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Wide variability does not exist in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], requiring induction of genetic variability. Mutagenesis creates desired variability among genotypes without altering the agronomic base which is sometimes difficult to induce using other breeding methods. Seed germination/seedling emergence and seedling growth were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions by imposing 300 to 1000 Gy (Gray, the SI unit of radiation) gamma radiation to determine median lethal (LD50) and median growth reduction (GR50) doses with Co60gamma rays. The LD50 and GR50 doses varied for both growing conditions. More than 80% of seed exposed to the LD50 dose of gamma radiation in the laboratory did not emerge under field condition. The LD50 and GR50 doses of gamma radiation determined under field condition exhibited close correspondence and presented a reliable picture regarding lethality and injury in the M1 generation (the first generation from the irradiated seed). The R2 for the linear model for seedling emergence, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings under field condition were 0.908, 0.902, 0.911, 0.983 and 0.972, respectively. Determination of the LD50/GR50 is important to optimize the radiation dose to isolate desired utilizable mutants. Dose optimization should be determined through use of LD50 and GR50 under field condition. The gamma radiation dose between 350 Gy and 450 Gy was optimum to create desirable mutants in okra. The optimal dose could induce a higher rate of mutation with little biological damage in succeeding generations of okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent endocrine disorder with clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia due to malfunction and/ or insufficiency of insulin in the body. DM is considered as a public health problem worldwide due to its adverse effects on the body. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an annual medicinal plant rich in antioxidant components, bioactive polysaccharides, and fibers. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of okra on glycemic indices and lipid profile. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Google scholar databases were searched until May 2021 with no limitation. Totally, 54 studies which investigated the effects of okra on glycemic control and lipid profile were included in the present systematic review. Most of the included studies showing favorable effects of okra products on glycemic variables and lipid profile, were performed on animal models. Therefore, more clinical trials are needed for a definitive conclusion.

In this work, stable and spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in situ from silver salt (silver nitrate) using the aqueous extract of the okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus) at room temperature and ambient pH conditions. The influences of different parts of the plant (such as the leaves, stems, and pods) on the chemical-reducing effectiveness of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles were investigated. The aqueous extract of the leaves was found to be more effective in the chemical reduction of silver nanoparticles and in stabilizing them at the same time. The silver nanoparticles produced were stable and did not precipitate even after storage for 1 month. The extract of the stem was less effective in the reduction capacity followed by the extract of the pods. The results indicate that the different amounts of phytochemicals present in the leaves, stems, and pods of the okra plant are responsible for the chemical reduction and stabilizing effect. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 460 nm confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of 16 nm and polycrystalline with face-centered cubic (fcc) structures. The z-scan technique was used to study the nonlinear refraction and absorption coefficients of AgNPs at wavelengths of 488 and 514 nm under C.W. mode excitation. The nonlinear refraction index and nonlinear absorption coefficients were calculated in the theoretical equations in the experimental data. The antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

In plants, NO has been proved the function of improving abiotic stress resistance. However, the role of NO in the lignin metabolism of okra under cold stress has not been clarified. Here, histochemical staining and lignin content analysis showed that cold stress promoted the lignin accumulation of cold stored okra pods, and NO inhibited the lignin accumulation and delayed lignification process. To better understand the roles of NO in okra cold stress resistance mechanism, the full-length transcriptome data of 'Hokkaido' was analyzed. The SNP-treated okra transcriptome and cPTIO-treated okra transcriptome were obtained. A total of 41957 unigenes were screened out from three groups at 10 d, among which, 33, 78 and 18 DEGs were found in ddH 2 O-treat, SNP-treat and cPTIO-treat group, respectively. Transcriptomic data suggested that the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis showed downregulation under SNP treatment. Transcriptomic data and enzyme activity showed that exogenous NO significantly promoted the biosynthesis of endogenous NO by enhancing NOS activity. Transcriptomic data and plant hormone data showed that NO played an important role in the process of inhibiting the ethylene and ABA synthesis mechanism of okra and thereby reducing the endogenous ethylene and ABA content under chilling stress. Relevant physiological data showed that NO helped to the protection of ROS scavenging system and removed the MDA and H 2 O 2 induced by cold stress. These results provided a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of nitric oxide delaying the lignification of okra, and also provided a theoretical basis for postharvest storage of vegetables. • Nitric oxide (NO) could inhibit the lignin accumulation and delay lignification process of okra pods under cold stress. • The full-length transcriptome data of okra with NO treatment was analyzed using PacBio SMRT three-generation high-throughput sequencing technology. • Transcriptomic data and plant hormone data showed that NO played an important role in reducing the endogenous ethylene and ABA content under cold stress. • NO also functions in protecting the ROS scavenging system, thereby eliminating the MDA and H 2 O 2 induced by cold stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation method was used to generate marker-free insect resistant transgenic okra plants expressing the cry1Ac gene. The