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Intense rainfall-induced shallow landslides can have severe consequences, including soil erosion and vegetation loss, making in-depth research essential for disaster risk management. However, vegetation recovery processes after shallow landslides and their influencing multivariate factors are not well known. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the vegetation recovery processes after shallow landslides and the impact of topography on this recovery. We focus on two regions in Japan: the Shobara district in Hiroshima Prefecture and the Obara district in Aichi Prefecture. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) derived from long-term Landsat images, as well as aerial photographs and environmental datasets, are used to measure vegetation recovery. Then, statistical analysis and the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (SARIMA) model were employed to investigate the dynamic response of vegetation under different combinations of environmental conditions using NDVI and EVI time series. Historical aerial photographs and vegetation index trend analysis suggest that vegetation in the study areas will take more than ten years to return to a stable state. The results also demonstrate the influence of atmospheric and land cover conditions when monitoring vegetation response using NDVI and EVI. In Obara, concave and convergent terrain positively influenced NDVI, while non-steep, low-elevation, and north-facing terrain positively influenced EVI. In Shobara, gentle and northwest-facing slopes were positively correlated with NDVI, and gentle and west-facing slopes were positively correlated with EVI. SARIMA modeling found that NDVI is more suitable for modeling the middle and late stages of vegetation recovery within 10–25 years after the landslide. In comparison, EVI is better for modeling the early stage of vegetation recovery within 10 years after the landslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Col Glacier is a small body of ice and snow (approx. 0.2 km 2) located at the very high elevation of 8000 m a.s.l. (above sea level) on the southern ridge of Mt. Everest. A recent study by proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. This is in contradiction to our comparison of two digital elevation models derived from aerial photographs taken in December 1984 and a stereo Pléiades satellite acquisition from March 2017, from which we estimate a mean elevation change of 0.01 ± 0.05 m a -1. To reconcile these results, we investigate some aspects of the surface energy and mass balance of South Col Glacier. From satellite images and a simple model of snow compaction and erosion, we show that wind erosion has a major impact on the surface mass balance due to the strong seasonality in precipitation and wind and that it cannot be neglected. Additionally, we show that the melt amount predicted by a surface energy and mass balance model is very sensitive to the model structure and implementation. Contrary to previous findings, melt is likely not a dominant ablation process on this glacier, which remains mostly snow-covered during the monsoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using historical and recent aerial photography and structure from motion (SfM) multiview stereo (MVS) techniques, we reconstruct the 1959 and 2018 ice surface topography and determine the geodetic mass balance of Bowman Glacier, a small mountain glacier on northern Ellesmere Island. This is combined with optical satellite imagery to reconstruct the evolution in extent of the glacier over six decades, and ground-penetrating radar measurements of ice thickness to estimate the remaining ice volume. Between 1959 and 2020, Bowman Glacier lost 78% of its extent (reducing from 2.75 to 0.61 km2), while average annual area loss rates have nearly tripled in the past two decades. Over the 1959–2018 period, glacier-wide ice-thickness change averaged −22.7 ± 4.7 m, corresponding to a mean specific annual mass balance of −347.0 ± 71.4 mm w.e. a−1. Projecting rates of area and volume change into the future indicates that the glacier will likely entirely disappear between 2030 and 2060. This study demonstrates the potential of SfM-MVS processing to generate elevation products from 1950/60s historical aerial photographs, and to extend observations of ice elevation and glacier volume change for the Canadian Arctic, prior to the satellite record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moving on paths or trails present in natural environments makes autonomous navigation of unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) simpler and safer. In this sense, aerial photographs provide a lot of information of wide areas that can be employed to detect paths for UGV usage. This paper proposes the extraction of paths from a geo-referenced satellite image centered at the current UGV position. Its pixels are individually classified as being part of a path or not using a convolutional neural network (CNN) which has been trained using synthetic data. Then, successive distant waypoints inside the detected paths are generated to achieve a given goal. This processing has been successfully tested on the Andabata mobile robot, which follows the list of waypoints in a reactive way based on a three-dimensional (3D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vineyard (Turkish: bağ) culture is a common urban phenomenon in Çukurova region communities, which have strong ties with the land, due to the favorable climate and soil conditions. Adana's historic city center and some of the vineyard settlements