impact the cognitive capacity of the population. The project "Neuroscience Pills for a Better Brain: Teaching Neuroanatomy and Learning/Memory in Divinópolis-MG" was developed to disseminate neurosciences to the community. The action proposed was developed by students in the health area of the Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste, in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The objective of the article was to report the experience of the project from 2016 to 2020. Schoolchildren, pre-university preparatory courses, university students, teachers, and the general population participated in theoretical and practical meetings, and they could discuss brain anatomy and function, focusing on memory and learning mechanisms. The impact of sleep quality, food, physical activity, stress reduction, and other topics was discussed in about seventy extension actions in schools, public squares, and academic events. Interdisciplinarity and interprofessionality guided the approach to the themes chosen in the actions. The dialogue with the community positively impacted academics and possibly promoted social transformation by empowering the population regarding healthy choices about the brain. The awareness of the social role of the educated citizen in the face the challenges of education in the country motivated the action and allowed the return of the public university to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. is an aromatic species popularly known as patchouli. The essential oil rich in patchoulol extracted from leaves is used by the pharmaceutical industries. The objective was to investigate the effects of shade nets and shading intensities on P. cablin growth, anatomy, chemical composition and essential oil content. The experiment was conducted with two types of shade nets (black and Aluminet), three light intensities (30, 50, and 70% shading) and full sun. The different light intensities influenced the growth and the essential oil yield, and chemical composition. Patchouli plants grown in an environment with shading showed higher values for the leaf, stem, root ant total dry weights compared to full sun. At 50% of shading, Aluminet provided gain in stem and total dry weights. Aluminet and black net at 50 and 70% of shading enhance essential oil yield. Patchoulol and pogostol contents were higher under full sun, and, black net and Aluminet at 50% shading. The environment for patchouli cultivation can be improved by use shade nets, especially with Aluminet at 50% of shading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O Canis lupus familiaris e o Cerdocyon thous são mamíferos da família Canidae. No entanto, quando se trata de preservação ambiental, o canídeo silvestre se destaca pelo seu papel como recrutador de plantas nativas e cultivadas. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever, de forma comparativa, o esqueleto do C. thous, levando em consideração a carência de informações sobre a osteologia desse animal, além da importância de tal conhecimento para instituir, quando necessário, o tratamento clínico e cirúrgico. Foram utilizados crânios de cachorros do mato submetidos ao processo de maceração, limpeza e clarificação. Ao término dessas etapas, efetuou-se a análise morfológica e morfométrica comparativa entre as peças preparadas e os crânios de cachorros domésticos oriundos do Setor de Anatomia Animal da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Durante a execução, foi encontrada uma série de achados no canídeo silvestre que divergiam do doméstico. Além da mensuração das 18 medidas lineares e o cálculo dos índices craniométricos. Embora não há classificação morfológica para o cachorro do mato, o índice cefálico e os outros índices avaliados nesse experimento demonstraram semelhanças entre ele e os cães domésticos classificados como mesaticefálicos. Na análise dos forames cranianos foi possível mensurar as distâncias entre esses detalhes anatômicos e os pontos palpáveis que são utilizados como orientação nos bloqueios anestésicos. Através dessa metodologia identificamos quais parâmetros utilizados para cães domésticos podem ser transcendidos para o canídeo silvestre e, a partir daí serem úteis para a área de anestesiologia veterinária.

