188 results on '"Alexander, Jake"'
Search Results
152. Phenological plasticity is a poor predictor of subalpine plant population performance following experimental climate change
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Block, Sebastián, Alexander, Jake, and Levine, Jonathan M.
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demography ,climate change ,phenological shifts ,13. Climate action ,population dynamics ,15. Life on land ,transplant experiment ,global warming ,phenology ,phenotypic plasticity - Abstract
Oikos, 129 (2), ISSN:0030-1299, ISSN:1600-0706
153. Moving up and over: redistribution of plants in alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic ecosystems under global change
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Rew, Lisa J., McDougall, Keith L., Alexander, Jake, Daehler, Curtis C., Essl, Franz, Haider, Sylvia, Kueffer, Christoph, Lenoir, Jonathan, Milbau, Ann, Nuñez, Martin A., Pauchard, Aníbal, and Rabitsch, Wolfgang
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Range expansion ,Arctic ,Invasive species ,13. Climate action ,Mountains ,Climate change ,Antarctic ,15. Life on land - Abstract
Extreme abiotic conditions, geographic isolation, and low levels of disturbance have historically provided alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic regions with low input of and relative resistance to the introduction of new species. However, the climate is warming rapidly, concomitant with intense and diversified types of human influence in these cold environments. Consequently, many plant species, both native and nonnative, are now moving or expanding their ranges to higher elevations and latitudes, creating new species interactions and assemblages that challenge biodiversity conservation. Based on our synthesis, many of the same nonnative species invade multiple cold environments, and many more could move up or over from adjoining warmer areas. Transportation networks and the disturbances associated with burgeoning development are responsible for many movements. Prevention and monitoring for nonnative plant species is of paramount importance, and management should be directed toward species that negatively impact ecosystem function or human well-being. Management of native range shifters is more complicated; most movements will be desirable, but some may be locally undesirable. Overall, plant movements into alpine, arctic, and Antarctic areas are going to increase, and management will need to be adaptive because species movements and assemblages of the past will not reflect those of the future., Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 52 (1), ISSN:1523-0430, ISSN:1938-4246
154. Positive species interactions shape species' range limits
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Stephan, Pauline, Bramon Mora, Bernat, and Alexander, Jake
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commensalism ,niche limits ,mutualism ,range limits ,interaction networks ,15. Life on land ,positive species interactions ,symbiosis ,facilitation - Abstract
The relationship between niche and distribution, and especially the role of biotic interactions in shaping species' geographic distributions, has gained increasing interest in the last two decades. Most ecological research has focused on negative species interactions, especially competition, predation and parasitism. Yet the relevance of positive interactions - mutualisms and commensalisms - have been brought to the fore in recent years by an increasing number of empirical studies exploring their impact on range limits. Based on a review of 73 studies from a Web of Science search, we found strong evidence that positive interactions can influence the extent of species' geographic or ecological ranges through a diversity of mechanisms. More specifically, we found that while obligate interactions, and especially obligate mutualisms, tend to constrain the ranges of one or both partners, facultative positive interactions tend to widen ranges. Nonetheless, there was more variation in effects of facultative interactions on range limits, pointing to important context-dependencies. Therefore, we propose that conceptual development in this field will come from studying ecological interactions in the context of networks of many species across environmental gradients, since pairwise interactions alone might overlook the indirect and environmentally-contingent effects that species have on each other in communities of many interacting species. Finally, our study also revealed key data gaps that limit our current understanding of the pervasiveness of effects that positive interactions have on species' ranges, highlighting potential avenues for future theoretical and experimental work., Oikos, 130 (10), ISSN:0030-1299, ISSN:1600-0706
155. Above- and belowground linkages shape responses of mountain vegetation to climate change
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Hagedorn, Frank, Gavazov, Konstantin, and Alexander, Jake M.
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13. Climate action ,15. Life on land - Abstract
Science, 365 (6458), ISSN:0036-8075, ISSN:1095-9203
156. Non-natives: 141 scientists object
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Simberloff, Daniel, Alexander, Jake, Allendorf, Fred, Aronson, James, Antunes, Pedro M., Bacher, Sven, Bardgett, Richard, Bertolino, Sandro, Bishop, Melanie, Blackburn, Tim M., Blakeslee, April, Blumenthal, Dana, Bortolus, Alejandro, Buckley, Ralf, Buckley, Yvonne, Byers, Jeb, Callaway, Ragan M., Campbell, Faith, Campbell, Karl, Campbell, Marnie, Carlton, James T., Cassey, Phillip, Catford, Jane, Celesti-Grapow, Laura, Chapman, John, Clark, Paul, Clewell, Andre, Clode, Joao Canning, Chang, Andrew, Chytry, Milan, Clout, Mick, Cohen, Andrew, Cowan, Phil, Cowie, Robert H., Crall, Alycia W., Crooks, Jeff, Deveney, Marty, Dixon, Kingsley, Dobbs, Fred C., Duffy, David Cameron, Duncan, Richard, Ehrlich, Paul R., Eldredge, Lucius, Evenhuis, Neal, Fausch, Kurt D., Feldhaar, Heike, Firn, Jennifer, Fowler, Amy, Galil, Bella, Garcia-Berthou, Emili, Geller, Jonathan, Genovesi, Piero, Gerber, Esther, Gherardi, Francesca, Gollasch, Stephan, Gordon, Doria, Graham, Jim, Gribben, Paul, Griffen, Blaine, Grosholz, Edwin D., Hewitt, Chad, Hierro, Jose L., Hulme, Philip, Hutchings, Pat, Jarosik, Vojtech, Johnson, Chris, Johnson, Ladd, Johnston, Emma L., Jones, Carl G., Keller, Reuben, King, Carolyn M., Knols, Bart G. J., Kollmann, Johannes, Kompas, Thomas, Kotanen, Peter M., Kowarik, Ingo, Kuehn, Ingolf, Kumschick, Sabrina, Leung, Brian, Liebhold, Andrew, Macisaac, Hugh, Mack, Richard, Mccullough, Deborah G., Robbie McDonald, Merritt, David M., Meyerson, Laura, Minchin, Dan, Mooney, Harold A., Morisette, Jeffrey T., Moyle, Peter, Heinz, Mueller-Schaerer, Murray, Brad R., Nehring, Stefan, Nelson, Wendy, Nentwig, Wolfgang, Novak, Stephen J., Occhipinti, Anna, Ojaveer, Henn, Osborne, Bruce, Ostfeld, Richard S., Parker, John, Pederson, Judith, Pergl, Jan, Phillips, Megan L., Pysek, Petr, Rejmanek, Marcel, Ricciardi, Anthony, Ricotta, Carlo, Richardson, David, Rilov, Gil, Ritchie, Euan, Robertson, Peter A., Roman, Joe, Ruiz, Gregory, Schaefer, Hanno, Schaffelke, Britta, Schierenbeck, Kristina A., Schmitz, Don C., Schwindt, Evangelina, Seeb, Jim, Smith, L. David, Smith, Gideon F., Stohlgren, Thomas, Strayer, David L., Strong, Donald, Sutherland, William J., Therriault, Thomas, Thuiller, Wilfried, Torchin, Mark, Putten, Wim, Vila, Montserrat, Holle, Betsy, Wallentinus, Inger, Wardle, David, Williamson, Mark, Wilson, John, Winter, Marten, Wolfe, Lorne M., Wright, Jeff, Wonham, Marjorie, Zabin, Chela, and 141 Signatories
157. Global maps of soil temperature
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Lembrechts, Jonas J, Van Den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya MD, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara NS, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, De Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai GW, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita De Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra Di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn JM, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin De Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João LL, Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James DM, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn JD, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van De Vondel, Stijn, Van Den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank GA, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, Von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja EM, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
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soil temperature ,Climate Change ,Temperature ,soil-dwelling organisms ,Microclimate ,15. Life on land ,weather stations ,near-surface temperatures ,Soil ,bioclimatic variables ,13. Climate action ,temperature offset ,global maps ,Ecosystem - Abstract
