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Não descurando o peso significativo que as poupanças de energia e custos possam ter na decisão de levar a cabo uma intervenção de reabilitação, há outros benefícios adicionais decorrentes destas intervenções que, se não considerados, levam à subestimação do valor real das melhorias implementadas, facto agora enfatizado na revisão de 2018 da diretiva do desempenho energético de edifícios.

A adaptação da metodologia internacional SBTool para a Avaliação da Sustentabilidade de Edifícios de Ensino Secundário em Portugal, a metodologia SAHSBPT, irá auxiliar os profissionais da área da construção civil a melhorar a sustentabilidade dos edifícios escolares, quer na fase de projeto quer na reabilitação dos edifícios existentes.

The passenger lymphocyte syndrome may cause hemolytic anemia after bone marrow and solid organ transplantation when there is minor erythrocyte antigen incompatibility in the donor/recipient pair. Anemia is usually self-limiting, frequently related to ABO antibodies and rarely to Rh mismatches. We report a rare case of passenger B lymphocyte syndrome mediated by Rh antibodies occurring after a donor living renal transplantation and discuss its clinical severity at presentation, the therapeutic decisions and their outcome.

An adequate supply of fresh outdoor air is important to create healthy and comfortable indoor building environments. Currently, most of the residential buildings in mild climate European countries, such as Portugal or Spain, remain naturally ventilated. Distinct concerns have emerged in the building community regarding the indoor air quality (IAQ) in these buildings since several studies have shown that they are often poorly ventilated. The main cause has been identified as occupants' different window opening behaviour, which can vary notably from one apartment to the next. This work presents a comparative method for evaluating occupants' exposure to CO2 concentration levels in existing buildings based on the comparison of cumulative frequency distribution curves. Indoor CO2 concentration levels recorded over 17 months in the bedrooms and living rooms of eight apartments of a naturally ventilated residential building located in Porto (Portugal) were used as experimental input data for developing the method and to calibrate the IAQ performance of an EnergyPlus building model. The calibrated building model exhibited a good agreement with the recorded data on the apartments, reporting maximum Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) for the majority of the apartments below 5 and 10% for the living rooms and bedrooms, respectively., MORE-CONNECT project is funded by the European Commission within the framework of the Horizon 2020 program. The European More-Connect project deals with the distinct energy, economic and environmental aspects present in the complex field of building refurbishment, through the development of cost-optimal renovation packages to renovate buildings towards achieving NZEB features. This support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are grateful for the availability and use of data that is an integral part of the More-Connect research project (http://www.more-connect.eu/). We also greatly acknowledge the funding received from the University of Castilla-La Mancha through its call for visits and stays for Professors and researchers in other research centers and universities in 2017

Apesar de todas as vantagens associadas às práticas de construção sustentáveis, a sua ampla implementação encontra-se condicionada pela vontade e disponibilidade de investimento dos stakeholders. Apresenta-se, neste artigo, o método MAViS (Método de Avaliação da Viabilidade económica de soluções sustentáveis), que permite selecionar soluções que, maximizando o nível de sustentabilidade do edifício, vão ao encontro desta disponibilidade e vontade de investimento.

The Millennium Development Goals and the 17 Global Goals for Sustainability Development have been acting as a global and inclusive framework for the implementation of a new and sustainable development model (United Nations, 2015). Higher Education Institutions (HEI) are a privileged space for the analysis of the necessary conditions for a sustainable future, and can represent a crucial role in providing the theory and practice of sustainability, by reducing their own impacts (UNEP, 2013) and extending their engagement to the activities that support and extend teaching and research: i) the management of campi and operations; ii) campus planning, design, construction and rehabilitation of buildings and infrastructures; iii) purchasing practices; iv) mobility and v) involvement with the community (Leal Filho et al., 2015). But, HEI face important sustainability challenges over resource use, being Energy one of the most significant. This paper focus on the energy consumption, and associated indicators, over a 10-year period, in a HEI in Portugal. Although literature on sustainable consumption of energy in HEI is not abundant, two studies stand out, Altan (2010) and Lo (2013). Altan (2010) analyse the energy efficiency of several types of interventions (technical, non-technical and management) in UK HEI, while Lo (2013) does a similar study for eight Chinese HEI, stressing the role played by stakeholders, such as administrators, governmental agencies, networks, students and non-governmental organizations. This paper adds to this literature by enriching benchmark data on: energy consumption in HEI, the efficiency of technical, non-technical and management energy interventions, and by providing evidence of the need for the development of new indicators in a context of continuous and rapid change of future demands for higher education.

