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This study devised an approach utilizing advertisements for cognitive education, particularly training to foster critical thinking ability of elementary students and conducted a field experiment to verify its educational effect. Fourteen sessions of the critical thinking education were performed over one semester geared toward elementary students in the fifth and sixth grades. Results indicated that students who received critical thinking education using advertisements made statistically significant improvements in both critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions, compared to students who did not receive this education. These results demonstrate that education using advertisements as learning materials can help elementary students to improve their critical thinking ability. We discussed several implications of our results for educational practice as well as directions for follow-up studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As public housing agencies and other low-income housing providers adopt smoke-free policies, data are needed to inform implementation approaches that support compliance.Design: Focused ethnography used including qualitative interviews with staff, focus groups with residents, and property observations.Setting: Four low-income housing properties in Massachusetts, 12 months postpolicy adoption.Participants: Individual interviews (n = 17) with property staff (managers, resident service coordinators, maintenance, security, and administrators) and focus groups with resident smokers (n = 28) and nonsmokers (n = 47).Measures: Informed by the social-ecological model: intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and community factors relating to compliance were assessed.Analysis: Utilized MAXQDA in a theory-driven immersion/crystallization analytic process with cycles of raw data examination and pattern identification until no new themes emerged.Results: Self-reported secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) was reduced but not eliminated. Challenges included relying on ambivalent maintenance staff and residents to report violations, staff serving as both enforcers and smoking cessation counsellors, and inability to enforce on nights and weekends. Erroneous knowledge of the policy, perception that SHSe is not harmful to neighbors, as well as believing that smokers were losing their autonomy and being unfairly singled out when other resident violations were being unaddressed, hindered policy acceptance among resident smokers. The greatest challenge to compliance was the lack of allowable outdoor smoking areas that may have reduced the burden of the policy on smokers.Conclusion: Smoke-free policy implementation to support compliance could be enhanced with information about SHSe for smokers and nonsmokers, cessation support from external community partners, discussion forums for maintenance staff, resident inclusion in decision-making, and framing the policy as part of a broader wellness initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featuring an exemplar character similar to the target audience is one of the most widely used tactics of tailored and targeted communication. Having a similar character may increase the perceived relevance of the message and facilitate persuasion. However, the way the similar character is depicted may threaten the audience's social identity and cause a boomerang effect. In an experiment where daily smokers saw and evaluated anti-smoking messages, a significant interaction between character-audience similarity and message theme emerged, mediated by message engagement and character identification. Seeing a similar (vs. dissimilar) smoker character whose health was at risk increased the audience's identification with the character, which in turn was associated with greater perceived effectiveness. However, seeing a similar smoker character endangering innocent others via secondhand smoke undermined perceived effectiveness. The simple main effects of character-audience similarity on message engagement were not significant, although the overall pattern was consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette consumption annually increases. The number of smokers worldwide has reached 1.2 billion; 800 million are from developing countries. While smokers are at risk for smoking-related diseases, non-smokers exposed to smoking are also at risk. Cigarette smoke may lead to oxidative stress via active or passive exposure. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level in spot urine samples is a relevant biomarker representing oxidative stress. This study aimed to analyze urinary MDA levels in junior high school students in relation to cigarette smoke exposure. The population included all grade VIII students. Urinary MDA levels were evaluated using spectrophotometric measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in urine normalized to creatinine level, and fine particulate matter was measured. Other variables including smoking status (active or passive) and supplement consumption were assessed via questionnaires. The mean urinary MDA level of grade VIII was 32.26 μmol/g creatinine with a variation of 21.99 μmol/g creatinine. There was no significant difference in urinary MDA levels among students with active smoke exposure (active smokers). Likewise, there was no significant difference in urine MDA levels among students with passive smoke exposure (passive smokers). However, students who consumed supplements had significantly lower MDA levels than those who did not. Future studies are needed to explore other oxidative stress biomarkers that might play important roles in exposure to cigarette. Moreover, other biomarkers are needed to assess cigarette smoke exposure and antioxidant consumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose and analyze a mathematical model to study the dynamics of smoking behavior under the inuence of educational and media programs. Proposed mathematical model subdivides the total population into potential smokers, smokers and those smokers who quit smoking per- manently. The biologically feasible equilibrium points are computed and their stability is analyzed and discussed. The theoretical analysis of the model reveals that the smoking-free equilibrium is stable when a threshold, termed as the smokers-generation number, is less than unity, and unstable if this threshold value is greater than unity. Moreover, number of smokers may be effectively controlled by keeping the smokers generation number less than unity. Analytical findings are justified by numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cartoons are widely used in health communication, their effectiveness has seldom been tested. In this study, the effects of four humor-threat antismoking cartoon posters are evaluated in a sample of 12- to 15-year-olds (n = 183) in Hong Kong. The five-group comparison (including the control group) revealed that these posters did not increase antismoking attitudes in the sample but did decrease antismoking behavioral intentions. The better liked, more humorous, and more frightening posters did not produce increased antismoking attitudes or behavioral intentions. These