cry1Ac gene was borne on the T-DNA of one plasmid while nptII and uidA (GUS) marker genes were present on the T-DNA of a second plasmid. Putative transgenic plants were screened by histochemical GUS assay for expression of -glucuronidase and 32 transgenic events were positive for GUS in which 21 transgenic events were positive in ELISA for the presence of Cry1Ac protein. Out of 21 Cry1Ac positive T0 events, three events displayed Mendelian inheritance of the transgenes in (9:3:3:1 ratio) T1 generation for Cry1Ac and GUS. Selected events were chosen for further genetic and molecular analysis. The cry1Ac and marker genes were found to segregate independently, of each other in 10 events in T1 generation out of 11 Cry1Ac gene inheriting events analysed indicating that the two T-DNAs insertions were genetically unlinked and identification of marker-free plants were possible in these 10 events. The marker-free nature and vector backbone-free Bt events (clean T-DNA insertions carrying cry1Ac gene) were confirmed by Southern analysis using suitable probes. The plants from selected transgenic events were rigorously screened in whole plant insect bioassays using the larvae of shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella, an important pest of okra. Insect bioassays indicated 100% larval mortality without any infestation in five of the transgenic events and two events showed 5 to 10 percent infestation establishing the insect resistant nature of the transgenic plants. Finally the events inheriting transgenes in Mendelian fashion were characterized further and marker-free and vector backbone-free events were identified showing complete protection from the target pest Earias vittella in whole-plant insect bioassays. Quantification of Cry1Ac protein levels in the plant parts of selected events (lines) was consistent with the results of bioassays. Further, two lines identified in this study met the criteria for inclusion in commercial breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to optimize the extraction process of dietary fiber from Abelmoschus esculentus, by using Abelmoschus esculentus as the raw material, the soluble dietary fiber was extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus by acid hydrolysis method and the insoluble dietary fiber was extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus by enzymatic hydrolysis method. The optimum technological conditions of the soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in Abelmoschus esculentus were determined by using the single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the ratio of solid to liquid was the most important factor a任ecting the yield of soluble dietary fiber extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus by acid hydrolysis methodT followed by the value of pH, extraction time and extraction temperature. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the solid-liquid ratio 1: 30(g/mL), pH 7. 0, extraction temperature 100 °C, and extraction time 100 min. And the yield of soluble dietary fiber from Abelmoschus esculentus could reach 13. 52% under these conditions. PH and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature were the most influential factors on the yield of insoluble dietary fiber from Abelmoschus esculentus ・ The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: temperature 60°C, pH 5.0, enzyme dosage 0.7% and enzymatic hydrolysis time 60 min. And the yield could reach 37. 82 % under these conditio ns. By using the optimized conditions» the yield of soluble dietary fiber in the six varieties of Abelmoschus esculentus were measured to be above 13%, while the average yield of insoluble dietary fiber was measured to be 36. 15%. The extraction yield of dietary fiber from Abelmoschus esculentus under the optimized conditions was higher, which could provide reference for the extraction of dietary fiber from Abelmoschus esculentus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Development of eco-friendly efficient photo catalyst is an urgent need for waste water treatment in industry. A facile eco-friendly method is established to synthesize hybrid nanocomposite of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 using Abelmoschus esculentus plant extract and used as highly efficient photo catalyst for degradation of textile toxins and pharmaceutical waste from industrial waste water. The synthesized catalysts have been characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM and EDAX analysis. XRD peaks confirm the cubic phase of Ag3PO4, high crystallinity and purity of nanocomposite. SEM studies show nanocomposites with rough surface and irregular morphology. TEM reports confirm the spherical morphology of silver phosphate and it is evenly wrapped on the surface of graphene sheets. EDAX confirms the purity and presence of all elements in composite. Photo catalytic activity of catalyst has been investigated towards degradation of CV and Fluorescein dyes. The superior photo catalytic performance of g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 nanohybrid composite on CV and Fluorescein dye has been observed and compared with recent report of literature. The photo catalytic studies revealed that the synthesized catalyst is efficient and degrade 95% of Fluorescein and CV within 2 hours. Reusability of the catalyst has been evaluated and it reveals stability and recyclability of the catalyst. The mechanism of photo catalytic activity has also been discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State. Investigation was carried out on the effects of Fresh Shoot Biomass of Chromolaena odorata on okra Abelmoschus esculentus. For the laboratory experiment, about 5g, 10g, 15g and 20g each of Chromolaena odorata was weighed into plastic bottles each containing 250ml of distilled water for 24 hours. Two millilitres of the leachate was used to water the seeds of okra that was placed in Petri dishes. Each treatment had five replicates that contained four seeds of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). For the screening experiment, loamy top soil, fresh shoot, stems and leaves of Chromolaena odorata were collected within Federal University Oye Ekiti environment and crushed into smaller bits using mortar and pestle. Three seeds, each of okra that was planted in all the pots. The growth variables considered include radicle length, plumule length, number of roots, for the green house experiment the plant height, leaf area, stem girth, and pod weight were also observed. The leachate of Chromolaena odorata resulted to a reduction in radicle length, plumule length and number of roots. The