The occurrence of ascites after Renal Transplant (RT) is infrequent, and may be a consequence of surgical or medical complications. Case report: 61 year-old, male, history of arterial hypertension, tongue carcinoma and alcoholic habits 12-20g/day. He had chronic kidney disease secondary to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, without hepatic polycystic disease. He underwent cadaver donor RT in September 2017. He had delayed graft function by surgically corrected renal artery stenosis. He was admitted in January 2018 for ascites de novo, with no response to diuretics. HE had visible abdominal collateral circulation. Graft dysfunction, adequate tacrolinemia, Innocent urinary sediment, mild anemia, without thrombocytopenia. Serum albumin 4.0g / dL. Normal hepatic biochemistry. Peritoneal fluid with transudate characteristics and serum albumin gradient > 1.1. Ultrasound showed hepatomegaly, permeable vascular axes, without splenomegaly. Mycophenolate mofetil was suspended, with reduced remaining immunosuppression. He maintained refractory ascites: excluded infectious, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic etiologies. No nephrotic proteinuria and no heart failure. MRI: micronodules compatible with bile cysts. Upper Digestive Tract Endoscopy did not show gastroesophageal varicose veins. Normal abdominal lymphoscintigraphy. He underwent exploratory laparoscopy with liver biopsy: incomplete septal cirrhosis of probable vascular etiology some dilated bile ducts. He maintained progressive RT dysfunction and restarted hemodialysis. The proposed direct measurement of portal pressure was delayed by ascites resolution. There was further recovery of the graft function. Discussion: Incomplete septal cirrhosis is an uncommon cause of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Its definition is not well known, morphological and pathophysiological. We have not found published cases of post-RT ascites secondary to this pathology, described as possibly associated with drugs, immune alterations, infections, hypercoagulability and genetic predisposition. Resumo A ocorrência de ascite no pós-Transplante Renal (TR) é infrequente, podendo ser consequência de complicações cirúrgicas ou médicas. Caso clínico: 61 anos, masculino, antecedentes de hipertensão arterial, carcinoma da língua e hábitos alcoólicos 12-20g/dia. Doença renal crônica secundária à doença renal poliquística autossômica dominante, sem poliquistose hepática. Submetido a TR de doador cadáver em setembro de 2017. Atraso na função de enxerto por estenose da artéria renal, corrigida cirurgicamente. Internado em janeiro de 2018 por ascite de novo, sem resposta a diuréticos. Circulação colateral abdominal visível. Disfunção do enxerto, tacrolinemia adequada. Sedimento urinário inocente. Anemia ligeira, sem trombocitopenia. Albumina sérica 4,0g/dL. Bioquímica hepática normal. Líquido peritoneal com características de transudado e gradiente sero-ascítico de albumina > 1,1. Ecografia com hepatomegalia, eixos vasculares permeáveis, sem esplenomegalia. Suspendeu micofenolato mofetil, reduziu restante imunossupressão. Manteve ascite refratária: excluídas etiologias infecciosas, metabólicas, autoimunes e neoplásicas. Sem proteinúria nefrótica e sem insuficiência cardíaca. RM: micronódulos compatíveis com quistos biliares. EDA sem varizes gastroesofágicas. Linfocintigrafia abdominal normal. Submetido a laparoscopia exploradora com biópsia hepática: cirrose septal incompleta de provável etiologia vascular, alguns ductos biliares dilatados. Manteve disfunção progressiva do TR, reiniciou hemodiálise. Proposta medição direta da pressão portal, protelada por resolução da ascite. Recuperação posterior da função de enxerto. Discussão: A cirrose septal incompleta é uma causa incomum de hipertensão portal não cirrótica. A sua definição é morfológica e a fisiopatologia, pouco conhecida. Não encontramos publicados casos de ascite pós-TR secundária a esta patologia, descrita como possivelmente associada a fármacos, alterações imunitárias, infecções, hipercoagulabilidade e predisposição genética.