to the north of this area lost their rural settlement characteristic and started to be built up as a result of Hermann Jansen's planning studies that started in the 1930s, and the city continued its development as planned towards the vineyard settlements (Turkish: bağlar) to the north. Although Gazipaşa, Ziyapaşa, and Namık Kemal Neighborhoods, which were examined within the scope of the study, were planned as a result of these planning studies, they were not built according to the plan. Thus, the implemented part of the Jansen Plan was defined by the railway line located to the south of these three neighborhoods. As a result, these three neighborhoods turned into an area where vineyards began on the periphery of the planned built-up areas and became known as Bağlarbaşı (starts of vineyard area). The aim of the study is to make a morphological analysis of the transformation of the three neighborhoods formed in the area where the vineyards, which previously had a rural settlement texture, disappeared as a result of the urbanization pressure that started in the 1950s, starting from 1950 to the present day, and to examine the process dynamics and to determine the general characteristics of the vineyard culture and houses in the study area. In the study area, morphological analyses were carried out by comparing aerial photographs from 1950, 1954, 1961, current maps from 1985 and 2019, zoning plans dated 1940, 1969 and current data. In addition, the transformation was documented with photographs from various archives and oral history research was utilized. Two vineyard houses in the area were surveyed to determine their spatial characteristics. The data obtained through the studies coincide with Marcel Poëte's assertion that "the memory of a city survives in the physical structure of that city". It has been determined that today's parcel boundaries, main roads, and streets, physical formations such as thresholds and reinforcements of the three neighborhoods bear traces of the period when the neighborhoods were vineyards and gardens. In the area, a small number of vineyard houses (cottages), which are in parallel with the typological characteristics of the traditional Turkish House, have survived to the present day, albeit in ruins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image processing systems are currently used to solve many applied problems. The article is devoted to the identification of negative factors affecting the growth of grain in different periods of harvesting, using a program implemented in the MATLAB software environment, based on aerial photographs. The program is based on the Law's textural mask method and successive clustering. This paper presents the algorithm of the program and shows the results of image processing by highlighting the uniformity of the image. To solve the problem, the spectral luminance coefficient (SBC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Law's textural mask method, and clustering are used. This approach is general and has great potential for identifying objects and territories with different boundary properties on controlled aerial photographs using groups of images of the same surface taken at different vegetation periods. That is, the applicability of sets of Laws texture masks with original image enhancement for the analysis of experimental data on the identification of pest outbreaks is being investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to calculate the changes in the coastal area in Samsun city center by filling in the years. Existing aerial photographs and orthophotos of the study area were examined in detail. It has been studied using the ArcMap module of ArcGIS 10 software, using approximately periodic aerial photographs of 1935 and orthophotos of 2012. The amount of filling area in the coastal region of Samsun province was determined as 852.286 m2 between 1935-1972, 1.478.218 m2 between 1972-2006, 2.330.504 m2 between 1935-2006 and 238.316 m2 between 2006-2012. The amount of filling made in the province from 1935 to 2012 was calculated as 2,568,820 m2 in total. As a result, it has been observed that there are significant changes by filling the coastal area in Samsun city center. Changes in coastal areas occur from land to sea or from sea to land. With the method used in this study, not only the area gained in coastal areas, but also the changes in area lost in coastal areas can be calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the value of high temporal frequency satellite data with various spatial sampling resolutions for multi‐scalar historic environment survey and management use cases in Scotland, specifically for broad‐brush landscape characterisation, for monitoring the condition of monuments and for the discovery of otherwise unknown sites. Dealing with a part of the world where applications of satellite imagery are almost entirely unexplored, this study takes a real‐world approach, which foregrounds the purpose at hand rather than presenting a case study from an optimal setting. The study highlights the importance of detailed imagery to support interpretation in some instances, and the challenges of obtaining time‐critical optical imagery in a part of the world that experiences significant periods of cloud cover. The real‐world availability of data in such settings is assessed, highlighting that even with daily revisits, useable imagery cannot be guaranteed. The implications of current and past tasking patterns for availability of high‐resolution data now and in the future are discussed. The study identifies the complementary roles that satellite imagery can fulfil, while