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V tem strokovnem prispevku bodo prestavljene tehnologije tako imenovane podaljšane resničnosti (ang. Ex-tended Reality) ali XR, pod katero uvrščamo VR, AR in MR tehnologije ter 360-stopinjski posnetki. Gre za tehnologije, ki se pojavljajo v turistični industriji in so vsako leto bolj razširjene, njihova uporaba pa vse bolj priljubljena zaradi dodane vrednosti, ki jo prinašajo uporabniški izkušnji. Opredelili bomo XR tehnologije in 360-stopinjske posnetke ter kako se med seboj razlikujejo. Izpostavili bomo tudi problematiko poimenovanja VR tehnologij v strokovni in znanstveni literaturi in pomembno razlikovanje med njimi, glede na stopnjo poto-pitvene izkušnje, ki jo določena VR tehnologija ponuja uporabniku. V prispevku se bomo prav tako dotaknili doprinosa teh tehnologij pri spremembah v turizmu v povezavi s pandemijo Covid-19 in novih trendov poto-vanj oziroma vedenja turistov ter smernic za ponovni zagon turizma, ki so povezani tudi z uporabo sodobnih tehnologij. Predstavljeni bodo že uveljavljeni načini in možnosti uporabe v turizmu oz. kako prispevajo k izkušnji na destinaciji, kot tudi izbrani primeri dobrih praks uporabe omenjenih tehnologij na primeru Slovenije in širše regije.

V strokovnem prispevku bomo predstavili pregled iz literature o digitalni zrelosti podjetij, zlasti malih in sred-njih podjetij (v nadaljevanju MSP) in se osredotočili na problematiko merjena le te, saj ni uveljavljenega modela za merjenje digitalne zrelosti, ki bi ga lahko aplicirali na podjetja iz različnih sektorjev. Predstavili bomo nekaj primerov dobrih praks digitalizacije in načinov merjenja, ki so se jih posluževali predvsem v turističnem sektorju po svetu. Po pregledu več različnih vprašalnikov za merjenje digitalne zrelosti, ki so na voljo na spletu, ugotavljamo, da so vprašalniki neprilagojeni za različne sektorje in zlasti za področje turizma, predlagamo nekaj poudarkov za vprašalnike, ki bi omogočili boljši vpogled v trenutno stanje na področju digitaliziranosti turis-tičnih MSP-jev. V Sloveniji so se digitalne preobrazbe lotili celovito in se podjetjem ponuja tudi vavčarje za različna področja, na primer za dvig digitalnih kompetenc, potreba po katerih se je še posebej pokazala v času pandemije Covid-19, za digitalni marketing, za pripravo digitalnih strategij in za kibernetsko varnost. Prav tako je v Sloveniji DIH oblikoval vprašalnik za merjenje digitalne zrelosti podjetij, ki je razdeljen na več sklopov, podjetjem pa je po zaključku vprašalnika posredovana strategija oziroma nasveti za izboljšave na različnih po-dročij delovnega procesa podjetja.

During a floristic survey carried out in the surroundings of the settlement of Sveti Rok (southern Mt Velebit, Croatia), some individuals of Cystopteris were collected and subsequently identified as C. dickieana. This record is the first for Croatian vascular flora and for the NW part of the Balkan area. It is a circumHolarctic species, although generally rare within its distribution area, and grows in the rock crevices. Due to the difficulty of distinguishing it within the C. fragilis species complex, its distribution at world level and its ecology are still not sufficiently known. Some notes on the environment in which the species was found, taxonomical details and identification key for Cystopteris taxa known for Croatia are also presented.

Peat bog pools are rare and fragmented in the Western Balkans. Thus, aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and the implications for microhabitat loss in these ecosystems are poorly known. Aquatic oligochaetes, widely used as indicators, were sampled using a benthos net in the largest and oldest Croatian bog, in four main water body types: a pond, a deep pool, a shallow pool and a ditch. As these microhabitats lack spatial replication both in the studied bog and in the region, we applied a nested study design with replicates sampled over time. We found a species- rich aquatic oligochaete fauna, with 11 taxa recorded. Oligochaete communities were strongly affected by vegetation complexity and the morphology of bog water bodies, namely, their size and depth. As revealed by generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs), taxon richness and abundance were significantly higher in the ditch than in other water body types. This could be attributed to the vegetation complexity, supporting many different niches and providing allochthonous food supplies for oligochaetes. The various bog pools contribute to regional biodiversity and promote distinct patterns in the spatial distribution of oligochaetes. However, the predominance of ubiquitous oligochaetes, with high taxon richness, might indicate the degradation of the studied peat bog. This was further confirmed by the spread of vascular plants to the bog area and higher pH water values. All these warning signals suggest that hydro-ecological conditions should be urgently improved in order to preserve communities in the bog studied.