Resumo Fundamento A fístula da artéria coronária (FAC) é uma conexão direta entre uma ou mais artérias coronárias e câmaras cardíacas ou um grande vaso; pode estar associada à cardiopatia congênita. Objetivo Estabelecer os padrões de trajetos de FAC a partir de dados ecocardiográficos e correlacioná-los com aspectos clínicos e cardiopatias congênitas. Métodos Um total de 7.183 prontuários médicos de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade com cardiopatia submetidas a ecodopplercardiograma colorido foram analisados utilizando o teste de correlação de Spearman para associar sinais, sintomas e cardiopatia à FAC, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Vinte e seis crianças (0,0036%) apresentaram FAC, nos seguintes trajetos: da artéria coronária direita para o ventrículo direito (26,92%), da artéria coronária esquerda para o ventrículo direito (23,08%), do ramo interventricular anterior para o ventrículo direito (23,08%), da artéria coronária direita para o átrio direito (11,54%), da artéria coronária esquerda para o tronco pulmonar (7,69%) e do ramo interventricular anterior para o tronco pulmonar (7,69%). Em 57,69% dos pacientes, houve uma correlação positiva entre sintomas e a FAC (p = 0,445), relacionada à dispneia ou cianose (53,84%). Em 96,15%, a cardiopatia congênita estava associada à FAC; principalmente, a comunicação interventricular e a comunicação interatrial, em 34,62% dos casos, correlacionaram-se positivamente com a FAC (p = 0,295). O trajeto da FAC foi representado em três dimensões pelo software de modelagem, texturização e animação Cinema 4D R19. Conclusão A FAC é uma entidade anatômica incomum que apresenta quadro clínico compatível com dispneia e cianose e está associada a cardiopatias congênitas, principalmente com a CIV ou a CIA. De acordo com as análises ecocardiográficas, as fístulas na ACD, na ACE ou no RIVA representam aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes, com trajeto prioritário para as câmaras cardíacas direitas.

Silica nanoparticles and calcium are necessary for improving plant yield and decreasing stem bending in gerbera flower (Gerbera Jamesonii L.). In order to determine the optimal concentrations of silica nanoparticles and calcium in gerberas (Gerbera Jamesonii L.), a factorial experiment in the form of completely randomized design with two factors was conducted. The first factor was the concentration of silica nanoparticles (Nanoparticle-SiO2) at four rates (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg L-1) and the second factor was the concentration of calcium chelate (Ca-Chelate) at four rates (0, 60, 120, and 240 mg L-1) which were applied as nutrient solutions. After harvest, characteristics such as stem bending, cellulose content, phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity in leaves, and stem histological characteristics were measured. Results indicated that the lowest stem bending (deviation angle of 8.78°) was observed with applying 20 mg L-1 Nanoparticle-SiO2 and 240 mg L-1 Ca-Chelate. Comparing with control, applying 80 mg L-1 Nanoparticle-SiO2 and 240 mg L-1 Ca-Chelate increased lignin and cellulose contents by 33 and 15%, respectively. The highest amount of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (2.87 units per mg of fresh leaf) was obtained by using 60 mg L-1 calcium chelate. According to nutrient concentrations, the change patterns of xylem and stem lignification were different, which is in line with the results of the physiological studies conducted on the effects of applying silica nanoparticle and calcium in nutrient solution. Under the epidermis, there was a hypodermis (sclerenchyma) which strengthens stem tissue. Silica nanoparticles and calcium chelate due to increasing phenylalanine ammonia-lyase content and its effect on the production cycles of cellulose and lignin and increasing stem sclerenchyma, led to stems strength and lignification, which eventually decreased stem bending. According to study results, applying 40 mg L-1 Nanoparticle-SiO2 and 60 mg L-1 Ca-Chelate in hydroponic nutrient solution is recommended for growing gerbera flowers.

Resumo: Hoje em dia, as mudanças sociais nos levam a acreditar que o grande desafio de uma universidade é formar um profissional da saúde com um perfil criativo frente aos muitos problemas do cotidiano. Esse profissional deve conhecer a tecnologia em vigência, dominar dinâmica de grupo, ser uma pessoa sem preconceitos e também ser capaz de lidar com o pluralismo social. Este artigo pretende apontar as inovações tecnológicas que podem ser utilizadas para tornar o aprendizado de Anatomia Humana mais interessante e contribuir para a qualidade do ensino da Anatomia. Também é importante provocar uma reflexão e uma reavaliação da prática educacional, proporcionando alternativas para introduzir a realidade social de um profissional de saúde no processo ensino-aprendizagem.