A reabilitação nZEB pode ter um papel preponderante no combate à pobreza energética, proporcionando, para além de uma poupança significativa de energia, condições interiores saudáveis e resiliência relativamente a eventuais subidas dos custos de energia.

Zero or nearly zero energy houses ((n)ZEB) are in fact houses that meet their energy demand by on site production of (renewable) energy, that is, by limiting consumption of fossil fuels and replacing them with local, building-connected generation. There is an ongoing discussion whether energy neutral buildings could sometimes be a better option, namely, the houses that use only renewable energy, which can be produced elsewhere, either in the direct vicinity, or by the classic grid. National power supply systems are also in transition in most countries, and they will eventually shift towards renewable energy production. For the housing sector, however, it has been decided to start as locally as possible, and not to wait until the whole system has been transformed. In some countries, local district heating will still be the major option to explore. This is the starting point in analysing retrofitting concepts for housing. With this in mind, to create zero energy houses, or nearly zero energy houses 4 main areas can be targeted: 1. (Local) production of renewable energy; 2. Reduction of energy loss in buildings; 3. Adaptation of building use; 4. Changing inhabitant behaviour. This book approach focuses mainly on Steps 1 and 2, assuming the usual mode of operations for Steps 3 and 4. Although it might turn out that to reach real zero energy targets and possibly beyond energy plus houses, which, for instance, include energy generation for electric driving, Steps 3 ad 4 might have to be addressed as well. Within Step 3, for instance, there is an option that the heated (or cooled) area should be reduced square wise. Within Step 4, there is an option that average temperature levels are reduced or differentiated among different rooms. In some retrofit concepts, Steps 3 and 4 are already addressed. We will also consider them within ?Concepts? section. The approach focuses mainly on heating and ventilation (cooling), since this energy demand is related to the building itself. Household-related energy use will not be influenced by retrofitting directly. Optimization in energy and materials input will mainly be ensured by optimization of heating/ventilation. If Steps 3 and 4 are left out, household energy is a set demand that can be supplied by the related given amount of extra energy generation. This will be shortly addressed in Chapters 2 and 3C., EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 under grant agreement No 633477