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
158. When and how can we predict adaptive responses to climate change?
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Urban, Mark C, Swaegers, Janne, Stoks, Robby, Snook, Rhonda R, Otto, Sarah P, Noble, Daniel W A, Moiron, Maria, Hällfors, Maria H, Gómez-Llano, Miguel, Fior, Simone, Cote, Julien, Charmantier, Anne, Bestion, Elvire, Berger, David, Baur, Julian, Alexander, Jake M, Saastamoinen, Marjo, Edelsparre, Allan H, and Teplitsky, Celine
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CLIMATE change adaptation , *GENETIC variation , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
Predicting if, when, and how populations can adapt to climate change constitutes one of the greatest challenges in science today. Here, we build from contributions to the special issue on evolutionary adaptation to climate change, a survey of its authors, and recent literature to explore the limits and opportunities for predicting adaptive responses to climate change. We outline what might be predictable now, in the future, and perhaps never even with our best efforts. More accurate predictions are expected for traits characterized by a well-understood mapping between genotypes and phenotypes and traits experiencing strong, direct selection due to climate change. A meta-analysis revealed an overall moderate trait heritability and evolvability in studies performed under future climate conditions but indicated no significant change between current and future climate conditions, suggesting neither more nor less genetic variation for adapting to future climates. Predicting population persistence and evolutionary rescue remains uncertain, especially for the many species without sufficient ecological data. Still, when polled, authors contributing to this special issue were relatively optimistic about our ability to predict future evolutionary responses to climate change. Predictions will improve as we expand efforts to understand diverse organisms, their ecology, and their adaptive potential. Advancements in functional genomic resources, especially their extension to non-model species and the union of evolutionary experiments and "omics," should also enhance predictions. Although predicting evolutionary responses to climate change remains challenging, even small advances will reduce the substantial uncertainties surrounding future evolutionary responses to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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159. Experiments link competition and climate change responses.
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Alexander, Jake M.
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SPECIES , *PLANTS & the environment , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
Species interactions can have a larger impact on plant performance than direct effects of climate change itself, as shown by Rysavy et al. in this issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science. Their study illustrates different ways in which plant-plant interactions can change following climate change, stressing the need for experiments to disentangle direct and indirect impacts of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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160. Potential sources of time lags in calibrating species distribution models.
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Essl, Franz, García‐Rodríguez, Adrián, Lenzner, Bernd, Alexander, Jake M., Capinha, César, Gaüzère, Pierre, Guisan, Antoine, Kühn, Ingolf, Lenoir, Jonathan, Richardson, David M., Rumpf, Sabine B., Svenning, Jens‐Christian, Thuiller, Wilfried, Zurell, Damaris, and Dullinger, Stefan
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SPECIES distribution , *BIOTIC communities , *BIODIVERSITY , *POLICY sciences - Abstract
The Anthropocene is characterized by a rapid pace of environmental change and is causing a multitude of biotic responses, including those that affect the spatial distribution of species. Lagged responses are frequent and species distributions and assemblages are consequently pushed into a disequilibrium state. How the characteristics of environmental change—for example, gradual 'press' disturbances such as rising temperatures due to climate change versus infrequent 'pulse' disturbances such as extreme events—affect the magnitude of responses and the relaxation times of biota has been insufficiently explored. It is also not well understood how widely used approaches to assess or project the responses of species to changing environmental conditions can deal with time lags. It, therefore, remains unclear to what extent time lags in species distributions are accounted for in biodiversity assessments, scenarios and models; this has ramifications for policymaking and conservation science alike. This perspective piece reflects on lagged species responses to environmental change and discusses the potential consequences for species distribution models (SDMs), the tools of choice in biodiversity modelling. We suggest ways to better account for time lags in calibrating these models and to reduce their leverage effects in projections for improved biodiversity science and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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161. Leaf metabolic traits reveal hidden dimensions of plant form and function.
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Walker, Tom W. N., Schrodt, Franziska, Allard, Pierre-Marie, Defossez, Emmanuel, Jassey, Vincent E. J., Schuman, Meredith C., Alexander, Jake M., Baines, Oliver, Baldy, Virginie, Bardgett, Richard D., Capdevila, Pol, Coley, Phyllis D., van Dam, Nicole M., David, Bruno, Descombes, Patrice, Endara, María-José, Fernandez, Catherine, Forrister, Dale, Gargallo-Garriga, Albert, and Glauser, Gaëtan
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PLANT metabolites , *BIOTIC communities , *MORPHOLOGY , *ANALYTICAL chemistry , *BOTANY , *MOLECULAR size , *DICHLOROMETHANE - Abstract
The article provides insights into the diversity of metabolites produced by plants and how this metabolome varies across different plant species. It explores the concept of plant functional traits and suggests that integrating measurements of the plant metabolome into this concept can offer a better understanding of plant form, function, and ecological context.
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- 2023
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162. Do soil biota influence the outcome of novel interactions between plant competitors?
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Cardinaux, Aline, Hart, Simon P., and Alexander, Jake M.
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VEGETATION & climate , *PLANT-soil relationships , *PLANT species , *COMPETITION (Biology) , *PLANT communities , *CONTESTS - Abstract
Abstract: Species are shifting their ranges, for example to higher elevations, in response to climate change. Different plant species and soil microbiota will likely shift their ranges at different rates, giving rise to novel communities of plants and soil organisms. However, the ecological consequences of such novel plant–soil interactions are poorly understood. We experimentally simulated scenarios for novel interactions arising between high‐ and low‐elevation plants and soil biota following asynchronous climate change range shifts, asking to what extent the ability of plants to coexist depends on the origin of the soil biota. In a greenhouse experiment, we grew pairs of low‐ (Poa trivialis and Plantago lanceolata) and high‐ (Poa alpina and Plantago alpina) elevation plant species alone and against a density gradient of con‐ or heterospecific neighbours. Plants grew on sterilized field soil that was inoculated with a soil community sampled from either low or high elevation in the western Swiss Alps. We used the experiment to parameterize competition models, from which we predicted the population‐level outcomes of competition in the presence of the different soil biota. In the absence of neighbours, three of the four species produced more biomass with the low‐elevation soil biota. As a result of generally similar responses across plant species, soil biota tended not to affect plant interaction outcomes, with the low‐elevation species generally predicted to competitively exclude high‐elevation species irrespective of the soil biota origin. However, the low‐elevation grass Poa trivialis was only able to invade communities of Poa alpina in the presence of a low‐elevation soil biota. This suggests that, at least in some cases, the outcome of novel competitive interactions between plants following climate change will depend on whether shifts in the distribution of plants and soil organisms are asynchronous. Synthesis. Our results indicate that the changing soil communities that plants encounter during range expansion can influence plant performance. However, this is only likely to alter expectations for the ability of plants to coexist following climate change if plant species respond differently to the change in the soil community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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163. Eco‐physiological and morphological traits explain alpine plant species' response to warming.