This paper reports for the first time the occurrence of Thorea hispida (Thore) Desvaux gametophyte stage as epizoic growth on aquatic gastropods, and also reports a new locality of T. hispida in Croatia and SE Europe. This is the second record for Croatia but first in which a population together with its microdiagnostic features is fully described. Thorea has been recorded in the Kupa River near Nebojan Village (central Croatia, SE Europe) on various size fractions of stones in the river sediment, and on shells of living aquatic gastropods. Specimens were attached to shell microdents, mostly on the apex, lip and shell sutures. Each shell hosted one large thallus, over 20 cm long, or 2–4 smaller thalli, less than 20 cm long. Comprehensive vegetation and riverbed surveys have been carried out in the investigated area, resulting in the finding of four populations of Thorea in a 300 metre-long section of the river. The discovery of its gametophyte stage on gas- tropods expands the knowledge about freshwater rhodophyte epizoic events, and also brings a new insight on the ability of aquatic gastropods to handle macroalgal overgrow from the perspective of gastropod mobility and the influence of water flow velocity on the selection of individuals in the population.

The bryophyte flora in the settlement Selina and the surrounding area (western Istria) was surveyed during the vegetation season of 2014. Altogether 66 mosses and 6 liverworts were recorded. Phytogeographically, the most abundant species are of the temperate zonobiome, i.e. circumpolar species, with respect to eastern limit categories. Analysis of bryophyte flora through habitat types shows that the highest species richness occurs by shaded rocks and in crevices, while the lowest richness occurs on arable land and occasionally the flooded banks of ponds. Regarding species composition, habitat types are clustered in four basic groups. Based on Ellenberg’s ecological indicator values for light, moisture, reaction of substrate and amount of nutrients, the differences between bryophyte floras of different habitats are explained using methods of descriptive and multivariate statistics., Flora mahovina istraživana je na području naselja Selina i okolici (zapadna Istra) tokom vegetacijske sezone 2014. Ukupno je zabilježeno 66 vrsta pravih mahovina i 6 vrsta jetrenjača. Fitogeografski, najbrojnije su vrste umjerenih zonobioma, odnosno cirkumpolarne vrste s obzirom na istočnu granicu areala. Analiza vrsta prema staništima ukazala je na najveće bogatstvo vrsta na zasjenjenim stijenama i pukotinama stijena, dok najmanje bogatstvo vrsta imaju obradive površine i povremeno plavljene obale lokvi. S obzirom na sastav vrsta staništa su se grupirala u četiri skupine. Na temelju Ellenbergovih ekoloških indikatorskih vrijednosti za svjetlost, vlagu, reakciju tla i količinu hranjivih tvari objašnjene su razlike u flori različitih staništa metodama deskriptivne i multivarijatne statistike.

A small population of the circumholoarctic species Glaux maritima L. (Primulaceae) was discovered in the Mediterranean part of Croatia, on the bank of the River Zrmanja. This is the first record of G. maritima in SE Europe, and the third record in the Mediterranean, apart from in Spain and the Asian part of Turkey. It was found on the open riverbank within sub-halophytic vegetation, forming a small population of several dozen erect stems, most probably clonally propagated. The site is characterized by a periodic intrusion of seawater. We propose to classify this species as critically endangered (CR) on a national level due to the small population size and the fragile habitat, which requires active protection and conservation.