Aim: To investigate the prevalence and location of bifid mandibular canals (CMB) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: Three trained and calibrated dental radiologists individually evaluated 1254 CT scans using the I-Cat Vision software (Imaging Sciences International®) and classified them into four distinct types (Retromolar, Dental, Forward and Bucolingual). Frequency data, collected from an Access form (Microsoft® Office), were analyzed using the Fischer and Friedman test. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: CMBs were found in 276 cases (22%), with no gender predilection (P = 0.186). There was a statistically significant difference between the types (P = 0.001). Discussion: The recognition of a CMB is of great relevance when associated with anesthetic and surgical procedures in the posterior region of the mandible. Although many studies have shown that CMB is not commonly seen, a failure to identify it can result in damage to the lower alveolar nerve (NAI) or difficulty in obtaining anesthetic block. Conclusion: The most frequent type of CMB in both genders was retromolar (P = 0.001), representing 18.5%, and visualized with rates of 47.1% in women and 52.9% in men. The frequency of CMBs analyzed using the CBCT was significant in the population evaluated and presented in different configurations. Thus, its investigation should not be neglected in the face of surgical procedures that involve the posterior region of the mandible.

Introdução: O trígono cistepático (triângulo de Calot) é um espaço anatômico delimitado pelo ducto hepáti- co comum, o ducto cístico e a borda inferior do fígado. A importância desse marco anatômico é indiscutível para a realização da colecistectomia. Relato do caso: Foi realizada a dissecação da região abdominal de um cadáver do sexo masculino, seguido pela dissecação do pedículo hepático para individualização das estruturas estudadas. Observou-se que a junção hepatocística se deu a uma distância de 2,6 cm em relação ao hilo hepático, bem como a junção do ducto cístico se fez à direita do ducto hepático. Em relação às estruturas encontradas no trígono cistohepático, observou-se que o trígono era ocupado pela veia porta-hepática posteriormente e pela artéria cística e artéria hepática direita anteriormente. Comentários: Na cirurgia videolapa-roscópica é imprescindível o conhecimento detalhado da anatomia topográfica do abdômen, em específico, das vias biliares extra-hepáticas, bem como suas variações anatômicas para evitar complicações durante o procedimento cirúrgico.

Este estudo traz uma análise do uso complementar de metodologias alternativas no ensino de Anatomia Humana em uma universidade pública do Vale do São Francisco, uma vez que o processo de ensino-aprendizagem se aprimora constantemente para a melhoria da educação. A elaboração de novos métodos de ensino é uma estratégia para agregar e tornar mais prazerosas as aulas de uma disciplina e driblar os desafios da aula tradicional, como, neste caso, a dificuldade para a obtenção de cadáveres para dissecação. Dessa forma, discentes matriculados na disciplina Anatomia Humana Sistêmica oferecida em cursos da área de saúde de uma universidade brasileira (n=79) realizaram algumas aulas práticas de maneira tradicional (utilização de modelos plásticos e cadavéricos) e outras nas quais foram empregadas metodologias alternativas. Para cada conteúdo foi aplicada uma atividade, como: pintura corporal, tapete facial, jogo Imagem e Ação, modelagem com argila, livro de história, papercraft e pintura em papel. Cada aula ministrada foi avaliada quanto à obtenção de conhecimentos pelos estudantes por meio de pré e pós-testes e questionários específicos, e a satisfação discente de acordo com a metodologia utilizada foi mensurada através de questionário com escala do tipo Likert. Ficou evidente que as metodologias alternativas promoveram a aprendizagem em Anatomia Humana, propiciando melhor retenção do conhecimento adquirido, tendo sido bem aceitas por universitários dos cursos de ciências da saúde.

