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Pakistan's federalism problem dates all the way back to the establishment of the republic. Pakistan was established during many problems, many of which involved the state's government and administration. After Pakistan's inception, Federalism has been recognized as a political structure. The Muslim League was Pakistan's democratic body, and it called for the provinces of United India to have complete provincial autonomy. In the other side, the Congress favored a moderate federation. Due to the Muslim League's extensive past and tradition, it has been forced to recognize Federalism as a state system. Karachi, a major commercial center in Sindh, was annexed by the federal government and incorporated into its region. As a consequence of this undemocratic act, Sindh's ministry was dissolved, and Karachi was put under federal administration. The smaller provinces were compelled to form One Unit as a result of this development. The One-unit structure scrapped Sindh's territorial position and fundamentally altered its demography. After Bengal's dismemberment, Punjab became the only ruling state, controlling the state structure. Sindh remained marginalized in this province. Sindh has always met with the same fate. Furthermore, Pakistan's constitutions made no provision for Sindh's provincial hegemony. This thesis makes an empirical attempt to examine the historical connection between the Centre and Sindh.

Pollen morphology of 23 species belonging to Geranium have been studied in details, which represent eight sections of two subgenera i.e., G. sect. Dissecta, Geranium, and Tuberosa of subgen. Geranium, Divaricata, Lucida, Ruberta and Trilopha of subgen. Robertium. These plant species were collected from different phytogeographical regions of Iran. The palynological investigation was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Different palyno-morphological features have been observed, and the closely related species were distinguished. We used different multivariate statistical methods to reveal the species relationships. Ward clustering analyses have been done to check out the relationship among the species. The shapes of pollen grains were monad, radially symmetric, isopolar, apertures were tricolporate, and of spheroid, prolate-spheroid or sub-prolate classes. Three pollen types were recognized on the basis of differences in exine sculpturing pattern: reticulate-clavate, striate-rugulate, reticulum cristatum with clavae. Observed differences were not of diagnostic importance in subgenera and sections level. The main objective of this study is to find distinguish pollen characters in the species of the genus Geranium and to elucidate their systematics importance.

One of the most crucial aspects of biological diversity for conservation strategies is genetic diversity, particularly in rare and narrow endemic species. Our study is the first attempt to utilize SCoT markers to check the genetic diversity in Iran. We used 115 plant samples. Our objectives were 1) to check genetic diversity among Geranium species 2) Genetic structure of the Geranium 3) Do the Geranium species exchange genes? 4) To detect isolation by distance among the Geranium species. We used traditional morphological and molecular methods to assess genetic diversity and genetic structure in the Geranium species. A total of 129 amplified polymorphic bands were generated across 13 Geranium species. The size of the amplified fragments ranged from 150 to 3000 bp. G. stepporum showed the highest values for the effective number of alleles (Ne = 1.30) and Shannon information index (I =0.35). Significant ANOVA results (P

This research studies matrimonial property, which is a marital financial right that was not discussed by classical scholars in their books; it is a new, contemporary issue. The problem of this research is that in most contemporary societies, the husband can no longer cover all the household expenses or improve the financial status of the family on his own, which results in the wife's going out for work and contributing to many expenses like the house, car, etc. Spouses may not pay attention to this matrimonial property; however, when marriage is terminated, disputes about it arise. This research offers answers about the concept of matrimonial property and its types; the ruling of this property and how it can be divided. It also elaborates on the definition of matrimonial property and the legality of claiming it. Thus, this research is divided into two sections: the first explains the matrimonial property and its types, and the second clarifies the ruling of the matrimonial property. The paper also includes an introduction and a conclusion that presents the research findings.