Groenlandia densa is globally a widely distributed species ; it has been recorded in the majority of the countries of the Western Balkans, however, the knowledge on its extant distribution in this particular area is limited and even controversial. In order to address this issue by tracking changes in species distribution over time and elucidating its current status in this area, we carried out a comprehensive survey of available literature sources and herbarium data, and performed field surveys. In Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia the species is most probably regionally extinct, while in Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia and Serbia G. densa occurs with only sparse records. Therefore, the most recent overview confirms this species as exceptionally rare in the Western Balkans. In Northern Europe the populations are declining due to various factors such as changes in climate and hydrology, prolonged periods of drought and irregular flooding, inappropriate water management, urbanisation, eutrophication, etc., and in the Western Balkans we have observed the same general trend. As a threatened species, G. densa urges for active conservation measures and thus our recommendation would be to re-assess this species on European level.

Knotweeds were introduced into Europe in the 19th century and soon after became aggressive invaders. While R. japonica and R. sachalinensis arrived from Asia, their hybrid Reynoutria × bohemica is believed to originate from the introduced range. Revised material shows that R. × bohemica has occurred in Europe since at least 1872, but was frequently misidentified as one of the parents. For that reason, the hybrid was detected relatively late in many European countries, meaning that it was silently spreading throughout the region for a long time. The present study was conducted in Croatia, where the parental species have been recorded since the 19th century, the hybrid, however, not being recognized until very recently, although it has probably been present for decades. As a result, the current knowledge of the distribution of knotweeds in Croatia is mostly erroneous. We revised specimens from Croatian herbaria and performed an extensive field survey across the whole of the territory of Croatia to collect new data. In this paper, we present accurate distribution maps of the three taxa, produced after a thorough revision, showing a result remarkably different to that previously known. In contrast to previously recorded distributions, we found that R. × bohemica is by far the most widespread, R. japonica is occasional, and R. sachalinensis is extremely rare. R. × bohemica, unlike its parents, occurs in Mediterranean Croatia as well. Compared to R. × bohemica, R. japonica occurs more frequently along watercourses. Taking into account that the studied taxa have different behaviour, ecological preferences, spreading ability and consequently different invasiveness, they should be analysed separately in any attempt to explain, manage and/or limit their spread. Therefore, the accuracy of their past and future identification is of major importance.

Segota, V., Rimac, A., Koletic, N., Vukovic, N. & Alegro, A. 2020. Elucidating distributional and ecological patterns of the rare Mediterranean-Atlantic species Petalophyllum ralfsii in Europe following its first record on the Adriatic coast (Croatia). – Herzogia 33: 275 –290.The Mediterranean-Atlantic bryophyte Petalophyllum ralfsii was discovered on Cape Kamenjak (Istrian Peninsula) as a first record of this rare liverwort in Croatia. It was found in a partly shaded, open calcareous microhabitat within evergreen vegetation with periodically persistent humidity and low-level disturbance, which largely corresponds to other Mediterranean records. No more than a hundred localities are known in Europe, extending from the British Isles, Portugal and the Balearic Islands to Italy, Malta, Greece and Cyprus. Our analyses show that P. ralfsii prefers lower and more maritime positions on the Atlantic coast, while Mediterranean populations favour higher and more inland locations. Based on climatic data analysed, the precipitation of the wettest period largely overlaps in both geographic areas, which corresponds with the observed period, in which the species benefits from humid conditions. Moreover, frost seems to be the limiting factor determining the European distribution of the species.

Segota, V., Rimac, A., Dragicevic, S., Koletic, N. & Alegro, A. 2020. Drepanium fastigiatum and Microhypnum sauteri new for Croatia. – Herzogia 33: 291–299.In the course of a bryological study of the Croatian mountains Velebit and Snježnik Drepanium fastigiatum and Microhypnum sauteri were recorded for the first time in Croatia. Literature data on the distribution of the species in Southeast Europe have been summarized, while their habitat preferences, ecology and accompanying taxa are discussed within the broader European context, complemented with new insights from Croatian records.