findings warrant the development of theories to clarify the role of humor in health communication. Although cartoons are well liked by adolescents, practitioners must be aware of the possible negative effects of humor in cartoon-based messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of smoking prevention programs in schools by the teachers. Method/Statistical analysis: The survey was conducted from December 30, 2015 to October 31,2016 by web survey in Gyeonggi-do in Korea. The subjects of the study were 95 health teachers working in 95 elementary, middle and high schools in Gyeonggi Province. The analysis of the study was conducted using the SPSS 23.0 Windows version program, and the analysis was performed using frequency analysis and chi-square test. Findings: The perceptions of health teachers on school smoking prevention programs differ according to the type of school, which is the structural environmental characteristic of the school where the health teacher works, and the designation of smoking cessation in the school. Improvements/Applications: As a result of this study, it is considered that it is necessary to establish an in - school smoking cessation environment such as designation of smoking cessation in school, smoking counseling, and smoking prevention program that affects the level of perception of smoking cessation by school teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Public Health is the property of Turkish Journal of Public Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of mortality in the world. The World Health Organization estimates that annually more than seven million lives are lost worldwide due to smoking-related diseases. The aim of the study was to examine lifetime use of tobacco and electronic cigarettes, using patterns in the last 30 days, and to determine cigarette availability among the first grade high school students in Novi Sad. Material and Methods. The cross-sectional study was conducted among the first grade public high school students in Novi Sad. The study sample included 1.067 participants (587 girls and 480 boys), born in 2002. The survey used the questionnaire of the European School Project on Alcohol and other Drugs. Results. Of the examined sample, a total of 40.1% of high school students in Novi Sad have at least tried smoking cigarettes during their lifetime, girls significantly more often (p=0.001). With no gender difference, 20% of students smoked at least one cigarette in the month preceding the survey. Every seventh student (13.9%) tried their first cigarette at the age of 13 or younger, girls significantly more often (p=0.001). A little less than one fifth of the examinees (18.4%) tried electronic cigarettes. In the month preceding the survey, every twelfth examinee used electronic cigarettes (8.1%). Conclusion. Monitoring the prevalence of tobacco use in young people, especially new tobacco products, indicates the need for continuous and intensive activities in the field of health promotion with implementation of effective tobacco control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on meta-analysis for perceived message effectiveness (PME) which are likely to affect actual message effectiveness (AME) and instead pretest messages for actual effectiveness. It mentions systematic review of the PME measures used in tobacco education campaigns and literature focused only on anti-smoking media campaigns. It also mentions role of underlying persuasive constructs, message perceptions versus effects perceptions.

Objective: Using indicators of campaign effort and relevant news stories, we sought to predict two patterns of patient behavior regarding information about aspirin and heart health: patient use of a campaign web tool to determine whether they should talk with a physician about using aspirin and patient searches for information about aspirin and the heart.Methods: We used ARIMA modeling to predict two time series as a function of independent variables.Results: We found significant prediction of time series in both models, but campaign expenditure only predicted use of a campaign web tool whereas weekly news stories predicted online searches regarding aspirin and the heart originating from Minnesota.Conclusion: Patient information engagement is a function of information salience at least in part. Campaign advertising expenditure can prompt audience use of campaign tools but news coverage also operates as an important force on patient search behavior.Practice Implications: Health promotion professionals charged with reaching patients with heart health and stroke prevention messages should monitor news coverage as a potential complementary or rival force while at the same time promoting campaign-related information online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E‐cigarettes (e‐cigs) have been initially proposed as an aid to smoke cessation in adults, whereas they turned into a paradoxical preferential gateway to tobacco and nicotine initiation for adolescents naïve to tobacco. More than 25% of US school‐age students is an e‐cigs user with a steep rise over the past years. A marketing strategy on media and social network targeting youths, in the absence of rules to protect the pediatric users, resulted in an unprecedented trend up in tobacco consumption among adolescents and gave rise to a new generation of nicotine‐addicted teenagers. Flavored e‐cigs liquids and aerosols contain airway irritants and toxicants, that, in turn, produced an increase in asthma prevalence and its exacerbations among adolescents. In addition, since August 2019 an outbreak of e‐cigarette, or vaping, product use‐associated lung injury (EVALI) has been described. In view of this, e‐cigs must no longer be considered harmless, especially in adolescents never used a tobacco product before. This is a call‐for‐action to establish effective rules and campaigns targeting youths aimed to limit their access to e‐cigs, thereby preserving the potential benefit in quitting tobacco addiction described in adults. Behavioral and educational actions, out of the conventional primary care setting, have been described as a model for a youth‐centered campaign. We call for stricter regulations on e‐cigs products, with respect to their marketing to the youngest ones, along with public health and primary care interventions that could curb the spread of this "vaping" epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, antismoking public service announcements (PSAs) have been used by governments to promote healthy behaviours in citizens, for instance, against drinking before the drive and against smoke. Effectiveness of such PSAs has been suggested especially for young persons. By now, PSAs efficacy is still mainly assessed through traditional methods (questionnaires and metrics) and could be performed only after the PSAs broadcasting, leading to waste of economic resources and time in the case of Ineffective PSAs. One possible countermeasure to such ineffective use of PSAs could be promoted by the evaluation of the cerebral reaction to the PSA of particular segments of population (e.g., old, young, and heavy smokers). In addition, it is crucial to gather such cerebral activity in front of PSAs that have been assessed to be effective