Para Venezuela el siglo XIX representó una época de reformas socio-económicas y políticas, complicadas en guerras y revoluciones. En esta circunstancia, el crecimiento de la actividad económica fue lento e inconstante. Los estándares de vida de la población apenas superaron el nivel de subsistencia, con un déficit persistente en el gasto educativo. En circunstancias adversas, la reforma en los estudios anatómicos en Venezuela durante el siglo XIX, se desarrolló en buena parte a la constante labor de un conjunto de perseverantes anatomistas venezolanos. Entre ellos destaca José María Vargas, reformador de los estudios médicos, quien escribió en 1838 Curso de Lecciones y demostraciones Anatómicas, el primer libro en esta materia impreso en Venezuela.

Introducción y objetivos: Polystichum en Argentina y Chile, comprende 11 especies originadas de los linajes: Sudamericano Austral y Andino. La taxonomía del género es conflictiva debido a la frecuente hibridación, asociada a patrones de especiación reticulada. El presente estudio tiene como objetivos: definir caracteres morfo-anatómicos que contribuyan a la diferenciación de los linajes y a la delimitación de nueve de los taxones que comprenden. M&M: Se realizaron mediciones exomorfológicas y análisis de la anatomía defrondes y rizomas de nueve especies de Polystichum (siete del clado Austral Sudamericano y dos del Andino), usando microscopía óptica. En las especies Australes Sudamericanas se estudiaron 13 caracteres cuantitativos empleando 77 especímenes de herbario, mediante análisis multivariados. Resultados: Los caracteres morfológicos que separan el clado Sudamericano Austral de Polystichum de las especies Andinas analizadas, son: los indusios, las espínulas foliares y el margen de las escamas de rizomas y pecíolos. La forma y división de la lámina, el número de pares de pinnas y la cantidad de ellas con soros, la longitud de las pinnas basales y características anatómicas como: pelos glandulares del indusio, banda circumendodermal y número de meristelas del pecíolo, son rasgos informativos a nivel específico del clado Sudamericano Austral. Conclusiones: Por primera vez, una combinación de atributos anatómicos, morfológicos y morfométricos han permitido separar de manera confiable los nueve Polystichum estudiados, demostrando su valor taxonómico.

En la primera parte de su obra, el autor da un panorama de la estructura microscópica de la madera y su terminología, en la segunda la técnica de trabajo y en la tercera, ordenada sistemáticamente, la anatomía de la madera chilena. Adjunta claves de identificación y notas sobre posibles usos.

El autor estudia la cauliflora, es decir, el desarrollo de flores a partir del tallo o ramas lignificados en algunas especies de Annonaceae de Sudamérica tropical. Se mencionan los diferentes tipos y se estudian e interpretan morfológicamente varios ejemplos de cauliflora. Su valor taxonómico se considera bastante pequeño.

El Hedychium coronarium Koen. es una planta muy interesante que tiene gran aplicación en la industria brasileña del papel y también en la preparación de almidón (araruta) utilizado para cocciones finas. Este trabajo contiene esencialmente una contribución al conocimiento de la anatomía del rizoma y de la estructura del almidón.

El autor presenta nuevas afirmaciones que completan las conclusiones de un artículo anterior.

Los Pleurobranchida son babosas marinas que agrupan alrededor de 100 especies distribuidas en los mares a nivel mundial, pero con una mayor diversidad en ambientes costeros tropicales y templados. En el Pacífico Oriental se han reportado 2 familias, 4 géneros y más de 10 especies de Pleurobranchida. La especie Berthellina ilisima Marcus & Marcus 1967 común en la Provincia del Pacifico Oriental Tropical se registra formalmente en aguas costeras de Tumbes, Perú. Se describe la anatomía de los sistemas digestivo, circulatorio, reproductor y nervioso de B. ilisima, el cual constituye la primera descripción de la anatomía interna de un Pleurobranchida para Perú.