Background: Nanotechnology brings a massive revolution in the domain of medical biotechnology. Plants possess thousands of antimicrobial compounds; these compounds can be extracted and utilized in the production of medicines. Objective: The aim of this research is to design an economical method for the formation of nanoparticles from plants and explore their antibacterial activity. Methods: In the present study, we used the plants Aloe barbadensis, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Mentha arvensis and Catharanthus roseus. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of the above mentioned plants were used to prepare silver nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activities of the nanoparticles of extracts were determined against pathogenic strains of bacteria. Results: Results showed that silver nanoparticles are formed from the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Mentha arvensis and Catharanthus roseus and from the aqueous extracts of Aloe barbadensis and Mentha arvensis. It was observed that nanonoparticles of ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Mentha arvensis and Catharanthus roseus exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas specie, E.coli, Pseudomonas specie and S.typhi, respectively. On the other hand, the nanoparticles of methanolic extracts of Carica papaya, Mentha arvensis and Catharanthus roseus showed the highest inhibition against E.coli, whereas, maximum zone of inhibition of Pseudomonas was observed by the action of methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica. It is also found that nanoparticles of the aqueous extracts of Aloe barbadensis and Mentha arvensis inhibited the pathogenic strains and showed maximum activity against Pseudomonas and E.coli, respectively. Conclusion: The above results indicate that the nanoparticles formed from the extracts of the tested plants have high antimicrobial potential and could be utilized in the preparation of medicines to treat various disorders.

This study constructively focused on the polemic in a household regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic that hits the world. For example, China experienced a high number of divorce cases during the emergency order period. In Malaysia, during the Movement Control Order (PKP), a number of wives lodged a significant number of complaints of conflict or domestic violence to the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (JAKIM). This indicates the existence of domestic conflict on a large scale. This study is timely to examine the causes of domestic violence conflict. The second objective is to identify the rights of wives in the household and the third, to propose a standard procedure of a nurturing household to the State Religious Affairs Department. This study used a qualitative methodology. The content analysis method was used with materials that were significantly library-sourced consisting of primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from the book of fiqh to clarify the rights and responsibilities of the wife in the household. Secondary data is based on published material, such as textbooks, journal articles, online databases and the Internet. For analysis, this study used a combination of data analysis methods, namely descriptive, critical and comparative approaches.

The objective of the research was to find the effects of numerous traditional and commercial aqua feed on proximate composition and growth performance of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) reared in the semi intensive composite culture system. The aqua feeds of various companies (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro and Punjab feed) used as commercial feed. Farm made feeds were Maize gluten and Rice polish. For confidentiality, these feeds were randomly assign code T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 which were only known to investigating staffs. There were two replicates for each treatment. In this research, significantly maximum growth was recorded in T3 as compared to other treatments. Lesser weight gain was observed in the T1 (270.30±60.5).The maximum body length (19.25±2.19) was found in T3. Similarly, the minimum body length (5.97±2.94) was seen in T2. FCR ratio (2.36±0.01) was recorded in T3. Simultaneously, FCR (1.86±0.002) was also recorded in T4 that is the perfect ratio for fish farmers. Higher SGR was found in T3 (1.62±0.05). Overall, T4 showed lesser SGR (1.05±0.001). T4 showed the higher Crude protein (28.66±0.24%). T3 showed more fat content level (5.46±0.33%) in the body. These outcomes also supported that enrichment in the dietary amount of protein and lipid level improve lipids content and crude protein in fish body weight. Thus, based on growth performance, survival and proximate composition, it is concluded that T3 & T4 may be recommended for commercial culture ofCtenopharyngodon idella.