INTRODUCTION: Minas fresh cheese (MFC), a Brazilian white cheese, is one of the most popular cheeses nationwide. Studies have shown that Listeria monocytogenes occurrence in this product is generally low, while high populations of coliforms can be found. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of coliforms in the behavior of L. monocytogenes in MFC. METHODS: Pasteurized milk was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and coliforms, and the acidification was made by lactic acid or by the addition of a starter culture. The cheeses of each production were divided into 3 groups and stored at 5 ºC, 12 ºC and cycles of 5 ºC followed by 25 ºC. In predetermined days, samples were taken and L. monocytogenes, coliforms and lactic acid bacteria populations were evaluated, besides the pH, water activity (aw), titratable acidity and NaCl concentration. RESULTS: The inhibition of L. monocytogenes in the presence of coliforms was observed (p < 0.05), except for those samples prepared with lactic acid and stored at temperature cycles. The values of pH and aw were not sufficiently low to cause inhibition; however, titratable acidity was higher in cheeses containing coliforms. In vitro tests containing lactic acid and L. monocytogenes showed that the bacterium is sensitive to concentration of lactic acid ≥ 0.3%, indicating that lactic acid produced by coliforms strongly influences the population of L. monocytogenes. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, it can be concluded that coliforms negatively impact populations of L. monocytogenes in MFC. We strongly recommend that producers of MFC adopt good hygiene practices to not only avoid contamination with L. monocytogenes, but also coliforms. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42770-021-00431-4.

The vascular flora of the geomorphological natural monument Crveno jezero, located in the Dalmatian hinterland, was studied during 2017 for the first time. A total of 149 plant taxa belonging to 52 families were recorded, with Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, and Poaceae being the most abundant families. The dominance of Mediterranean, South- European, and Eurasian floral elements indicates that the study area is under the influence of both oceanic and continental climates, which is in accordance with the specific location of the study area. We noted a diversity of life form strategies, with the five main strategies having a share of at least 10% of the total number of species. Most species in the study area had competitive or stress-tolerant strategies, as well as the capacity for vegetative propagation, which was to be expected in this fairly unfavorable environment. No fewer than 15 recorded species are protected by law, including 11 endemic species, which represent 7.4% of the total flora. Most of the endemic species are Illyrian-Adriatic and Illyrian-Balkanic endemics. The results of the present study greatly contribute to the knowledge of the flora of Crveno jezero and the Imotski region, and they can be used as a basis for the future conservation of the area.

By joining the European Union, Croatia has become obliged to regularly report on the ecological status of its waters as required by the "Water Framework Directice". The ecological status is determined based on several biological elements, and one of these are aquatic plants - macrophytes. They include vascular plants, mosses and macroalgae. However, there was almost no data on macrophytic vegetation of Croatia, its distribution, species composition and their response to environmental factors. Therefore, an extensive field survey of aquatic vegetation was performed over several years at about 600 sampling-points including all types of natural and artificial streams and lakes. At each locality, all aquatic and bank species were recorded, their abundance was estimated by the methodology standard in vegetation research, and additional data related to the characteristics of the water body and the immediate environment were recorded. Data on physico-chemical parameters were collected on a monthly basis. Based on this, the responses of species to the environmental conditions were analysed, communities occuring in undisturbed conditions were defined as well as their change with the degradation of the environment. This enabled the developement of a numerical system for assessing the ecological status of water bodies based on macrophytes. The analyses showed a significant difference between the Dinaric and Pannonian ecoregions. The streams and stagnant waters of the Dinaric ecoregion are in a better ecological status than those in the Pannonian ecoregion, where they have significant depletion of aquatic vegetation. The results indicate that Croatia is facing important challenges regarding the protection, conservation and restoration of freshwater ecosystems.

Two new records for the still quite underexplored Croatian bryophyte flora are presented. The ephemeral colonist Bryum klinggraeffii was recorded in pioneer dwarf-cyperaceous vegetation along sandy banks of two lowland watercourses of Central and Eastern Croatia (Continental Biogeographical Region), while turfs of Philonotis marchica were found on submerged and exposed carbonate rocks in a fast-flowing karstic river in the mountainous region of Gorski Kotar (Alpine Biogeographical Region). Here we provide a detailed description of ecological conditions and a vegetation account for all sites of occurrence of these species in Croatia. These findings of quite rare species, especially P. marchica, which is listed as endangered on European level, also represent a valuable contribution to the bryoflora of Southeast Europe, the European region with the greatest deficit in knowledge of bryophytes.