radicle length of okra treated with leachates of 15g/250ml were adversely affected, while the plumule length of 5g/250ml, 15g/250ml and 20g/250ml greatly decreased compared to the control. The highest decrease in number of roots was noticed in the 15g/250ml concentration. The control plant had the highest plant height increased in a concentration dependent manner with exception of those treated with 200g, the leaf area of the control plant was observed to be lower than all the treatment plants, but it increased in a concentration dependent manner. Also, there was a concentration dependent increase in the steam girth of A. esculentus. The pod weight of the treated plants were lower than the control. The plant treated with 50g highest moisture content, the fat content was higher in the control and plant treated with 50g than the other treated plant. The protein content of the treatment plants was observed to be significantly higher when compared to the control plant. Crude fiber content of the treatment plant was significantly higher than the treatment plants. The ash content of the control was significantly lower than the treated plants, the carbohydrate content of the control plant increased significantly compared to the treatment plant with the lowest at 150g treated plant. The study concluded that the leachate and FSB affected the seed germination, growth and the food content of Abelmoschus esculentus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is considered as a treasure house of nutrients and it is one of the major vegetables widely spread all over tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) and enation leaf curl virus are the most destructive diseases of okra as they affect both crop growth and yield. Due to the frequent breakdown of resistance and lack of a stable source of resistance in the cultivated species, interspecific hybridization is considered as a reliable approach for durable resistance. Cultivated species from The United States Department of Agriculture and wild accessions from The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources were screened at YVMV hotspot (Guntur, Andhra Pradesh) to identify the potential donors for disease resistance. Accessions IC141032 and IC141012 were found to be free from both viruses and categorized as resistant lines. Interspecific hybridization between A. tetraphyllus and A. esculentus revealed a high crossability index of around 80% when A. esculentus was utilized as a female parent. The bottleneck of hybrid sterility was partially overcome by the colchicine treatment of interspecific F1 hybrids. Good seed set was observed when raw colchiploids were backcrossed to the recurrent parent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought poses a major challenge to global agricultural crop production, as it is considered one of the most severe abiotic stresses. Understanding the effects of exogenous microbial biofertilizer on okra [ Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] under drought stress can lead to new strategies for coping with drought conditions. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of microbial biofertilizer on growth, physio-biochemical traits, fruit yield, and water productivity of okra under drought stress. A factorial pot experiment, consisting of eight biofertilizer treatments applied as a soil drench (autoclaved inoculum [control], and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF], phosphate-solubilizing fungi [PSF], plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria [PGPR], AMF + PSF, AMF + PGPR, PGPR + PSF, and AMF + PSF + PGPR) and three soil moisture regimes (50%, 75%, and 100% field capacity [FC]), was carried out. The results indicated that decreasing soil moisture level severely affected growth and fruit yield of okra. The application of microbial biofertilizer effectively enhanced growth, fruit yield, and physio-biochemical traits of okra under different soil moisture levels. Among the biofertilizer treatments considered, the combined application of AMF and PGPR showed remarkable efficacy in enhancing growth and productivity of okra plants under both 75% and 100% FC conditions. This co-inoculation significantly boosted shoot dry matter by 51%, root dry matter by 73%, fruit yield by 113%, and irrigation water productivity by 122% compared with plants grown without inoculation, irrespective of soil moisture levels. Furthermore, the plants treated with AMF and PGPR exhibited a noteworthy decrease in free proline accumulation by 31% compared with their non-inoculated counterparts. The results suggest that application of both AMF and PGPR biofertilizer to soil is an effective strategy to alleviate moderate drought stress. It is recommended to apply AMF and PGPR in combination to improve okra yield and water productivity under drought stress. • We evaluated the effects of biofertilizer on fruit yield and water productivity of okra under drought stress. • Decreasing soil moisture level severely affected growth and yield of okra. • Application of biofertilizer effectively enhanced yield and water productivity of okra. • Co-inoculation of AMF and PGPR exhibited promising results. • It is recommended to apply AMF and PGPR in combination to improve okra yield and water productivity under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, experiment was carried out resulting in the utilization of local viscosifiers as substitute to conventional method (PAC-R) for hole cleaning purposes in drilling mud. The proposed viscosifiers are Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) and Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) as alternative to the imported poly-anionic cellulose-regular (PAC-R) which is used in cutting carrying capacity efficiency. Laboratory tests were carried out on the proposed viscosifiers to evaluate their rheological properties. Slip velocity, annular velocity, shear stress, shear rate and cuttings transport efficiency on hole cleaning parameters were calculated to ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed viscosifiers in comparison with the conventional one (PAC-R). The results of the study showed that the proposed viscosifiers Sample B Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) had cutting carrying capacity of 96% for 5, 8, 10 and 15 (g), respectively. However, Sample C Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) had 96% for 5 g and 8 g and 95% for 10 g and 15 g on the cutting transport efficiency. Based on the result of this work, the proposed viscosifiers compared favorably to that of PAC-R on hole cleaning and cutting carrying capacity.

