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The rarity and biological heterogeneity of the peripheral T-cell lymphomas has made subtype- and biomarker-driven approaches challenging to realize and even more challenging to evaluate in clinical practice. Out of necessity, treatment of T-cell lymphomas has historically been derivative of other aggressive lymphomas, utilizing intensive combination chemotherapy programs in the upfront setting and non-overlapping cytotoxic regimens upon relapse. However, due to tremendous work in understanding the oncogenic basis of these varied diseases, an increasing exploration of rational, targeted therapies is underway. Still, clinical successes have at times lagged behind pathobiological realizations, and there is an evolving need for biologically based, subtype-specific strategies in the clinic. Herein we propose a framework for future success that relies upon optimizing standard therapy in populations known to benefit from combination chemotherapy, building upon CHOP (or CHOP-like) induction with the CHOP + X model, exploring the use of targeted platforms in the relapsed and refractory setting, and designing biomarker-informed clinical trials that target-specific subhistologies and unique molecular subsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer continues to be one of the main priorities in global health and public health, given that it remains the most frequent and deadly malignant neoplasm in women worldwide. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, whose pathogenesis and pathophysiology are not well known, but which is seen with increasing frequency due to the increase in cosmetic procedures. To date, there are limitations in terms of knowledge about the clinical behavior of the disease, which can manifest itself in many forms, with a variable evolution time and uncertain surgical outcomes in the medium- and long-term. Based on the above, the aim of this review is to summarize evidence on the clinical considerations and surgical outcomes of breast implant-associated cancer to facilitate the identication and management of this condition. A bibliographic search was performed in the search engines and databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, EBSCO and MEDLINE. Within the clinical and surgical considerations, the type of implant used (textured), the time of the implant history, the severity of the manifestations, and the staging, must be taken into account in order to determine the opportunity for surgical intervention and neoadjuvant therapy, and to try to guarantee survival and avoid recurrence. Patients who undergo complete capsulectomy with radiotherapy have better outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately one‐third children with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) relapse after completion of chemotherapy, particularly for those high‐risk patients. The introduction of novel therapeutic modalities is much needed for these sub‐group patients. Two groups (n = 3, n = 4) of ALCL patients were treated with crizotinib‐ and alectinib‐included ALCL‐99 therapy, respectively, achieving complete remission rates of 66.7% and 100%. Two patients of crizotinib group relapsed, while none relapsed among the alectinib‐treated patients. Adding alectinib instead of crizotinib sufficiently suppressed and maintained the deep NPM‐ALK molecular response. ALK inhibitors were well tolerated with only grade 1 adverse events in both groups. Though a relatively small case number, this study raised the possibility that alectinib‐included therapeutic regimens may benefit the early response, in‐depth molecular remission, and persistent remission to some extent. Further studies are warranted to validate our preliminary findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD30 can be expressed in a variety of lymphoma subtypes, among which classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) are the most common ones. Recently, Brentuximab vedotin, the antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD30, has been approved in the treatment of patients with refractory and relapsed CHL and ALCL, and has achieved significant curative effect. However, whether CD30-targeted therapy could benefit patients with other types of lymphoma remains largely unknown. Accurate evaluation of the expression level of CD30 may thus have important guiding significance for the clinical trials and individualized treatment of patients with those lymphomas. To date, CD30 detection is mainly via immunohistochemical staining, however, with no unified and standardized process and interpretation method. We herein described the current status on CD30 testing, and explored the procedures of immunohistochemical detection and interpretation of the results through multicentric studies. A consensus was finally reached, which was based on the combination of our research results, literature review, experts' experience, and internal discussion among the panel members, and might hopefully contribute to standardization of the immunohistochemical detection and interpretation of CD30 expression in lymphomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The number of cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries that use breast implants is increasing in Korea. Recently, it has been reported that breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is related to textured breast implants, and interest in classification according to the texture of breast implants is increasing. However, there is currently no clear and unified classification. In particular, the definition of "microtextured" is highly varied. In this study, we retrospectively investigated and analyzed the clinical outcomes of smooth and microtextured breast implants. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent breast augmentation surgery with smooth and microtextured silicone gel implants between January 2016 and July 2020 was performed. We retrospectively analyzed implant manufacturer, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, incision location, implant size, follow-up period, complications, and reoperation rate. Results A total of 266 patients underwent breast augmentation surgery, of which 181 used smooth silicone gel implants and 85 used microtextured silicone gel implants. Age, BMI, smoking status, implant size, and follow-up period were not significantly different between the two groups. Similarly, complications and reoperation rates were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion It is important to provide information regarding the clinical risks and benefits of breast implants to surgeons and patients through a clear and unified classification according to the texture of the breast implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that occurs in patients with at least one prior textured breast implant. BIA-ALCL has a relatively good prognosis when treated promptly. However, data on the methods and timing of the reconstruction process are lacking. Herein, we report the first case of BIA-ALCL in Republic of Korea in a patient who underwent breast reconstruction using implants and an acellular dermal matrix (ADM). A 47-year-old female patient was diagnosed with BIA-ALCL stage IIA (T4N0M0) and underwent bilateral breast augmentation using textured breast implants. She then underwent removal of both breast implants, total bilateral capsulectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. There was no evidence of recurrence at 28 months postoperatively; therefore, the patient wished to undergo breast reconstruction surgery. A smooth surface implant was used to consider the patient's desired breast volume and body mass index. The right breast was reconstructed with a smooth surface implant and an ADM in the prepectoral plane. Breast augmentation was performed on the left breast using a smooth surface implant. The patient was satisfied with the results and recovered fully with no complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokeratin and CD56 aberrant co-expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, NOS misinterpreted as metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma by FNAC DISCUSSION Aberrant expression of cytokeratins or CD56 is an infrequent phenomenon in lymphomas.[[4]] Moreover, co-expression of cytokeratin and CD56 is exceptionally rare and has, until now, been described in only 6 out of 11 cases of plasmablastic lymphomas[6] but not in the other mature B-cell lymphomas. Cytokeratin and CD56 co-expression, uncommon tumour cell morphology, low cellularity of the FNAC sample, as well as poor quality of some of the ICC staining, resulted in misdiagnosing DLBCL, NOS as metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Pathology is the property of Canadian Association of Pathologists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the case of a 34-year-old man with pretibial myxedema, a rare late manifestation of Graves disease. The patient presented with progressively enlarging subcutaneous nodules on his lower legs, and the diagnosis was confirmed through a punch biopsy, highlighting the dermatological implications of thyroid disorders.

