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Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Physiological parameters give an indication of the potential swimming performance. Studies regarding swimmers with impairments which gather information on physiological parameters are scarce. The aim of this study was to summarize the results of studies involving oxygen uptake, blood lactate and heart rate in swimming protocols for swimmers with physical impairments. A comprehensive search of the literature was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and EBSCO for complete studies between database inception and May 22nd, 2023. Ten studies (n = 142) fulfilled the inclusion criteria (including swimmers with physical impairments that monitor oxygen uptake, blood lactate and heart rate responses). A numerical summary and a narrative description of the results in relation to the research eligibility criteria were summarized. The risk of bias was assessed by Quality Assessment Checklist. In swimming protocols, swimmers with a lower functional impact of the impairment to perform sport-specific tasks showed higher oxygen uptake and blood lactate than those with a higher impact (6 studies, n = 79). The highest concentrations of blood lactate were reached in maximal anaerobic tests, followed by maximal aerobic tests (7 studies, n = 98). The relative heart rate was close to 90% in most cases (8 studies, n = 83). The studies also showed great variability in the physiological parameters concerning the categories or classifications of swimmers with physical impairments. The oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration and relative heart rate assessments should consider functionalities and absences according to specific morphophysiological impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rauwolscine (RW), also known as a-Yohimbine, is an α-2-adrenergic receptor antagonist which possesses sympathomimetic properties. RW is commercially sold in pre-workout and energy supplements. However, the ergogenic potential of RW has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute RW supplementation on repeated sprint performance. Methods: Healthy male participants (n=12) completed 3 × 15-second Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT) separated by 2 minutes of active recovery. Blood lactate (La) was collected before exercise (Pre) and immediately following exercise (Post). Mean power, peak power, fatigue index, heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were taken immediately after each WAnT. Point of application #1: Acute RW supplementation does not result in the enhancement of repeated anaerobic sprint performance. Point of application #2: HR and RPE are not altered during repeated sprints with RW ingestion. Point of application #3: RW ingestion results in higher La levels post-exercise despite no changes in fatigue index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sport Sciences / Magallat ulum Al-Riyadat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The number of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome continues to increase considerably, having serious healthcare, social and economic repercussions. The objective of this study is to describe the effectiveness of telerehabilitation to alleviate the symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome. A systematic review was conducted using the information available on four databases (PubMed, Medline, Scielo and PEDRo) on these patients until November 2022. The MeSH search terms were: Post-COVID syndrome, Post-COVID-19, Long COVID, Telerehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation, Virtual, Home care. Six articles were included which provided information on 140 patients, detailing their symptomatology, assessment, treatment and monitoring. The variables measured were dyspnea, fatigue, physical performance and quality of life. All studies included aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Most notable among the techniques used were rib cage expansion exercises, respiratory control and thoracic cage stretching, patient education, Mindfulness and virtual reality games to address physical, mental and relaxation aspects. The use of telerehabilitation could be an effective tool for the treatment of persistent symptoms after suffering from COVID-19. It has been shown in these studies that patients improve both their physical performance and their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the relative energy contributions during 60-s supramaximal exercise with different exercise intensities. Nine male track and field sprinters performed a 60-s Wingate anaerobic test and a 60-s cycling tests at five intensities of 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95% mean power of the Wingate anaerobic test. The relative contributions of aerobic and anaerobic energy during the 60-s cycling tests were estimated by the ratio of O2 uptake and O2 deficit, the latter being calculated as the difference between O2 demand and O2 uptake. %V4O2max of the 60-s cycling tests ranged from 100 ± 7 to 163 ± 11%V4O2max. As exercise intensity increased, O2 uptake, O2 deficit, and anaerobic energy contributions during the 60-s cycling tests increased (p < 0.05). In contrast, in the first ~ 40 s during the 60-s cycling, the anaerobic energy contributions were not significant differences between each intensity. O2 uptake per 10 s increased with time course till 40 or 50 s in each intensity (p < 0.05). The different results of these at the first ~ 40 and 60 s during the 60-s cycling tests could be attributed to the insufficient increase in O2 uptake during the last 20 s of the test. These results suggest that, as exercise intensity increases, the anaerobic energy contribution becomes more prominent in the latter half of the 60-s exercise (i.e., 50 and 60 s) compared to the first 30 and 40 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purposes of this study were 1) to estimate the metabolic energy/power of canoe sprint kayaking in terms of both accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) and calculated energy production (AnAL+L), 2) to quantify anaerobic and aerobic metabolism during 120 s of all-out paddling and to determine the validity of the estimates calculated from the theoretical model equations, 3) to calculate propulsive efficiency (ηpro) from the relationship between mechanical power and propulsive power based on kayak ergometer tests and a 500-m time trial test on the water, 4) to calculate the energy cost of kayaking (CK) and to determine the effects of ηpro and body weight on CK, and 5) to simulate the metabolic power, mechanical power and propulsive power required to achieve the boat speed of an elite canoe sprint paddler. Both the AOD and AnAL+L approaches demonstrated a significant regression between mechanical power and metabolic power. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism estimated from the model equations during 120 s of all-out paddling were not significantly different from the measured values. The ηpro was 77.7±5.6%, showing a significant positive correlation with the average boat speed in the 500-m trial. The CK per body weight at any given speed was lower for kayakers with a greater body weight when ηpro was a predetermined value. Based on these parameters, the present study was able to determine the required level of energy system fitness and technique for canoe sprint kayakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the validity and reliability of a novel futsal special performance test (FSPT) as a measure of futsal performance and skills. Methods: Thirty-six futsal players with different levels of experience were recruited and divided into 2 groups (elite and nonelite). Players participated in 4 sessions (at least 7 d apart): (1) familiarization session, (2) anaerobic power (Wingate test), (3) FSPT trial 1, and (4) FSPT trial 2. The FSPT was carried out on a futsal court (wooden sprung floor) and skills such as dribbling, rotation, long and short passing, and shooting were examined. Content validity was assessed by 6 experienced futsal coaches and instructors. Results: There was a significant correlation between FSPT and various aspects of anaerobic power (r=.5-.91; P ≤.001). Moreover, significant large correlations were observed between test and retest of FSPT (r=.77; 95% confidence interval [Cl], .56-98; P ≤ .001). All instructors and coaches confirmed the content validity. There was high interrater reliability of the FSPT (r= .89; 95% Cl, .85-.93; P < .001). FSPT total time (P= .001), penalty time (P = .022), and performance time (P=.()01) were superior in elite relative to nonelite players. Anaerobic power was greater in elite players (P c .001). Conclusion: The results support the use of the FSPT to assess futsal players' performance in conjunction with skill and anaerobic fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Over recent years, multiple studies have tried to optimize the exercise intensity and duration of work intervals in highintensity- interval training (HUT) protocols. Although an optimal work interval is of major importance to facilitate training adaptations, an optimal HUT protocol can only be achieved with an adequate recovery interval separating work bouts. Surprisingly, little research has focused on the acute responses and long-term impact of manipulating recovery intervals in HUT sessions. This invited commentary therefore aimed to review and discuss the current literature and increase the understanding of the moderating role of recovery durations in HIIT protocols. Conclusion: The acute responses to manipulations in recovery durations in repeatedsprint training (RST), sprint interval training (SIT), and aerobic interval training (AIT) protocols have recently begun to receive scientific interest. However, limited studies have manipulated only the recovery duration in RST, SIT, or AIT protocols to analyze the role of recovery durations on long-term training adaptations. In RST and SIT, longer recovery intervals (≥80 s) facilitate higher workloads in subsequent work intervals (compared with short recovery intervals), while potentially lowering the aerobic stimulus of the training session. In AIT, the total physiological strain endured per training protocol appears not to be moderated by the recovery intervals, unless the recovery duration is too short. This invited commentary highlights that further empirical evidence on a variety of RST, SIT, and AIT protocols and in exercise modalities other than cycling is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine strength, range of motion, anthropometric, and physiological contributions to novice surface-combat-swimming (sCS) performance and establish differences from freestyle-swimming (FS) performance to further understand the transition of FS to sCS performance. Methods: A total of 13 competitive swimmers (7 male and 6 female; 27.7 [2.3] y; 176.2 [2.6] cm; 75.4 [3.9] kg) completed 8 testing sessions consisting of the following: physiological land-based measurements for maximal anaerobic and aerobic capacity and upper- and lower-extremity strength and range of motion, an sCS anaerobic capacity swim test measuring peak and mean force and fatigue index, 2 aerobic capacity tests measuring maximal aerobic capacity for both FS and sCS, and four 500-m performance swims for time, 1 FS, and 3 sCS. Separate multiple linear-regression analysis was used to analyze predictors of both sCS and FS performance models. Results: FS performance was predicted by the final FS maximal oxygen uptake with an R2 of 42.03% (F1,10 = 7.25; P =.0226), whereas sCS performance was predicted by isometric hip-extension peak strength with an R2 of 41.46% (F1,11 = 7.79; P =.0176). Conclusions: Results demonstrate that different physiological characteristics predict performance, suggesting that an altered strategy is used for novice sCS than FS. It is suggested that this may be due to the added constraints as mandated by mission requirements including boots, weighted gear, and clandestine requirements with hips lowered beneath the surface. Further research should examine the kinematics of the sCS flutter kick to improve performance by developing training strategies specific for the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the dose–response relationship between traditional arbitrary speed thresholds versus an individualized approach, with changes in aerobic fitness in professional youth soccer players. Methods: A total of 14 youth soccer players completed a 1500-m time trial to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS, km·h−1) at the start and at the end of a 6-week period. Training load was monitored on a daily basis during this study. External load measures were total distance covered and total acceleration and deceleration distance >2 m·s−2. Arbitrary high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >17 km·h−1 (m > high-speed distance, t > high-speed distance) and 21 km·h−1 (m > very-high-speed distance, t > very-high-speed distance). Individualized high-speed running measures were meters covered and time spent at >MAS km·h−1 (m > MAS, t > MAS) and 30% anaerobic speed reserve (m > 30ASR, t > 30ASR). In addition, internal load measures were also collected: heart rate exertion and rating of perceived exertion. Linear regression analysis was used to establish the dose–response relationship between mean weekly training load and changes in aerobic fitness. Results: Very large associations were found between t > MAS and changes in aerobic fitness (R2 =.59). Large associations were found for t > 30ASR (R2 =.38) and m > MAS (R2 =.25). Unclear associations were found for all other variables. Conclusion: An individualized approach to monitoring training load, in particular t > MAS, may be a more appropriate method than using traditional arbitrary speed thresholds when monitoring the dose–response relationship between training load and changes in aerobic fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thermoregulatory processes play an important role during athletic competition. When athletes compete in an elevated ambient temperature, metabolic processes in their bodies become intensified. The main objective of the study was to determine changes in anaerobic total work (TW) and relative peak power (RPP) during a special judo fitness test at different ambient temperatures performed among judo athletes. Methods: The study included 15 judo athletes aged 20.7 ± 2.0 years, with a body height of 178 ± 6.3 cm, body mass totalling 76.3 ± 12.6 kg, VO2max at 43.2 ± 7.8 mL·kg−1, and peak power of 12.1 W·kg−1. A complete set of results was obtained for 10 athletes. In the main part of the examinations, judo