identifying the limitations that remain to fuller applications of such data, in a study that will be relevant to many parts of Europe and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a singular group of evidence gathered on a small hill at ca. 900 meters of altitude. The hill is located in mid-eastern Asturias, near the Cantabrian Mountains in the northern part of Iberia. The archaeological remains consist of one prehistoric barrow at the top part which is already included in the Sites and Monuments Record. Moreover, several other tiny elevations surround the main barrow, and around them, a few new enclosures have been identified. Despite their irregular conservation, all of them have small parapets meaning clear archaeological features. Old and new data were gathered thanks to three different techniques used in this research: fieldwork, aerial photographs and LiDAR analysis. Due to the lack of archaeological excavations and geophysics analysis, the chronology suggested here must be, at this point of the research, very broad. Finally, the manuscript explores different kinds of enclosures, from prehistoric and historic times, which can be similar to the evidence identified in el Cuetu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the research points, the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation and Normalized Green Red Difference indices is characterized by a determination coefficient equal to 0.52. The estimation of the emission of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the forest air at an altitude of 40 m above the level of the soil cover during the growing season showed differences in their values during the daytime and at night. The results helped determine promising methods of inventory of the carbon landfill forest area for aboveground woody biomass assessment based on data obtained from several sources and land forest estimation research. The research involved: 1) integration of an unmanned aerial vehicle -based digital camera and lidar sensors in order to optimize the efficiency and cost of data collection; 2) taking advantage of high-resolution aerial photographs and sparse lidar point clouds using an information fusion approach and the ability to compensate for their shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scale is a critical factor in biodiversity assessments; assessments at inappropriate scales can compromise assessments and drive poor management outcomes. A key dataset for many conservation reserves is a map of vegetation patterns. However, the appropriateness, scale and accuracy of mapped vegetation values is rarely assessed. This study assessed vegetation mapping undertaken at differing scales using two common competing methods. The aim was to assess map utility for management planning within an important conservation reserve (Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area—MSCA) integral to the globally significant Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area in eastern Australia. Mapping typical of a common modelling approach failed to detect six of 21 vegetation types within MSCA. These vegetation types are part of four rare and/or endangered ecosystems. Overall accuracy (66%) was lower than sub-regional scale mapping based on air photo interpretation (77%) backed by higher levels of field data and local knowledge. Thus higher levels of spatial attribution applied to the modelling was not associated with increased map accuracy, although accuracy varied largely among vegetation types. The modelled map product has a consistent methodology across the state of New South Wales and provides important context for sub-regional mapping, but proved inappropriate for reserve management planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Oasian space in the northern Sahara has been little studied, despite its importance for the sustainability of the oasis, the Ksar of Ouargla in this case. This study focused on highlighting the extent of urbanization over the period from 1975 to 2015 and estimating areas lost due to the influence of environmental and socio-economic factors. The methodological approach adopted using, satellite images, aerial photographs and field surveys, has enabled us to estimate the losses in agricultural areas at 18.52% as a result of the above-mentioned problems and 17.23% are losses due to urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the patterns and drivers of LULC dynamics in relation to the expansion of large-scale irrigated agriculture in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia from 1972 to 2016. Aerial photographs (1972), Landsat images (1980, 2000) and SPOT5 satellite images (2016) were analyzed using GIS tools to reveal LULC changes, and documentation, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to ascertain the biophysical and socioeconomic implications and drivers of these dynamics. The study revealed that cultivated and rural settlement land, and urban built-up areas had expanded at the expense of forestland, woodland, shrubland and grassland. While an increase in the production of cash crops had brought some benefits to smallholder farmers, such as access to irrigation and modern agricultural inputs and technologies, the unregulated conversion of natural vegetation to cultivated land resulted in a loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and reduction of pasture and firewood. We identified that significant LULC changes in the study area were caused by intersecting biophysical, economic, institutional, technological and demographic factors, which reinforced each other with varying magnitudes at