We reported a rare case and experience of successfully treating primary anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) of the breast with no history of breast implants, using a combination of novel brentuximab vedotin and chemotherapy. A 78-year-old woman presented with a painless lump over the left breast. The computed tomography scan revealed a 2.6-cm tumor in the left upper quadrant of the breast, along with enlarged lymph nodes in the left axilla, exhibiting similar imaging features to breast carcinoma. The definitive diagnosis was based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry stains consistent with ALCL. The patient received brentuximab vedotin in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (CHP) chemotherapy, as well as involved site radiation therapy (ISRT). The following image showed almost complete remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a case study involving a 72-year-old woman with erythroderma initially diagnosed as atopic dermatitis who developed Sézary syndrome after treatment with dupilumab. The study emphasizes the importance of accurate pathological diagnosis, highlighting the necessity of skin biopsy before dupilumab therapy, particularly in patients with erythroderma and elderly individuals, to monitor potential development or worsening of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

This article discusses a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) with ATIC::ALK fusion in the leukemic phase, accompanied by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The patient, a 21-year-old man, had a history of ALK+ ALCL and had undergone multiple treatments. He presented with fever and exhibited leukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated levels of ferritin and soluble IL-2 receptor, meeting the diagnostic criteria for HLH. Further tests confirmed the presence of ALK rearrangement and ATIC::ALK fusion. The patient was treated and achieved complete remission. The article emphasizes the need for further research on the prognostic significance of ATIC::ALK in ALCL. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), a benign clonal T-cell disorder that is a precursor to hematological malignancy. LyP is characterized by self-healing and recurrent skin lesions and is associated with atypical CD30+ T cells. While LyP has an excellent prognosis, it is linked to a higher risk of hematological malignancy in adults, such as mycosis fungoides and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The article focuses on a multicentric retrospective cohort study of 100 pediatric patients with LyP, which found similar clinical and histological features to the adult population. However, the study also discovered a higher incidence of associated hematological malignancy in pediatric patients compared to the general population. The article concludes that LyP is a benign clonal T-cell disorder that serves as a harbinger of hematological malignancy. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of a 3-year-old boy diagnosed with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) limited to his chest wall skin, detected solely through ultrasound examination. Topics discussed include the challenges of precise ultrasound diagnostics in pediatric superficial lymphomas, highlighting unique imaging characteristics and diagnostic clues essential for accurate diagnosis and management.

This letter to the editor reports a case of breast implant-associated metaplastic malignancy in a 51-year-old Caucasian woman. The patient had undergone bilateral augmentation mammoplasty 19 years ago and presented with a lump in her right breast. Biopsies revealed squamous metaplasia and granulomatous mastitis with foreign body reaction. The patient underwent surgery, and histologic examination confirmed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Metastases were found in the sentinel lymph node and axillary lymph nodes. Breast implant-associated malignancies are rare, with anaplastic large cell lymphoma being the most common. Squamous cell carcinomas associated with breast implant capsules are extremely rare, and the accompanying ductal carcinoma in this case is unprecedented. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND:The phenomenon that malignant cells can acquire stemness under specific stimuli, encompassed under the concept of cancer cell plasticity, has been well-described in epithelial malignancies. To our knowledge, cancer cell plasticity has not yet been described in hematopoietic cancers. To illustrate and study cancer cell plasticity in hematopoietic cancers, we employed an in-vitro experimental model of ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL) that is based on the phenotypic and functional dichotomy of these cells, with cells responsive to a Sox2 reporter (i.e. RR cells) being significantly more stem-like than those unresponsive to the reporter (i.e. RU cells). METHODS:H2O2 was employed to trigger oxidative stress. GFP expression and luciferase activity, readouts of the Sox2 reporter activity, were quantified by using flow cytometry and luciferase activity assay, respectively. Doxorubicin-resistance and clonogenicity were assessed by using the MTS, methylcellulose colony formation and limiting dilution assays. Western blotting and quantitative PCR were used to assess the expression of various members of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Pull-down studies using a Sox2 binding consensus sequence were used to assess Sox2-DNA binding. Quercetin and 10074-G5 were used to inhibit β-catenin and MYC, respectively. siRNA was used to downregulate Sox2. RESULTS:Under H2O2-induced oxidative stress, a substantial fraction of RU cells was found to convert to RR cells, as evidenced by their acquisition of GFP expression and luciferase activity. Compared to the native RU cells, converted RR cells had significantly higher levels of doxorubicin-resistance, clonogenicity and sphere formation. Converted RR cells were characterized by an upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 signaling axis, previously found to be the key regulator of the RU/RR dichotomy in ALK+ALCL. Furthermore, Sox2 was found to bind to DNA efficiently in converted RR cells but not RU cells, and this finding correlated with significant elevations of several Sox2 downstream targets such as WNT2B and BCL9. Lastly, inhibition of β-catenin, MYC or Sox2 in RU cells significantly abrogated the H2O2-induced RU/RR conversion. CONCLUSIONS:We have demonstrated that cancer cell plasticity exists in ALK+ALCL, a type of hematopoietic cancer. In this cancer type, the Wnt/β-catenin/MYC/Sox2 axis is an important regulator of cancer cell plasticity.