athletes performed five sequences (7.20 min each), alternating efforts on a leg cycle and arm cycle ergometer in a thermal chamber at 21 ± 0.5 °C and 31 ± 0.5 °C. The efforts differed from typical interval exercise by alternating upper- and lower-limb efforts, as well as with regard to the duration of those efforts. Each sequence was followed by a 15 min interval for rest. In each sequence, subjects performed four anaerobic tests with the upper and lower limbs. Results: In the first of five series of efforts performed with the lower limbs (LL) at an ambient temperature of 21 °C, statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were found between the mean RPP values recorded during the first and third and fourth repetitions, and between the second versus third and fourth repetitions. Statistically significant differences were also observed between the first and fourth efforts performed by the LL at 31 °C (p < 0.001) and between the second and third performed using the upper limbs (UL) at an ambient temperature of 21 °C Conclusions: Varying ambient thermal conditions do not affect the size of generated relative peak power or the volume of work performed in pulsating anaerobic exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on progress being made in the field of diabetes management and physical activity (PA). Topics include guideline incorporating a new theme focused on strategies for glucose management for athletes living with T1D based in part on a randomized controlled trial (RCT); and optimizing time in range and preventing hypoglycemia during and after exercise in all children and adolescents with diabetes.

Introduction: Most medical students have lower physical activity than non-medical. Medical students lack time to exercise due to busy academic schedules. Physical exercise maintains health and fitness and increases self-confidence as a future patient health counsellor. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on the fitness of medical students. Methods: It was an experimental analytic research using one group pretest posttest design. 25 medical students who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected as subjects. Subjects who did physical activity regularly before the exercise program, had severe fatigue during exercise and didn’t follow the training program three times in a row will be excluded. The model of in-school aerobic exercise was designed to be performed in the school using a group of students adjusted to academic hours. A regular aerobic exercise was conducted for 30 minutes per session, five sessions/week for four weeks. Six minutes walking test and VO2max levels were performed twice, before and after treatment, to assess health fitness. Bivariate analysis was conducted with paired t-test. Results: The results showed that regular 30 minutes per session, five sessions/week for four weeks aerobic physical exercise positively affected health fitness. This is consistent with the improvement of VO2max. The mean VO2max before and after exercise was 18.9 ml/kg b.w/min and 20.1 ml/kg b.w/min (p=0.005). Conclusion: Our study revealed that there was an increase in VO2max after an aerobic exercise intervention in medical students (p= 0.005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep loss may influence subsequent physical performance. Quantifying the impact of sleep loss on physical performance is critical for individuals involved in athletic pursuits. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Search and Inclusion: Studies were identified via the Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO online databases. Investigations measuring exercise performance under 'control' (i.e., normal sleep, > 6 h in any 24 h period) and 'intervention' (i.e., sleep loss, ≤ 6 h sleep in any 24 h period) conditions were included. Performance tasks were classified into different exercise categories (anaerobic power, speed/power endurance, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), strength, endurance, strength-endurance, and skill). Multi-level random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted, including subgroup analyses to explore the influence of sleep-loss protocol (e.g., deprivation, restriction, early [delayed sleep onset] and late restriction [earlier than normal waking]), time of day the exercise task was performed (AM vs. PM) and body limb strength (upper vs. lower body). Results: Overall, 227 outcome measures (anaerobic power: n = 58; speed/power endurance: n = 32; HIIE: n = 27; strength: n = 66; endurance: n = 22; strength-endurance: n = 9; skill: n = 13) derived from 69 publications were included. Results indicated a negative impact of sleep loss on the percentage change (%Δ) in exercise performance (n = 959 [89%] male; mean %Δ = − 7.56%, 95% CI − 11.9 to − 3.13, p = 0.001, I2 = 98.1%). Effects were significant for all exercise categories. Subgroup analyses indicated that the pattern of sleep loss (i.e., deprivation, early and late restriction) preceding exercise is an important factor, with consistent negative effects only observed with deprivation and late-restriction protocols. A significant positive relationship was observed between time awake prior to the exercise task and %Δ in performance for both deprivation and late-restriction protocols (~ 0.4% decrease for every hour awake prior to exercise). The negative effects of sleep loss on different exercise tasks performed in the PM were consistent, while tasks performed in the AM were largely unaffected. Conclusions: Sleep loss appears to have a negative impact on exercise performance. If sleep loss is anticipated and unavoidable, individuals should avoid situations that lead to experiencing deprivation or late restriction, and prioritise morning exercise in an effort to maintain performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sport horses competing in exhausting sporting events require special attention to ensure their welfare. Changes in acute phase response induced by both aerobic and anaerobic exercise are studied for understanding the physiological response to strenuous exercise. We suggest that endurance racing induces acute phase response in horses, characterized by a decrease in calprotectin and haptoglobin values, and an increase in concentrations of ceruloplasmin and albumin, with more pronounced changes noted at races with higher average speeds, suggesting the need for thorough horse monitoring during exhausting races. This study aimed to evaluate if exercise-induced acute phase response (APR) occurs in endurance horses in response to the race. The study included 23 horses competing in an endurance competition with a successfully passed clinical examination before the race. Blood samples were collected before the start and within 30 min after the end of the race. Haematological and biochemical tests were performed and correlated to acute phase biomarkers changes. Values of calprotectin and haptoglobin (Hp) decreased after the races compared to values before, while concentrations of ceruloplasmin and albumin recorded a significant increase. Greater changes in calprotectin values were noted in Arabian horses compared to other breeds. Values of Hp showed a significantly greater decrease after longer races. Based on study results, endurance racing induces APR in horses characterised by significant changes in selected acute phase biomarkers. More pronounced changes were noted at races with higher average speeds, suggesting the need for thorough horse monitoring during exhausting races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sodium bicarbonate ingestion before exercise has a performance-enhancing effect on high-intensity exercise. However, gastrointestinal symptoms can be a problematic side-effect. Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate can attenuate gastrointestinal symptoms following acute bicarbonate loading. In addition, the subsequent effects on exercise performance and metabolomics have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the anaerobic performance, physiological profile, and symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort after severe-intensity intermittent exercise. At the same time, targeted metabolomics was used to study the changes in urine metabolism after ingestion of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate and to explore the characteristics of biological metabolism. In a randomized crossover design, twelve male college students completed four Wingate anaerobic 30-s cycling tests (WACT) after consuming a placebo (PL) and two experimental conditions: 0.2 g/kg body mass in enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate pills (ES) or general sodium bicarbonate pills (GS). Blood lactate (BLA), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and gastrointestinal--symptoms assessment questionnaire (GSAQ) were measured pre-exercise and post-exercise. In contrast, mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) were recorded immediately post-exercise. Urine samples were collected before formal tests and 50 min after the third WACT. Our findings indicate the following: 1) mean power and peak power showed no significant difference among conditions (MP: F2.0, 33 =0.541, p =0.587, η²=0.032; PP: F2.0, 33 =0.526, p =0.596, η²=0.031). The PP decline of the ES and GS after the third WACT was lower than that of the PL; 2) There were no significant differences in physiological responses, such as BLA (F2.0, 33.0=0.191, p= 0.827, η2= 0.011) and heart rate (F2, 33 =0.418, p =0.662, η2= 0.025), between the three conditions. Although blood lactate concentration after 10 min of the third WACT was lower with ES and GS than with placebo; 3) Fewer participants experienced gastrointestinal symptoms with enteric-coated than with general sodium bicarbonate; 4) The metabolites with differences among the three conditions 50 min after exercise were 3-phospho- D-glycerate, D-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, cis-aconitate, oxaloacetate, and citrate. ES had higher levels of 3-phospho-D-glycerate, D-Glucose 6- phosphate, pyruvate, and cis-aconitate than GS. The 3-phospho-D-glycerate, D-Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, and cis-aconitate levels in GS were significantly lower than in PL. In contrast, the citrate level in GS was significantly higher than that in other experimental conditions. Compared to PL, the level of oxaloacetate was higher after exercise in ES. This data suggests that supplementation of enteric-coated and general sodium bicarbonate before exercise can alter energy metabolism following anaerobic exercise, involving the metabolism of 3-phospho-D-glycerate, D-Glucose 6- phosphate, pyruvate, cis-aconitate, oxaloacetate, citrate, and lactate. However, they do not affect anaerobic performance and blood lactate. The supplementation of acute enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate and general sodium bicarbonate can enhance some of the weak effects of blood lactate clearance during anaerobic exercise, which may be beneficial for glycolytic energy supply. In addition, enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate intake mitigates gastrointestinal symptoms compared to general sodium bicarbonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The bulk of research on caffeine as an ergogenic aid has been on endurance performance, however there is evidence that caffeine can enhance short-term high-intensity performance. Caffeine may have an ergogenic impact during anaerobic exercise by facilitating central effects by antagonizing adenosine receptors, hence decreasing the detrimental effects of adenosine on neurotransmission, arousal, and pain perception. Caffeine intake also activates the central nervous system, which promotes alertness and concentration. Additionally, athletes typically consume coffee containing caffeine. To date, the bulk of study has focused on the administration of 3–9 mg/kg of anhydrous caffeine, as opposed to the readily accessible source of caffeine, coffee, and has mostly been conducted on males. Consequently, there is a dearth of study evaluating the ergogenic impact of caffeine on females, particularly when consuming alternative caffeine delivery methods, such as coffee. The current study is the first to investigate the effects of low (3 mg/kg) and moderate (6 mg/kg) doses of caffeine from coffee on repeated sprint performance in females. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO2max: 48.7 ± 4 mL·kg·min−1) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg·kg−1 (LCOF) or 6 mg·kg−1 (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 × 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but peak and mean power output of the individual sprints, and fatigue index were not different between trials (all p > 0.05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher before and after RST in LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (all p < 0.05). BLa was also higher after RST in both LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (p = 0.005). HR, RPE, and GLU were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low and moderate dose of caffeine ingestion can enhance the average peak power score during repeated sprints. These findings partly support low and moderate doses of caffeine supplementation via coffee as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained female team-sport players during repeated sprint exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reversible conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate. LDH-A deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder (glycogenosis type XI, OMIM#612933) caused by mutations in the LDHA gene. We present two young adult female patients presenting with intolerance to anaerobic exercise, episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and, in one of the patients, psoriasis-like dermatitis. We identified in the LDHA gene a homozygous c.410C>A substitution that predicts a p.Ser137Ter nonsense mutation in Patient One and a compound heterozygous c.410C>A (p.Ser137Ter) and c.750G>A (p.Trp250Ter) nonsense mutation in Patient Two. The pathogenicity of the variants was demonstrated by electrophoretic separation of LDH isoenzymes. Moreover, a flat lactate curve on the forearm exercise test, along with the clinical combination of myopathy and psoriatic-like dermatitis, can also lead to the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a pre-workout supplement on anaerobic power output and muscular fatigue was examined. 