The research dealt with the words used in the poetry of the poet “Ibrahim Ahmed Makri”, because knowledge of the poet's vocabulary is one of the basic matters when reading the poetry first, and this is to know the extent to which the poet succeeds in using his linguistic words, or not; Because every poet has words In particular, a special lexicon was created for him, and another poet may participate in many of it. In this research, the most prominent manifestations of the choice of words appeared in the poet Ibrahim Ahmed Makri, and the extent to which the poet succeeded in employing them in his poetry appeared. The research also exposed the phenomenon of the symbol in Sufi poetry, where we see something that replaces something else in denoting it, not in a way of complete conformity, but rather by suggesting the existence of a recognized accidental relationship. It is part of Islamic philosophy, and looking in general at the sayings of Sufism, we see that the Sufis have a special style of expression that they are famous for, characterized by ambiguity, and preferring the symbol over the meaning without declaring it, and they were forced to use the symbol; Because the need made them resort to it, because they express meanings, scenes, and psychological feelings that are not covenanted with language or with their expression, as we see our poet’s interest in the symbol, as many of his verses came carrying shipments of the symbol, expressing the purpose of his love for the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace. The research also discusses the use of the foreign word, as the poet used non-Arabic words in his poetry, so he uses the non-Arabic word as it is and derives it at other times, whether these foreign words are Hausa (his mother tongue), European, or the Egyptian colloquial, which means the cultural diversity of the poet., http://ojs.uopisl.pk/index.php/peshawarislamicus/article/view/93

Objective: To determine the pattern of coagulation profile and their association with mortality in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Retrospective descriptive study Place and Duration of Study: Makkah, Saudi Arabia from 2nd March 2020, to 2nd July 2020. Methodology: One thousand, nine hundred and twenty three conceded COVID-19 patients affirmed with polymerase chain response testing were included. Results: Patients' average age was 58.7±2.75 years. Patients drop was observed 6.4% in the survivor group as compared to 0.8% in the non-survivor group with a significant (p=0.000) association with mortality. Prolonged PT/INR was observed in 16% of patients, having a significant association (P=0.003) with mortality. APTT was prolonged in 29.4% of patients, and a comparison of APTT levels between the survivor and non-survivor groups showed a significant difference (p=0.002. A higher fibrinogen level was seen in 23.2% of patients with a significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: Severe COVID-19 infection is related to coagulopathy that is related to the destitute condition of hospitalized patients. Early and consistent evaluation of the coagulation profile along the disease course can help to treat and prevent disease morbidity and mortality in the hospital setting. Keywords: COVID-19, thrombosis, coagulation profile

Divorce is permissible in nearly all societies, religions, and cultures, but it is often a last option. This article explores effects of divorce on women. A sample of 210 divorced women in Pakistan...

If there is a discussion about the resistance in Sindh it had played an important role in history. It helped Sindh on the two fronts. One of the fronts of resistance had helped Sindh to preserve and maintain the age-old separate and distinct Identity from the foreign aggressions. Sindhi people have boldly stood against foreign invaders. It is another matter that like any other nation, Sindhi people sometimes succeeded in this regard to defend their motherland, and sometimes, they failed. But it is clear evidence that Sindh has staunchly opposed the foreign plunderers and attackers. The second important level of resistance is within the society. Sindhi people have initiated individual and collective levels movements against prevailing exploitation and injustice in the society. Sufis have played their part in this regard to curtail religious extremism and to strive hard to bring religious tolerance, harmony, and peace loving society. Besides the Sufis movement, Sindhi scholars, students, women, peasants have long struggled for the major contradictions and injustice in society. Like every other society, now there are various political parties and organizations working in Sindh. A variety of leftist political parties and innumerable rightist political parties are doing their politics. There exists civil society, women’s organizations, and student organizations working for the downtrodden class of society. Nationalist politics with respect to the vested interests of Sindh is commonplace. This was the brief nature of resistance which had remained insignificant in shaping and preserving the separate and distinct identity of Sindh.