Frullania riparia Hampe ; liverworts ; bryophytes ; Croatia

Senecio angulatus L. f. is a perennial climbing plant species originating from South Africa, classified as a naturalized alien in the southern and western Europe. After its first reported in Croatia in 2005, about twenty new populations (mostly in Northern Dalmatia) have been found, either as garden plants or rarely as garden escapees, and reported within Flora Croatica Database. Here we report new localities along the Croatian coast recorded from 2019 to 2021. For the first time, the species has been found on the central Dalmatian islands of Hvar and Lastovo. Several populations were found in the city of Hvar – three cultivated in gardens and graveyard, and two garden escapees along the roads above the seashore (the latter two were the only populations recorded in bloom), and one garden escapee near the city of Jelsa. On the island of Lastovo (Middle Adriatic) only one cultivated and one escaped population were noticed in the Skrivena Luka Bay. In Northern Adriatic new planted and naturalised populations were found on the island of Lošinj (Veli and Mali Lošinj), and the island of Ilovik. In all localities, it was obvious that the plants have been eventually realised into the wild as an excess of plant material left after garden maintenance, which is a negative practice common in both rural and urban areas of Croatia. In addition, the species was noticed also in continental Croatia as ornamental plant planted in planters (jardinières) in Eastern Croatia Lipovac) and sold in pots on farmer’s market in the city of Karlovac. However, since the species has low frost resistance, its naturalization in continental Croatia is not anticipated. On the other side, in the coastal region and on islands, the species obviously circulates among gardeners and plant lovers, thus its further spread through garden waste/escape is highly plausible.

While working on several projects dealing with the flora of Neretva River delta in south Croatia, interesting floristic discoveries were made. During fieldtrips, freshwater habitats (rivers, channels and lakes) were in the focus of the survey, and were studied in detail both from the boat and from the mainland. Altogether 69 plant taxa were recorded and are presented in the results, out of which 25 taxa associated with aquatic habitats (hydrophytes, helophytes and species of riparian habitats) were discussed in more detail. These taxa are rare, threatened, invasive, newly found or otherwise seen as important for the studied area and their distribution maps are also presented., Tijekom rada na nekoliko različitih projekata koji uključuju istraživanje flore u dolini rijeke Neretve na jugu Hrvatske, zabilježeni su neki zanimljivi floristički nalazi. Tijekom terenskih izlazaka, u fokusu su bila slatkovodna staništa (rijeke, kanali i jezera) koja su bila detaljno istražena čamcima i s kopna. Zabilježeno je ukupno 69 biljnih svojti koje su prikazane u rezultatima, dok je 25 svojti prikazano i diskutirano detaljnije, a radi se o svojtama koje su u određenoj mjeri vezane za vodena staništa (hidrofiti, helofiti i vrste vlažnih staništa). Odabrane svojte su rijetke, ugrožene, invazivne, novo zabilježene ili su njihovi nalazi na drugi način zanimljivi za ovo područje, a prikazane su i njihove karte rasprostranjenosti

The aim of this presentation is to discuss the position of alliance Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928 within European phytosociolgycal system [1] based on the comparison of two large areas with tufa forming vegetation dominated by bryophytes from different biogeographical regions of Croatia – the Plitvice Lakes (Alpine Biogeographical Region) and the Krka River (Mediterranean Biogeographical Region). The Plitvice lakes are system of 16 larger and several smaller lakes, separated with tufa barriers, which stretches along 8 km, representing the largest habitat of the tufa forming moos communities (Cratoneurion commutati) in Croatia and the whole Europe. The Krka River is a large karstic river with tufa barrages forming a complex system of interchanging fast and slow water flow, waterfalls and barrage lakes. Seven waterfall systems harbouring tufa forming bryophyte communities are situated along the 73 km of the river course before the mouth into the Adriatic Sea. Moss communities could be assigned partially to the Cratoneurion commutati and partially to the alliance Adiantion Br.-Bl. ex Horvatić 1934, but sharing large proportion of species. Comparison of floristic composition of communities form two biogeographic regions reveals high resemblance in main species as well as low proportion of species assigned as characteristic for the class Montio-Cardaminetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Klika et Hadač 1944, where Cratoneurion commutati is placed. Therefore, it is proposed to place Cratoneurion commutati into the class Adiantetea Br.-Bl. et al. 1952 and to extend its area of distribution towards Continental and Alpine Biogeographical regions.