different moments in time. These changes were underpinned by one key driver, that is, government agricultural policies that promoted investment in commercial agriculture for national and export markets. The study shows that understanding the complex interaction between the contributing factors and drivers of LULC change is crucial to inform decision-making and policies, in particular, by directing responses towards the underlying drivers of change rather than only the proximate causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tagus Estuary is one of the largest in Europe with 320 km2, and it has been, for centuries, a gateway to Lisbon. This study focuses on the Moita-Montijo Bay and on the recent dynamics of its tidal flats and saltmarshes. Aerial photographs, orthomosaics, and very high-resolution satellite imagery were used to analyze landcover and shoreline changes. Tidal flats have shown expansion from 1977 to 1995, but since then, contraction dominated, with a change of position of the tidal flat edge of −2.8 m/year in the north bank and −4.2 m/year in the south bank of the Montijo channel. Most contraction occurred along the route of the fast transport catamarans that started operating in 1995, while in the sector without catamaran navigation, expansion was observed. Saltmarshes have been suffering contraction since 1958, with increased rates after 1995 (−0.38 to −0.44 m/year), especially along the catamaran route (−0.57 to −1.27 m/year). The analysis of the wake generated by different vessel types shows a wake increase with the catamarans, in agreement with the increase in contraction along the Montijo channel. Inside abandoned salt pans, saltmarshes expanded. Since 1995, major changes are also observed along the tidal flat margin, with the formation of coarse lag deposits of coarse sands and shells. Given the contraction increase associated with catamaran traffic and the resulting degradation of the tidal flat and the saltmarshes, it is important to introduce measures for containing contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether permafrost systematically alters the rate of riverbank erosion is a fundamental geomorphic question with significant importance to infrastructure, water quality, and biogeochemistry of high‐latitude watersheds. For over four decades, this question has remained unanswered due to a lack of data. Using remotely sensed imagery, we addressed this knowledge gap by quantifying riverbank erosion rates across the Arctic and subarctic. To compare these rates to non‐permafrost rivers, we assembled a global data set of published riverbank erosion rates. We found that erosion rates in rivers influenced by permafrost are on average nine times lower than non‐permafrost systems; erosion rate differences increase up to 40 times for the largest rivers. To test alternative hypotheses for the observed erosion rate difference, we examined differences in total water yield and erosional efficiency between these rivers and non‐permafrost rivers. Neither of these factors nor differences in river sediment loads provided compelling alternative explanations, leading us to conclude that permafrost limits riverbank erosion rates. This conclusion was supported by field investigations of rates and patterns of erosion along three rivers flowing through discontinuous permafrost in Alaska. Our results show that permafrost limits maximum bank erosion rates on rivers with stream powers greater than 900 Wm−1. On smaller rivers, however, hydrology rather than thaw rate may be the dominant control on bank erosion. Our findings suggest that Arctic warming and hydrological changes should increase bank erosion rates on large rivers but may reduce rates on rivers with drainage areas less than a few thousand km2. Plain Language Summary: The rate rivers erode their banks controls the pace of migration and the impacts on neighboring communities and ecosystems. Erosion of floodplains releases sediment, carbon, and other constituents into rivers affecting the biogeochemistry of rivers and ultimately the coastal oceans into which rivers flow. Across the Arctic, rivers erode through floodplains frozen continuously for more than 2 years (permafrost). Before ice‐bounded sediments can be eroded by flowing water, they must be thawed. Using aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and direct field observations, we found that permafrost slows the rate rivers erode their banks relative to rivers without permafrost. The effect of permafrost, however, varies with the size of the river and the erosion rates of large rivers are disproportionately slowed by permafrost. As a result, permafrost thaw due to climate change will likely increase erosion rates on large rivers and have limited impact on small rivers, but very little data are available for small rivers in the Arctic, highlighting key data need. Key Points: Permafrost systematically reduces riverbank erosion rates by up to nine times compared to rivers not in permafrost regionsThe influence of permafrost on small rivers is limited and increases with river sizePermafrost thaw due to climate change will likely increase erosion rates on large rivers and have a limited impact on smaller rivers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River‐dominated sea deltas have been thoroughly studied by different authors. In these environments the interrelationships of the hydro‐sedimentological variables between river, tides, and waves, among others, are the main factors controlling the delta formation. However, few studies have focused on the deltaic processes in river–lagoon environments and even fewer