against smoke (Effective PSAs), comparing results to the cerebral reactions to PSAs that have been certified to be not effective (Ineffective PSAs). The eventual differences between the cerebral responses toward the two PSA groups will provide crucial information about the possible outcome of new PSAs before to its broadcasting. This study focused on adult population, by investigating the cerebral reaction to the vision of different PSA images, which have already been shown to be Effective and Ineffective for the promotion of an antismoking behaviour. Results showed how variables as gender and smoking habits can influence the perception of PSA images, and how different communication styles of the antismoking campaigns could facilitate the comprehension of PSA’s message and then enhance the related impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We used focus groups to understand cigar product features that increase the appeal of blunts (hollowed out cigars filled with marijuana) among adolescents and young adults. Methods: With a standardized focus group guide, we assessed cigar use behaviors and perceptions among lifetime cigar users (N = 47; 8 focus groups separated by sex and age group [adolescents, young adults]) in 2016. We analyzed data related to blunts. Results: Overall, 85.5% of the participants had smoked a blunt in the past 30 days (38% used daily). Participants perceived that cheap cigar brands were used primarily for blunts. Cigar product features that made them useful for blunts included wide availability, easy accessibility (easy to bypass underage purchasing restrictions), attractive flavors, inexpensive cost, perforated wrappers that make cigars easy to open, and ability to remove the inner wrapper (also referred to as "cancer paper") to reduce the risk of harm. Conclusions: Various product features of cigars make it easy for adolescents and young adults to manipulate them to create blunts. Tobacco regulations that include restrictions on product characteristics, as well as enforcement of prohibition of sales of cigars to underage minors are needed. Youth also need to be educated about harms of blunt use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this paper, we examine whether a slowdown in implementing tobacco control policies in California after 2000 influenced trends in smoking behavior. Methods: We assessed the strength of state tobacco control policies using excise tax data (1990-2014), tobacco control expenditures per capita, and workplace and home smoking restrictions (from the Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, 1992-2015). Smoking prevalence was assessed with the National Health Interview Survey, 1985-2015. We compared trends between California and the rest of the US using split regression models with a knot at 2000. Results: Throughout the 1990s, compared to the rest of the US, California had higher cigarette excise taxes, higher expenditures on tobacco control, more smoke-free workplaces, and more smokers with smokefree homes. Except for smoke-free homes, these differences disappeared after 2000. During the 1990s, smoking prevalence declined much faster in California than in the rest of the US, but the decline slowed significantly after 2000. Conclusions: Smoking prevalence is sensitive to continued implementation of tobacco control policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study provides global evidence on the association between cigarette point-ofsale (POS) advertising bans and adult cigarette smoking during 2007-2014. Methods: Data on POS advertising bans, cigarette prices, tobacco control environment, and countries' economic conditions came from the WHO MPOWER datasets and the World Bank database. Data on annual smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption were from Euromonitor International tobacco country reports. Country and year identifiers were used to link the datasets. Fractional logit regression and ordinary least squares methods were used to examine the associations between POS advertising bans and smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption. Analyses controlled for country-level GDP per capita, cigarette prices, percentages of population aged 15-64 and 65 and over, tobacco control environment, year indicators, and country fixed-effects. Results: POS advertising bans were associated with a 0.7 percentage point decrease in adult smoking prevalence and significantly associated with reduced cigarette consumption. Countries with POS advertising bans decreased by 128-154 sticks of cigarettes in per capita consumption per year compared to countries without such bans. Conclusions: Restricting cigarette advertising in the retail environment may reduce adult cigarette smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In 2016 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company entered into a settlement agreement restricting use of the terms "additive free" and "natural" in American Spirit ads. American Spirit uses a variety of other tactics that could contribute to inaccurate reduced risk perceptions; yet, no research has examined the effects of these tactics. The current study examines the effect of the phrase 'tobacco and water', references to eco-friendly business practices, and plant imagery on young adults' perceptions of product harm, addictiveness, and nicotine content. Methods: We conducted a between-subjects experiment that randomized the presentation of 5 ad tactics (control, 'tobacco and water', eco-friendly reference, plant imagery, or all 3 tactics present) in 2 brands (American Spirit vs Marlboro) with a sample of 3054 18-24 year-old US young adults recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Results: When used in an American Spirit ad, adding eco-friendly language (OR = 1.50, AOR = 1.51) or "tobacco and water" (OR = 1.48, AOR = 1.1.6) was associated with greater odds of misperceiving reduced harm compared to the control condition. Conclusions: Our findings provide additional support for FDA enforcement actions against tobacco companies using these misleading tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to understand video game industry stakeholders' perceptions of tobacco content in games and opportunities for public health advocates to reduce exposure to tobacco through games among youth. Methods: We conducted qualitative interviews with researchers and advocates in public health (N = 8); and people who have worked within the video game industry (N = 4). Results: Our interviews provided insights on the video game rating system as a means of handing controversial game content, the importance of research linking video game playing with health behaviors, the role of controversy in promoting changes to industry behavior, and First Amendment issues that arise when regulations are proposed. Conclusions: We identified potential strategies for reducing tobacco content in video games video games that youth play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines nonsmokers’ responses to antismoking messages. Informed by construal-level theory (CLT), it investigates whether and how evidence type (narrative vs. non-narrative) and social distance might interact to influence nonsmokers’ attitudes toward others’ quitting smoking and intentions to persuade others to quit smoking. Results of a controlled experiment (N = 281) revealed an approximately significant two-way interaction pertaining to attitudes. Simple effects analyses revealed that narratives produced less-favorable attitudes toward others’ quitting smoking than nonnarratives when participants thought about their best friend. Yet, there was no difference in attitudes between narratives and nonnarratives when participants thought about socially distant others. The results also indicated that nonnarratives overpowered narratives to influence participants’ attitudes toward others’ quitting smoking. Moreover, social distance had a consistent impact on their risk beliefs, such that they perceive fewer health risks of their close friends than an average college student. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As South Korea remains technically at war with the North, higher smoking prevalence in the military might adversely affect the South Korea's military power and contribute to lifetime smoking in men with mandatory military service. This study was to identify priorities among the anti-smoking strategies to improve the existing smoking cessation programs for the Korean military.Methods: The analytic hierarchy process model with a goal, decision criteria, and sub-criteria as well as candidate strategies, was developed following a literature search and expert group discussion. A survey for pairwise comparison was conducted to determine the priority of the (sub-)criteria and strategies by 14 experts. The Super-Decisions software was used to determine the priorities and to analyze their consistency ratios and sensitivities. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare.Results: Eight candidate strategies were developed to improve the effectiveness of military anti-smoking interventions as follows: (1) development of outcome enhancement plans for smoking cessation programs for the military, (2) development of differentiated smoking cessation programs for specific groups, (3) building of community network for continuity and accessibility of anti-smoking project, (4) building of industry-academia-government networks for anti-smoking project, (5) improvement of the perception of and strengthen the reward for smoking cessation, (6) development of a training system for army clinicians for the delivery of smoking cessation services, (7) creation of a certification system for smoking cessation programs, and (8) development of an evaluation system of project performance for smoking cessation. Through the analytic hierarchy process survey, the military specificity and its sub-criterion of practicality were selected as the top concerns of decision criteria for the anti-smoking strategies among the decision criteria of outcome improvement, military specificity, publicness, and economic efficiency. The most important strategy was to improve the perception of and strengthen the reward for smoking cessation. This strategy was most focused on the creation of an anti-smoking environment and improvement of the effectiveness of the projects. The creation of a training system for army clinicians for the delivery of smoking cessation services ranked second.Conclusion: In conclusion, motivating smoking cessation and utilizing well-trained army clinicians were found to be the most important anti-smoking strategies for the Korean military. This study might provide valuable insights for policy makers to reduce tobacco use in the Korean military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on health campaigns and interpersonal communication has seldom examined how campaign message exposure can influence the transmission of campaign-relevant information into interpersonal communication. Specifically, an individual exposed to a campaign message may send the message's core argument (replication) or other campaign-consistent information (extension) to additional campaign targets. Replication and extension may enhance campaign effects because they are expected to extend a campaign's reach and produce more campaign-consistent communication. Using a randomized controlled experiment, this study examined how exposure to why-quit and how-to-quit themed antismoking messages influences replication and extension. Study results showed that while both why-quit and how-to-quit messages were successful in increasing replication, only why-quit messages were successful in influencing extension. The study results demonstrate that there is variation in the degree of how messages can successfully be replicated or extended in interpersonal contexts, which can inform campaign development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although public anti‐smoking campaigns have undoubtedly paid off, their scope has been rather limited. This paper aims to contribute to this debate and provide a theoretical foundation based on the perceptions of female smokers that could provide guidance for the planning and design of more effective anti‐smoking campaigns. To attain this end, this study resorts to the concept of Perceived Value (PV). A scale of measurement was drawn up from the conceptualization of the Smoking PV (SPV) founded on a review of the specialized literature on smoking habits and an empirical study drawn from a sampling of female smokers. Results offer empirical evidence on the utility of the SPV both to improve our understanding of the perceived smoker experience and to predict intentions to quit smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the signing of H.R. 1256, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gained regulatory authority over the tobacco industry. A notable clause in this Act permits the FDA to regulate nicotine yields. However, they cannot completely remove this addictive constituent from tobacco products. This restriction has prompted the FDA to seek research on the threshold dose of nicotine that does not support dependence. This idea of threshold dose has led to an interesting reframing of scientific questions. For example, some researchers studying nicotine from this regulatory perspective translated the notion of an addiction threshold to a construct thought to play a role in addiction but which can be more readily operationalized. Examples include reinforcement threshold, discrimination threshold, and reinforcer‐enhancement threshold. In this Perspective Paper, we highlight the importance of behavioral pharmacology and, specifically, the experimental analysis of behavior to help establish a scientific basis for policy decisions regarding nicotine yields. Recent research, including exemplars provided herein, note vast individual differences in the effects of nicotine at a known dose. Unfortunately, the behavioral and biological factors that contribute to such individual variations remain to be understood. We believe that behavior analysts are uniquely well‐positioned to contribute to this understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. Medical doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and paramedics are professions placing themselves highest in the rankings of occupations granted public trust. The knowledge of the negative impact of tobacco use on physical condition possessed by those occupational groups ought to limit the addiction among this population, which should constitute a benchmark of health-promoting attitude for the public. Many health-promoting decisions are made during the period of studies. The study aimed to establish the scale of tobacco smoking and the profile of chosen aspects of this issue among students of Poznan University of Medical Sciences and students of vocational medical colleges in Poznań. Material and Methods. An author questionnaire was conducted. 