U elaboratu se iznose i komentiraju rezultati godišnjeg istraživanja fizikalno-kemijskih, bioloških i ihtioloških značajki nadzemnih voda rijeke Drave na području utjecaja hidroelektrana Varaždin, Čakovec i Dubrava tijekom 2020. godine.

Invasion patterns of bryophytes have been largely neglected in invasion biology for a long time. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid, originating from the Southern hemisphere, is one of only three invasive immigrant bryophyte species recorded in Europe so far. Due to its biological features (numerous small spores and abundant vegetative propagation) it is considered an aggressive invader in western and central Europe and shows tendency to expand towards the east. Its pioneer arrival to the frontiers of the southeastern Europe in two Croatian geografical regions – the Dinaric (karst field Vrhovinsko polje, Lika) and the peri-Pannonian (Mt Papuk, Slavonia) has been observed between 2013 and 2015. Subsequently the further spread of the species in Croatia has been registered by mere chance while studying various vegetation types. In the peri-Pannonian region the species has been additionally found within rare sand dune vegetation of the Đurđevački peski Botanical Reserve. In the Dinaric region two new populations occupying different habitats were registered. The first one has covered managed beech and fir forest clearings highly disturbed after extreme snowbreaks and windthrows (near Lividraga in Gorski Kotar), while the second one occupied transitional habitats between peatbog vegetation and spruce forests affected by severe, climate change induced water drainage (Trstenik mire, Gorski Kotar). The vegetation analyses of affected localities in Croatia indicates the species adaptation to acidic and nutrient-poor, often disturbed habitats with sparse vegetation cover, which is in accordance with the known invasive patterns of C. introflexus across the Europe. No sexual propagation was found in any of rather disjunct populations, thus the introduction and expansion dynamics of the species in Croatia has not yet been fully elucidated.

Invasive alien species Ludwigia peploides, Reynoutria sachalinensis and Nicotiana glauca, currently registered in Croatia with small number of records, were found during fieldwork undertaken mostly through the national monitoring of waters from 2018 to 2020. Ludwigia peploides was previously recorded only once in the River Ilova, the existing data for R. sachalinensis indicate only three confirmed findings, in Čabar, Karlovac and Donja Stubica, while the previous data for N. glauca include several localities in Central and Southern Dalmatia. The new records are as follows: two findings of L. peploides refer to the River Česma (Obedišće and Sišćani); three records of R. sachalinensis refer to Gorski Kotar (Gerovo and Čabar), while N. glauca is newly recorded in the Neretva River Valley (Krvavac) and the island of Krk. Despite their potential invasiveness, all three are still locally naturalized and currently their spread is very slow and limited in Croatia.

A new site for stonewort Chara kokeilii A.Braun was recorded in a Mediterranean shallow lake Prolosko Blato Retention, Croatia, SE Europe. The species was associated with the vegetation alliance Potamogetonion graminei Westhoff & Den Held. This record has been compared with four other sites (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro) from which the species was recorded in SE Europe, regarding the species morphological traits, environmental parameters and vegetation types. It is possible that the main distribution area of this species is in Southeast Europe, a statement that is supported by previous micropaleontological research. This research provides new data on distribution and ecological affiliation of the critically endangered C. kokeilii (IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria).

The last record of Grafia golaka, a very rare relict umbellifer of disjunct Apennine-Dinaric distribution was latest reported from Croatia back in 1904. During our survey, this endemic was found on seven new localities in Gorski Kotar, in altitudinal range between 1273 and 1421 m a.s.l. It was recorded in altimontan-subalpine altitudinal belt within beech forest, in forest clearings and along forest fringes, in dwarf willow shrub as well as within the sinkhole vegetation., Vrlo rijetka reliktna vrsta štitarke Grafia golaka, koja ima disjunktnu apeninsko-dinarsku rasprostranjenost, posljednji je put u Hrvatskoj zabilježena 1904. godine. Tijekom našeg istraživanja ovu endemičnu vrstu pronašli smo na sedam novih lokaliteta u Gorskom kotaru, u visinskom rasponu između 1273 i 1421 m n.m. Vrsta je zabilježena u pretplaninskom visinskom pojasu, unutar bukove šume, na šumskim čistinama, uzduž rubova šuma, u niskim vrbicima te u vegetaciji ponikvi.