in large river floodplains (defined here as a fluvial‐lacustrine delta, FLD) and their role in floodplain construction. This study provides a comprehensive and novel analysis approach combining satellite imagery treatment and aerial photographs with detailed field measurements of sediment samplers, cores, and acoustic techniques applied to quantify flow and discharge distribution along main, secondary, floodplain channels, and lagoon systems under different hydro‐sedimentological conditions. All data allow a full description of deltaic processes and the main variables that control the evolution of the major FLD located along the Middle Paraná River floodplain (Argentina). These results show: (i) pre‐existing local geology elements affect the deltaic processes; (ii) the hydro‐sedimentological behaviour of the main channel and its connection with the floodplain channels and independent basin systems affects the delta evolution; (iii) the dynamics (temporally and spatially) of sediment transport input and the interaction with lagoons produce different delta front bars planform and composition; (iv) periods of mean and high water levels play a key role in delta evolution; and (v) the rapid vegetation growth above the formed bars favours the sedimentation of fine material, producing permanent changes and leading to floodplain construction. Particularly, our findings suggest a complex interrelationship between the different factors in this particular environment, such as hydrology, local geology, main/secondary and floodplain channels, sediment supply, sediment transport modes, vegetation, and free surface slopes. All these factors act together in a complex manner, providing unique features to the FLD system that could help us better understand the floodplains construction in large river systems worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia, most of the energy is produced by using water resources. However, the morphological impact of damming has not been thoroughly studied yet. Therefore, upstream and downstream changes in the channel width and sinuosity along the river due to the Betania, Prado, Salvajina, and Urrá I Dams, four of the oldest hydroelectric projects, were estimated. These changes were reported by using aerial photographs and satellite images to compare the river before and after dam construction. The analysis was complemented by including hydrological trends and geological characteristics of the areas to evaluate their relevance on the impacts on channel morphology. It was shown that factors such as valley confinement and the bank's composition are key to determining the magnitude of the impact downstream of the dam. Upstream of the dam, contrastingly, the influence of the reservoir geometry controls the magnitude of the morphological changes, marking the boundaries of affected areas. The impacts of dam construction on river morphology vary notably, but including the geological characteristics of the river reach can be useful to improve predictions of the channel morphology response. The proposed methodology can be used to identify biotic compensation measures for new projects, a task that is not well defined in several countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on new research into the previously poorly-documented post-medieval sarsen stone industry of southern England. Two significant centres of the trade are explored using complimentary methodologies. In Buckinghamshire, where a major quarry has been lost to redevelopment, archaeological features are mapped from historical aerial photographs and other remotely-sensed data. In Wiltshire, analytical earthworks survey at two quarries records different stone-working practices. The interpretation goes beyond a conventional industrial archaeological focus on commodity production, to examine the complexity of the relationships between people, materials and technology in three different taskscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delineation of areas susceptible to gully erosion with high accuracy and low cost using significant factors and statistical model is essential. In the present study, a gully susceptibility erosion map (GEM) was developed using hydro-geomorphometric parameters and geographic information system in western Iran. For this aim, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was applied, and its results compared to frequency ratio (FreqR) and logistic regression (LogR) models. Almost twenty effective parameters on gully erosion were detected and mapped in the ArcGIS®10.7 environment. These layers and gully inventory maps (375 gully locations) were prepared using aerial photographs, Google Earth images, and field surveys divided into 70% and 30% (263 and 112 samples) ArcGIS®10.7. The GWR, FreqR, and LogR models were developed to generate gully erosion susceptibility maps. The area under the receiver/relative operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) was calculated to validate the generated maps. Based on the LogR model results, soil type (SOT), rock unit (RUN), slope aspect (SLA), Altitude (ALT), annual average precipitation (AAP), morphometric position index (MPI), terrain surface convexity (TSC), and land use (LLC) factors were the most critical conditioning parameters, respectively. The AUC-ROC results show the accuracy of 84.5%, 79.1%, and 78% for GWR, LogR, and FreqR models, respectively. The results show high performance for the GWR compared to LogR and FreqR multivariate and bivariate statistic models. The application of hydro-geomorphological parameters has a significant role in the gully erosion susceptibility zonation. The