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Pain in the talar region of the foot affects approximately one third of people over 65 years of age. Likewise, a large number of patients who consult for this condition reveal radiological findings of an abnormal growth of the hook-shaped calcaneus called a calcaneal spur (CS). The objective of the present study was to relate the prevalence and biometrics of CS in Chilean individuals according to sex and age. A descriptive-correlational radiological study was carried out where 400 lateral projection radiographs of the feet of 200 Chilean patients between 15 and 90 years of age were randomly reviewed. The analysis of the 200 people examined showed that 135 (67.5%) presented CS unilaterally or bilaterally. The presence of at least one CS is greater in the female sex 104 (52%) than in the male sex 31 (15.5%), however, this difference is not statistically significant p = 0.621. The average age of the people who presented CS is 60.43 years, much higher than those who do not present (43.51 years), this difference being statistically significant P = Sig. It can be concluded a prevalence of 67.5% of CS in the study population, higher in the female sex and directly related to age. This information will be of great morphological and medical value due to the little existing literature on this matter in Chilean individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cranial nerve injury is one of the neurologic complications following carotid endarterectomy. The hypoglossal nerve is one of the most frequently injured nerves during carotid endarterectomy. Guidelines suggest that proper anatomic knowledge is crucial to avoid cranial nerve injury. The aim of the present study is to provide landmarks for the localization of the hypoglossal nerve during carotid endarterectomy. 33 anterior cervical triangles of formalin-fixed adult cadavers were dissected. The “carotid axis” was defined and measured, the level of the carotid bifurcation within the carotid axis was registered. “High carotid bifurcation” was considered for those carotid bifurcation found in the upper 25 mm of the carotid axis. The distance between the hypoglossal nerve and the carotid bifurcation was measured (length 1). The relationship between the hypoglossal nerve and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle was registered. For caudal positions, the distance between hypoglossal nerve and posterior belly of the digastric muscle was determined (length 2). Carotid axis range 88.3 mm-155.4 mm, average 125.8 mm. Level of the carotid bifurcation within the carotid axis range 75.3 mm-126.5 mm, mean 102.5 mm. High carotid bifurcation was found in 19 cases (57 %). Length 1 ranged from 1.6 mm to 38.1, mean 17.5. Finally, in 29 specimens (87.8 %) the hypoglossal nerve was caudal to posterior belly of the digastric muscle, whereas in 4 cases (12.2 %) it was posterior. Length 2 ranged from 1 mm to 17.0 mm, mean 6.9 mm. Distances between the hypoglossal nerve and nearby structures were determined. These findings may aid the surgeon in identifying the hypoglossal nerve during carotid endarterectomy and thus prevent its injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tarsal tunnel (TT) is an osteofibrous tunnel that separates into proximal and distal tarsal tunnels. The most common nerve entrapment which involved tarsal tunnel was tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) which divided into proximal TTS and distal TTS because they had different compression areas and symptoms. We were interested in distal TT because this structure had limited studies. Therefore, we studied anatomical landmarks of locations and boundary of distal TT. We studied forty legs from fresh frozen cadavers and used two reference lines: Malleolar-calcaneal (MC) and navicular-calcaneal (NC) axes. The locations of the distal tarsal tunnel were defined by 10 located points and were recorded in X-coordinate and Y-coordinate. The lengths of boundary of the tarsal tunnel were measured from one point to the other. These results were reported as mean±SD. We found that the distal TT located deep to abductor hallucis (AbH) muscle. Medial wall of distal TT had two layers such as deep fascia of AbH muscle and deep thin layer. It showed the trapezoidal shape and was divided into two tunnels by the septum. The information of the location and boundary of the distal TT could improve knowledge and understanding of clinicians and anatomists. Additionally, this information could help surgeons improve their treatments, especially tarsal tunnel release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pudu (Pudu puda), belongs to the Artiodactyla order and the Cervidae family, corresponding to the second smallest deer in the world and is endemic to Chile and Argentina. They are herbivores that feed on young leaves and shoots of certain trees, shrubs, herbs, fruits, and flowers. The status of is species is classified as Vulnerable; therefore, its hunting and capture is prohibited, this because its population has decreased substantially due to the loss and fragmentation of native vegetation, forest fires, attacks by feral dogs and poaching. There is little scientific anatomical information available on this species, and even