586 students (471 University students, 115 college students) aged between 19 and 65 completed the survey. Results. The majority (76,62%) of the surveyed students were non-smokers. Smokers were predominately male (the entire surveyed population, University students). Medical college students smoked more cigarettes daily compared to the University students. The most commonly declared reason for smoking was the social purpose. Among former smokers, female more often than male indicated health considerations and the knowledge of harmful effects of smoking as reasons for quitting; among college students, the most common reason was health considerations, whereas University students listed knowledge of the harmfulness of smoking, health considerations, and other motives most often. Conclusions. Both University students and medical college students smoked more rarely than their contemporaries in the general population. The respondents constitute a group displaying relatively high prevalence of health-promoting attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recent studies on the effects of anti‐smoking policies on subjective well‐being present mixed results and do not account for potential externalities, especially among couples. We contribute to the literature by evaluating the impact of smoking bans on well‐being externalities among smokers and non‐smokers as well as couples of different types of smokers. We exploit the policy experiment provided by the timing of the UK public smoking bans and measure well‐being via the GHQ. We employ matching techniques combined with flexible difference‐in‐differences fixed effects panel data models on data from the British Household Panel Survey. The joint use of matching with fixed effects specifications allows building more comparable treatment and control groups, producing less model‐dependent results and accounting for individual‐level unobserved heterogeneity. We find that public smoking bans appear to have a statistically significant short‐term positive impact on the well‐being of married individuals, especially among women with dependent children. These effects appear to be robust to alternative specifications and placebo tests and are discussed in the light of the economic theory and recent evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bangladesh is one of the highest tobacco consuming countries in the world, with reported 21.2% of the population as daily smokers, 24.3% as smokeless tobacco users, and 36.3% as adult passive smoker. Given the high prevalence and established harmful effects of passive tobacco smoking, this study aimed to estimate of pattern of smoking policies in residential and work place, and to identify the associated socio-economic and demographic correlates in Bangladesh. Data and methods: Secondary data of sample size 9629 collected by the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2010 has been used. Along with descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression model has been used to analyze the socio-demographic and economic correlates to tobacco smoking policy. Results: The prevalence of male and female passive tobacco smokers was 74.3% and 25.8% respectively. Among the passive tobacco smokers, 22.2% reported that smoking was allowed at their home and 29.8% reported that there was no such smoking policy at their home. Alternatively, 26.0% passive tobacco smokers reported that smoking was allowed and 27.5% reported that there was no such smoking policy at their work place. Logistic regression analysis indicated that for tobacco smokers group, the odds of allowing smoking at home was 4.85 times higher than the non-smoker respondent (OR = 4.85, 95% CI = 4.13, 5.71), 1.18 times more likely to be allowed at home in rural areas than urban areas (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.06,1.32) and less for college/university completed and (or) higher educated respondent than no formal schooling (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.52). On the other hand, smoking was 1.70 times more likely to be allowed at work place for tobacco smokers than their counter part respondent (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.36, 2.14) and was less likely to be allowed for college/university completed and (or) higher educated respondent (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.45) than respondent with no formal schooling. Conclusion: To reduce the passive smoking, lower educated people and people in urban areas should advocate more about the adverse effect of active and passive tobacco smoking. Also, smoking policy should reform introducing smoking zone at work places and residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigmatization against smokers characterizes many of today’s anti-smoking campaigns in the United States. It is believed that stigmatization motivates people to quit smoking by arousing a state of emotional distress, such as shame, in viewers. However, stagnant cessation rates among socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers imply that stigmatizing campaigns might be ineffective in promoting cessation among those low in socioeconomic status. To understand the effectiveness of stigmatizing campaign messages, we proposed a moderated mediation model and experimentally tested it among current smokers (n = 136). Results show that exposure to a stigmatizing message significantly lowered smokers’ cessation intentions who have lower income and less self-efficacy. The conditional negative effect of the message was accounted for by shame experienced by smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the impact of the National Cancer Institute's promotion of its youth smoking cessation program, Smokefree Teen (SFT).Design: We provide a description of campaign strategies and outcomes as a means to engage a teen audience in cessation resources using a cost-effective approach.Setting: The campaign occurred nationally, using traditional (TV and radio), online, and social media outreach.Participants: Ads targeted adolescent smokers (aged 14-17). The baseline population was 42 586 and increased to 464 357 during the campaign.Measures: Metrics used to assess outcomes include (1) visits to SFT website from traditional and online ads, (2) cost to get an online ad clicked (cost-per-click), and (3) SmokefreeTXT program enrollments during the 8-week campaign period.Analysis: We conducted a quantitative performance review of all tactics.Results: The SFT campaign achieved an online ad click-through rate of 0.33%, exceeding industry averages of 0.15%. Overall, web traffic to teen.smokefree.gov increased by 980%, and the online cost-per-click for ads, including social media actions, was approximately $1 as compared with $107 for