suggested algorithm can be used for natural hazards and human-made disasters such a gully erosion on a regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining accurate forest cover information and dynamics of land occupation, through time, such as the spatial extent and pattern of disturbance and recovery is essential knowledge and assistance for forest managers and a crucial basis for the protection and conservation of current forest resources. Because most recent researches have focused on forest field survey and monitoring, a land classification containing information on forest cover dynamics is critically needed. Over the last decades, advances in remote sensing technology have enabled an accurate classification of different land covers from several sensors and remotely sensed data. We presently retained Tikjda forest (Djurdjura southerner, Algeria) as a case study to investigate the possibility of aerial photos classification and to analyze the historical dynamics of the area using a change detection analysis of multi-temporal data. To classify the study area's main cover types, we used photographs collected over a period of 34 years (i.e., from 1983 to 2017). The results revealed that in 2017, Tikjda forest was composed of forest areas (24.1%), degraded areas (49.7%), and barren areas (26.2%). Throughout the investigated period, the analysis revealed a notable increase in barren areas (+9.8%), and degraded areas (+14.4%), While forest areas experienced a significant decrease (−24.2%). Moreover, the results confirm the potential of aerial photographs for an accurate classification of forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High numbers of large ungulates are locally accompanied by high levels of damage to field crops, causing economic losses and increased costs for the protection of agricultural fields. Quantifying the levels of damage can be problematic, with the degree of accuracy depending on the method used. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy, workload and cost of four methods commonly used for estimating damage to wheat fields caused by large ungulates (esp. wild boar) in the Czech Republic. The results suggest that the manual processing of aerial photographs ("Uncrewed Aerial Systems [UAS] with Operator Delineation Method") was very laborious and the least accurate method, with a high risk of error. In comparison, the automatic evaluation of aerial images ("UAS Crop Height Method") and the "Ground-Based Assessment" both provided similar results when carefully analyzed and were equally demanding. The "Yield Method", comparing the net yield from damaged and undamaged areas, provided the same result of assessment and was the least laborious, although it does require the existence of comparable areas and for the conditions to be created in advance before the method is used. Equivalent results were achieved by the UAS Crop Height Method, which we recommend using in cases where the Yield Method cannot be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject research in the article is the methods of compressing video images under conditions of ensuring the desired level of their fidelity in the delivery process using infocommunication networks. The goal is to develop methods of encoding video images for increasing the level of their compression in the conditions of ensuring required reliability. Task: to substantiate the approach regarding the structural clusterization of transformed video segments in the conditions of preserving their reliability; to develop a method of structural and statistical coding of transformants in the spectral-cluster space; conduct a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of various methods of encoding video segments. The methods used: mathematical models for estimating the amount of statistical and structural redundancy in the clustered spectral space of video segments; methods of statistical coding. The following results have been obtained. The potential effectiveness of representing a transformant in clustered space by the number of series of units in binary description of their components has been substantiated. A method of structural-statistical coding in the spectral-cluster space has been created. The basic component of this technological approach is the evaluation of the estimates regarding the potential ability to eliminate various types of redundancy in the current cluster. Here, the amount of redundancy is reduced considering the statistical and structural features of the cluster. The comparative evaluation revealed the advantages of the created method over coding methods in standardized platforms. The advantage is achieved in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio by at least 30%. and in terms of a compression ratio by an average of 12 %. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows: for the first time, a method of structural-statistical coding of video segments in spectral space based on their clusterization has been created. The differences of the method lie in the fact that the component of the transformant is simultaneously interpreted as an element of the statistical and combinatorial cluster space; the potential capabilities of eliminating various types of redundancy in the clustered transformant are considered. This provides an increase in the level of compression of video images for a given level of reliability.