18 participants took part in this double-blinded crossover study, reporting for testing on 3 occasions. Participants completed a 6x6 second repeated sprint test, with 20s recovery between sprints. Anaerobic power output was recorded as the highest power achieved during sprint test. Muscular fatigue was reported as a fatigue index across the six sprints ((maximum power - minimum power) ÷ total sprint time). During a baseline visit, participants consumed 250ml of water 30 minutes prior to testing, whilst in subsequent visits a taste-matched placebo (250ml water mixed with sugar-free juice) or a pre-workout supplement (250ml water mixed with one serving of 'THE PRE' myprotein.com). Anaerobic power output increased following pre-workout ingestion (pre-workout supplement, 885.8 ± 216.9W; Placebo, 853.6 ± 206.5W; Baseline, 839.3 ± 192.6W). Baseline vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.30); Placebo vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.20); Baseline vs Placebo (p = 0.59 g = 0.09). Muscular fatigue was reduced following pre-workout ingestion (Baseline, 4.92 ± 1.83W.s; Placebo, 4.39 ± 1.93W.s; pre-workout supplement, 3.31 ± 1.34W.s). Baseline vs pre-workout supplement (p = < 0.01 g = 0.98); Placebo vs pre-workout supplement (p = 0.01, g = 0.63); Baseline vs Placebo (p = 0.20, g = 0.28). Acute ingestion of a pre-workout supplement significantly improves anaerobic power output and attenuates muscular fatigue during repeated sprint cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the effect of bilateral knee joint cooling with or without a pre-cooling warm-up on sprint cycling performance to a non-cooling control condition. Seventeen healthy young males (25 ± 2 years, 174 ± 6 cm, 70 ± 9 kg) performed three conditions in a counterbalanced order (condition 1: warming + cooling + cycling; condition 2: cooling + cycling; condition 3: cycling). For warming, a single set of cycling intervals (a 10 s sprint with maximal effort followed by a 180 s active recovery; resistive load 4% and 1% body mass for sprint and recovery, respectively) was performed. For cycling, five sets of cycling intervals were performed. For cooling, 20 min of bilateral focal knee joint cooling was applied. Peak and average values of anaerobic capacity and wheel cadence during each set across conditions were statistically compared. There was no condition effect over set (condition × set) in anaerobic capacity (F8,224 < 1.49, p > 0.16) and wheel cadence (F8,224 < 1.48, p > 0.17). Regardless of set (condition effect: F2,224 > 8.64, p < 0.0002), conditions 1 and 2 produced higher values of anaerobic capacity (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly (condition effect: F2,224 > 4.62, p < 0.02), condition 1 showed higher wheel cadence (p < 0.02) than condition 3. A bilateral joint cooling for 20 min with or without pre-cooling warm-up may improve overall sprint cycling capacity during five sets of cycling intervals when compared to the non-cooling condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was initially developed to protect the myocardium from ischemia through altered cardiocyte metabolism. Because of the observed effects on metabolism and oxygen kinetics, IPC gained interest as a potential ergogenic aid in sports. Limited research evaluating the effects of IPC on maximal short-duration activities has been performed, and of the existing literature, mixed outcomes resulting from intrasubject variation may have clouded the efficacy of this technique for enhancing sprint performance. Therefore, the current study employed a randomized repeated-measures crossover design with IPC, placebo (SHAM), and control conditions while using sprint-trained athletes (N = 18) to determine the effect of IPC (3 × 5-min occlusions, with 5-min reperfusion), concluding 15 min prior to maximal 10-s and 20-m sprinting. A visual analog scale was used in conjunction with the sprint trials to evaluate any possible placebo effect on performance. Despite a "significantly beneficial" perception of the IPC treatment compared with the SHAM trials (P <.001), no changes in sprint performance were observed after either the IPC or SHAM condition over 10 m (IPC Δ < 0.01 [0.02] s, SHAM Δ < 0.01 [0.02] s) or 20 m (IPC Δ = −0.01 [0.03] s, SHAM Δ < 0.01 [0.03] s) compared with control. Thus, an IPC protocol does not improve 10- or 20-m sprint performance in sprint-trained athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical power (CP) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC) from the CP test represent distinct parameters related to metabolic characteristics of the whole body and active muscle tissue, respectively. Purpose: To examine the contribution of whole-body composition characteristics and local lean mass to further elucidate the differences in metabolic characteristics between CP and AWC as they relate to whole body and local factors. Methods: Fifteen anaerobically trained men were assessed for whole-body (% body fat and mineral-free lean mass [LBM]) and local mineral-free thigh lean mass (TLM) composition characteristics. CP andAWCwere determined from the 3-min all-out CP test. Statistical analyses included Pearson product--moment correlations and stepwise multiple-regression analyses (P ≤ .05). Results: Only LBM contributed significantly to the prediction of CP (CP = 2.3 [LBM] + 56.7 [r² = .346, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 31.4W, P = .021]), and only TLM to AWC (AWC= 0.8 [TLM] + 3.7 [r² = .479, SEE = 2.2 kJ, P = .004]). Conclusions: The aerobic component (CP) of the CP test was most closely related to LBM, and the anaerobic component (AWC) was more closely related to the TLM. These findings support the theory that CP and AWC are separate measures of whole-body metabolic capabilities and the energy stores in the activated local muscle groups, respectively. Thus, training programs to improve CP and AWC should be designed to include resistance-training exercises to increase whole-body LBM and local TLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pediatric Exercise Science "Year That Was" section aims to highlight the most important (to the author's opinion) manuscripts that were published in 2017 in the field of endocrinology and pediatric exercise science. This year's selection includes studies showing that 1) in pubertal swimmers, there is a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) during intense training (a catabolic-type hormonal response) with an anabolic "rebound" characterized by a significant increase of these growth factors during training tapering down. Moreover, it was shown that changes of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 paralleled changes in peak and average force but not with endurance properties, showing decreases during intense training and increases during tapering; 2) a meta-analysis showing that growth hormone administration elicits significant changes in body composition and possible limited effect on anaerobic performance but does not increase either muscle strength or aerobic exercise capacity in healthy, young subjects; and 3) short-term exercise intervention can prevent the development of polycystic ovary syndrome in a dose-dependent manner in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model with high-intensity exercise being most effective. The implication of these studies to the pediatric population, their importance, and the new research avenues that were opened by these studies is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Different relative aerobic energy contribution (WAER%) has been