traditional ads. Additionally, the campaign increased the SmokefreeTXT program teen sign-ups by 1334%.Conclusion: The campaign increased engagement with evidence-informed cessation resources for teen smokers. Results show the potential of using multiple, online channels to help increase engagement with core resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the relationship between youth's exposure to the Food and Drug Administration's national tobacco public education campaign, The Real Cost, and changes in campaign-targeted beliefs.Design: Longitudinal design with baseline survey and 2 postcampaign follow-up surveys.Sample: Youth from 75 US media markets (N = 1680) who completed all 3 surveys and had experimented with or were susceptible to future cigarette smoking.Measures: Exposure was measured by self-reported frequency of ad exposure and media market-level target rating points. Agreement with 30 self-reported tobacco-related beliefs was assessed in 3 categories: (1) beliefs specifically targeted by campaign messages (campaign-targeted belief), (2) beliefs not targeted by the campaign (nontargeted beliefs), and (3) beliefs corresponding to other media campaigns on air concurrent with The Real Cost (ambiguous beliefs).Analysis: Descriptive analyses of aggregate changes in beliefs and logistic regressions to examine the association between campaign exposure and beliefs.Intervention: The Real Cost.Results: Agreement with campaign-targeted beliefs increased from baseline to first and second follow-ups, with a mean relative increase of 10.4% and 11.5%, respectively. Nontargeted beliefs did not change substantially. Both measures of campaign exposure were positively associated with increased odds of agreeing with 5 of 8 campaign-targeted beliefs. Exposure was not significantly associated with 12 of 14 nontargeted tobacco-related beliefs.Discussion: A sustained national tobacco public education campaign can change population-level perceptions of tobacco-related harms among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Progress in tobacco control policy making has occurred worldwide through advocacy campaigns involving multiple players- civil society groups, activists, academics, media and policymakers. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)-the first ever global health treaty-outlines evidence-based tobacco control policies. Lebanon ratified the FCTC in 2005, but until 2011, tobacco control policies remained rudimentary and not evidence-based. Beginning in 2009, a concerted advocacy campaign was undertaken by a variety of stakeholders with the aim of accelerating the process of adopting a strong tobacco control policy. The campaign was successful, and Law 174 passed the Lebanese Parliament in August 2011. In this article, we analyse the policy making process that led to the adoption of Law 174 using Kingdon's model. The analysis relies on primary and secondary data sources including historical records of key governmental decisions, documentation of the activities of the concerted advocacy campaign and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. We describe the opening of a window of opportunity as a result of the alignment of the problem, policy and politics streams. Furthermore, findings revealed that despite the challenge of persistent tobacco industry interference and established power relations between the industry, its allies and policymakers; policy entrepreneurs succeeded in supporting the alignment of the streams, and influencing the passage of the law. Kingdon's multiple stream approach was useful in explaining how tobacco control became an emerging policy issue at the front of the policy agenda in Lebanon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the roles that the media effects and persuasion ethics schemas play in people's responses to an antismoking ad in South Korea. An online experiment was conducted with 347 adults. The media effects schema was manipulated with news stories on an antismoking campaign's effectiveness, while the persuasion ethics schema was measured and median-split. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests were performed for issue attitudes (Iatt), attitude toward the ad (Aad), and behavioral intention (BI). Results show significant main effects of themedia effects schema on the three dependent variables. People in the weakmedia effects condition had significantly lower Iatt, Aad, and BI than those in either the strong media effects condition or the control condition. This pattern was more pronounced among smokers. While there was no significant main effect of the persuasion ethics schema on any of the dependent variables, a significant interaction effect for persuasion ethics schema and smoking status was found on behavioral intention (BI). Nonsmokers' BI was significantly higher than smokers' in the low-persuasion ethics schema condition, but it was not significant in the highpersuasion ethics schema condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotive anti-tobacco advertisements can increase quitting. Discrete emotion theories suggest evoking fear may be more effective than sadness; less research has focused on hope. A weekly cross-sectional survey of smokers and recent quitters (N = 7683) measured past-month quit attempts. The main predictor was level of exposure to four different types of anti-tobacco advertisements broadcast in the two months prior to quit attempts: advertisements predominantly evoking fear, sadness, hope, or evoking multiple negative emotions (i.e., fear, guilt, and/or sadness). Greater exposure to fear-evoking advertisements (OR = 2.16, p < .01) increased odds of making a quit attempt and showed similar effectiveness among those in lower and higher SES areas. Greater exposure to advertisements evoking multiple negative emotions increased quit attempts (OR = 1.70, p < .01), but interactions indicated this was driven by those in lower SES, but not higher SES areas. Greater exposure to hope-evoking advertisements enhanced effects of fear-evoking advertisements among those in higher SES, but not lower SES areas. Findings suggest to be maximally effective across the whole population avoid messages evoking sadness and use messages eliciting fear. If the aim is to specifically motivate those living in lower SES areas where smoking rates are higher, multiple negative emotion messages, but not hope-evoking messages, may also be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine the influence of anti-smoking multimedia on smoking-cessation behavior with respect to attitude towards smoking, belief in subjective norms of smoking, perceived behavioral control of smoking, intentions to reduce smoking, and motivation for smoking cessation. The study is based on an experimental research. The experimental design consisted of three types of multimedia anti-smoking campaigns (text, text with pictures, and video), and three levels of human caring (environment, surrounding people, and themselves). A total of 90 graduate and undergraduate students participated in the experiment. The findings suggested that participants (I) have unfavorable attitudes towards smoking, (2) are indifferent to belief in subjective norms of smoking, and (3) possess greater perceived behavioral