Aerial photographs taken over the past 80 years are often the only record of topography and events that have been destroyed or obliterated. However, the lack of camera certificates for many historical photographs, and their physical degradation, often makes it challenging to correct them geometrically. In this paper, we present the process of orthorectifying archival Luftwaffe aerial photographs of the area of the Treblinka extermination camp from May 1944, based on a computer vision-based process and preprocessing techniques. Low-cost and easily accessible software was used, which allowed for the generation of a fully metric orthophotomap in a repeatable and accurate way. This process can be repeated for archival aerial photographs from other dates (for the Treblinka camp) and other extermination camps (Belzec and Sobibor). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term changes in the coastal stretch of the Lido barrier island, a 12 km sandy coast bordering the Lagoon of Venice, and to assess the impacts of human interventions in the system. Coastal modifications were examined in a GIS environment through the analysis of aerial photographs covering the period 1955–2019. To achieve our goal, the study area was divided into three cells (i.e., from north to south, A, B, and C), and the rates of shoreline change were calculated over five subsequent periods (i.e., 1955–1978, 1978–1987, 1987–1996, 1996–2006, and 2006–2019). The results mainly showed a positive trend in the long-term (cell A avg. 2.0 m/year; cell C avg. 1.2 m/year) and moderate erosion (cell A and C avg. 0.9 m/year) in the periods 1996–2006 and 2006–2019, probably due to an increase in the frequency of storm surges. However, major effects on beach erosion and progradation were produced by human interventions. In particular, positive impacts were derived from the shore-normal engineering structures intercepting longshore currents, whereas negative effects were from works functional to the realisation of the MoSE system at the Lido and Malamocco inlets, which reduced the amount of available sediment, thus contributing to the worsening conditions of cells A and C. In view of the expected sea-level rise, this area merits higher consideration for correct spatial planning in the framework of integrated coastal zone management. We suggest that a monitoring program of shoreline evolution must be set up to better manage its future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne LiDAR is a popular measurement technology in recent years. Its feature is that it can quickly acquire high precision and high density 3D point coordinates on the surface. The reflective waveform of the radar contains the geometric structure and roughness of the surface reflector. Combined with the information from aerial photographs, it can quickly help users to interpret various surface object types and serve as a basis for land cover classification. The experiment is divided into three phases. In the phase 1, LiDAR data and decision tree classification method (DT) were used to classify the land cover and customize the geometric parameter elevation. In the phase 2, we combined aerial photographs, LiDAR data and DT method to improve the accuracy of land cover classification. In the phase 3, the support vector machine classification method (SVM) was used to compare the classification accuracy of different classification methods. The results show that customizing the geometric parameter elevation can improve the overall classification accuracy. The results of the study showed that the DT method and the SVM method had better results for the grass, building and artificial ground, and the SVM method had better results for the planted shrub and bare ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timber harvesting and related management practices associated with industrial timberlands have changed dramatically in the last two decades. Industrial timberlands are now more carefully assessed and mitigated. Recent studies of mass wasting in northern California included a review of historical aerial photographs from the early 1940s through 2016 and field measurements of nearly 3,000 shallow landslides on industrially managed timberlands. Significant improvements have been seen in management practices over time that include but are not limited to reduced harvest unit sizes, increased streamside tree retention, reduced road density, and improved road-building practices. These improvements are a result of a variety of sources such as evolving state regulations, voluntary conservation plans, and increased professional oversight. Subsequently, significant decreases in management-related erosion are being observed across the area included in this study. Observations show that improvements in management practices have positively affected regional mass wasting. In this investigation, significant changes have been noted in both causal mechanisms and landslide erosion rates. The study data shows that before the year 2000, nearly 85 percent of landslide-related erosion was determined to be the result of historical logging, either by harvesting or from roads (generally poor design and/or location). Shallow landslide erosion rates have varied over the duration of time reviewed for this study, peaking in the 1970s. Since 2000, erosion rates across the study area have decreased to 20 m3/km2/yr, which is a 92 percent reduction compared with the historical rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an optimized Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Multi-View Stereopsis (MVS) workflow, based on minimizing different errors and inaccuracies of historical aerial photograph series (1945, 1979, 1984, and 2008 surveys), prior to generation of elevation-calibrated historical Digital Surface Models (hDSM) at 1 m resolution. We applied LiDAR