reported for the 2 women's Olympic kayaking disciplines (ie, 200 and 500 m). Purpose: To investigate whether the adopted method of energy calculation influences the value of WAER % during kayaking time trials. Methods: Eleven adolescent female kayakers (age 14 ± 1 y, height 172 ± 4 cm, bodymass 65.4 ± 4.2 kg, VO2peak 42.6 ± 4.9 mL⋅min-1 ⋅kg-1, training experience 1.5 ± 0.3 y) volunteered to participate in 1 incremental exercise test and 2 time trials (40 and 120 s) on the kayak ergometer. A portable spirometric system was used to measure gas metabolism. Capillary blood was taken from the ear lobe during and after the tests and analyzed for lactate afterward. The method of modified maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (m-MAOD) and the method based on the fast component of oxygen-uptake off- kinetics (PCr-La-O2) were used to calculate the energy contributions. Results: The anaerobic energy portions from m-MAOD were lower than those from PCr-La-O2 in the 40-s (41.9 ± 8.8 vs 52.8 ± 4.0 kJ, P > .05) and 120-s (64.1 ± 27.9 vs 68.2 ± 10.0 kJ, P > .05) time trials, which induced differences of WAER% between m-MAOD and PCr-La-O2 (36.0% vs 30.0% in 40 s, P > .05; 60.9% vs 57.5% in 120 s, P > .05). Conclusions: The reported different WAER% in women's Olympic kayaking could be partly attributed to the adopted method of energy calculation (ie, m-MAOD vs PCr-La-O2). A fixed method of energy calculation is recommended during the longitudinal assessment on the relative energy contribution in women's Olympic kayaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate whether a test protocol with standardized and individualized resistance settings leads to valid wheelchair Wingate tests (WAnT) and graded exercise tests (GXT) in healthy novices. Twenty able-bodied individuals (10M/10F, age 23 ± 2 years, body mass 72 ± 11 kg) performed an isometric strength test, sprint test, WAnT and GXT on a wheelchair ergometer. Using a previously developed set of regression equations, individuals' isometric strength outcome was used to estimate the WAnT result (P30est), from which an effective individual WAnT resistance was derived. The subsequently measured WAnT outcome (P30meas) was used to estimate the GXT outcome (POpeakest) and to scale the individual GXT resistance steps. Estimated and measured outcomes were compared. The WAnT protocol was considered valid when maximal velocity did not exceed 3 m·s-1; the GXT protocol was considered valid when test duration was 8–12 min. P30est did not significantly differ from P30meas, while one participant did not have a valid WanT, as maximal velocity exceeded 3 m·s-1. POpeakest was 10% higher than POpeakmeas, and six participants did not reach a valid GXT: five participants had a test duration under 8 min and one participant over 12 min. The isometric strength test can be used to individually scale the WAnT protocol. The WAnT outcome scaled the protocol for the GXT less accurately, resulting in mostly shorter-than-desired test durations. In conclusion, the evaluated standardized and individualized test protocol was valid for the WAnT but less valid for the GXT among a group of novices. Before implementing the standardized individual test protocol on a broader scale, e.g. among paralympic athletes, it should be evaluated among different athletic wheelchair-dependent populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: No studies examined the lower extremity-related anaerobic exercise capacity or functional status in adult patients with FMF. Methods: Twenty-four patients with FMF (12 males) and 24 age-sex-matched healthy controls (13 males) were included in the study. Lower extremity-related anaerobic exercise capacity was assessed by using Wingate Anaerobic Test. Lower extremity-related functional status was examined by using 9-Step Stair Climb Test, 10-Repetition Chair Stand Test, and Six-Minute Walking Distance. Muscle strength of hip flexors, hip extensors, knee flexors, and knee extensors were evaluated by using a hand-held dynamometer. Results: Patients with FMF had significantly poorer results in all anaerobic exercise capacity parameters and functional status assessments (P < 0.05), except muscle strength measurements (P > 0.05). Both average and peak anaerobic exercise capacities correlated significantly with all muscle strength measurements, 9-Step Stair Climb Test, 10-Repetition Chair Stand Test times, and Six-Minute Walk Distances (P < 0.05) in patients with FMF. Conclusion: Lower extremity-related anaerobic exercise capacity and functional status seem to be diminished in adult patients with FMF. Evaluating these parameters may be beneficial for planning more appropriate and individualized treatment regimens such as patient education and exercise counselling for patients with FMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beard, A, Ashby, J, Chambers, R, Millet, GP, and Brocherie, F. Wales Anaerobic Test (WAT): Reliability and fitness profiles of international rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2589–2596, 2022—To provide strength and conditioning coaches a practical and evidence-based test for repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in rugby union players, this study assessed the relative and absolute test-retest reliability of the Wales Anaerobic Test (WAT) and its position-specific association with other fitness performance indices. Thirty-four players (forwards: n = 19; backs: n = 15) of the Welsh rugby union male senior national team performed the WAT (10 × 50-m distance, 25–30 seconds of passive recovery) twice within 4 days. Time for each repetition was recorded, with the best (WATBest) and total time (WATTT) retained for analysis. Relative (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) and absolute (SEM) reliability of the WAT indices were quantified. Furthermore, association (Pearson's product-moment correlations and stepwise backward elimination procedure) with other fitness performance indices (10- and 40-m sprinting times, 30-15 intermittent fitness test [30-15IFT] and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 [YYIR2]) was investigated. Pooled values revealed "moderate" to "high" ICCs for WATBest (ICC = 0.89, p = 0.626) and WATTT (ICC = 0.95, p = 0.342). Good test sensitivity was reported for forwards and backs' WATTT (p > 0.101). Both WATBest and WATTT correlated with 10-m and 40-m sprinting times (r > 0.69, p < 0.001) as well as with 30-15IFT (r < −0.77, p < 0.001) and YYIR2 (r < −0.68, p < 0.001) for pooled values. The WAT proved to be a reliable and sensitive test to assess the rugby union specific RSA-related fitness of international players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beckner, ME, Pihoker, AA, Darnell, ME, Beals, K, Lovalekar, M, Proessl, F, Flanagan, SD, Arciero, PJ, Nindl, BC, and Martin, BJ. Effects of multi-ingredient preworkout supplements on physical performance, cognitive performance, mood state, and hormone concentrations in recreationally active men and women. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2493–2501, 2022—Performance enhancement supplement research has primarily focused on the effectiveness of individual ingredients, rather than the combination. This study investigated the acute effects of 2 multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPS), with beta-alanine and caffeine (BAC) and without (NBAC), compared with placebo (PLA) on anaerobic performance, endurance capacity, mood state, cognitive function, vascular function, and anabolic hormones. Thirty exercise-trained individuals (24.4 ± 4.9 years, 15 men and 15 women) completed a fatiguing exercise protocol on 3 separate occasions, 30 minutes after ingestion of BAC, NBAC, or PLA. Outcomes were analyzed using one-way or two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, as appropriate (alpha = 0.05). Anaerobic power was greater when supplementing with NBAC (10.7 ± 1.2 W·kg−1) and BAC (10.8 ± 1.4 W·kg−1) compared with PLA (10.4 ± 1.2 W·kg−1) (p = 0.014 and p = 0.022, respectively). BAC improved V̇ o 2peak time to exhaustion (p = 0.006), accompanied by an increase in blood lactate accumulation (p < 0.001), compared with PLA. Both NBAC and BAC demonstrated improved brachial artery diameter after workout (p = 0.041 and p = 0.005, respectively), but PLA did not. L-arginine concentrations increased from baseline to postsupplement consumption of BAC (p = 0.017). Reaction time significantly decreased after exercise for all supplements. There was no effect of supplement on mood states. Exercise-trained individuals looking to achieve modest improvements in power and endurance may benefit from consuming MIPS before exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: For years, the effects of music on exercise performance have been researched. Recovery is extremely important for athletes, and therefore any factor that could affect it is of importance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of listening to music on recovery after an anaerobic-exercise. METHOD: 25 male athletes (age 21.76 ± 1.84 years) visited the laboratory on two occasions over a week. They performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on two identical conditions but recovery was conducted 'with' and 'without' listening to music. Blood lactate concentration values were determined at 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes during the recovery from the exercise. Heart rate (HR) values were determined every minute of the 15 minutes of recovery. RESULTS: There was no difference in the mean blood lactate concentration and HR during the recovery with and without music (p > 0.05). Results showed no significant differences between 2 recovery conditions in heart rate or blood lactate. CONCLUSIONS: Music cannot improve recovery after anaerobic performance and it cannot be used as a mean to enhance recovery after an anaerobic-performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: β‐hydroxy β‐methylbutryate (HMB) is a metabolite of leucine amino acid and it has several ergogenic benefits. Previous studies also showed that it may affect beneficially the testosterone and cortisol concentration in athletes. Due to the contradiction results between studies, we aimed to conduct this meta‐analysis to assess the HMB supplementation effect on testosterone and cortisol in trained athletes. Methods: Scopus, Medline, and Google scholar were systematically searched up to August 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration tool for evaluating the risk of bias was applied for assessing the studies' quality. Random‐effects model, weighted mean difference (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for estimating the overall effect. Between‐study heterogeneity was evaluated applying the chi‐squared and I2 statistic. Results: Seven articles were included in the meta‐analysis. Although the meta‐analysis generally showed that HMB consumption did not have any effect on the cortisol and testosterone concentration (p >.05), subgroup analysis based on the exercise type showed a significant decrease in the cortisol concentration in resistance training exercises (WMD = −3.30; 95% CI: −5.50, −1.10; p =.003) and a significant increase in the testosterone concentration in aerobic and anaerobic combined sports (WMD = 1.56; 95% CI: 0.07, 3.05; p =.040). Conclusion: The results indicate that HMB supplementation in athletes can reduce the concentration of cortisol in resistance exercises and increase the concentration of testosterone in aerobic and anaerobic combined exercises. Nevertheless, more studies are required to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kinesiologia Slovenica is the property of Faculty of Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of PODIUM- Revista de Ciencia y Tecnologia en la Cultura Física is the property of Universidad de Pinar del Rio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spor Hekimligi Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine is the property of Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine / Spor Hekimleri Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the effect of music on motivation during sports activities in taekwondo and karate training. A total of 258 active athletes between the ages of 12 and 18 be engaged in taekwondo (n=159) and karate (n=99) branches participated in the study voluntarily. "The Effect of Music in Sports Activities Scale (SUMEÖ)," developed by Karayol and Turhan (2020), was used to collect data in the study. The scale consists of 18 items, has 3 sub-dimensions, and is in a 5-point Likert type. The data were collected using the Effect of Music in Sports Activities Scale and digital web technologies. Descriptive statistics were made for demographic variables in the analysis of the research data. Data obtained from the scale were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26 program. According to the results of the analysis, it can be said that the type of music chosen by the athletes and the upbeat music has a significant effect on sports activities. In training with technical exercises step, it was determined that listening to fast-paced music chosen by the athletes themselves can increase the motivation of the exercises while listening to slow-paced music contributes to the recovery process. It can be said that music is a tool to motivate athletes by reducing the stress on athletes and that the gender variable is a factor affecting the effect of music in sports activities in different branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to understand the impact of mobile smart terminals on human cardiopulmonary function in anaerobic and aerobic exercise training, we study the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise on improving human physical fitness, shape, etc. Measurement and analysis of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in humans during moderate-intensity aerobic and anaerobic exercise studies. The characteristics of diversified, emerging, and humanized mobile intelligent terminals have attracted the attention of college students. Mobile smart terminals have brought a lot of convenience to college students' aerobic and anaerobic fitness. The results showed that people who participated in aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise were more fit, and their BMI, WHR, and body fat rate were significantly better than those who did not participate in aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise; at the same time, the lung capacity of people who participated in exercise was significantly higher. Stroke volume, maximum oxygen uptake, ejection fraction, etc., were significantly improved, and myocardial contractility was significantly improved, all better than those who did not participate in the exercise. Therefore, aerobic and anaerobic exercise can help improve a person's body composition and improve cardiopulmonary function. Therefore, how to give full play to the value of mobile smart terminals in aerobic and anaerobic fitness has become a hot research topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human microbiota is comprised of more than 10-100 trillion microbial taxa and symbiotic cells. Two major human sites that are host to microbial communities are the gut and the skin. Physical exercise has favorable effects on the structure of human microbiota and metabolite production in sedentary subjects. Recently, the concept of "athletic microbiome" has been introduced. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no review specifically addressing the potential role of microbiomics for swimmers, since each sports discipline requires a specific set of techniques, training protocols, and interactions with the athletic infrastructure/facility. Therefore, to fill in this gap, the present scoping review was undertaken. Four studies were included, three focusing on the gut microbiome, and one addressing the skin microbiome. It was found that several exercise-related variables, such as training volume/intensity, impact the athlete's microbiome, and specifically the non-core/peripheral microbiome, in terms of its architecture/composition, richness, and diversity. Swimming-related power-/sprint- and endurance-oriented activities, acute bouts and chronic exercise, anaerobic/aerobic energy systems have a differential impact on the athlete's microbiome. Therefore, their microbiome can be utilized for different purposes, including talent identification, monitoring the effects of training methodologies, and devising ad hoc conditioning protocols, including dietary supplementation. Microbiomics can be exploited also for clinical purposes, assessing the effects of exposure to swimming pools and developing potential pharmacological strategies to counteract the insurgence of skin infections/inflammation, including acne. In conclusion, microbiomics appears to be a promising tool, even though current research is still limited, warranting, as such, further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hejla, D, Dror, N, Pantanowitz, M, Nemet, D, and Eliakim, A. Reduced growth hormone response to anaerobic exercise among children with overweight and obesity. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2194–2197, 2022—The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of an anaerobic exercise test on growth hormone (GH) secretion in children with overweight and obesity compared with children with normal weight. Fifteen children with overweight (body mass index percentile [BMI%ile] ≥85 < 95) and obesity (BMI%ile ≥95) and 10 children with normal weight (BMI%ile >5 < 85) participated in the study. Subjects performed a modification of the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), with 10 bouts of 15-second cycling separated by 1 minute of rest. Blood samples for GH and lactate were collected before and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the beginning of the exercise test. There was a significant increase in GH levels following the modified repeated WAnT in both groups, but the increase in GH levels was significantly greater among the normal weight children compared with those with overweight and obesity (p < 0.003). Seven of the 10 subjects with normal weight had GH increase above the threshold for GH sufficiency compared with only 2 subjects with overweight and obesity. Growth hormone response to the modified repeated WAnT was significantly reduced among children with overweight and obesity compared with those with normal weight. Anaerobic interval-type training may not be a sufficient exercise alternative to stimulate appropriate GH levels among children with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the effects of whole-body exercise on the anaerobic threshold in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (AT) were measured before and after six months of hybrid functional electrical stimulation row training in 47 participants with SCI aged 19–63, neurological levels of injury C4–L1, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grades A–D, and time since injury at enrollment from three months to 40 years. Changes in VO2max differed with time since injury, with greater increases earlier post-injury. The early chronic group (<3 years since injury; n = 31) increased VO2max from 1.65 ± 0.54 L/min at baseline to 1.83 ± 0.66 L/min at six months (p < 0.05), while the late chronic group (>3 years since injury; n = 16) did not change (1.42 ± 0.44 at baseline to 1.47 ± 0.41 L/min at six months, p = 0.36). Consistent with VO2max changes, AT increased in the early chronic group (1.03 ± 0.31 to 1.20 ± 0.40 L/min, p < 0.05) and did not change in the late chronic group (0.99 ± 0.31 to 0.99 ± 0.26 L/min, p = 0.92). Cumulative duration of exercise training was positively correlated to change in VO2max (r = 0.475, p < 0.05) but not to change in AT. Hybrid functional electrical stimulation row training is effective for increasing aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold in individuals with SCI; however, these fitness benefits are only significant in individuals initiating the exercise intervention within three years of injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Elite Freedivers do not display major changes in their immunological profile compared to non-diving controls under resting conditions. • Following an extreme freedive, CD8 T cells, NK cells and δ1+ γδ T cells downregulate expression of cytotoxic molecules. • Following an extreme freedive, CD8 T cells, NK cells and δ2+ γδ T cells have an increased potential to produce IFNγ and TNF. • Changes in the immunological profile of cytotoxic immune cells following a freedive are associated with psychological stress, hypoxia and changes in glucose levels. • Following extreme anaerobic exercise, the cytotoxic arm of the immune system undergoes changes that reduces its possibility to cause tissue damage, but increase its ability to signal threats, possibly as an acute adaptation mechanism. Exercise has many beneficial effects for our body, but can become detrimental at high intensity, especially for our immune system. Little is known about the underlying mechanism of impaired immune functionality under conditions of intense physical strain. Freedivers, people who dive to high depths on a single breath, perform extreme exercise under anaerobic conditions. In this study, we investigated the impact of freediving on the cytotoxic arm of the immune system. At rest, elite freedivers did not display changes in their immunological profile compared to non-diving controls. In contrast, after a freedive, granzyme B and IL-2 production were reduced, whereas IFNγ and TNF secretion were increased by cytotoxic immune cells. Using in vitro models mimicking freedive conditions, we could show that hypoxia in combination with stress hyperglycemia had a negative impact on Granzyme B secretion, whereas IL-2 production was inhibited by stress hormones. Our findings suggest that in response to extreme exercise, cytotoxic immune cells transiently change their functional profile to limit tissue damage. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]