more so regarding its digestive morphology, which is why studies are required to provide specific information on this deer. Two adult female pudu specimens were used, which were donated by the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) of Talca, Maule Region, Chile. Among the results, we can indicate that the oral cavity, salivary glands and esophagus resemble other domestic ruminants; there are also similarities with the field deer, however, there are differences such as the shape and development of the parotid gland; the parotid duct passes ventral to the masseter muscle and opens into a papilla at the level of the upper third premolar; the mandibular gland is divided into three wolves; the sublingual gland only has a polystomatic portion, the dorsal buccal glands are smaller than the ventral buccal glands, the ventral buccal gland is elongated and compact and the presence of a rounded intermediate buccal gland is observed, it has 11 palatal ridges per side in the hard palate and also the incisive papilla is found surrounding the dental pulvino. This information is relevant and corresponds to a report on the specific knowledge of this species, which is endemic, vulnerable, and protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both through dissections in cadaveric material and through imaging methods, multiple anatomical variants have been described in the vascular system, the superior cava system being no exception. These congenital or acquired modifications may difficult the performance of endovascular procedures, such as the placement of central venous lines. For safe performance of such procedures, knowledge of these variants is essential. This study reports the case of an individual with Ebstein's disease surgically corrected by a tricuspid valve replacement and bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (Glenn procedure), who was admitted for placement of a long-term central venous device. Pre, intra and postoperative imaging studies allow mapping the patient's anatomy, planning and performing the surgical act as well as control of the devices placed during evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In carotid surgery, proper anatomical knowledge is essential to reduce surgical time and complications. The aim of the present study is to provide landmarks for the localization of the facial vein in respect of the carotid bifurcation and its anatomical characteristics. Materials and methods: 20 carotid triangles of formalin fixed adult cadavers were dissected. The following measurements were recorded. The "carotid axis" was defined and measured as the distance in cm following the longitudinal axis of the common and internal carotid artery from the clavicle to the upper edge of the posterior belly of the digastric (L1). Distance from the carotid bifurcation to the carotid axis (L2). Distance among the facial vein and the carotid axis (L3). Distance between the facial vein and the carotid bifurcation (L4). Also, we recorded the number of tributaries received by the facial vein and the exit site. Results: L1 mean 14 cm (range 9.6-15); L2 mean 10.1 cm (range 7.5-12.5); L3 average 8.6 cm (range 5-12.6). L4 Average1.3 cm (0.2-3.1). Discussion: In most of the cases studied, the facial vein was found below the carotid bifurcation, however the distance between the two was 1.3cm on average, so we can say that they are close to each other. Conclusion: The proximity between the facial vein and the carotid bifurcation found in the present study allows us to conclude that the facial vein is potentially useful as an anatomical landmark to locate the carotid bifurcation in carotid surgery. Also, due to its proximity, the facial vein can be injured and thus lead to complications during this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The menisci are two fibrocartilages intended to improve coaptation between the articular surfaces of the femorotibial knee joint. In an inconsistent manner, these are united, at the level of their anterior horns, by the transverse ligament. In magnetic resonance imaging, the insertion of the transverse ligament can give rise to a false image (pitfall) of a tear of the anterior horn of the menisci, by generating a high signal line between the ligament and the anterior horn. The objective of the present work is to determine the frequency of the transverse ligament in cadaveric material and in magnetic resonance imaging. Materials and method: 35 knees were dissected fromadult corpses fixated in formaldehyde, of both sexes, 18 right and 17 left, without ostensible osteoarticular pathology. 195 magnetic resonances of the knees of adult patients, performed since January 2019 until October 2020 at the Hospital de Clínicas were reviewed. In both cases the frequency of the transverse ligament was recorded. Results: Cadaveric study: the transverse ligament was found in 25 cases (71.4%). Imaging study: 2 magnetic resonances had exclusion criteria. The transverse ligament was found in 105 cases (54.4%). Conclusion: The transverse ligament was found in more than half of the individuals studied, regardless of the method. This is relevant considering the clinical and imaging importance of the ligament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]