Adequate supply of fresh air is essential to provide a healthy, safe and comfortable indoor environment in buildings. Currently, the majority of the residential buildings in mild climate European countries, such as Portugal or Spain, remain naturally ventilated. This fact has raised concerns in the building sector regarding the indoor air quality present in these buildings as fresh air supply mostly relies on occupants? window opening behavior and personal habits, which can vary significantly from one apartment to the next. In this context, this work presents the indoor CO2 concentration levels registered during more than one year in the bedrooms and living rooms of eight apartments of a naturally ventilated residential building located in Porto, Portugal. Monitored CO2 concentrations confirmed relevant periods of time with inadequate indoor air quality, exhibiting great variations between apartments. Differential occupants? window opening behavior, personal habits as well as presence of internal CO2 sources (e.g. smokers) were stated as the major reasons behind these wide discrepancies. Results suggest that, in some situations, implementation of mechanical ventilation systems in residential contexts should be promoted in order to guarantee adequate IAQ at all times and regardless of outdoor weather conditions or occupants? window opening behavior., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O processo de reabilitação energética do parque edificado coloca inúmeros desafios, para os quais é necessária uma estratégia que combine inovação de produto e de processos, optimização de custos e uma abordagem inovadora ao mercado. Neste contexto, as soluções prefabricadas modulares na renovação de edifícios são um caminho a ser explorado. A este tipo de soluções é reconhecido o potencial para uma optimização de processos de fabrico e consequente redução de custos, assim como para a redução de tempos de intervenção e de distúrbios causados aos utilizadores dos edifícios, ao mesmo tempo que aumenta a qualidade e eficiência energética das edificações. Neste artigo é apresentado de forma geral o projeto de investigação europeu More-Connect, no qual o Centro de Território, Ambiente e Construção (CTAC) da Universidade do Minho participa, e que tem como objectivo principal o desenvolvimento de soluções modulares que permitam, em conjugação com a aplicação de sistemas eficientes, alcançar edifícios com necessidades energéticas quase nulas (nZEB) ou nulas (ZEB), numa perspectiva de rentabilidade económica., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O aumento do nível de vida da sociedade verificado nas últimas décadas levou a um avanço tecnológico e ao desenvolvimento de novas práticas construtivas. Em muitos casos, estas práticas não foram desenvolvidas com consideração dos aspetos da qualidade do ambiente interior, o que levou ao surgimento de problemas construtivos. A qualidade do ambiente interior dos edifícios está relacionada com a saúde e produtividade dos ocupantes dos edifícios. Possui também repercussões nos custos de manutenção do edifício e no lucro das organizações. A norma EN 15251 indica que o custo de um ambiente interior de baixa qualidade para os utilizadores é mais elevado do que os custos energéticos do edifício. Estima-se que atualmente, devido ao atual estilo de vida, 90% da população passe 90% do seu tempo no interior de edifícios. Grande parte do parque edificado português apresenta necessidades de reabilitação. Muitas destas necessidades estão relacionadas com a fraca qualidade do ambiente interior. Após alguns anos de grave crise económica, o país encontra-se neste momento a relançar a atividade económica do sector da construção. Tendo em conta o panorama do sector, é expectável e desejável que grande parte desta atividade se foque na reabilitação. Com este estudo pretendeu-se analisar a disponibilidade de investimento dos proprietários de edifícios residenciais portugueses em soluções de melhoria da qualidade do ambiente interior. O estudo foi efetuado com recurso a entrevistas e questionários. Os resultados demonstraram que a ordem de preferência de investimento dos proprietários é a seguinte: conforto térmico, conforto acústico, qualidade do ar interior e iluminação. Verificou-se ainda que os proprietários estão disponíveis para investir cerca de duas vezes mais em conforto térmico do que em conforto acústico, cerca de duas vezes mais em conforto acústico do que em qualidade do ar e cerca de duas vezes mais em qualidade do ar do que em iluminação., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Energy is crucial to the wellbeing and development of nowadays society and will remain important for the foreseeable future. With respect to the type and quantity of energy consumed, significant changes are ongoing and further major changes can be expected in the near future. There are also various policy objectives that shape energy policy, depending on the country context. Among these objectives, the following can be highlighted: minimizing any adverse effects on the climate and on the environment; providing energy access to all; securing energy supply; reducing dependence on energy imports; looking for new energy sources, routes and suppliers that offer local economic benefits; reducing local environmental pollution; driving job creation; achieving low energy costs for society. Key strategic elements to reach such objectives are in particular the gradual transformation of the energy systems from fossil fuels to renewable energy, the increase of the efficiency of the energy systems, the reduction of energy use by consumers, the creation of fully integrated energy markets and the removal of unnecessary regulatory or technical barriers. The information provided in this guidebook aims to contribute to the reaching of the above-mentioned policy objectives. The guidebook is based on the results of a research project carried out within the IEA Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC) called "Cost-Effective Energy and Carbon Emissions Optimization in Building Renovation (Annex 56)". The guidebook was compiled to raise awareness among the players that can influence policies and standard definition and to engage them in the subjects of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources in the context of building renovation. Existing buildings present a tremendous potential, not only to reduce energy use and emissions, but also on other areas of the political agenda. It is the objective of this guidebook to highlight how energy related building renovation is a policy tool to achieve broad benefits to society., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This guidebook was compiled to raise awareness among the players that can influence policies and standard definition and to engage them in the subjects of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources in the context of building renovation. Existing buildings present a tremendous potential, not