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Visakorpi, Kristiina, Block, Sebastián, Pellissier, Loïc, Levine, Jonathan M., and Alexander, Jake
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PLANT species , *MOUNTAIN plants , *GLOBAL warming , *WATER use , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
Understanding the traits mediating species' responses to climate change is a cornerstone for predicting future community composition and ecosystem function.Although species' eco‐physiological properties determine their response to environmental change, most trait‐based studies focus on a small subset of easily measured morphological traits as proxies for physiology. This choice may limit our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on species' demography, and obscure the underlying mechanisms.We conducted a transplantation experiment along a 1000‐m elevation gradient in the Alps to quantify the degree to which changes in plant abundance due to climate warming were predicted by eco‐physiological performance versus common morphological traits.Physiological measurements revealed that warming favoured species with a conservative leaf‐level water use strategy whereas species whose leaf‐level water use was more 'wasteful' were more likely to suffer from the warmer and drier climate. Nevertheless, the predictive power of physiological traits did not exceed that of morphological traits.Our results, therefore, show that while easily measured morphological traits can successfully predict plant abundance responses to climate, eco‐physiological approaches are needed to understand the underlying mechanism. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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164. Patterns of distribution and traits of Asteraceae forbs along altitudinal gradients in their native and introduced ranges
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Alexander, Jake; id_orcid 0000-0003-2226-7913
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- ASTERACEAE (BOTANIK), ADVENTIVPFLANZEN (GEOBOTANIK), STRASSENRANDVEGETATION + BAHNDAMMVEGETATION (PFLANZENÖKOLOGIE), HÖHENLAGE, EXPOSITION UND HÖHENSTUFUNG (PFLANZENÖKOLOGIE), SOLIDAGO (BOTANIK), LACTUCA (BOTANIK), GENOTYP + GENOTYPISCHE VARIATION (PFLANZENGENETIK), ASTERACEAE (BOTANY), ADVENTIVE PLANTS (GEOBOTANY), ROAD EDGE VEGETATION + RAILWAY EMBANKMENT VEGETATION (PLANT ECOLOGY), ALTITUDE, EXPOSURE AND ALTITUDINAL ZONATION (PLANT ECOLOGY), SOLIDAGO (BOTANY), LACTUCA (BOTANY), GENOTYPE + GENOTYPIC VARIATION (PLANT GENETICS), Botanical sciences
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- 2007
165. Flying Blind.
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Alexander, Jake, Kennedy, Kostya, and Deitsch, Richard
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BLIND athletes , *NEW York City Marathon - Abstract
Focuses on U.S. marathon runner Marla Runyan. Biographical information; How Runyan is considered among the U.S. favorites in the 2002 New York City Marathon, despite being legally blind; Possible problems that Runyan could encounter while running the race.
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- 2002
166. IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment: Chapter 2. Trends and status of alien and invasive alien species
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Seebens, Hanno, Meyerson, Laura A., Rahlao, Sebataolo J., Lenzner, Bernd, Tricarico, Elena, Aleksanyan, Alla, Courchamp, Franck, Keskin, Emre, Saeedi, Hanieh, Tawake, Alifereti, Pyšek, Petr, Hui, Cang, Werenkraut, Victoria, Akite, Perpetra, Alexander, Jake, Bailey, Sarah A., Biancolini, Dino, Blackburn, Timothy M., Boehmer, Hans Juergen, Bortolus, Alejandro, Cadotte, Marc W., Capinha, César, Carlton, James T., Crouch, Jo Anne, Daehler, Curtis, Essl, Franz, Foxcroft, Llewellyn C., Fridley, Jason D., Fuentes, Nicol, Gaertner, Mirijam, Galil, Bella S., García-Berthou, Emili, García-Díaz, Pablo, Haider, Sylvia, Heneghan, Liam, Hughes, Kevin A., Kaplan, Ekin, Liebhold, Andrew M., Liu, Chunlong, Marchante, Elizabete, Marchante, Hélia, Marticorena, Alicia, Minter, David, Moreno, Rodrigo A., Nentwig, Wolfgang, Niamir, Aidin, Novoa, Ana, Nunes, Ana L., Pattison, Zarah, Pauchard, Aníbal, Ricciardi, Anthony, Richardson, David M., Russell, James C., Salles, Joana F., Sankaran, Kavileveettil V., Schertler, Anna, Schwindt, Evangelina, Shackleton, Ross T., Simberloff, Daniel, Strayer, David L., Thines, Marco, Villaseñor-Parada, Cristóbal, Vitule, Jean, Wagner, Viktoria, Wesche, Karsten, Willette, Demian A., and Zenni, Rafael D.
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Chapter 2 ,IPBES ,Invasive alien species ,Assessment - Abstract
Chapter 2: Trends and status of alien and invasive alien species of the Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services., Suggested citation: Seebens, H., Meyerson, L. A., Rahlao, S. J., Lenzner, B., Tricarico, E., Aleksanyan, A., Courchamp, F., Keskin, E., Saeedi, H., Tawake, A., and Pyšek, P. (2023). Chapter 2: Trends and status of alien and invasive alien species. In: Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Roy, H. E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P., and Renard Truong, T. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7430725
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- 2023
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167. Uncovering the evolution of elevational ecotypes in Alpine carnations
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Pålsson, Aksel, Widmer, Alex, Fior, Simone, Alexander, Jake M., Karrenberg, Sophie, and Hiscock, Simon
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genetic trade-offs ,fitness trade‐off ,natural selection ,local adaptation ,ecotype divergence ,life history traits ,transplant experiment ,Natural sciences ,ddc:500 ,FOS: Natural sciences - Abstract
Divergent selection pressures imposed by contrasting environmental conditions at opposite ends of environmental gradients can drive the evolution of populations that are adapted to local conditions. Elevational gradients in the Alps coincide with steep climatic gradients where plant populations experience divergent selection within a limited geographic scale. This feature makes alpine plants with a broad elevational range ideal for the study of evolution of local adaptation. In this thesis, we aimed to unravel the evolution of distinct locally adapted ecotypes of alpine carnations (Dianthus spp., Caryophyllaceae) in response to climate driven selection imposed by contrasting elevational habitats. As a study system, we used two perennial systems with an elevational distribution ranging from the colline to alpine belts in central Europe, D. carthusianorum and D. sylvestris. We used populations from low and high elevation growing in long-term reciprocal transplant experiments to study the evolutionary processes underlying ecotype formation by investigating performance across multiple fitness components and life stages of the perennial life cycle. Experiments for D. sylvestris were further combined with phenotypic selection analyses and a genome-wide association study based on a transplant of recombinant F2 crosses, which were used to examine the both contribution of divergent traits to adaptation and the fitness effect of alleles underlying these traits. In chapter I, we first tested for local adaptation in D. carthusianorum by using data on performance in individual fitness components measured over a period of three years in the reciprocal transplant experiment. We found evidence of genotype by environment (GxE) interactions and fitness advantages of the local ecotype, though with extensive variation at different stages of the life cycle. We thus performed a complementary seedling recruitment experiment and integrated fitness over the course of the experiment through matrix population models. Population growth rates showed a strong signal of local adaptation in both elevational environments and further provided evidence of alternate life-history traits as determinants of plant fitness. The low elevation environment caused the local plants to express a faster life cycle characterized by high investment in early reproduction. Contrarily, fitness of the local plants in the high elevation ecotype was driven primarily by survival. The high elevation plants also reproduced more in the foreign environment, which caused them to exceed their physiological limit of resource allocation to reproduction and suffer a cost in terms of reduced post reproductive survival. Chapter I shows how selection imposed at the extremes of an elevational gradient drove ecotype formation in a perennial plant, highlighting the influence of trade-offs and phenotypic plasticity of life history traits as determinants of population performance under different environmental conditions. In chapter II, we explored how selection acting through different fitness components of the perennial life cycle has driven ecotype formation in D. sylvestris, and we dissected the contribution of divergent traits to this process. Populations of D. sylvestris persisted in high elevation refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum and have subsequently colonized low elevation habitats. We combined phenotypic and fitness data collected in a reciprocal transplant experiment over five years with phenotypic selection analyses on F2 crosses to unravel the contributions of adaptive traits to the responses to the contrasting environmental conditions and associated selection regimes. Our results revealed a strong genetic basis for plant size, plant height and flowering time, associated with elevational adaptation. The high elevation environment favored a conservative life history strategy characterized by a long life span and limited investment in reproduction. Consistently, selection acted towards early flowering to ensure completion of the reproductive cycle in the short alpine summer season. In contrast, the warmer low elevation environment favored a life history strategy characterized by high investment in early reproduction at the expense of a shorter life cycle, and thus plants achieving large size and maximized fecundity. Our results show that colonization of the warmer low elevation habitats proceeded through a shift in both phenotypic and life history traits linked to resource allocation in a high-energy environment with a longer reproductive season. In chapter III, we leveraged results from chapter II to uncover the fitness effect of alleles underlying the traits that contributed to the adaptive divergence between the low and high elevation populations of D. sylvestris. We performed genome-wide association analyses and identified a polygenic genetic architecture underlying the studied adaptive traits. We found examples of both antagonistic pleiotropy and conditional neutrality describing the fitness effects of allelic variation at these loci. By dissecting separate fitness components, we revealed that alleles underlying successful reproduction at high elevation had a negative effect on fecundity, while this relationship turned positive at low elevation. These results suggest that the trade-off in resource allocation indicated in chapter II is accompanied by congruent signals at the level of the underlying genetic variants.