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may present with fulminant constitutional symptoms, cytopenia(s), and systemic lymphadenopathy, raising clinical suspicion for lymphoma and prompting lymph node and bone marrow biopsies. At the microscopic level, the histopathologic findings in cases of acute EBV lymphadenitis may mimic certain lymphoid neoplasms, creating a range of differential diagnoses and diagnostic pitfalls. We present a case of fulminant EBV infection in an adolescent whose clinical and radiographic findings led to lymph node and bone marrow biopsies to rule out lymphoma. One week after being diagnosed with acute EBV infection (infectious mononucleosis), a 17-year-old Caucasian male presented with worsening symptoms including persistent fever, progressive, painful lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. A peripheral blood smear showed lymphocytosis with many reactive lymphocytes, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Laboratory studies showed elevated ferritin, triglycerides, and soluble IL-2/CD25. A cervical lymph node biopsy demonstrated an EBV-positive, reactive B-immunoblast proliferation with large atypical lymphoid cells mimicking Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma, in addition to patchy vasculitis, coagulative necrosis, and prominent hemophagocytic activity. Bilateral bone marrow biopsies showed a hypercellular marrow with patchy infiltrates of similar EBV-positive, large atypical lymphoid cells, as well as prominent hemophagocytic activity. The diagnosis of acute EBV associated lymphoproliferation with concurrent hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was rendered. Recognition of common and uncommon clinical presentations of acute EBV infection is essential, particularly when histopathologic findings raise suspicion for a possible hematolymphoid neoplasm. Both the lymph node architectural and viral cytopathic changes observed in EBV lymphadenitis exhibit significant morphologic overlap with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and several other lymphomas, including anaplastic large cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma. Recognition of immunohistochemical staining patterns in EBV lymphadenitis is critical to avoid misdiagnosis. Conversely, bona fide lymphoma, particularly cHL, can masquerade as EBV infection. We provide a concise discussion and tables of the histopathologic differential diagnosis of EBV lymphadenitis, including cHL and other lymphomas. Pathologists should include acute EBV infection within the differential diagnosis when confronted with clinical and pathologic findings concerning for lymphoma, particularly in adolescents and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common long-term complication of silicone breast implants (SMI) remains capsular fibrosis. The etiology of this exaggerated implant encapsulation is multifactorial but primarily induced by the host response towards the foreign material silicone. Identified risk factors include specific implant topographies. Of note, breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) has only been observed in response to textured surface implants. We hypothesize that reduction of SMI surface roughness causes less host response and, hence, better cosmetic outcomes with fewer complications for the patient. A total of 7 patients received the routinely used CPX®4 breast expander (~60 µM Ra) and the novel SmoothSilk® (~4 µM Ra), fixed prepectoral with a titanized mesh pocket and randomized to the left or right breast after bilateral prophylactic NSME (nipple-sparing mastectomy). We aimed to compare the postoperative outcome regarding capsule thickness, seroma formation, rippling, implant dislocation as well as comfortability and practicability. Our analysis shows that surface roughness is an influential parameter in controlling fibrotic implant encapsulation. Compared intra-individually for the first time in patients, our data confirm an improved biocompatibility with minor capsule formation around SmoothSilk® implants with an average shell roughness of 4 µM and in addition an amplification of host response by titanized implant pockets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lin-feng He, Jin-di Zhang and Xin-xin Chen contributed equally to this work. References 1 He L, Zhang J, Chen X. Epidemiology and survival outcomes of patients with primary intraocular lymphoma: a population-based analysis. [Extracted from the article]

The issue of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in 2019 has resulted in the discontinuation of textured breast implants and resumption in the use of smooth round implants. However, in the field of breast reconstruction, long-term follow-up data for direct-to-implant reconstruction using smooth round implants is insufficient. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of breast reconstruction using smooth round implants. This study included 185 patients (208 breasts) who underwent smooth round implant-based immediate breast reconstruction between 2007 and 2018. Their demographic information and surgical and oncological data were collected. Early (within 90 days) and late (after 90 days) complications, reoperations, implant maintenance, and the survival rate were analyzed to evaluate the long-term outcomes and identify the related factors. The mean follow-up period was 112.08 months. The most common early complications were skin necrosis (9.13%) and infection (3.85%). The factors influencing the development of early complications were the mastectomy specimen weight (237.14 ± 114.84 cc and 298.04 ± 141.53 cc for no complication and any complication, respectively; p = 0.0123) and implant volume (222.79 ± 77.76 cc and 264.48 ± 89.03 cc for no complication and any complication, respectively; p = 0.0082). The most common late complication was capsular contracture (13.46%). Approximately 91.35% of the implants were maintained during the follow-up period. The factors affecting the development of early complications and implant maintenance were the mastectomy specimen weight and implant volume. This study provides information on long-term follow-up results useful in cases where only smooth round implants are available, which can then serve as a basis for future related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of bacteria and breast implant illness is an emerging area of