Smart polymeric composite coatings demonstrating multilevel self-healing characteristics were developed and characterized. The pH-responsive smart carriers were synthesized by loading halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with the benzotriazole corrosion inhibitor (BTA) using the vacuum cycling method, referred to as (BTA-loaded HNTs). Similarly, mechanically triggered melamine urea-formaldehyde microcapsules encapsulated with the boiled linseed oil-self-healing agent (LO) denoted as (MUFMCs) having an average size of a ∼120 μm diameter with a wall thickness of ∼1.84 μm were synthesized by the in situ polymerization technique. The newly designed double-layered smart polymeric composite coatings (DLPCs) were developed by mixing 3 wt % BTA-loaded HNTs with epoxy and applying it on the clean steel substrate to form a primer layer. After its complete curing, a top layer of epoxy containing 5 wt % of MUFMCs was deposited on it. For an exact comparison, single-layer polymeric composite coatings (SLPCs) containing 3 wt % BTA-loaded HNTs were also developed. The Fourier transform infrared radiation spectra of MUFMCs and BTA-loaded HNTs indicate the existence of all desired functional groups, confirming the presence of loaded chemical species such as LO and BTA into the smart carriers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that ∼18% BTA is successfully loaded into HNTs. Quantitative UV-spectroscopic analysis indicates a pH-responsive release of BTA from BTA-loaded HNTs, which is time-dependent, attaining its maximum value of ∼ 90% in an acidic medium after 30 h. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis conducted in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution at room temperature for different immersion times reveals that SLPC exhibits the maximum charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of 55.47 GΩ cm2 after the 7th day of immersion, and then, a declining trend is observed, reaching 26.6 GΩ cm2 after the 9th day. However, in the case of DLPC, the Rct values show a continuous increment, attaining a maximum value of 82.11 GΩ cm2 after the 9th day of immersion. The improved performance of DLPC can be ascribed to the efficient triggering of the individual carriers in the isolated matrices, resulting in the release of LO and BTA to form individual protective films at the damaged area due to the oxidative polymerization process and triazoles' ability of passive film formation on the substrate, respectively. The tempting self-healing properties of DLPCs justify their decent role for long-term corrosion protection in many industrial applications.

This article would attempt explore the roots of federation of Pakistani with respect to analyzing its political and Constitutional history from the British India. Because the idea of federation in this region has its roots in that period. The ideas of federalism emerged from the British introduced constitutional schemes. In response to that schemes, Congress and Muslim League had its own demands and which manifest their particular orientation for federalism. The theme of this article is to explore the differences of Congress and Muslim League on the federal arrangement in British India and on the future union of India. In this regard position of Muslim League is especially put in to consideration that what the party has its ideology regarding the federal form of government. For understanding the nature of Muslim league’s ideology regarding federalism, the politics and policies of Muslim League are studied in this article. This article poses challenge to the claims which are taken as granted that the League was a champion in demanding the maximum provincial autonomy in British India. The article would also highlight role of Leagues’ politics in Muslim Majority provinces to understand its nature of politics for federal arrangement in India. The important question that why Pakistan did not been a viable federation is sought out in the nature of Muslim Leagues politics in British India. A content analysis method is adopted which is qualitative study to find the historical context of evolution of federalism in Pakistan.

Objective Brown adipose tissue (BAT) controls metabolic rate through thermogenesis. As its regulatory factors during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism are not well established, our study investigated the relationships between supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (sBAT) activity and physiological/metabolic changes with changes in thyroid status. Design Participants with newly diagnosed Graves’ disease were recruited. A thionamide antithyroid drug (ATD) such as carbimazole (CMZ) or thiamazole (TMZ) was prescribed in every case. All underwent energy expenditure (EE) measurement and supraclavicular infrared thermography (IRT) within a chamber calorimeter, as well as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging scanning, with clinical and biochemical parameters measured during hyperthyroidism and repeated in early euthyroidism. PET sBAT mean/maximum standardized uptake value (SUV mean/max), MR supraclavicular fat fraction (sFF) and mean temperature (Tscv) quantified sBAT activity. Results Twenty-one (16 female/5 male) participants aged 39.5 ± 2.5 years completed the study. The average duration to attain euthyroidism was 28.6 ± 2.3 weeks. Eight participants were BAT-positive while 13 were BAT-negative. sFF increased with euthyroidism (72.3 ± 1.4% to 76.8 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01), but no changes were observed in PET SUV mean and Tscv. Significant changes in serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were related to BAT status (interaction P value = 0.04). FT3 concentration at hyperthyroid state was positively associated with sBAT PET SUV mean (r = 0.58, P = 0.01) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) (P < 0.01). Conclusion Hyperthyroidism does not consistently lead to a detectable increase in BAT activity. FT3 reduction during the transition to euthyroidism correlated with BAT activity.