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- 2023
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168. Mountain roads and non-native species modify elevational patterns of plant diversity.
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Haider, Sylvia, Kueffer, Christoph, Bruelheide, Helge, Seipel, Tim, Alexander, Jake M., Rew, Lisa J., Arévalo, José Ramón, Cavieres, Lohengrin A., McDougall, Keith L., Milbau, Ann, Naylor, Bridgett J., Speziale, Karina, Pauchard, Aníbal, and Grytnes, John‐Arvid
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- *
MOUNTAIN roads , *INTRODUCED species , *PLANT species diversity , *VASCULAR plants , *PLANT communities - Abstract
Aim: We investigated patterns of species richness and community dissimilarity along elevation gradients using globally replicated, standardized surveys of vascular plants. We asked how these patterns of diversity are influenced by anthropogenic pressures (road construction and non-native species). Location: Global. Time period: 2008-2015. Major taxa studied: Vascular plants. Methods: Native and non-native vascular plant species were recorded in 943 plots along 25 elevation gradients, in nine mountain regions, on four continents. Sampling took place in plots along and away from roads. We analysed the effects of elevation and distance from road on species richness patterns and community dissimilarity (beta-diversity), and assessed how non-native species modified such elevational diversity patterns. Results: Globally, native and total species richness showed a unimodal relationship with elevation that peaked at lower-mid elevations, but these patterns were altered along roads and due to non-native species. Differences in elevational species richness patterns between regions disappeared along roadsides, and non-native species changed the patterns' character in all study regions. Community dissimilarity was reduced along roadsides and through non-native species. We also found a significant elevational decay of beta-diversity, which however was not affected by roads or non-native species. Main conclusions: Idiosyncratic native species richness patterns in plots away from roads implicate region-specific mechanisms underlying these patterns. However, along roadsides a clearer elevational signal emerged and species richness mostly peaked at mid-elevations. We conclude that both roads and non-native species lead to a homogenization of species richness patterns and plant communities in mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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169. Habitat network models and the assessment of species occurrence-state: Lessons from amphibians in the Swiss plateau
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Ortiz Rodríguez, Damian O., Alexander, Jake, Guisan, Antoine, and Braunisch, Veronika
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ddc:570 ,Life sciences - Published
- 2022
170. Mechanisms and predictions of competitive population dynamics across an elevation gradient
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Lyu, Shengman, Alexander, Jake, Levine, Jonathan, and Petchey, Owen
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ddc:570 ,alpine plant, coexistence, competition, compensatory responses, elevation gradient, demography, functional traits, integral projection model, life history strategy, lowland plant, niche difference, niche overlap, population growth, relative fitness difference, vital rate ,Natural sciences ,ddc:500 ,Life sciences ,FOS: Natural sciences - Abstract
Competition plays an important role in shaping population growth and species distributions and their responses to changing environments. However, it remains unclear under which conditions and through which processes competition can do so, limiting the comprehensive understanding of species distributions and accurate predictions of range dynamics under changing environments. In this thesis, I aim to understand how the role of competition in shaping range limits varies across environmental gradients (Chapter 1), unpack the demographic processes by which competition regulates population growth (Chapter 2), and investigate the usefulness of plant traits in predicting competition under changing environments (Chapter 3). To do so, I conduct a field experiment in which pairs of plant species originating from low and high elevations (seven lowland species and seven highland species) interact across an elevation gradient in the Swiss Alps. I measure individual-based vital rates and parameterise integral projection models (IPMs) to model population growth in the absence and presence of neighbours across the elevation gradient. In Chapter 1, I evaluate the hypothesis that species experience a reduced ability to coexist with neighbours beyond versus within their range edges and examine the contributions of niche differences and relative fitness differences to changing coexistence across the elevation gradient. To do this, I quantify population-level outcomes of competition and underlying coexistence determinants (i.e., niche differences and fitness differences) using parameterised IPMs. The results show that both lowland and highland species can better persist in the presence of competition within, rather than beyond, their elevation ranges. These findings suggest that competition helps set both lower and upper elevation range limits of these species. Moreover, the results demonstrate that species’ range limits can be influenced by competitors from both within and outside their range (i.e., sympatric and parapatric species) and mediated through niche differences and relative fitness differences. Specifically, the reduced ability of pairs of lowland or highland species to coexist beyond their range edges is mainly driven by diminishing niche differences; changes in both niche differences and relative fitness differences drive weakening competitive dominance of lowland over highland species with increasing elevation. These results suggest the general importance of species interactions for regulating distributions and highlight the need to consider species interactions and investigate underlying coexistence mechanisms to better understand current and future species distributions. In Chapter 2, I investigate how the responses of individual vital rates to competition translate to population growth under competition and species coexistence. I quantify the contributions of each vital rate to the effects of competition on population growth rates using parameterised IPMs. The results show that the responses of vital rates at earlier life stages, that is, individual growth and seedling establishment, made the greatest contributions to competition-induced declines in population growth compared with the vital rates at later life stages, that is, the survival and reproduction of mature plants. Surprisingly, survival and reproduction frequently show compensatory responses that occurred in 92% of species pairs, which significantly promote species coexistence by reducing niche overlap. Our study highlights the importance of integrating species’ full life cycles to better understand the role of competition in regulating plant population and community dynamics. In Chapter 3, I investigate how well traits predict competition and whether and how the predictive ability varies across the elevation gradient and between current (lowland-lowland and highland-highland species pairs) and novel interactions (lowland-highland species). I measure 15 traits covering morphology, phenology, physiology, and resource uses for each species within each site and relate species’ differences in traits to the strength and outcomes of competition between them. The results show that traits can predict current and novel interactions equally well, and the predictive ability is greater under warmer than cooler climates. These results reinforce the usefulness of traits in predicting the outcomes of changing species interactions under changing environments and highlight the importance of considering environmental context when using traits to predict the effects of species interactions under changing environments. In conclusion, this thesis reveals that competition can shape population growth and species distributions through different processes that vary across demographic components and environmental gradients and between species. The complex processes underlying the effects of competition on species distributions present a major challenge for ecologists to understand species distributions and accurately predict range dynamics under changing environments. One promising way to overcome this challenge is to incorporate plant demography, coexistence theory and functional ecology into biogeography. By doing so, ecologists can gain deeper insights into the processes and mechanisms by which competition shapes species distributions and build a mechanistic link that scales the responses of individuals to environments up to species distributions.