only to reduce energy use and emissions, but also on other areas of the political agenda. It is the objective of this guidebook to highlight how energy related building renovation is a policy tool to achieve broad benefits to society, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This guidebook is particularly intended for professional home-owners, i.e. individuals or companies that own and manage residential buildings. It is assumed that these owners are responsible for ensuring maintenance, repair and general servicing tasks and lead the decisions on the improvements to be made regarding comfort, safety, saving energy or just uplifting the buildings to contemporary needs or style. The main goal is to help in the decision-making process towards the optimized renovation of the residential building stock. More specifically, the guidebook provides a framework for the understanding of the relationships between cost-effective building renovation, energy savings and the use of renewable energy sources, highlighting the total added value achieved with the interventions., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O setor dos edifícios é um dos principais responsáveis para os desafios ambientais do planeta Terra. A diminuição dos impactes ambientais neste sector tem sido um tema amplamente discutido e abrangido por muitas das metas governamentais dos últimos anos. Contudo, a decisão pela aplicação de soluções que efetivamente permitam diminuir os impactes ambientais dos edifícios está muitas vezes do lado do utilizador. Por este motivo, apesar de muitas vezes, algumas soluções terem elevado desempenho e reduzido impacto ambiental, a baixa aceitação por parte dos utilizadores acaba por ditar o seu insucesso. Tendo em conta que esta aceitação está maioritariamente associada a questões económicas, é importante compreender qual a vontade e a disponibilidade de investimento dos utilizadores em medidas de baixo impacto ambiental. Com o presente estudo pretendeu-se analisar concretamente qual o valor que os utilizadores estão dispostos a investir de forma a produzir menores impactes ambientais através dos seus edifícios. Para tal foi levada a cabo uma série de entrevistas a proprietários de edifícios residenciais localizados em Portugal. Os resultados permitiram concluir que embora uma parte da população não esteja disposta a investir neste tipo de questões, a maioria das pessoas está disposta a investir mais para obter menores impactes ambientais., The building sector is one of the main contributors to the environmental challenges of the planet. The decrease of the environmental impacts of the sector has been a widely discussed theme. This issue has also been embraced by many governmental targets of the last years. However, the decision about whether or not implement sustainable measures is many times on the user’s side. For this reason, despite the high performance and low environmental impact of some solutions, the low acceptance by the consumers dictates its failure. This acceptance is most of the time related to economic issues. Thus, it is important to understand the users’ real investment availability and willingness in low environmental impact solutions. This study intends to analyze the value that the users are willing to pay in order to produce less building-related environmental impacts. An interview and survey campaign to Portuguese building owners was conducted. The results showed that although some of the population (around 25%) did not want to invest more to decrease the building's environmental impact, the majority is willing to pay more in order to obtain environmental benefits., Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e ao POPH/FSE-MCTES pelo apoio a este estudo através da bolsa com a referência SFRH/BD/112703/2015., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Nowadays, in the European Union the construction rate of new buildings is very low and therefore achieving the EU targets at the energy consumption level of the building sector is only possible through nearly zero energy renovation of the existing building stock. Reducing energy consumption through passive measures is a priority but this is not enough to achieve the nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) level. Therefore, the active systems, namely those that allow harvesting the solar energy to partially replace the use of non-renewable energy, are one of the best solutions to consider. At this level, solar thermal and photovoltaic panels play an important role, mainly in countries with high levels of solar radiation, as in the Southern European countries. Nevertheless, there are still some barriers to overcome for the broader dissemination of the implementation of these systems. One of the most important is that building owners are not fully aware of the life-cycle benefits that systems have at the economic level. As in every new different design approach, the best way to arise awareness is through the analysis of case studies, highlighting the reduced life-cycle costs and potential environmental impacts and other long-term benefits resulting from the integration of these active solutions. Thus, this paper is aimed at assessing the contribution of the solar systems to achieve three levels of energy performance (Basic Renovation, nearly Zero Energy Buildings - nZEB and Zero Energy Buildings - ZEB) in the energy renovation of a multifamily building located in Portugal. From the results, it is possible to conclude that, on an annual basis, and for the Portuguese climate, it is possible to overcome, a large amount of the energy needs for acclimatization and domestic hot water preparation with the integration of these systems. The study also shows attractive cost and carbon payback times resulting from their use., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The aim of the report is to illustrate the application of the methodology developed within the IEA EBC Annex 56 project and present several tools available for the successive implementation of the several steps of the process. The tools include those that have been used by the participating countries in the selected case-studies and also tools that, although not being used in the IEA EBC Annex 56 project, are compatible with the developed methodology.

To promote energy efficient buildings, with low energy consumption and energy generation onsite, innovative renovation projects are needed that can act as forerunners and inspiration but also serve as best practice examples for the expert audience and the general public. Within this IEA EBC Annex 56 project, six different Case Studies from six European countries were compiled and analysed . The Case Studies are both residential and non-residential buildings, which serve as model projects for renovations in each individual country. The specific aim of the case study activity of this IEA EBC Annex 56 project is to provide significant and useful feedback from practice on a scientific basis.