The aim of current study was to develop a generic pseudo-allometric model of the biomass structure of larch (Larix spp.) trees growing in Eurasia, and to assess the impacts of temperature and precipitation. It was assumed that this model will create a prerequisite for predicting changes in the structure of the tree biomass of the genus Larix spp. under the influence of current climate shifts. According to the Trans-Eurasian hydrothermal gradients of Eurasia harvest biomass database was compiled from 510 sample trees. The data adequacy was determined by the level of variability and it accounted for 87–99% variability as the proposed by regression models. It was found that the increase in temperature by 1 °C at the constant level of precipitation causes decrease in the aboveground, stem, foliage and branches of equal-sized and equal-aged larch trees. The increase of precipitation by 100 mm at the constant level of temperature causes decrease in the aboveground and stem biomass and increase of foliage and branches.

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with a high-voltage spinel structure is a potential cathode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Y2O3 coated quasi-spheres of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 covered in graphene (LNMO-YO-G) have been synthesized by a microwave-assisted chemical co-precipitation technique. The coating of quasi-spheres with Y2O3 and subsequent wrapping in graphene nanosheets does not modify the bulk structure and inhibits the production of undesirable phases. Thermal analysis indicates that the developed materials demonstrate good thermal stability. The material exhibits an initial capacity of 133 mAh g−1 at the C/10 rate with a capacity retention of 98% after 100 cycles. Remarkably, a discharge capacity of 115 mAh g−1 is achieved in LNMO-YO-G at a 10C rate, reflecting its extraordinary improvement in the rate capability. Furthermore, after 20 cycles at higher temperature (55 °C), the cathode samples exhibit an excellent capacity of 132 mAh g−1. Y2O3 coating reduces the leaching of ions from the electrode, but such coatings reduce the electrical conductivity. Conversely, graphene increases the electrical conductivity, wraps the active particles along an electrically conductive path, and prevents agglomeration. Parasitic reactions are inhibited without compromising electrical conductivity due to the synergistic material design and fast microwave synthesis method. The proposed material synthesis strategy can be effectively extended to other classes of electrode materials to improve their cyclic performance.

Objective: To find out the gram negative bacteria causing the diabetic foot ulcers and most effective antibiotic therapy. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study Place and Duration of Study: Diabetic Center Hayatabad, Kabir Medical College Peshawar from 1st September 2021 to 28th February 2022. Methodology: Sixty nine admitted patients for the treatment of diabetes having type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled. All the patients were on treatment of antibiotic such as gentacin, augmentin, amikacin and clindamycin. The specimens were analyze in microbiology laboratory and extracted by needle aspiration of material from the infected site and inoculate within 1hour after collection using gram staining smear for the detection or cytology of bacteria and its presence and absence in a specimens, for the isolation specimens were plated onto chocolate, phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) and MacConkey agar plate. To check the antibiotic susceptibility pattern Kirby Bauer test was performed. Results: There were eight anaerobic gram negative bacteria included in the study. In type 1 diabetes the Escherichia coli extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) was 4.8% while in type 2 it was 95.2% in case of Klebsiella oxytoca. There is no bacteria in type1 while in type2, 100% were detected among 13 samples out of 69. E. coli (ESBL) was found in 66.7% in diabetic patients >10 years with foot ulcers while 33.3% in 10 years while in