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- 2022
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171. Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Changing Competitive Interactions in Alpine Plant Communities Experiencing Climate Change
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Nomoto, Hanna, Alexander, Jake, Fior, Simone, Karrenberg, Sophie, and Klanderud, Kari
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ddc:570 ,Life sciences - Published
- 2022
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172. Adaptation to elevation in Brassicaceae species of the central Alps
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Maccagni, Alessio, Willi, Yvonne, Hoch, Günter, and Alexander, Jake
- Abstract
Species are restricted in their spatial distribution, but the reasons behind this phenomenon are still not entirely known. Temperature has been considered to play an important role for a long time, for example because of the commonly observed overlap between isoclines and distribution limits, or for the direct impact that temperature has on the physiology of organisms. From an evolutionary point of view however, it is unclear why the climate niche of species does not seem to evolve such that species ranges can extend unlimitedly. To shed light on the evolutionary constraints limiting species distribution, I studied patterns of adaptation along an elevational gradient, which is essentially a thermal gradient. I chose a macro-evolutionary approach and included in my analyses 100 Brassicaceae species covering a high diversity of restricted elevational ranges in the European Alps. Species were compared in their thermal responses and thermal adaptation based on a climate chamber experiment and a transplant experiment on a mountain slope, with 5 transplant sites from 600 to 2000 m of elevation. Climate chamber experiments revealed that low- and high-elevation species mainly differed in the response of growth to temperature, with high-elevation species being better at growing when daily temperatures reached a high maximum, but worse at growing to large size when night frosts occurred. Therefore, results indicated a trade-off between fast growth under warm conditions and frost tolerance. Analyses on an association between elevational range size and phenotypic plasticity revealed no support for a positive link. However, I found that increased thermal heterogeneity selected for stronger thermal specialisation, countering the hypothesis that temporal environmental variability selects for increased plasticity. The transplant experiment demonstrated that species were indeed adapted to their optimal elevation of occurrence; lifetime performance declined if the transplant site was at a different elevation than the typical elevation of occurrence of a species. Patterns established not via temperature-dependent mortality, but because reproduction declined with increasing difference in elevation relative to the typical elevation. The probability of fruit set decreased with increasing distance. Furthermore, I found that reproduction negatively affected survival to the next year, suggesting an allocation trade-off between reproduction and longevity that may be also important in constraining the climate niche and its evolution. Overall, this body of work supported that elevational range limits generally reflect niche limits, and that species seem to have been selected for thermal specialisation. Evolutionary constraints in the widening of the climate niche seem to include genetic trade-offs in growing fast under warm conditions and being frost tolerant, and an allocation trade-off between reproduction and longevity. It is these two axes of trade-offs or four axes of life-history aspects that future micro-evolutionary studies should focus on to confirm their role in constraining the evolution of the climate niche within species.
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- 2021
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173. Distribution and demographics of non-native plants in mountainous regions
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Seipel, Timothy Fridolin, Alexander, Jake M., and Edwards, Peter J.
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ZONAL VEGETATION (PLANT SOCIETIES) ,SOLIDAGO (BOTANIK) ,ADVENTIVE PLANTS (GEOBOTANY) ,ERIGERON (BOTANIK) ,MOUNTAIN VEGETATION (PLANT SOCIETIES) ,ERIGERON (BOTANY) ,ADVENTIVPFLANZEN (GEOBOTANIK) ,ddc:580 ,GEBIRGSVEGETATION (PFLANZENGESELLSCHAFTEN) ,ZONALE VEGETATION (PFLANZENGESELLSCHAFTEN) ,VERBASCUM (BOTANIK) ,HÖHENGRENZEN + HÖHENZONEN (GEBIRGE) ,SOLIDAGO (BOTANY) ,VERBASCUM (BOTANY) ,LIMITS OF ALTITUDE + ALTITUDINAL ZONATION (MOUNTAINS) ,Botanical sciences - Published
- 2011
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174. Positive and negative plant-plant interactions influence seedling establishment at both high and low elevations.
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Hischier CM, Hille Ris Lambers J, Iseli E, and Alexander JM
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Deciphering how plants interact with each other across environmental gradients is important to understand plant community assembly, as well as potential future plant responses to environmental change. Plant - plant interactions are expected to shift from predominantly negative (i.e. competition) to predominantly positive (i.e. facilitation) along gradients of environmental severity. However, most experiments examine the net effects of interactions by growing plants in either the presence or absence of neighbours, thereby neglecting the interplay of both negative and positive effects acting simultaneously within communities. To partially unravel these effects, we tested how the seedling establishment of 10 mountain grassland plants varied in the presence versus absence of plant communities at two sites along an elevation gradient. We created a third experimental treatment (using plastic plant mats to mimic surrounding vegetation) that retained the main hypothesised benefits of plant neighbours (microsite amelioration), while reducing a key negative effect (competition for soil resources). In contrast to our expectations, we found evidence for net positive effects of vegetation at the low elevation site, and net negative effects at the high elevation site. Interestingly, the negative effects of plant neighbours at high elevation were driven by high establishment rates of low elevation grasses in bare soil plots. At both sites, establishment rates were highest in artificial vegetation (after excluding two low elevation grasses at the high elevation site), indicating that positive effects of above-ground vegetation are partially offset by their negative effects. Our results demonstrate that both competition and facilitation act jointly to affect community structure across environmental gradients, while emphasising that competition can be strong also at higher elevations in temperate mountain regions. Consequently, plant - plant interactions are likely to influence the establishment of new, and persistence of resident, species in mountain plant communities as environments change., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00035-023-00302-8., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (© The Author(s) 2023.)
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- 2024
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175. Deep learning to extract the meteorological by-catch of wildlife cameras.
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Alison J, Payne S, Alexander JM, Bjorkman AD, Clark VR, Gwate O, Huntsaar M, Iseli E, Lenoir J, Mann HMR, Steenhuisen SL, and Høye TT
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- Animals, Humans, Weather, Snow, Biodiversity, Animals, Wild, Deep Learning
- Abstract
Microclimate-proximal climatic variation at scales of metres and minutes-can exacerbate or mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. However, most microclimate studies are temperature centric, and do not consider meteorological factors such as sunshine, hail and snow. Meanwhile, remote cameras have become a primary tool to monitor wild plants and animals, even at micro-scales, and deep learning tools rapidly convert images into ecological data. However, deep learning applications for wildlife imagery have focused exclusively on living subjects. Here, we identify an overlooked opportunity to extract latent, ecologically relevant meteorological information. We produce an annotated image dataset of micrometeorological conditions across 49 wildlife cameras in South Africa's Maloti-Drakensberg and the Swiss Alps. We train ensemble deep learning models to classify conditions as overcast, sunshine, hail or snow. We achieve 91.7% accuracy on test cameras not seen during training. Furthermore, we show how effective accuracy is raised to 96% by disregarding 14.1% of classifications where ensemble member models did not reach a consensus. For two-class weather classification (overcast vs. sunshine) in a novel location in Svalbard, Norway, we achieve 79.3% accuracy (93.9% consensus accuracy), outperforming a benchmark model from the computer vision literature (75.5% accuracy). Our model rapidly classifies sunshine, snow and hail in almost 2 million unlabelled images. Resulting micrometeorological data illustrated common seasonal patterns of summer hailstorms and autumn snowfalls across mountains in the northern and southern hemispheres. However, daily patterns of sunshine and shade diverged between sites, impacting daily temperature cycles. Crucially, we leverage micrometeorological data to demonstrate that (1) experimental warming using open-top chambers shortens early snow events in autumn, and (2) image-derived sunshine marginally outperforms sensor-derived temperature when predicting bumblebee foraging. These methods generate novel micrometeorological variables in synchrony with biological recordings, enabling new insights from an increasingly global network of wildlife cameras., (© 2023 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2024
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176. Uncovering Broad Macroecological Patterns by Comparing the Shape of Species' Distributions along Environmental Gradients.