interest for surgeons and clinicians. The most common cause of surgical readmission remains post-operative infectious complications. Cutibacterium acnes is an anaerobic, gram-positive organism that is part of the normal human microbiota. In certain circumstances, it may cause chronic infections and capsular contractures in breast implant-related complications. This case series outlines patients with bilateral capsular contractures and growth of C. acnes. The patients were managed surgically with the removal of bilateral breast implants with en bloc capsulectomy and oral antibiotics without complications. This report will outline the pathology of C. acnes , association with breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma and review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a variant of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) associated with textured-surface silicone breast implants. Since first being described in 1997, over 1100 cases have been currently reported worldwide. A causal relationship between BIA-ALCL and textured implants has been established in epidemiological studies, but a multifactorial process is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of BIA-ALCL. However, pathophysiologic mechanisms remain unclear. One of the hypotheses that could explain the link between textured implants and BIA-ALCL consists in the greater tendency of bacterial biofilm in colonizing the surface of textured implants compared to smooth implants, and the resulting chronic inflammation which, in predisposed individuals, may lead to tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the existing evidence on the role of micro-organisms and rough surface implants in the development of BIA-ALCL. It also provides insights into the most updated clinical practice knowledge about BIA-ALCL, from clinical presentation and investigation to treatment and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare T-cell lymphoma associated with textured breast implants. The most common presentation is a periprosthetic seroma that occurs at least 1 year after an aesthetic or reconstructive implantation, and in these cases, the surgical treatment seems to be successful. More rarely, BIA-ALCL presents with locally advanced mass-formed disease and a related regional lymph node involvement. In all these cases with worse prognosis, a multidisciplinary approach is required, including adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. We present a clinical case of a 49-year-old woman who developed on the left side of the breast a mass-formed stage 3 BIA-ALCL 15 years after a bilateral breast augmentation with textured silicone implant. Our multidisciplinary team (MDT) scheduled the patient for a "reverse-strategy" sequential approach consisting of induction chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, and harvest followed by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). After 100 days from the stem cell transplant, the patient showed a complete pathologic response and was a candidate for radical surgery. She underwent removal of both implants with total en bloc capsulectomy. On the left site, the periprosthetic mass was also en bloc removed. We did not perform any axillary dissection. Our surgical and hemato-oncological teams followed the patient every 3 months, and no local or systemic recurrences were observed 24 months after surgery. This case report has demonstrated the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy as part of a "reverse strategy" in selected cases of advanced-stage BIA-ALCL in which it was not possible to perform an immediate radical surgery. Furthermore, in our case, the de-escalation strategy adopted permitted a less demolitic surgery with good functional and aesthetic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The prognosis of relapsed/refractory (R/R) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is poor. Large studies evaluating outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HCT) in systemic R/R ALCL are not available. Using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) database, we evaluated outcomes of 182 adults (aged ≥18 years) with R/R ALCL undergoing allo‐HCT between 2008 and 2019. Non‐relapse mortality (NRM), disease relapse/progression (REL), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were modelled using Cox proportional hazards models. The median (range) follow‐up of survivors was 62 (3–148) months. The 1‐year NRM was 18%. The 5‐year REL, PFS and OS were 32%, 41% and 56% respectively. On multivariable regression analysis African American race (hazard ratio [HR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–4.8; p < 0.001) and refractory disease at allo‐HCT (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6–6.2; p < 0.001) were predictive of inferior OS. Similarly, African‐American race (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.4; p = 0.003), other minority race (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.3; p = 0.02) and refractory disease (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–4.3; p = 0.01) were predictive of inferior PFS. These data, demonstrate that allo‐HCT can result in durable disease control in a sizable proportion of patients with R/R ALCL. Refractory disease and racial minority status predicted inferior allo‐HCT outcomes. Whether the inferior outcomes of racial minorities with R/R ALCL after allo‐HCT are driven by differences in disease biology or disparities in post allo‐HCT care, or both, requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidences indicate that there is a substantial increase in worldwide cases of dementia. Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia and may contribute to 60–70% of cases. Quercetin is a unique bioflavonoid that has numerous therapeutic benefits such as anti-allergy, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-cancer, immuno-modulatory, anti-infective, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, neuroprotective effects, etc. In the present study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of orally administered quercetin with memantine in albino Wistar rats after inducing neurotoxicity through AlCl3 (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Chronic administration of AlCl3 resulted in poor retention of memory and significant oxidative damage. Various behavioral parameters, such as locomotor activity, Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and passive avoidance test, were assessed on days 21 and 42 of the study. The animals were euthanatized following the completion of the last behavioral assessment. Various oxidative stress parameters were assessed to know the extent of oxidative damage to brain tissue. Quercetin with memantine has shown significant improvement in behavioral studies, inhibition of AChE activity, and reduction in oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological studies assessed for cortex and hippocampus using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Congo red stain demonstrated a reduction in amyloid-β plaque formation after treatment of quercetin with memantine. Immunohistochemistry showed that quercetin with memantine treatment also improved the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inhibited amyloid-β plaque formation. The present study results demonstrated protective effects of treatment of quercetin with memantine in the neurotoxicity linked to aluminum chloride in albino Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in children, accounting for 10–15% of all NHL cases. ALCL is currently classified as follows: systemic anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive, systemic ALK-negative, primary cutaneous, and breast implant-associated ALCL. In children, systemic ALK-positive ALCL is the most common, and patients often present with extranodal involvement. We report a rare case of systemic ALK-positive ALCL with primary bone involvement in a 15-year-old male patient. Primary bone lymphoma is most commonly observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and is extremely rare in systemic ALCL. Therefore, the clinical features and prognosis of primary bone ALCL remain unclear. Our patient had spontaneous remission of primary maxillary bone ALCL after gingival scraping but relapsed 12 months later with rib metastasis. Spontaneous remission of ALCL has been reported frequently in primary cutaneous ALCL and rarely in systemic ALCL. Our case demonstrates for the first time that systemic ALCL can also present as solitary bone involvement that can spontaneously remit. Because systemic ALCL is aggressive and has a risk of relapse, as in our case, it is important to consider ALCL in the differential diagnosis of primary bone lesions and to make a precise pathological diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Context.--Although CD30 testing is an established tool in the diagnostic workup of lymphomas, it is also emerging as a predictive biomarker that informs treatment. The current definition of CD30 positivity by immunohistochemistry is descriptive and based on reactivity in lymphomas that are defined by their universal strong expression of CD30, rather than any established threshold. Challenges include inconsistencies with preanalytic variables, tissue processing, pathologist readout, and with the pathologist and oncologist interpretation of reported results. Objective.--To develop and propose general best practice recommendations for reporting CD30 expression by immunohistochemistry in lymphoma biopsies to harmonize practices across institutions and facilitate assessment of its significance in clinical decision-making. Design.--Following literature review and group discussion, the panel of 14 academic hematopathologists and 2 clinical/academic hematologists/oncologists divided into 3 working groups. Each working group was tasked with assessing CD30 testing by immunohistochemistry, CD30 expression readout, or CD30 expression interpretation. Results.--Panel recommendations were reviewed and discussed. An online survey was conducted to confirm the consensus recommendations. Conclusions.--CD30 immunohistochemistry is required for all patients in whom classic Hodgkin lymphoma and any lymphoma within the spectrum of peripheral T-cell lymphoma are differential diagnostic considerations. The panel reinforced and summarized that immunohistochemistry is the preferred methodology and any degree of CD30 expression should be reported. For diagnostic purposes, the interpretation of CD30 expression should follow published guidelines. To inform therapeutic decisions, report estimated percent positive expression in tumor cells (or total cells where applicable) and record descriptively if nontumor cells are positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a 66-year-old man who presented with a right axillary lymphadenopathy approximately 10 days after receiving the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The lymphadenopathy gradually enlarged, and physical examination and ultrasound (US) revealed one right axillary 6.99 cm and one right supraclavicular 2.36 cm lymphadenopathy. Histologic examination of the right axillary nodule revealed anaplastic large-cell lymphoma that was ALK negative and CD30 positive. A total body computerized tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography (PET) and bone-marrow biopsy showed a stage-II non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The patient was treated with chemotherapy and a scheme of Brentuximab Vedotin, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin and Prednisone (BV-CHP) for six cycles and is now well and in complete remission. The revision of the literature revealed eight additional cases of NHL developed shortly after COVID-vaccination. There were four cases of diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (one in a patient who was a heart transplant recipient and developed an Epstein–Bar-virus-positive DLBCL), one case of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, one patient with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, one case of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma and one primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (PC-ALCL). In five cases, the lymphoma developed after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination, including one case after ChAdOx1 nCOV-19, one case after the adenovirus type 26 (Ad26) vaccine and one after mRNA-1273/Spikevax (ModernaTX). We are aware that the link between COVID-19 vaccination and lymphoma most likely is a chance phenomenon, and that COVID-19 vaccines represent very efficient products for many people around the world. However, we believe that clinical events, even if only temporally associated with novel treatments or novel vaccines, should be reported for the benefit of the patients and the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated (OIIA) T- and natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (TNK-LPDs) are rare in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, genetic