control of smoking after viewing the anti-smoking multimedia campaign for the three levels of human caring. Furthermore, the research found that perceived behavioral control of smoking indirectly influences smoking cessation behavior via intention to reduce smoking. Finally, motivation for smoking cessation directly affects smoking cessation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To characterize the status of state laws regarding the expansion of pharmacists' prescriptive authority for smoking cessation medications and to summarize frequently asked questions and answers that arose during the associated legislative debates.Data Sources: Legislative language was reviewed and summarized for all states with expanded authority, and literature supporting the pharmacist's capacity for an expanded role in smoking cessation is described.Summary: The core elements of autonomous tobacco cessation prescribing models for pharmacists vary across states. Of 7 states that currently have fully or partially delineated protocols, 4 states (Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, New Mexico) include all medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for smoking cessation, and 3 (Arizona, California, Maine) include nicotine replacement therapy products only. The state protocol in Oregon is under development. Most states specify minimum cessation education requirements and define specific elements (e.g., patient screening, cessation intervention components, and documentation requirements) for the autonomous prescribing models.Conclusion: Through expanded authority and national efforts to advance the tobacco cessation knowledge and skills of pharmacy students and licensed pharmacists, the profession's role in tobacco cessation has evolved substantially in recent years. Eight states have created, or are in the process of creating, pathways for autonomous pharmacist prescriptive authority. States aiming to advance tobacco control strategies to help patients quit smoking might consider approaches like those undertaken in 8 states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To characterize the status of state laws regarding the expansion of pharmacists' prescriptive authority for smoking cessation medications and to summarize frequently asked questions and answers that arose during the associated legislative debates. Data sources Legislative language was reviewed and summarized for all states with expanded authority, and literature supporting the pharmacist's capacity for an expanded role in smoking cessation is described. Summary The core elements of autonomous tobacco cessation prescribing models for pharmacists vary across states. Of 7 states that currently have fully or partially delineated protocols, 4 states (Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, New Mexico) include all medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for smoking cessation, and 3 (Arizona, California, Maine) include nicotine replacement therapy products only. The state protocol in Oregon is under development. Most states specify minimum cessation education requirements and define specific elements (e.g., patient screening, cessation intervention components, and documentation requirements) for the autonomous prescribing models. Conclusion Through expanded authority and national efforts to advance the tobacco cessation knowledge and skills of pharmacy students and licensed pharmacists, the profession's role in tobacco cessation has evolved substantially in recent years. Eight states have created, or are in the process of creating, pathways for autonomous pharmacist prescriptive authority. States aiming to advance tobacco control strategies to help patients quit smoking might consider approaches like those undertaken in 8 states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: To assess the cost‐effectiveness of a two‐component intervention designed to increase attendance at the NHS Stop Smoking Services (SSSs) in England. Design: Cost‐effectiveness analysis alongside a randomized controlled trial (Start2quit). Setting: NHS SSS and general practices in England. Participants: The study comprised 4384 smokers aged 16 years or more identified from medical records in 99 participating practices, who were motivated to quit and had not attended the SSS in the previous 12 months. Intervention and comparator: Intervention was a personalized and tailored letter sent from the general practitioner (GP) and a personal invitation and appointment to attend a taster session providing information about SSS. Control was a standard generic letter from the GP advertising SSS and asking smokers to contact the service to make an appointment. Measurements: Costs measured from an NHS/personal social services perspective, estimated health gains in quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) measured with EQ‐5D and incremental cost per QALY gained during both 6 months and a life‐time horizon. Findings: During the trial period, the adjusted mean difference in costs was £92 [95% confidence interval (CI) = –£32 to –£216) and the adjusted mean difference in QALY gains was 0.002 (95% CI = –0.001 to 0.004). This generates an incremental cost per QALY gained of £59 401. The probability that the tailored letter and taster session is more cost‐effective than the generic letter at 6 months is never above 50%. In contrast, the discounted life‐time health‐care cost was lower in the intervention group, while the life‐time QALY gains were significantly higher. The probability that the intervention is more cost‐effective is more than 83% using a £20 000–30 000 per QALY‐gained decision‐making threshold. Conclusions: An intervention designed to increase attendance at the NHS Stop Smoking Services (tailored letter and taster session in the services) appears less likely to be cost‐effective than a generic letter in the short term, but is likely to become more cost‐effective than the generic letter during the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe the retail availability of tobacco and to examine the association between tobacco outlet density and area-level remoteness and socio-economic status classification in Tasmania.Design: Ecological cross-sectional study; analysis of tobacco retail outlet data collected by the Department of Health and Human Services (Tasmania) according to area-level (Statistical Areas Level 2) remoteness (defined by the Remoteness Structure of the Australian Statistical Geographical Standard) and socio-economic status (defined by the 2011 Australian Bureau of Statistics Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage).Main Outcome Measure: Tobacco retail outlet density per 1000 residents.Results: On 31 December 2016, there were 1.54 tobacco retail outlets per 1000 persons. The density of outlets was 79% greater in suburbs or towns in outer regional, remote and very remote Tasmania than in inner regional Tasmania (rate ratio [RR], 1.79; 95% confidence Interval [CI], 1.29-2.50; P < 0.001). Suburbs or towns in Tasmania with the greatest socio-economic disadvantage had more than twice the number of tobacco outlets per 1000 people as areas of least disadvantage (RR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.32-4.21; P = 0.014).Conclusions: A