Salinity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and yield, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid in mitigating the effects of salt stress on okra cultivation in a hydroponic system. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, consisting of two experiments. A completely randomized design was adopted in a split-plot scheme, with four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution—EC (2.1; 3.6; 5.1, and 6.6 dS m−1) considered the plots and four salicylic acid concentrations—SA (0, 1.2; 2.4, and 3.6 mM), the subplots, with four replications. The second experiment differed from the first only by the increase in the EC levels (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 dS m−1). An increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution negatively affected the physiology and production components of okra. However, foliar application of salicylic acid at concentrations between 1.2 and 2.3 mM reduced the harmful effects of salt stress. The salinity threshold for hydroponic cultivation of okra was 2.54 dS m−1, with a reduction of 7.98% per unit increment in EC above this level.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), a tropical annual crop, is a highly perishable vegetable. Okra pods deteriorate rapidly after harvesting. The pods undergo physical and physiological changes that diminish storability and quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bio-stimulants on the storability and quality of okra pods stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for 12 days. Dipping okra pods for 5 min in a solution of 0.5% ascorbic acid, citric acid, or salicylic acid pre-storage significantly extended the shelf life and preserved the quality of the pods compared to the control condition at 4 °C and 25 °C. Citric acid and ascorbic acid were the most effective in preserving most traits. Citric acid reduced the loss in weight, firmness, appearance, and prevented decay at 4 °C and 25 °C. Ascorbic acid decreased the loss of moisture and the degradation of carbohydrates, vitamin C and lycopene at 4 °C and 25 °C. Salicylic acid decreased the degradation of protein at 25 °C. The low temperature was highly effective in decreasing the loss or degradation of most of the studied traits. Taken together, bio-stimulants and storing at 4 °C played a prominent role in extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of okra pods.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the results of bioecological characteristics and phenological features of some varieties of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench in Vinnytsia region: two varieties of Ukrainian origin - 'Sopilka' and 'Alabama red', as well as a variety of okra of Turkish origin - 'Sultani'. Germination energy and seed germination were studied. The results of phenological observations are obtained: calendar terms of the beginning of phenological phases, duration of phases and interphase periods of selected varieties. It was found that the earliest passage of phenological phases is the variety Abelmoschus esculentus of Turkish origin - 'Sultani'. For this variety, the duration of the interphase periods (for 2018-2019) was: «sowing-germination» - 20 days, «germination-flowering» - 54 days, «flowering-beginning of fruiting» - 4 days. According to the results of 2020, the interphase periods for the variety 'Sultani' were longer by an average of 3-4 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on seasonal incidence of flea beetle were carried out during post-kharif and pre-kharif seasons using the cultivar Bhindi No. 10. The results revealed that the activity of the flea beetle was more during pre-kharif season in comparison to post-kharif season. The peak incidence of flea beetle (1.37/plant) was observed in 47th meteorological standard week (MSW) during post-kharif season, and during pre-kharif season the peak incidence of flea beetle (1.40/plant) was observed in the 18th MSW. Weather played an important role in both post-kharif and pre-kharif seasons under study. During post-kharif season, flea beetle population had a significantly negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature of all weeks. During prekharif season flea beetle population exhibited non-significant and positive influence with all environmental parameters of all the weeks except morning RH of 1-lag and 2-lag week which showed a negative and non-significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought and heat stresses are major constraints to agriculture worldwide, reducing crop productivity and affecting global food security. Two okra cultivars (Japanese and Egyptian) with different physiological attributes were crossbred for producing F1 hybrids. All cultivars and their hybrids were evaluated for drought stress tolerance at two water regimes (12% and 2%). At limited water condition, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance tended to decrease in Egyptian parent and Japanese ×Egyptian hybrid while transpiration rate showed no significant changes in both parents and F1 hybrids. Maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) ratio was decreased with decreasing soil moisture content in Japanese cultivar, E×J and J×E hybrids with mean value of (0.14, 0.16 and 0.15, respectively). Chlorophyll content in both parents and their hybrids was decreased under severe drought stress. Significant high activity levels of the anti-oxidative enzymes, peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed in water-stressed plants than in well-watered (12% water regime) plants. The highest activity of POX was recorded in E×J hybrid (234.9 U/g FW) and the highest activity of SOD was found in Japanese cultivar (18.69 U/g FW). Accumulation of proline content under drought severity stress in both hybrids (E×J and J×E) was recorded (16.7 and 10.4 mg/g DW, respectively). The performance of E×J hybrid was more prominent than parents because of the strong antioxidant defence system and accumulation of higher proteins, proline and chlorophyll content than other cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planting density affects the level of competition for resources needed for the growth and production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench). Competition from weeds can affect yield. Field experiments were conducted at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, to study the effects of planting density on growth and pod yield of okra cvs. NHAe 47-4 and LD 88 and weed suppression, in 2012 and 2013. Plants were established at 100 × 50 cm at densities of one, two, or three plants/stand (25,000; 50,000; and 75,000 plants∙ha−1). Okra plants were generally shorter in 2012 than in 2013, but height was not affected by planting density or cultivar in both years. The number of leaves/plant was similar for cultivars but were reduced with increasing plant density. Leaf area was higher