findings, therapeutic response, and prognostic factors in 21 RA patients with OIIA TNK-LPDs and compared these with those of 39 with OIIA B-cell LPDs (B-LPDs) and 22 with non-OIIA B-LPDs. Results: Immunohistologically, 11 patients (52%) showed CD4+ T-LPDs, and 7 had a T follicular helper (TFH) phenotype. The other nine patients (43%) showed CD8+ T-LPDs, and the remaining one (5%) had features of CD3+ CD4− CD8− nasal type TNK-cell lymphoma. CD30+, p53+, and CMYC+ atypical lymphocytes were identified in seven (33%), eight (38%), and five (24%) patients, respectively. In situ hybridisation detected EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) + large atypical lymphocytes in five patients (24%). Nine of 17 patients (53%) showed clonal peaks of TCRγ by polymerase chain reaction. Withdrawal of MTX and biologic drugs was effective in 12 patients (57%), and 8 (38%) received chemotherapies. Two patients with TFH+ or EBV+ CD4+ CD30+ large cell peripheral T-cell lymphoma, one with CD8+ systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and two with systemic EBV+ CD8+ T-cell lymphoma of childhood showed a lethal progressive clinical course within 13 months. Moreover, > 500 U/L LDH, large atypical lymphocytes, expression of CD30, p53, and CMYC, and EBER+ atypical lymphocytes were significantly poor prognostic factors for overall survival (p < 0.05). Median interval from RA onset to OIIA TNK-LPDs was 72 months, which was shorter than 166 months in OIIA B-LPDs (p = 0.003). EBV+ atypical and reactive lymphocytes were frequently found in 15 patients with OIIA TNK-LPDs (71%), in 27 with OIIA B-LPDs (69%), and only in 3 with non-OIIA B-LPDs (14%). Conclusions: OIIA TNK-LPDs occurred in early phase of RA, compared with OIIA B-LPDs, and occasionally showed a lethal progressive clinical course. Detection of OIIA TNK-LPD patients with poor prognostic factors is necessary. EBV infection in immunosuppressed patients due to persistent RA, MTX, and biologic drugs may play a role in forming the tumour microenvironment and lymphomagenesis of TNK-LPDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of lignin by demethylation for improving the reactivity has attracted extensive attentions. However, it still faces many challenges, such as the unsatisfied increase of hydroxyl content and the undesired cracking of linear linkages. Here, the efficient demethylations for significantly increasing the hydroxyl content and protecting the structure of industrial lignin were explored using lewis acid as modification reagent. As BBr 3 was used, the phenolic hydroxyl content (Ar-OH) was increased by 80.65 %, but the lignin structure might be destroyed. About 75 % of the β- O -4 linkages could be fortunately retained by using AlCl 3. This method could also be used for the demethylation of alkaline poplar lignin with up to 171.67 % increase of Ar-OH (from 1.80 to 4.89 mmol/g). After activation, the antioxidant properties were improved 4.64-fold and 2.58-fold for 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, respectively. This work would provide a theory guidance for activation of lignin and facilitate its high-value application. • The phenolic hydroxyl content of the activated alkaline poplar lignin increases by 171.67 %. • The lignin activated by AlCl 3 retains most of its macromolecular structure. • The reaction time and the demethylation reagent are the key reasons for controlling the activation process. • The activated lignin shows significantly increased antioxidant properties for DPPH and ABTS+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a highly aggressive hematologic neoplasm and classified under acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we describe the clinicopathological features of three cases of BPDCN: two with classical and one uncommon immunophenotype. A-35-year-old female (case 1) presented with complaint of nasal mass and generalized lymphadenopathy. Biopsy from axillary lymph node showed infiltration by cells with scant cytoplasm which were immunopositive for LCA, CD4, CD43, and ALK1. Flowcytometry showed positivity for CD45, CD4, CD33, and CD123 while negative for rest all markers. The other two cases have classical immunophenotype. In clinical practice, nasal mass with lymphadenopathy suggests natural killer T-cell/peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Again immunohistochemical positivity for CD4, CD43, and ALK while negativity for CD3 suggests anaplastic large cell lymphoma. In this case, morphology and extensive bone marrow involvement raise the suspicion. Fowcytometry positivity for HLADR, CD123, and CD33 helps in making diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare tumor that affects elderly individuals and presents a poor prognosis. Skin is the most common site of involvement, accounting for 89% of the cases. Extracutaneous organs, especially bone marrow, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood, can be involved at the time of diagnosis. We report a case of BPDCN in a child, presenting with a cutaneous lesion mimicking lymphoma or leukemia cutis. The histologic findings revealed a dense diffuse infiltration by monomorphic agranular medium-sized blast cells with sparing of the grenz zone, whose first immunophenotypic profile raised the possibility of diagnosing B lymphoblastic lymphoma or leukemia. However, the absence of CD10 expression and strongly positive expression for CD4, CD56, CD45RA, and the plasmacytoid dendritic cell-associated antigens, including CD123, supported the definite diagnosis of BPDCN. The patient responded well to a systemic combination chemotherapy regimen, modified from the Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP) protocol for anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), that differed from the established recommendation using ALL protocol. Owing to the patient's excellent treatment outcome, this regimen could represent an effective alternative regimen for BPDCN in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methotrexate, skin ulcer, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, , Epstein-Barr virus Keywords: extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma; ; methotrexate; Epstein-Barr virus; skin ulcer EN extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma methotrexate Epstein-Barr virus skin ulcer 849 852 4 11/11/22 20221201 NES 221201 I Sir, i Immunosuppressive therapies such as methotrexate (MTX) can cause oligoclonal or monoclonal lymphoproliferative disorder, which is categorized as other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) in the current WHO classification.1 Most MTX-associated LPDs, including skin lesions, are of B-cell lineage, and only four cases of primary cutaneous MTX-associated T-cell LPD have been reported.2,3 The histologic subtypes of these four cases were angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, and MTX-associated T-cell LPD (not further specified), all of which regressed after MTX was discontinued. 4 Yu WW, Hsieh PP, Chuang SS. Cutaneous EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma vs. extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a case report and literature review. [Extracted from the article]

Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) are very rare non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, especially in the leptomeninges. Until now, the diagnostics and therapeutics of PCNSL-ALCL is a challenge and urgent need. A 26-y Chinese male presented altered awareness and severe headache. A 26-y Chinese male presented altered awareness and severe headache. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) delineated no intracerebral lesions and focal leptomeningeal enhancement. Diagnosis was based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination discovering anaplastic large cells (ALCs) with positive expression for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and CD30, and no evidence of systemic involvement. In addition, we firstly performed the single-cell RNA sequencing to identify transcriptome characteristics of CSF-ALCs. The case was diagnosed as a rare primary leptomeningeal anaplastic large cell lymphoma (PL-ALCL). Four cycles of systemic chemotherapy with methotrexate and intrathecal cytarabine help achieve complete remission. Compared to normal T cells, 45 genes were specifically upregulated in CSF-ALCs. CSF-ALCs enriched cell proliferation and metabolism pathway and lost features of immune identity. The heterogeneity of CSF-ALCs were manifested in the expression of cancer-testis antigens and cell-cycle signature genes. In addition, the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) revealed the activity of transcription factors EZH2 and NFYC were upregulated in the CSF-ALCs. The first analysis of single-cell transcriptome signatures of CSF-ALCs will provide clues for diagnosis and mechanism research of PL-ALCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast implant augmentation is a low-risk procedure with few life-threatening complications. Capsular contracture and rupture/leakage of the implant are the most common complications encountered. Malignant breast implant augmentation-associated lesions are rare, with anaplastic large cell lymphoma being the most common. Squamous cell carcinomas associated with breast implant augmentation are exceedingly rare, with only eight patients reported. Breast implant capsule-associated squamous cell carcinoma occurs in patients with long standing breast implant augmentations (>11 years). We report two additional patients with breast implant capsule-associated squamous cell carcinoma. Review of the literature reveals that invasion beyond the breast implant capsule into the adjacent tissue by the squamous cell carcinoma appears to have negative prognostic implications, and possibly warrants close clinical follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 10% to 20% of cases of BPDCN are associated with or develop into other myeloid neoplasms, most commonly chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, but also MDS or acute myeloid leukemia, Myeloid sarcoma, T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, NK/T cell lymphoma/leukemia, some mature T cell lymphoma/leukemias are the most frequent morphological mimickers of BPDCN and show some overlapping features. As both CD3 and CD20 were negative, a possibility of Myeloid sarcoma, CD20 negative lymphomas - like plasmablastic lymphoma, ALK+ DLBCL as well as CD3 negative lymphomas like anaplastic large cell lymphoma with downregulation of CD3 were considered. An 88-year-old gentleman with no significant past and family history, presented with an erythematous indurated plaque-like lesion on the right leg since 3 to 4 months along with few lesions on the abdomen and chest. [Extracted from the article]

One-third of patients had a history of smoking tobacco products with five (5%) patients reported as active tobacco smokers at the time of BV initiation. Discontinuation of BV was necessary to completely resolve symptoms for the two patients who developed pneumonitis during therapy (cases 1 and 3). Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an antibody-drug conjugate which targets CD30-positive cells [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

Shared strategies and correct information are essential to guide physicians in the management of such an uncommon disease as Breast Implant–Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). A systematic review of the literature was performed to collect the most relevant evidence on BIA-ALCL reported cases. A panel of multidisciplinary experts discussed the scientific evidence on BIA-ALCL, and updated consensus recommendations were developed through the Delphi process. The lastest reported Italian incidence of BIA-ALCL is 3.5 per 100.000 implanted patients (95% CI, 1.36 to 5.78), and the disease counts over 1216 cases worldwide as of June 2022. The most common presentation symptom is a late onset seroma followed by a palpable breast mass. In the event of a suspicious case, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration should be the first step in evaluation, followed by cytologic and immunohistochemical examination. In patients with confirmed diagnosis of BIA-ALCL confined to the capsule, the en-bloc capsulectomy should be performed, followed by immediate autologous reconstruction, while delayed reconstruction applies for disseminate disease or radically unresectable tumor. Nevertheless, a multidisciplinary team approach is essential for the correct management of this pathology. • Epidemiology and clinical features of Breast implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. • Process flow for the management of patients with BIA-ALCL diagnosis. • How to manage suspected cases of BIA-ALCL. • Breast reconstruction following BIA-ALCL diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The T‐cell Lymphoma Project is an international registry prospective study that enrolled patients with newly diagnosed peripheral T‐cell and NK‐cell lymphomas (PTCL). The main objective was to define