disproportionate concentration of tobacco retail outlets in regional and remote Tasmania and in areas of lowest socio-economic status is evident. Our findings are consistent with those of analyses in New South Wales and Western Australia. Progressive tobacco retail restrictions have been proposed as the next frontier in tobacco control. However, the intended and unintended consequences of such policies need to be investigated, particularly for socio-economically deprived and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of temporal framing used in messages about the future likelihood of developing smoking-related diseases on intention to quit smoking. Based on construal level theory (CLT), a causal model delineating the relationships among four variables—perceived temporal distance, personal relevance, perceived susceptibility, and behavioral intention—was proposed. The model was validated by an online experiment with a sample of 222 current smokers, revealing the effects of perceived temporal distance on behavioral intention via personal relevance and perceived susceptibility. Following the CLT-grounded model, the effects of different temporal frames (near future vs. distant future) on the four variables were tested. The near-future frame featured a risk perceived to be more temporally proximal (i.e., heart attack), and the distant-future frame featured a risk perceived to be more temporally distant (i.e., larynx cancer) among current smokers. Participants exposed to the near-future frame reported significantly shorter perceived temporal distance, greater personal relevance and perceived susceptibility to the risk portrayed in the message, and greater intention to quit smoking than participants exposed to the distant-future frame. Implications for antismoking communications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examined the effects of an anti-smoking campaign that employs a crowdsourcing method with a social networking service. Drawing upon social capital scholarship and the expression effect research paradigm in eHealth systems, the study also investigated the roles of social trust and community life satisfaction in the social media campaign that has a specific geographical boundary. To that end, we conducted an experiment using a two-group pretest–posttest design. We randomly assigned 201 participants to two conditions: “campaign message reception only” as a control group and “message reception and expression” as a treatment group in which participants fully engaged in the campaign process by sharing their own campaign ideas with other participants. Findings revealed that social trust and community life satisfaction interacted with the treatment condition to positively affect persuasive intentions, but in distinct ways. Social trust moderated the effect of the message reception and interaction condition on participants’ willingness to encourage community members to stop smoking. In contrast, community life satisfaction moderated the effect of the treatment condition on encouraging others to comply with the community’s anti-smoking policy. These results provide theoretical and practical implications related to the roles of social capital in geographically defined social media campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the political, legal, and social history of the 1981 “Japanese Smokers’ Wives Study.” This large-scale cohort study, led by Takeshi Hirayama, chief epidemiologist at the National Cancer Institute in Tokyo, found that the nonsmoking wives of smokers were themselves at greater risk for developing lung cancer. The study was successfully used by American anti-tobacco activists to regulate indoor smoking during the 1980s. Taking a transnational approach, the article explores the complex, multilayered relationship between American tobacco production, Japanese epidemiology, and American tobacco restriction. It argues that smoking and anti-smoking in the United States and Japan have produced each other through flows of tobacco and epidemiological data. In the postwar era, Japanese cigarettes were increasingly filled with American-grown tobacco as part of aid packages, or sold to the Japanese Tobacco Monopoly. The subject population of the study was made, in part, by American tobacco producers. Meanwhile Americans who lived under an expanding umbrella of tobacco ordinances in the 1980s were made by Japanese tobacco consumers. The circulation of tobacco from American farms to Japanese bodies, from leaf to epidemiological data, is a window into the coproduction of science and capitalism in the second half of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Message fatigue, a phenomenon of being tired of repeated exposure to messages promoting the same health behavior, may reduce the effectiveness of anti-tobacco messages, such as warning labels. As an initial step towards understanding the phenomenon, we examined predictors of anti-tobacco message fatigue. Methods: An online study (N = 1838) involving a non-probability sample of nonsmokers and smokers in the United States assessed anti-tobacco message fatigue and individual-level factors including demographic variables and smoking status. General linear models were used to analyze the data. Results: The multivariable results show that individuals who were younger, male, and had higher income and education reported higher levels of anti-tobacco message fatigue. African Americans reported significantly lower levels of message fatigue than other racial groups. Current smokers reported greater message fatigue than transitioning smokers and nonsmokers. Among current smokers, those with greater nicotine dependence reported higher levels of anti-tobacco message fatigue. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of segmenting the audience based on their levels of message fatigue and using more novel message strategies and delivery methods to influence populations with relatively higher levels of anti-tobacco message fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore gender-related factors that motivate and support men's smoking reduction and cessation to inform effective men-centered interventions. Approach or Design: Focus group design using a semi-structured interview guide.Setting: Three communities in British Columbia, Canada.Participants: A total of 56 men who currently smoked and were interested in reducing or quitting or had quit.Intervention: N/A.Methods: Data collected in 6 focus group discussions were transcribed and analyzed in accord with principles of thematic qualitative methods.Results: We report the results across 4 interconnected themes: (1) the fight to quit takes several rounds, (2) the motivation of supportive competition, (3) challenges and benefits of connecting with smoke-free peers, and (4) playing up the physical and financial gains.Conclusions: Masculine-based perspectives positioned quitting alongside fighting for self-control, competing, connecting, physical prowess, and having extra cash as motivating components of programs to engage men in efforts to be smoke-free. It may be worthwhile to consider the inclusion of gain-framed and benefit-focused messaging in programs that support men's tobacco cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]