for one plant/stand in 2012 but similar for the higher densities in 2013. Plant height and number of leaves per plant were generally higher for 'NHAe 47-4ʹ. The cv. LD 88 had a higher cumulative pod yield than 'NHAe 47-4ʹ. Cultivar LD 88 had higher yields with three plants/stand; yield of cv. NHAe 47-4 was higher with one or two plants/stand. Okra growth and yield were reduced with increasing planting density. There were no differences between cultivars or planting density on weed growth. The planting density for optimum yield of an okra should be determined for each cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is an important tropical and subtropical crop species, but okra pods age rapidly after they meet harvest standards. The underlying mechanisms by which okra pods harden are unclear. In this study, we determined the cellulose and lignin contents of 'Chaowuxing' okra pods from 4 to 14 days postanthesis (DPA). Based on the histochemical staining of okra fruit during the active period of cellulose accumulation, we found that the hardening of okra fruit is due to the rapid accumulation of cellulose in the cell walls of vascular cells in the pulp. We used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses to investigate the genes that regulate okra fruit aging. Transcriptome sequencing data showed that after 7 DPA, expression of the cellulose synthase gene (CesA) decreased with time. In addition, expression of the gene encoding the first functional enzyme involved in cellulose hydrolysis (endoglucanase) also decreased, but its rate of decrease was much faster than that of the CesA. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results were consistent with the RNA-Seq data. Accordingly, we speculate that the accumulation of cellulose during okra pod hardening occurs via a reduction in cellulose hydrolysis activity. The above results suggest that thickening of the cell wall caused by a significant increase in cellulose content in the vascular bundles causes okra hardening. The accumulation of cellulose is not directly achieved via increased expression of CesA but rather indirectly via decreased hydrolysis of cellulose. • The thickening of the cell wall caused by a significant increase in cellulose content causes okra hardening. • The accumulation of cellulose is not directly achieved by an increase in expression of CesA. • The accumulation of cellulose is indirectly achieved by a reduction in cellulose hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beneficial soil microorganisms influence nutrient recycling, soil fertility, plant growth, and productivity and reduce chemical fertilizer application. This study aimed to isolate bacteria from non-agricultural soils in the Al-Ahsa region and characterize the bacteria with the best biostimulating characteristics at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular level. DPM17, a bacterial isolate, promotes plant growth through phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and ammonia production. DPM17 also produces the phytohormones, indole acetic acid (IAA; 4.516 μg mL−1) and gibberellin (1.33 µg mL−1), and ammonia (0.06 µg mL−1). Additionally, DPM17 grows in the presence of up to 10% NaCl, indicating its halophilic nature. DPM17 was identified as Bacillus baekryungensis based on comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and neighbor-joining phylogenetic analyses indicated that DPM17 was 96.51% identified to Bacillus sp. DPM17 inoculation substantially improved Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) root length, lateral root count, and dry weight from 7.03 to 9.41 (p = 0.03), 3.2 to 7.2, and 6 to 13 mg (p = 0.032), respectively. The results suggest that DPM17 enhances plant growth and can be exploited to develop efficient formulations for sustainable agriculture and food security in Saudi Arabia.

Okra is a kind of flavonoid-rich food which was reported to have a variety of health functions. Flavonoids are the major polyphenolic compounds in okra and are thought to play a role in reducing the risk of disease. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the flavonoids composition in okra pods and explore the activity of the main flavonoids components identified on inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Six individual flavonoids were identified by HPLC-MS/MS: quercetin-3-gentiobioside (Q3G), quercetin-3-sambubioside (Q3S), rutin, quercetin-7-glucoside (Q7G), isoquercitrin (ISO) and quercetin-3-malonylglucoside (Q3M), which were all separated well within 30 min. The analytical method was validated by the recovery of spiked samples and so on. Moreover, four main flavonoids components, namely Q3G, Q3S, ISO and Q3M, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of NCI-N87, A375, A549 cells proliferation (25−100 μmol/L) and of HFLS-RA (200−300 μmol/L) in different levels, according to MTT method, respectively. It is demonstrated that the flavonoids components of okra exhibited a noteworthy development prospect as a possible nutraceutical dietary supplement.

The extensive use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various industrial and household products pose a threat of their release into the environment. Plants being sessile are prone to be directly affected by these nanomaterials in polluted soils, which may represent possible risks to food safety and human health. In the present study, we compared the phytotoxic effects of metal oxide NPs namely nickel oxide (NiO), copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs at four varying concentrations (100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L) on in-vitro grown seedlings of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra). All the NPs tested demonstrated a suppressed plant growth in a concentration-dependent manner which was evidenced from the repression of shoot and root length. A decrease in chlorophyll content was recorded in the NP-treated plants. Anthocyanin contents, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were significantly altered in the NP-treated plants. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was monitored in the roots of NP-treated plants using 4-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) and 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining, demonstrated an increase in ROS production in a dose-dependent manner in plants exposed to all three NPs. Enhanced ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) production was recorded in A. esculentus seedlings when exposed to NPs. Among the three metal oxide NPs compared in the study, NiO NPs were found to be more toxic than CuO and ZnO ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were successfully synthesized by using the green chemistry method, which is simple, environment friendly, and economical by using plant extract obtained from Abelmoschus esculentus. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized Ag NPs showed absorbance peaks at 432 nm in the UV–Vis spectroscopy. The mean particle size of Ag NPs was found to be 8.96 nm. The antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs was examined on Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, the antibacterial activity of Ag NPs was compared with commercially available antibiotics (Penicillin–streptomycin and Ampicillin–sulbactam). Ag NPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In addition, Ag NPs were used in ceramic glaze, and thus, an antibacterial ceramic glaze was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing demand for fresh okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) has necessitated that shelf-life be extended. Natural edible coatings do not have human safety issues associated with chemical preservatives. Extension of shelf-life due to delay of chlorophyll degradation in okra was assessed using guar gum coating alone or mixed with sodium chloride. All coatings preserved chlorophyll content over 21 days of storage in a range of 1.30- to 2.35-fold higher compared with the distilled water treated control. A modified second polynomial equation indicated a good fit model with coefficients of determination of 0.99406–0.99952, low root means standard error of 0.6746–2.3843, and Chi-square of 0.45521–5.68504. Gum coating has potential to preserve nutrients in pods while reducing the microbial load in okra. Senescence could be delayed when gums are used as coating material in okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results revealed that the mean population of jassids (Amrasca devastans) was 2.82 number / okra leaf in IPM plot, whereas in non-IPM plot it was 5.43 number / leaf. Similarly, the maximum mean population of whitefly (Bemesia tabaci) was recorded in okra grown in control plot with 4.54 number / leaf followed by non-IPM plot with 1.17 number / leaf and 0.42 number / okra leaf in IPM plot. The average population of two spotted mites / sq.cm leaf area was 0.54 number in IPM plot, whereas it was 1.03 and 4.04 number / sq.cm leaf area in non-IPM and control plots of okra, respectively. The mean number of Earias vittella larvae was 0.43 and 0.61 numbers / fruit in IPM and non-IPM plots respectively. Similarly, the bud infestation was lowest in IPM plot followed by non IPM and control plots of okra. The lowest shoot infestation also showed the same trend minimum % fruit damage in IPM (7.5%) followed by non-IPM plot (15.0%) and control (32.8%). The residues of imidachloprid (6.7 ppm), thiomethoxam (3.8 ppm), flubendiamide (7.9 ppm), chlorantraniliprole (6.5 ppm) were identified in the harvested okra fruits from non-IPM plot which are far above the MRL, however, no pesticides were detected in the okra fruits from IPM plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bhendi is one of the versatile and nutritious vegetables suited for year-round cultivation owing to its wider adaptability. Due to its’ short duration it could fit well in any cropping system and the cultivation of paddy in the Deltaic Zone with the increased cost of labour and uncertainty over water availability and frequent floods had made it less remunerative. This necessitates the farming community to look for an alternate crop for a continuous and sustained return. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out during 2019 at Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, UT of Puducherry, India. The study material comprised of 30 F4 families identified as superior based on the individual plant performance in F3 generation for the major yield contributing traits viz., earliness, number and yield of fruits/plant. Among the 30 F4 families, AE 1-081-808 and AE 1-016-157 were found early to flower in 34.44 days, while the lowest flowering node of 3.89 was observed in AE 1-015-142 and AE 1-007-070. The inter nodal length was the shortest in AE 2-079-782 (5.53 cm), whereas the highest plant height at final harvest was recorded in AE 1-007-070 (160.40 cm). The family AE 2043-429 (4.00) has recorded the highest number of primary branches/plant at final harvest while, the fruit length observed was the maximum in AE 1-081-808 (14.94 cm). The fruit girth observed was the maximum in AE 2-011-110 (6.68 cm), the highest number of fruits/plant was observed in AE 1-084-832 (27.44). The family AE 1-016-157 (377.31 g) had registered the highest fruit yield/plant among the 30 families evaluated. The F4 families AE 1-016-157 and AE 1-007-070 were found to perform well in terms of various growth and yield traits and can be utilised for further breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O uso de águas salinas na produção agrícola será cada vez mais necessário nas próximas décadas, entretanto, a qualidade pós-colheita, como no quiabeiro, pode ser comprometida devido ao estresse salino e/ou fatores inerentes ao armazenamento e transporte; neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de conservação, dentre eles a fermentação láctica pode constituir uma via promissora para manter e até melhorar a qualidade nutricional do quiabeiro. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os componentes de produção do quiabeiro submetido a diferentes salinidades da água e doses de adubação potássica; visou-se, também, avaliar a conservação por fermentação láctica dos frutos do quiabeiro produzidos sob salinidade da água. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido em lisímetros sob condições de campo em Neossolo Regolítico de textura franco-arenosa em Pombal-PB. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, testando 5 níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3 e 4,3 dS m-1) e 5 doses de adubação potássica (75; 112,5; 150; 187,5 e 225 mg de K2O kg-1 de solo) com três repetições. Em seguida os frutos de quiabeiro produzidos sob os distintintos níveis salinos foram armazenados em seis misturas de sais presentes na salmoura de fermentação láctica (100-0-0, 0-100-0, 0-0-100, 50-50-0, 0-50-50 e 50-0-50 de NaCl, CaCl2 e KCl, respectivamente), sob fatorial 5 x 6, com três repetições, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, cuja qualidade pós-colheita, após o processo de fermentação, foi avaliada mediante as características físico-químicas dos frutos de quiabeiro. A salinidade da água de irrigação afetou negativamente o comprimento médio, peso médio, acidez titulável, razão de sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável e pH dos frutos de quiabeiro. As doses de potássio provocam acréscimos no diâmetro médio de frutos do quiabeiro minimizando os efeitos deletérios da salinidade da água de irrigação. Os teores de vitamina C dos frutos de quiabeiro em conserva não foram comprometidos pelo estresse salino. Dentre as salmouras de fermentação láctica, a formulação contendo a proporção de NaCl:CaCl2 destaca-se com maior acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis dos frutos do quiabeiro em conserva.