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Bramon Mora B, Guisan A, and Alexander JM
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- Ecology, Bayes Theorem, Plant Dispersal
- Abstract
AbstractSpecies' distributions can take many different forms. For example, fat-tailed or skewed distributions are very common in nature, as these can naturally emerge as a result of individual variability and asymmetric environmental tolerances, respectively. Studying the basic shape of distributions can teach us a lot about the ways climatic processes and historical contingencies shape ecological communities. Yet we still lack a general understanding of how their shapes and properties compare to each other along gradients. Here, we use Bayesian nonlinear models to quantify range shape properties in empirical plant distributions. With this approach, we are able to distil the shape of plant distributions and compare them along gradients and across species. Studying the relationship between distribution properties, we revealed the existence of broad macroecological patterns along environmental gradients-such as those expected from Rapoport's rule and the abiotic stress limitation hypothesis. We also find that some aspects of the shape of observed ranges-such as kurtosis and skewness of the distributions-could be intrinsic properties of species or the result of their historical contexts. Overall, our modeling approach and results untangle the general shape of plant distributions and provide a mapping of how this changes along environmental gradients.
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- 2024
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177. Competitors alter selection on alpine plants exposed to experimental climate change.
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Nomoto H, Fior S, and Alexander J
- Abstract
Investigating how climate change alters selection regimes is a crucial step toward understanding the potential of populations to evolve in the face of changing conditions. Previous studies have mainly focused on understanding how changing climate directly influences selection, while the role of species' interactions has received little attention. Here, we used a transplant experiment along an elevation gradient to estimate how climate warming and competitive interactions lead to shifts in directional phenotypic selection on morphology and phenology of four alpine plants. We found that warming generally imposed novel selection, with the largest shifts in regimes acting on specific leaf area and flowering time across species. Competitors instead weakened the selection acting on traits that was imposed directly by warming. Weakened or absent selection in the presence of competitors was largely associated with the suppression of absolute means and variation of fitness. Our results suggest that although climate change can impose strong selection, competitive interactions within communities might act to limit selection and thereby stymie evolutionary responses in alpine plants facing climate change., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE) and European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEN).)
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- 2023
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178. When and how can we predict adaptive responses to climate change?
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Urban MC, Swaegers J, Stoks R, Snook RR, Otto SP, Noble DWA, Moiron M, Hällfors MH, Gómez-Llano M, Fior S, Cote J, Charmantier A, Bestion E, Berger D, Baur J, Alexander JM, Saastamoinen M, Edelsparre AH, and Teplitsky C
- Abstract
Predicting if, when, and how populations can adapt to climate change constitutes one of the greatest challenges in science today. Here, we build from contributions to the special issue on evolutionary adaptation to climate change, a survey of its authors, and recent literature to explore the limits and opportunities for predicting adaptive responses to climate change. We outline what might be predictable now, in the future, and perhaps never even with our best efforts. More accurate predictions are expected for traits characterized by a well-understood mapping between genotypes and phenotypes and traits experiencing strong, direct selection due to climate change. A meta-analysis revealed an overall moderate trait heritability and evolvability in studies performed under future climate conditions but indicated no significant change between current and future climate conditions, suggesting neither more nor less genetic variation for adapting to future climates. Predicting population persistence and evolutionary rescue remains uncertain, especially for the many species without sufficient ecological data. Still, when polled, authors contributing to this special issue were relatively optimistic about our ability to predict future evolutionary responses to climate change. Predictions will improve as we expand efforts to understand diverse organisms, their ecology, and their adaptive potential. Advancements in functional genomic resources, especially their extension to non-model species and the union of evolutionary experiments and "omics," should also enhance predictions. Although predicting evolutionary responses to climate change remains challenging, even small advances will reduce the substantial uncertainties surrounding future evolutionary responses to climate change., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. A.C., M.S., A.E., and C.T. are associate editors or special issue guest editors of Evolution Letters. Editorial processing of the manuscript was done independently of these editors., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE) and European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEN).)
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- 2023
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179. Connecting higher-order interactions with ecological stability in experimental aquatic food webs.
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Shen C, Lemmen K, Alexander J, and Pennekamp F
- Abstract
Community ecology is built on theories that represent the strength of interactions between species as pairwise links. Higher-order interactions (HOIs) occur when a species changes the pairwise interaction between a focal pair. Recent theoretical work has highlighted the stabilizing role of HOIs for large, simulated communities, yet it remains unclear how important higher-order effects are in real communities. Here, we used experimental communities of aquatic protists to examine the relationship between HOIs and stability (as measured by the persistence of a species in a community). We cultured a focal pair of consumers in the presence of additional competitors and a predator and collected time series data of their abundances. We then fitted competition models with and without HOIs to measure interaction strength between the focal pair across different community compositions. We used survival analysis to measure the persistence of individual species. We found evidence that additional species positively affected persistence of the focal species and that HOIs were present in most of our communities. However, persistence was only linked to HOIs for one of the focal species. Our results vindicate community ecology theory positing that species interactions may deviate from assumptions of pairwise interactions, opening avenues to consider possible consequences for coexistence and stability., Competing Interests: None., (© 2023 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2023
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180. Rapid upwards spread of non-native plants in mountains across continents.
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Iseli E, Chisholm C, Lenoir J, Haider S, Seipel T, Barros A, Hargreaves AL, Kardol P, Lembrechts JJ, McDougall K, Rashid I, Rumpf SB, Arévalo JR, Cavieres L, Daehler C, Dar PA, Endress B, Jakobs G, Jiménez A, Küffer C, Mihoc M, Milbau A, Morgan JW, Naylor BJ, Pauchard A, Ratier Backes A, Reshi ZA, Rew LJ, Righetti D, Shannon JM, Valencia G, Walsh N, Wright GT, and Alexander JM
- Subjects
- Introduced Species, Plants, Plant Dispersal, Ecosystem, Altitude
- Abstract
High-elevation ecosystems are among the few ecosystems worldwide that are not yet heavily invaded by non-native plants. This is expected to change as species expand their range limits upwards to fill their climatic niches and respond to ongoing anthropogenic disturbances. Yet, whether and how quickly these changes are happening has only been assessed in a few isolated cases. Starting in 2007, we conducted repeated surveys of non-native plant distributions along mountain roads in 11 regions from 5 continents. We show that over a 5- to 10-year period, the number of non-native species increased on average by approximately 16% per decade across regions. The direction and magnitude of upper range limit shifts depended on elevation across all regions. Supported by a null-model approach accounting for range changes expected by chance alone, we found greater than expected upward shifts at lower/mid elevations in at least seven regions. After accounting for elevation dependence, significant average upward shifts were detected in a further three regions (revealing evidence for upward shifts in 10 of 11 regions). Together, our results show that mountain environments are becoming increasingly exposed to biological invasions, emphasizing the need to monitor and prevent potential biosecurity issues emerging in high-elevation ecosystems., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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181. Microbial invasion of a toxic medium is facilitated by a resident community but inhibited as the community co-evolves.