Fungal treated grasses can be used as a supplementary feed for ruminants during dry seasons. A total of 24 West African dwarf (WAD) growing bucks with the average weight of 7 kg were fed with fungal treated either Brachiaria decumbens (TBD) or Megathyrsus maximus var. ntchisii (TMMN) to investigate their effects on the animals’ blood profile. The goats were allocated to six dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The diets were offered as a total mix ration (100%) with one of the two treated forages at one of three levels (0%, 20%, 30%). Additionally, each diet contained concentrate (50%) and cassava peels (either 50% or 30%, or 20%) to a total of 100%. These diets were fed to the animals for 21 days with 14 days adaptation and the last 7 days for data collection. It appeared that the diets significantly (P

Dietary fiber is getting attention these days due to its tendency to improve the reproductive performance in human beings. Sodium alginate (SA) is one of the natural dietary fibers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of SA on serum insulin, blood sugar, lipid profile, estrogen and testosterone in polycystic (PCOS) females. A single

Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) doped polyaniline and carbon black (CB) composites (PANI-DBSA/CB) were synthesized by in-situ polymerization of aniline in the aqueous dispersion of carbon black (CB) in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant. Various composite samples with varying amounts of CB (1 wt% and 2 wt%) were synthesized and were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD studies confirmed the formation of the well-organized and semi-crystalline structure of the composites. SEM analysis revealed the increase in grain size and the granular structure of the synthesized composites. DC conductivity was measured in the temperature range from 300 K to 393 K using two probe methods. An increase in DC conductivity was found on the inclusion of carbon black at all temperatures and the most probable model of charge transport was found to be three-dimensional variable range hopping (3D-VRH). As the concentration of CB in the composites increased, activation energy was found to be decreased. The density of states, hopping length, and hopping energy were calculated, respectively, and were found to be influenced by CB incorporation.

The study was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. Twenty-six groundwatersamples were analysed for the groundwater quality of Chachro Taluka. The EC and TDS contents in most of the watersamples were above WHO (2011) recommended limits. Almost all water samples collected from dugwells located inthe study area have elevated concentrations of Na and Cl exceeding the WHO guidelines. Results of Ca, and Mg showthat 92% and 96% of groundwater samples were within the prescribed limit respectively. Whereas, HCO3, SO4, andNO3 contnets of 88%, 77%, and 69% respectively are also above the guidelines. Statistical results revealed adominating trend among the cations of Na+>Ca+2>Mg+2>K+ and anions occur in the order of abundance, as Cl->HCO3 ->SO4 -2>NO3, respectively. The water quality index (WQI) shows that 15% groundwater samples belong to poorcategory, and 35% water samples were found belonging to very poor category.While, remaining 50% wells were foundunsuitable for drinking purpose.

In situ chemical polymerization method was used to synthesize the polyaniline (PANI) and polyaniline cadmium oxide (PANI-CdO) nanocomposites. The morphology and structure of pure PANI and PANI-CdO nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, whereas electrical properties were studied by dielectric, electric modulus and a.c conductivity. Various dopant-to-polymer ratios were used to investigate their effect on the characteristics of the synthesized samples. The SEM images exhibited granular as well as flaky structures of PANI and PANI-CdO nanocomposites. The XRD patterns revealed that pure PANI exhibits amorphous nature, while PANI-CdO nanocomposites exhibit polycrystalline nature. The crystallinity and intensity of (XRD) peaks of composite are enhanced by increasing CdO contents. The dielectric measurements show a decrease in dielectric constant, dielectric loss and a decrease in tangent loss with the increase in frequency and nearly constant values at higher frequencies, while the values of dielectric properties increase with the rise in temperature and doping concentration. The electric field modulus was used to analyze the relaxation behavior of the synthesized samples and found to be increased with frequency and decreased with the temperature and CdO concentration. The a.c conductivity was observed to increase with the increase in frequency and temperature for PANI and PANI-CdO composites. The changing behavior of the frequency exponent (S) at various temperatures was analyzed to observe different conduction mechanisms, and a correlated barrier hopping model (CBH) was found to be observed in PANI-CdO composites as well as in pure PANI. The Log a.c conductivity decreases versus the inverse of temperature and with increase in frequency that confirms that the hopping mechanism is the dominant charge transport mechanism.