In diabetes mellitus there is an increase in oxidative stress in which oxidants exceed the antioxidant system resulting from the production of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and/or limited antioxidant defenses. Abelmoschus esculentus (“okra”) is known as lowering blood glucose vegetable by Indonesian. A. esculentus has a high antioxidant activity that can: 1) lower H2O2 level; 2) decrease the amount of ROS; 3) lower •OH level. This study tried to prove that administration of A. esculentus may decrease fasting blood glucose, serum malondialdehyde, and increase superoxide dismutase activity of diabetic male white rats. This research is a pure experimental research, with randomized post test only control group designs, held in 28 days. Thirty one rats were divided into 4 groups randomly: KN = normal control group given 0.1% Na-CMC solution; KDM = DM control group injected with STZ, followed by 0.1% Na-CMC solution; P1 = treatment group 1 injected with STZ, followed by administration of A. esculentus at a dose of 775 mg/kgBW/day; P2 = treatment group 2 injected with STZ, followed by administration of A. esculentus at a dose of 1550 mg/kgBW/day. The result: administration of A. esculentus at doses of 775 mg/kgBW/day and 1550 mg/kgBW/day can not decrease fasting blood glucose and MDA serum level of diabetic male white rats. Giving A. esculentus at a dose of 1550 mg/kgBW/day may increase the activity of SOD erythrocytes of diabetic male white rats.. Conclusions: A. esculentus has the potential to lower blood glucose and MDA serum levels, also increase erythrocyte SOD activity.

From 2014 to 2016, approximately 5% of okra fruit were observed displaying gray mold symptoms at the research field of Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Korea. The symptoms observed were water-soaked, brown or gray spots, and abundant mycelial with conidia appearing on the infected fruit. Initial infection commenced from the base of fruit and gradually moved to the pod, where it finally resulted in collapse. Colonies on potato dextrose agar were gray to grayish brown, felted and cottony expanding 65-80 mm after one week. The fungus formed several black sclerotia ranging 1.0-3.5×0.5-3.0 mm on the Petri dish after two weeks. The conidia were one-celled, ellipsoidal or ovoid, colorless or pale brown, and 6.2-15.4×5.0-10.4 µm. Conidiophores arose solitary or in groups, straight or flexuous, septate, with an inflated basal cell brown to light brown, and measured 85-450×10.0-40.0 µm. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer rDNA, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate was proved by artificial inoculation, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of B. cinerea on okra in Korea.

Background & Aims: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in the world, which can disrupt ovarian function. The present study was designed to examine the effect of Okra powder on ovary histology in high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) induced diabetic female rats. Materials & Methods: 25 adult Female Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups. Group I: (control group): served as helthy rats received normal diets. Group II diabetic(HFD+ STZ): rats were fed HFD (60% fat + 25% carbohydrate + 15% protein ) for 4 weeks and then injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight). GroupIII(HFD+STZ+A.E): HFD + STZ rats were treated with 200 mg/kg powder A. esculentus. Group IV (HFD+STZ+metformin): HFD + STZ rats were treated with 200 mg/kg metformin. Group V: Normal Diet + A. esculentus (200 mg/kg). After 4 weeks of treatment, animals were euthanized and body weight, ovary weight and insulin resistance markers (insulin and glucose levels and HOMA-IR) were determined. The right ovary was isolated and floated in appropriate fixative. 5-6 μm sections was prepared as paraffine embedding method and stained by H&E and PAS and studied by light microscopy. Results: Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and reduced body weight of diabetic rats were improved after administration of Okra for 4 weeks. This effect was relatively similar to metformin. Okra powder was caused a significant increase in primordial, primary and graffian follicles (P

Background & Aim: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder in the world which causes ovarian dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omelette powder on ovarian tissue changes in diabetic rats using a high-fat diet based on streptozotocin HFD / STZ. Methods: In this experimental study, 25 female rats (Wistar rats) were divided into 5 groups of 5. The first group, as the control group, the second group was received high-fat diet (HFD) (fat 60% + 25% carbohydrate + protein 15%), followed by STZ (35 mg / kg) intravenous 4 weeks. the third group received diazepam (200 mg / kg), the fourth group received metformin (200 mg / kg), the fifth group as sham or the control group of healthy rats (200 mg / kg) received only Abelmoschus esculentus powder. After 4 weeks of treatment the animals were euthanized body weight, ovary weight and insulin resistance markers (levels of insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR) were measured. From the right ovary sections of 5 to 6 micrometers in diameter were prepared, stained and then studied.Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD tests. Results: Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and reduced body weight of diabetic rats were improved after administration of Abelmoscus esculentus powder in duration of 4 weeks. This effect was relatively similar to metformin. Abelmoscus esculentus powder was caused a significant increase in primordial, primary and graffian follicles (P

This study assessed the impact of naphthalene acetic Acid (NAA) on the growth and yield of Okra cv. Sabz Pari at Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A field experiment was set out in randomised complete block design with NAA application as a main factor. Different NAA concentrations were obtained by dissolving NAA in distilled water at the rate of 0 (control), 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 mg/L. NAA treatments along with control were foliar applied to okra plants after 30 days of sowing. Lower concentration of NAA (30-50 mg/L) stimulated maximum increase in plant height (59.5-57.2%), number of leaves/plant (50.4-45.5%,), total plant leaf area (113.9-119.4%), internodes/plant (72.5-61.6%), internode length (53.2-44.5%), pod diameter (53.5-49.9%), pod fresh weight (126.8-111.8%), pod yield (271.2-255.8%) compared to control (0 mg NAA/L). NAA at higher concentrations (>50 mg/L) had a supressing effect on most parameters. It was inferred that yield production in okra is influenced by multiple yield-determining component traits and their mutual interactions which could be manipulated by the application of NAA. Foliar application of NAA (30-50 mg/L) have a beneficial impact on plant characters and yield of Okra, hence recommended in Okra cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-scale cultivation of okra in Brazil is related to the lack of technical-scientific information about its nutritional requirements and planting density. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of K2O doses and the number of plants/hole on the yield and quality of okra cv. Santa Cruz. A complete randomized block design was used, with four replications, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to six K2O doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg ha-1) and two planting densities (one and two plants/hole). The fruit mass, number of fruits/plant, fruit yield, total and commercial yield, and leaf potassium content were evaluated. The mean fruit mass and total yield did not adjust to any linear model but had higher values when two plants/hole were planted. The number of fruits/plant, fruit and commercial yield increased according to the K2O doses increase and planting with two plants/hole. The potassium leaf content did not differ according to the different planting densities but increased significantly with the potassium doses. Plating with two plants/hole increased the K2O requirement and provided a positive response in all analyzed traits. The application of K2O doses between 115 and 185.5 t ha-1 using two plants/hole is recommended and promotes better yield and quality of okra cv Santa Cruz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is a vegetable that has a fast vegetative cycle of high yield, in addition to considerable nutritional and commercial value, thereat stands out agronomically. Its composition allows it to be consumed while it is still green, but its shelf life in natural form is short. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the hygroscopic behavior and morphological characteristics of okra powders obtained by convective drying. The okra was cut into slices of approximately 2 mm and dried in an oven with forced air circulation at temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C until the hygroscopic balance was reached and ground in a knife mill to obtain the powders. Then, the hygroscopic behavior of the powders was evaluated through water adsorption isotherms at a temperature of 25 °C and mathematical models of GAB, Peleg, Oswin, Halsey and Henderson were adjusted to the experimental data of water contents and activity of water. The powders were also submitted to morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that all the models were well adjusted to the isotherms of the okra powders, with emphasis on the GAB model, with determination coefficients (R2) greater than 0.99 and average percentage deviations (P) less than 5%; isotherms were classified as type II, typical of products with a large amount of sugar and solutes and with low adsorption. The powders presented morphologically irregular, asymmetrical structures with amorphous characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) is a summer vegetable and ranks among the major vegetables in tropical world including many Afro-Asian countries. However, this crop is attacked by many species of insect pests among which the most destructive species are okra fruit and shoot borers (Helicoverpa armigera and Earias vittella, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) which cause considerable loss to okra crop each year. As screening of plant material against insect pests is a cost-effective and eco-friendly pest management approach, this in-situ study evaluated 12 genotypes of okra for their relative tolerance or susceptibility against lepidopterous shoot and fruit borers under the indigenous agro-climatic conditions of Sargodha district. The experiment was conducted at research area College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan in April 2017 and was repeated again in April 2018. Experimental design was Randomised Complete Block Design and each treatment had three independent replications. Weekly data regarding the shoot and fruit infestation by lepidopterous borers were collected from randomly selected plants from each plot and were subjected factorial analyses of variance. Results revealed a significant differential response of okra genotypes to the incidence of shoot and fruit infestation by these okra borers. Genotypes sabzpari and green wonder were comparatively the most resistant or tolerant to borers' infestation exhibiting minimum shoot and fruit infestations (12-14 and 8-13%, respectively); while genotypes pusa swani and parbhani karanti were the most susceptible with maximum shoot and fruit infestations (36-40 and 20-21%, respectively). Moreover, crude protein content of fresh okra fruits was found significantly and negatively correlated with the mean percent fruit infestation. We therefore recommend sabzpari and green wonder to the indigenous farmers for commercial okra production and for better combating okra shoot and fruit borer infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciências Agrárias is the property of Sociedade de Ciencias Agrarias de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Mexico, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is grown mainly for export, but its production is affected by various pests and diseases. Plants with mosaic and chlorotic mottling symptoms were collected in Iguala, Mexico. The transmission tests revealed that the disease was not transmitted neither by seed nor by mechanical means. However, it was transmitted by grafting and by insect vectors. The entire nucleotide sequences of the DNA-A component of three isolates were obtained by PCR and sequencing; all of them were bipartite begomoviruses. The composition of the DNA-A component consists of five open reading frames (ORFs), one in the sense orientation (AV1) and four in antisense orientation (AC1, AC2, AC3 and AC4), in addition to the common region (CR). Sequence comparison and demarcation analyses revealed the presence of a new strain of Okra yellow mosaic Mexico virus—[Mexico:Isolate 13–14:2010], and a new species not previously reported and tentatively named Okra mottle Mexico virus, OMoMV—[Mexico:2005]. The phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in the clade that contains Chino del tomate virus. Recombination analyses suggest that this virus has a putative recombinant event of 93 bases, which may have originated across the exchange of genomic segments in the ORF AV1 + CR region from Chino del tomate virus, Okra yellow mosaic Mexico virus and Corchorus yellow spot virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of the application of individual and combination of vermicompost, NPK along with H2O2 was studied on 10, 20, 30, and 40 days old seedlings of Abelmoschus esculentus. The physio chemical characters of soil with vermicompost showed better result and it has all kinds of nutrient needed for the better growth of the crop. It increases soil fertility, crop production and nutrient content of the plants. Integrated fertilizer application will boost the crop and this is the best way to obtain better results and it will decrease the pollution load on our environment. Application of H2O2 also influences the germination, early plant growth and nutrient content. It act as a growth promoter, but the continuous application and accumulation leads to damages, and the disease resistance against pathogens was decreased during the reproductive stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gesunde Pflanzen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)