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Piccardi P, Alberti G, Alexander JM, and Mitri S
- Subjects
- Bacteria, Ecosystem, Introduced Species
- Abstract
Predicting whether microbial invaders will colonize an environment is critical for managing natural and engineered ecosystems, and controlling infectious disease. Invaders often face competition by resident microbes. But how invasions play out in communities dominated by facilitative interactions is less clear. We previously showed that growth medium toxicity can promote facilitation between four bacterial species, as species that cannot grow alone rely on others to survive. Following the same logic, here we allowed other bacterial species to invade the four-species community and found that invaders could more easily colonize a toxic medium when the community was present. In a more benign environment instead, invasive species that could survive alone colonized more successfully when the residents were absent. Next, we asked whether early colonists could exclude future ones through a priority effect, by inoculating the invaders into the resident community only after its members had co-evolved for 44 weeks. Compared to the ancestral community, the co-evolved resident community was more competitive toward invaders and less affected by them. Our experiments show how communities may assemble by facilitating one another in harsh, sterile environments, but that arriving after community members have co-evolved can limit invasion success., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
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182. Competition contributes to both warm and cool range edges.
- Author
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Lyu S and Alexander JM
- Subjects
- Ecosystem, Plants
- Abstract
Competition plays an important role in shaping species' spatial distributions. However, it remains unclear where and how competition regulates species' range limits. In a field experiment with plants originating from low and high elevations and conducted across an elevation gradient in the Swiss Alps, we find that both lowland and highland species can better persist in the presence of competition within, rather than beyond, their elevation ranges. These findings suggest that competition helps set both lower and upper elevation range limits of these species. Furthermore, the reduced ability of pairs of lowland or highland species to coexist beyond their range edges is mainly driven by diminishing niche differences; changes in both niche differences and relative fitness differences drive weakening competitive dominance of lowland over highland species with increasing elevation. These results highlight the need to account for competitive interactions and investigate underlying coexistence mechanisms to understand current and future species distributions., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
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183. Global maps of soil temperature.
- Author
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Lembrechts JJ, van den Hoogen J, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, De Frenne P, Kemppinen J, Kopecký M, Luoto M, Maclean IMD, Crowther TW, Bailey JJ, Haesen S, Klinges DH, Niittynen P, Scheffers BR, Van Meerbeek K, Aartsma P, Abdalaze O, Abedi M, Aerts R, Ahmadian N, Ahrends A, Alatalo JM, Alexander JM, Allonsius CN, Altman J, Ammann C, Andres C, Andrews C, Ardö J, Arriga N, Arzac A, Aschero V, Assis RL, Assmann JJ, Bader MY, Bahalkeh K, Barančok P, Barrio IC, Barros A, Barthel M, Basham EW, Bauters M, Bazzichetto M, Marchesini LB, Bell MC, Benavides JC, Benito Alonso JL, Berauer BJ, Bjerke JW, Björk RG, Björkman MP, Björnsdóttir K, Blonder B, Boeckx P, Boike J, Bokhorst S, Brum BNS, Brůna J, Buchmann N, Buysse P, Camargo JL, Campoe OC, Candan O, Canessa R, Cannone N, Carbognani M, Carnicer J, Casanova-Katny A, Cesarz S, Chojnicki B, Choler P, Chown SL, Cifuentes EF, Čiliak M, Contador T, Convey P, Cooper EJ, Cremonese E, Curasi SR, Curtis R, Cutini M, Dahlberg CJ, Daskalova GN, de Pablo MA, Della Chiesa S, Dengler J, Deronde B, Descombes P, Di Cecco V, Di Musciano M, Dick J, Dimarco RD, Dolezal J, Dorrepaal E, Dušek J, Eisenhauer N, Eklundh L, Erickson TE, Erschbamer B, Eugster W, Ewers RM, Exton DA, Fanin N, Fazlioglu F, Feigenwinter I, Fenu G, Ferlian O, Fernández Calzado MR, Fernández-Pascual E, Finckh M, Higgens RF, Forte TGW, Freeman EC, Frei ER, Fuentes-Lillo E, García RA, García MB, Géron C, Gharun M, Ghosn D, Gigauri K, Gobin A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Gottschall F, Goulding K, Govaert S, Graae BJ, Greenwood S, Greiser C, Grelle A, Guénard B, Guglielmin M, Guillemot J, Haase P, Haider S, Halbritter AH, Hamid M, Hammerle A, Hampe A, Haugum SV, Hederová L, Heinesch B, Helfter C, Hepenstrick D, Herberich M, Herbst M, Hermanutz L, Hik DS, Hoffrén R, Homeier J, Hörtnagl L, Høye TT, Hrbacek F, Hylander K, Iwata H, Jackowicz-Korczynski MA, Jactel H, Järveoja J, Jastrzębowski S, Jentsch A, Jiménez JJ, Jónsdóttir IS, Jucker T, Jump AS, Juszczak R, Kanka R, Kašpar V, Kazakis G, Kelly J, Khuroo AA, Klemedtsson L, Klisz M, Kljun N, Knohl A, Kobler J, Kollár J, Kotowska MM, Kovács B, Kreyling J, Lamprecht A, Lang SI, Larson C, Larson K, Laska K, le Maire G, Leihy RI, Lens L, Liljebladh B, Lohila A, Lorite J, Loubet B, Lynn J, Macek M, Mackenzie R, Magliulo E, Maier R, Malfasi F, Máliš F, Man M, Manca G, Manco A, Manise T, Manolaki P, Marciniak F, Matula R, Mazzolari AC, Medinets S, Medinets V, Meeussen C, Merinero S, Mesquita RCG, Meusburger K, Meysman FJR, Michaletz ST, Milbau A, Moiseev D, Moiseev P, Mondoni A, Monfries R, Montagnani L, Moriana-Armendariz M, Morra di Cella U, Mörsdorf M, Mosedale JR, Muffler L, Muñoz-Rojas M, Myers JA, Myers-Smith IH, Nagy L, Nardino M, Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Newling E, Nicklas L, Niedrist G, Niessner A, Nilsson MB, Normand S, Nosetto MD, Nouvellon Y, Nuñez MA, Ogaya R, Ogée J, Okello J, Olejnik J, Olesen JE, Opedal ØH, Orsenigo S, Palaj A, Pampuch T, Panov AV, Pärtel M, Pastor A, Pauchard A, Pauli H, Pavelka M, Pearse WD, Peichl M, Pellissier L, Penczykowski RM, Penuelas J, Petit Bon M, Petraglia A, Phartyal SS, Phoenix GK, Pio C, Pitacco A, Pitteloud C, Plichta R, Porro F, Portillo-Estrada M, Poulenard J, Poyatos R, Prokushkin AS, Puchalka R, Pușcaș M, Radujković D, Randall K, Ratier Backes A, Remmele S, Remmers W, Renault D, Risch AC, Rixen C, Robinson SA, Robroek BJM, Rocha AV, Rossi C, Rossi G, Roupsard O, Rubtsov AV, Saccone P, Sagot C, Sallo Bravo J, Santos CC, Sarneel JM, Scharnweber T, Schmeddes J, Schmidt M, Scholten T, Schuchardt M, Schwartz N, Scott T, Seeber J, Segalin de Andrade AC, Seipel T, Semenchuk P, Senior RA, Serra-Diaz JM, Sewerniak P, Shekhar A, Sidenko NV, Siebicke L, Siegwart Collier L, Simpson E, Siqueira DP, Sitková Z, Six J, Smiljanic M, Smith SW, Smith-Tripp S, Somers B, Sørensen MV, Souza JJLL, Souza BI, Souza Dias A, Spasojevic MJ, Speed JDM, Spicher F, Stanisci A, Steinbauer K, Steinbrecher R, Steinwandter M, Stemkovski M, Stephan JG, Stiegler C, Stoll S, Svátek M, Svoboda M, Tagesson T, Tanentzap AJ, Tanneberger F, Theurillat JP, Thomas HJD, Thomas AD, Tielbörger K, Tomaselli M, Treier UA, Trouillier M, Turtureanu PD, Tutton R, Tyystjärvi VA, Ueyama M, Ujházy K, Ujházyová M, Uogintas D, Urban AV, Urban J, Urbaniak M, Ursu TM, Vaccari FP, Van de Vondel S, van den Brink L, Van Geel M, Vandvik V, Vangansbeke P, Varlagin A, Veen GF, Veenendaal E, Venn SE, Verbeeck H, Verbrugggen E, Verheijen FGA, Villar L, Vitale L, Vittoz P, Vives-Ingla M, von Oppen J, Walz J, Wang R, Wang Y, Way RG, Wedegärtner REM, Weigel R, Wild J, Wilkinson M, Wilmking M, Wingate L, Winkler M, Wipf S, Wohlfahrt G, Xenakis G, Yang Y, Yu Z, Yu K, Zellweger F, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhao P, Ziemblińska K, Zimmermann R, Zong S, Zyryanov VI, Nijs I, and Lenoir J
- Subjects
- Climate Change, Microclimate, Temperature, Ecosystem, Soil
- Abstract
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km
2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications., (© 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