paper without abstract

Cirsium candelabrum is a Balkan endemic species, non-indigenous to Croatia. In the last 13 years its spread was observed only in Central Dalmatia. From 2015 to 2021 we have been recording its invasive spreading across the Kvarner region and its arrival to the southern edge of Gorski Kotar. The plants appear in diverse numbers in two different habitat types. In the sub-Mediterranean zone, the species inhabits ruderal habitats arising from the degradation of the natural vegetation by the construction works for traffic and communal infrastructure and the erection of industrial zones and shopping centres, accompanied by numerous invasive alien species. In the upper (montane and subalpine) zone of Mali and Veliki Platak, C. candelabrum dominates in stands on gravely road edges, forest ways, on incisions with glacial till, and especially luxuriant and dense populations form on the dug-up soil under the ski lift and along the ski run on Radeševo. Here, C. candelabrum is accompanied by native species characteristic for the forest edges and clearings and sometimes for ruderal, chasmophytyc or scree habitats., Cirsium candelabrum je balkanski endem, vrsta koja nije autohtona u Hrvatskoj. Posljednjih 13 godina njezino širenje uočeno je samo u Srednjoj Dalmaciji. No u razdoblju od 2015. do 2021. zabilježili smo njezino invazivno širenje i na području Kvarnera te južnog ruba Gorskog kotara. Biljke se u manjem ili većem broju pojavljuju na dva različita tipa staništa. U submediteranskoj zoni vrsta u pravilu nastanjuje ruderalna staništa nastala degradiranjem prirodne vegetacije pri izvođenju građevinskih radova vezanih uz prometnu i komunalnu infrastrukturu te podizanje industrijskih zona i trgovačkih centara, a karakteriziraju ih brojne invazivne vrste. U višem (montanom i subalpinskom) pojasu na Malom i Velikom Platku, C. candelabrum dominira u sastojinama na šljunkovitim rubovima cesta, uz šumske putove, na zasjekama s glacijalnim tilom, a naročito bujne i guste sastojine čini na razrovanom tlu ispod žičare i duž skijaške staze na Radeševu. Na tom tipu staništa uz C. candelabrum dolaze autohtone vrste svojstvene zajednicama šumskih rubova i čistina, a ponegdje i one svojstvene ruderalnim staništima te pokoji hazmofit i točilarka.

Invasive alien species Ludwigia peploides, Reynoutria sachalinensis and Nicotiana glauca, currently registered in Croatia with small number of records, were found during fieldwork undertaken mostly through the national monitoring of waters from 2018 to 2020. Ludwigia peploides was previously recorded only once in the River Ilova, the existing data for R. sachalinensis indicate only three confirmed findings, in Čabar, Karlovac and Donja Stubica, while the previous data for N. glauca include several localities in Central and Southern Dalmatia. The new records are as follows: two findings of L. peploides refer to the River Česma (Obedišće and Sišćani) ; three records of R. sachalinensis refer to Gorski Kotar (Gerovo and Čabar), while N. glauca is newly recorded in the Neretva River Valley (Krvavac) and the island of Krk. Despite their potential invasiveness, all three are still locally naturalized and currently their spread is very slow and limited in Croatia.

Bulgaria. Samokov Region, Rila Mountains, Rila National Park, N slopes of peak Deno, on granite slabs and scree, collected with occasional sporophytes, 42.19709°N, 23.60322°E, 2780 m a.s.l, 17 September 2019, leg./det. R. Natcheva s.n. (SOM 9811-B). This arctic-alpine species has a north Holarctic circumpolar distribution and this is the first report of Andreaea blyttii for SE Europe. It is its southernmost locality and extends its range further south in Europe. The Rila Mountains are the highest in the Balkan peninsula and A. blyttii was found near the highest summit (Mussala, 2925 m a.s.l.). In Bulgaria the genus Andreaea is also represented by A. alpestris (Thed.) Schimp. and A. rupestris Hedw., both of which occur in the Rila Mountains.