In situ chemical polymerization technique was used to synthesize polyaniline (PANI) and polyaniline сadmium oxide (PANI/CdO) composites with different weight percentage of CdO dopant. Structure and morphology of pure and synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. Different weight percentage of CdO dopant was used to verify their effects on these characteristics. The XRD results represent better crystallinity and show more intense peaks of PANI/CdO composites with addition of CdO nano particles. The SEM investigations of PANI/CdO сomposites show well intercalary, agglomerated platelet as well as flaky structure. Current density−voltage (J–V) characteristics of ITO/PANI/Cu, ITO/PANI-CdO composites/Cu fabricated Schottky diodes were investigated at room and some elevated temperatures in the potential window ±20 V. The junction parameters such as saturation current density, ideality factor and barrier height were calculated and found to be influenced by the doping concentration of CdO as well as temperature variation. The electrical behavior of PANI with CdO was found to be in good agreement with the thermionic emission model for the Schottky barrier type devices.

The present study aims to examine the social barriers to nation-building in Afghanistan. In this qualitative type of research, the semi-structured interview tools were used to collect data. After the interviews, the obtained information was coded and analyzed. The findings of this study showed that the most significant social barriers to the nation-building process in Afghanistan were the ethnic structure of power, wars, ethnic elites, and interference from neighboring countries, inability to use the presence of foreigners, traditional society, and the lack of cultural discourses, the definition of ethnic identity, hegemony, ethnic totalitarianism, and toxic antidote. Also, social factors on political, economic, cultural, and geographical issues were examined in this study. The most important political obstacles to the nation-building process in Afghanistan have been social disunity, the presence of foreigners, exceptional opportunity, political instability, and the lack of national political leaders and parties.The most important cultural barriers are the illusion of conspiracy, cultural confrontation, and low level of awareness and lack of common aspirations. Recent findings of this study show that citizenship rights can be the central pillar in the establishment of a nation. Citizenship right is a new concept that equalizes the political, social, and cultural rights of all members in a society.

Ni–P/TiC nanocomposite coatings, including different concentrations of TiC nanoparticles (TCNPs) were developed on HSLA (high strength low alloy steel) substrates through the pulse electrodeposition (PED) process. The prepared coatings' structural, compositional, mechanical, wear, and electrochemical properties were accomplished, applying numerous characterizing techniques. The surface morphologies show the coatings are uniform, and compact, which appears flawless. An increase in the mechanical response of Ni–P/TiC is noticed with an increasing amount of TCNPs into the Ni–P matrix, attaining its highest values (720 Hv microhardness, 22.22 GPa modulus, 7.26 kN/m stiffness), and the lowest wear rate ( w s ) of 0.87 μ gm/Nm) for Ni–P/0.75TiC composition. The improvement in mechanical behavior can be attributed to grain refinement and dispersion hardening effect. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic plots reveal a substantial increment in Ni–P coatings' corrosion resistance by successively incorporating TCNPs. As a comparison, Ni–P/0.75TiC coatings demonstrate the highest corrosion protection requirement efficiency (PE) of 94% in saline water. The promising performance of Ni–P/0.75TiC coating can be credited to forming a compact structure containing inactive TCNPs in the Ni–P matrix.