the clinical features and outcomes, establishing a robust benchmark for future clinical trials. Seventy‐four institutions from 14 countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia collected data on patients diagnosed and treated at their respective centers between September 2006 and February 2018. Among 1553 PTCL patients, 131 (8.4% of the total cohort) were confirmed to have anaplastic large cell lymphoma ‐ kinase positive (ALCL, ALK+). The median age of the patients was 39 years (18–84). Sixty‐five patients (66%) had advanced‐stage disease, although majority (45 patients, 54%) had a low‐risk International Prognostic Index (IPI) score (0–1). Of 97 patients treated with chemotherapy, 97% received anthracycline‐containing regimens. The overall response rate was 81%, with 69 patients (70%) achieving complete remission. Estimated OS and PFS at 3 years were 77% (95% CI: 54%–99%) and 68% (95% CI: 46%–90%), respectively, and at 5 years were very similar, 77% of OS (95% CI: 62%–92%) and 64% of PFS (95% CI: 34%–94%). Multivariate analysis for PFS showed advanced stage (hazard ratios [HR]: 4.72, 95% CI: 1.43–23.9, p = 0.015), elevated lactate dehidrogenade (LDH) (HR 4.85; 95% CI: 1.73–13.60, p = 0.001), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status scale (ECOG‐PS) ≥2 (HR: 5.25; 95% CI: 1.68–16.4, p = 0.024). For OS, elevated LDH (HR: 3.77; 95% CI: 1.98–14.17, p = 0.014) and ECOG‐PS ≥2 (HR: 4.59; 95% CI: 1.46–14.39, p = 0.004) were identified. In summary, although the outcome of ALK+ ALCL is superior to that of other PTCLs, it remains sufficiently favorable, given the young median age of the patients. Our results confirm the usefulness of both IPI and Prognostic Index for T‐cell Lymphoma (PIT) in identifying groups of patients with different outcomes. Clinical Trials ID: NCT01142674. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyelectrolyte gum from Triumfetta cordifolia stem bark has recently come to the fore for its remarkable potential as an emulsifier and stabilizer for aqueous formulations. This paper presents the rheological study of T. cordifolia gum aqueous solutions in the concentrated regime (C > C** = 0.14 % w /w). To this end, both flow and oscillation tests were performed on T. cordifolia gum solutions at two distinct concentrations belonging to the concentrated regime: at 0.2 % w /w (close to C**) and at 0.7 % w/w (far above C**). The effect of temperature, pH and added salts (NaCl, CaCl 2 and AlCl 3) on gum viscoelastic parameters were investigated, revealing associative interactions. Under specific conditions, several remarkable and complex phenomena were observed, such as over-structuring induced by temperature, anti-thixotropy, gelation, syneresis and salting-out induced by salt addition. The charged structure of T. cordifolia gum (weak polyelectrolyte), the high divalent metal content and the presence of associative groups in its network were demonstrated as the major factors responsible for these phenomena. These findings form the basis for the structure-property relationships of T. cordifolia gum and may open up to further investigations for this gum of great potential in many fields of applications. [Display omitted] • Concentrated solutions (C ᐳ C**) of the anionic T. cordifolia gum were studied. • In aqueous media, T. cordifolia gum forms pseudoplastic solutions with weak gel behavior. • T. cordifolia gum solutions exhibit both shear-and temperature-induced associations. • Gelation and syneresis occur on direct addition of the trivalent salt AlCl 3. • Under dialysis, the addition of salts (NaCl, CaCl 2 or AlCl 3) causes salting-out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro release properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based cryogel beads incorporating resveratrol-loaded microparticles (MP) for colon-targeted delivery system. CMC-based cryogel beads were produced by ionic cross-linking with different concentrations (2%, 3%, and 4%) of AlCl 3. Based on FE-SEM images, CMC-based cryogel beads showed a smoother surface and more compact internal structure with increasing AlCl 3 concentrations, which was proven to be due to the new cross-linking between the –COO− group of CMC and Al3+ by FT-IR analysis. The encapsulation efficiency of the cryogel beads was significantly increased from 79.48% to 85.74% by elevating the concentrations of AlCl 3 from 2% to 4%, respectively. In vitro release study showed that all CMC-based cryogel beads had higher stability for resveratrol than MP in simulated gastric conditions and can efficiently deliver resveratrol to colon without the premature release. [Display omitted] • Resveratrol-loaded microparticles were produced by complex coacervation. • Cryogel beads incorporating microparticles were prepared by AlCl 3 as a cross-linker. • Increased concentrations of AlCl 3 enhanced encapsulation efficiency. • Cryogel beads proved to be a promising colon-targeted delivery system for resveratrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Selective and efficient separation of Ln(II) has been realized in AlCl 3 -NaCl melt. • The electro-oxidation separation of Ln(II) in AlCl 3 -NaCl melt has been explored. • 99 % of Ln(II) can be separated with a separation factor of more than 103. The variable valence rare earth elements are difficult to separate due to their similar properties and intermediate valence states in molten salts. In order to realize their efficient and selectivity separation, the properties and separation methods of Sm, Yb, and Eu have been investigated in a low-temperature AlCl 3 -NaCl molten salt. It has been found that the oxidation reactions of different Ln(II) to Ln(III) have different potentials. The Ln(II)/Ln(III) reaction is also irreversible when the AlCl 3 content is less than 50 mol%, Ln(III) exists in the form of LnCl 3 precipitation. Therefore, selectively modulating the valence of Sm, Yb, and Eu by electrochemical methods can achieve their separation. The LnCl 3 produced from the Ln(II) electro-oxidation precipitates and separates from the other unoxidized soluble Ln(II) in AlCl 3 -NaCl melt. The efficient separation of Ln(II) in AlCl 3 -NaCl can be achieved by pulse potentiostatic electrolysis. Under these conditions, the separation factors of Sm-Eu, Sm-Yb, and Yb-Eu can reach 103. The maximum removal of Ln(II) exceeded 99 % with a maximum current efficiency of more than 90 %. Most importantly, the separation of variable valence rare earth elements has been realized in a low-temperature AlCl 3 -NaCl melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]