184. Preface.
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Rafajlović M, Alexander JM, Butlin RK, and Johannesson K
- Published
- 2022
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185. The Effect of Lacrosse Protective Equipment on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillator Shock.
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Bowman TG, Boergers RJ, Lininger MR, Kilmer AJ, Ardente M, D'Amodio G, Hughes C, and Murphy M
- Abstract
Context: In the event of an acute cardiac event, on-field equipment removal is suggested, although it remains unknown how lacrosse equipment removal may alter time to first chest compression and time to first AED shock., Objective: To determine time to first chest compression and first AED shock in 2 chest exposure procedures with 2 different pad types., Design: Crossover study Setting: Simulation laboratory Participants: Thirty-six athletic trainers (21 females, 15 males; age=30.58±7.81) Main Outcome Measures: Participants worked in pairs to provide 2 rescuer CPR intervention on a simulation manikin (QCPR manikin, Laerdal Medical, Wappingers Falls, NY) outfitted with lacrosse pads and helmet. Participants completed a total of 8 trials per pair (2 chest exposure procedures X 2 pad types X 2 participant roles). The dependent variables were time to first compression (s) and time to first AED shock (s). The independent variables were chest exposure procedure with 2 levels (procedure 1: removal of helmet while initiating CPR over the pads followed by pad retraction and AED application; procedure 2: removal of helmet and removal of pads followed by CPR and AED application) and pad type (Warrior Burn Hitman shoulder pads; Warrior Nemesis chest protector)., Results: We found a statistically significant interaction between chest exposure procedure and pad type for time to first compression (F1,35=4.66, P=0.04, ω2p=0.10) with significantly faster times during procedure 1 for both the Nemesis pads (16.1±3.4 s) and the Hitman pads (16.1±4.5 s) compared to procedure 2 (Nemesis pads: 49.6±12.9 s, P<0.0001; Hitman pads: 53.8±14.5 s, P<0.0001)., Conclusions: Completing the initial cycle of chest compressions over either shoulder pads or a chest protector hastens time to first chest compression without diminishing CPR quality which may improve patient outcomes. Time to first AED shock was not different between equipment procedure or pad type., (© by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc.)
- Published
- 2020
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186. Earlier phenology of a nonnative plant increases impacts on native competitors.
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Alexander JM and Levine JM
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Physiological, California, Climate, Ecosystem, Europe, Flowers growth & development, Introduced Species, Lactuca growth & development
- Abstract
Adaptation to climate is expected to increase the performance of invasive species and their community-level impacts. However, while the fitness gains from adaptation should, in general, promote invader competitive ability, empirical demonstrations of this prediction are scarce. Furthermore, climate adaptation, in the form of altered timing of life cycle transitions, should affect the phenological overlap between nonnative and native competitors, with potentially large, but poorly tested, impacts on native species persistence. We evaluated these predictions by growing native California grassland plants in competition with nonnative Lactuca serriola , a species that flowers earlier in parts of its nonnative range that are drier than its putative European source region. In common garden experiments in southern California with L. serriola populations differing in phenology, plants originating from arid climates bolted up to 48 d earlier than plants from more mesic climates, and selection favored early flowering, supporting an adaptive basis for the phenology cline. The per capita competitive effects of L. serriola from early flowering populations on five early flowering native species were greater than the effects of L. serriola from later flowering populations. Consequently, the ability of the native species to increase when rare in competition with L. serriola , as inferred from field-parameterized competition models, declined with earlier L. serriola phenology. Indeed, changes to L. serriola phenology affected whether or not one native species was predicted to persist in competition with L. serriola Our results suggest that evolution in response to new climatic conditions can have important consequences for species interactions, and enhance the impacts of biological invasions on natural communities., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2019
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187. Invasions and extinctions through the looking glass of evolutionary ecology.
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Colautti RI, Alexander JM, Dlugosch KM, Keller SR, and Sultan SE
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- Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Phenotype, Biological Evolution, Endangered Species, Extinction, Biological, Introduced Species
- Abstract
Invasive and endangered species reflect opposite ends of a spectrum of ecological success, yet they experience many similar eco-evolutionary challenges including demographic bottlenecks, hybridization and novel environments. Despite these similarities, important differences exist. Demographic bottlenecks are more transient in invasive species, which (i) maintains ecologically relevant genetic variation, (ii) reduces mutation load, and (iii) increases the efficiency of natural selection relative to genetic drift. Endangered species are less likely to benefit from admixture, which offsets mutation load but also reduces fitness when populations are locally adapted. Invading species generally experience more benign environments with fewer natural enemies, which increases fitness directly and also indirectly by masking inbreeding depression. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity can maintain fitness in novel environments but is more likely to evolve in invasive species encountering variable habitats and to be compromised by demographic factors in endangered species. Placed in an eco-evolutionary context, these differences affect the breadth of the ecological niche, which arises as an emergent property of antagonistic selection and genetic constraints. Comparative studies of invasions and extinctions that apply an eco-evolutionary perspective could provide new insights into the environmental and genetic basis of ecological success in novel environments and improve efforts to preserve global biodiversity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'., (© 2016 The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2017
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188. When Climate Reshuffles Competitors: A Call for Experimental Macroecology.
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Alexander JM, Diez JM, Hart SP, and Levine JM
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- Biota, Climate, Plants, Climate Change, Ecology
- Abstract
Climate change will likely reshuffle ecological communities, causing novel species interactions that could profoundly influence how populations and communities respond to changing conditions. Nonetheless, predicting the impacts of novel interactions is challenging, partly because many methods of inference are contingent on the current configuration of climatic variables and species distributions. Focusing on competition, we argue that experiments designed to quantify novel interactions in ways that can inform species distribution models are urgently needed, and suggest an empirical agenda to pursue this goal, illustrated using plants. An emerging convergence of ideas from macroecology and demographically focused competition theory offers opportunities to mechanistically incorporate competition into species distribution models, while forging closer ties between experimental ecology and macroecology., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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