Oxidative stress (OS) in simple words is defined as a state of imbalance between antioxidant and pro-oxidants defenses. The purpose of this article is to find out the connection of oxidative stress and free radical species with different aspects of human health. Owing to its harmful effects on proteins and nucleic acids, oxidative stress causes chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer. It highlights the impacts of antioxidants and pro-oxidants particularly on fertility and infertility. It also focuses on the adverse effects caused by the long-term exposure to pro-oxidant factors leading to structural defects of mitochondrial DNA. As modern life style consists of more reliance on the processed foods and lack of physical activity, a nutrition deficiency, which is common in the present lifestyle, is also one of the reasons for oxidative stress to cause inflammation. However, this review also focuses on how diet affects and triggers inflammation. Redox mechanism with potential threats to health of mankind is discussed, how mere stress can provoke biological stress responses leading to development of disease or metabolic errors. Methods for reduction of oxidative stress are discussed in this review. It also highlights mitochondria as an aging factor as many ROS, particularly mitochondria ROS contribute directly to aging in human body. We will be discussing the recent findings in the oxidative stress field and its negative and positive impacts on human health.

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) are considered as one of the highly competent classes of hybrid composite materials having potential applications in automotive, furniture, and construction industry. In this present study, fabrication of PP-g-MA compatibilized PP-wood flour composites was accomplished utilizing melt blending extrusion. The extruder was operated at a temperature profile of 180–210 °C. Wood flour, prior to its incorporation in polymeric material, was sieved to get fine wood flour particles. Compression-molded specimens of composites were characterized for their morphological attributes and for the determination of their chemical makeup, mechanical features, and thermal stability. FTIR analysis determined the chemical makeup of WPCs. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the thermal stability of composites at temperature higher than 280 °C. Composites were rated as V2 grade according to their flammability performance. SEM analysis manifested the dispersed state of wood flour in the PP matrix. Mechanical properties manifested the increased stiffness of WPCs owing to increase in loading of wood flour which was associated with the restricted motion of polymer chains imparted by the wood flour particles. Surface topology study of in-hole drilled surface was also carried out by performing machining of WPCs for the analysis of surface roughness as a function of drill speed. Furthermore, the environmental sustainability of WPCs machining was demonstrated, and the reduction in waste generation through drilling of composites was observed.

Kashmir Himalayas harbour tremendous floristic diversity marked by a high degree of compositional heterogeneity and endemism especially among grasses (Poaceae). The present paper adds alien species Catapodium rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubbard to grass floristics of the region. With an origin in Eurasia and natural distribution in circum-Mediterranean region, the species is an alien with sporadic occurrence in the area of study. It is diagnosed by the presence of 3–10 floreted spikelets and 1–3 mm long obtuse ligule. In the present work, taxonomic description of the species in the latest formats of grass description has been supplemented with illustrations of diagnostic parts, spikelet diagram and spikelet formula. The structure of the caryopsis and the unit of dispersal (diaspore) has also been described. A comparison of diagnostic parts of all the four species of the genus has been utilized to prepare a key to identification of all the four species of the genus.

Hemin may be of potential therapeutic value in wound healing management in diabetics. It is an inducer of heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme which degrades heme and participates in cellular protection against oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Thus, in the present study, hemin (0.5%) was applied topically over excision wounds, and its therapeutic effect in wound healing evaluated in diabetic rats. Topical hemin application significantly increased the percentage of wound contraction on day 2 in diabetic rats, however, povidone-iodine did the same on day 7 compared to the diabetic control. A significant increase in hydroxyproline and glucosamine content was found on day 14 in the hemin treated wounds of diabetic rats vs. the diabetic control. The histology of the hemin treated rats was in agreement with the cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis in granulation tissue. Hemin significantly increases cytokine IL-10 and decreases TNF-α in the granulation tissue of the healed wounds of diabetic rats. The finding showing the pro-healing effects of hemin was endorsed by inhibition of mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and adhesion molecule ICAM-1, and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 mRNA. Hence, topical hemin application (i) helps in early and fast wound contraction (ii) enhances the hydroxyproline and glucosamine content of wounds and (iii) modulates pro-healing mRNA expression of cytokines.