techniques on Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds (Spanish PNOA LiDAR flights of 2014 and 2019) for comparison and validation purposes. Implementation of these products in multi-temporal analysis requires quality control due to the diversity of sources and technologies involved. To accomplish this, (i) we used the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between GNSS-Validation Points and the elevations observed by DSM-ALS to evaluate the elevation accuracy of DSM-ALS generated with the LAScatalog processing engine; (ii) optimization of the SfM sparse clouds in the georeferencing step was evaluated by calculating the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the Check Points extracted from DSM-ALS and the predicted elevations per sparse cloud; (iii) the MVS clouds were evaluated by calculating the MAE between ALS-Validation Points and the predicted elevations per MVS cloud; iv) the accuracy of the resulting historical SfM-MVS DSMs were assessed using the MAE between ALS-Validation Points and the observed elevations per historical DSM; and (v) we implemented a calibration method based on a linear correction to reduce the elevation discrepancies between historical DSMs and the DSM-ALS 2019 reference elevations. This optimized workflow can generate high-resolution (1 m pixel size) hDSMs with reasonable accuracy: MAE in z ranges from 0.41 m (2008 DSM) to 5.21 m (1945 DSM). Overall, hDSMs generated using historical images have great potential for geo-environmental processes monitoring in different ecosystems and, in some cases (i.e., sufficient image overlapping and quality), being an acceptable replacement for LiDAR data when it is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change‐driven vegetation changes can alter the ecosystem functions of northern peatlands. Several case studies have documented fen‐to‐bog transition (FBT) over recent decades, which can have major implications, as increased bog growth would likely cause cooling feedback. However, studies beyond individual cases are missing to infer if a common trajectory or many alternatives of FBT are in progress. We explored plant community and hydrology patterns during FBT of 23 boreal aapa mire complexes in Finland. We focused on mires where comparisons of historical (1940–1970) and new (2017–2019) aerial photographs indicated an expansion of Sphagnum‐dominated zones. Vegetation plot and water chemistry data were collected from string‐flark fens, transition zones with indications of Sphagnum increase, and bog zones; thus, in a chronosequence with a decadal time span. We ask, is there a common trajectory or many alternatives of FBT in progress, and what are the main characteristics (species and traits) of transitional plant communities? We found a pattern of fen‐bog transitions via an increase in Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata (mainly S. majus and S. balticum), indicating a consistently high water table. Indicators only of transitional communities were scarce (Sphagnum lindbergii), but FBT had apparently facilitated shallow‐rooted aerenchymatous vascular plants, especially Scheuchzeria palustris. Water pH consistently reflected the chronosequence with averages of 4.2, 3.9, and 3.8, from fen to transition and bog zones. Due to weak minerotrophy of string‐flark fens, species richness increased towards bogs, but succession led to reduced beta diversity and homogenization among bog sites. Decadal chronosequence suggested a future fen‐bog transition through a wet phase, instead of a drying trend. Transitional poor‐fen vegetation was characterized by the abundance of Sphagnum lindbergii, S. majus, and Scheuchzeria palustris. Sphagnum mosses likely benefit from longer growing seasons and consistently wet and acidic conditions of aapa mires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and fire regime of pre-industrial (historical) dry forests over ~26 million ha of the western USA is of growing importance because wildfires are increasing and spilling over into communities. Management is guided by current conditions relative to the historical range of variability (HRV). Two models of HRV, with different implications, have been debated since the 1990s in a complex series of papers, replies, and rebuttals. The "low-severity" model is that dry forests were relatively uniform, low in tree density, and dominated by low- to moderate-severity fires; the "mixed-severity" model is that dry forests were heterogeneous, with both low and high tree densities and a mixture of fire severities. Here, we simply rebut evidence in the low-severity model's latest review, including its 37 critiques of the mixed-severity model. A central finding of high-severity fire recently exceeding its historical rates was not supported by evidence in the review itself. A large body of published evidence supporting the mixed-severity model was omitted. These included numerous direct observations by early scientists, early forest atlases, early newspaper accounts, early oblique and aerial photographs, seven paleo-charcoal reconstructions, ≥18 tree-ring reconstructions, 15 land survey reconstructions, and analysis of forest inventory data. Our rebuttal shows that evidence omitted in the review left a falsification of the scientific record, with significant land management implications. The low-severity model is rejected and mixed-severity model is supported by the corrected body of scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the Bronze Age, the territory of present-day eastern Romania was occupied by Noua communities, belonging to the Noua-Sabatinovka-Coslogeni (NSC) cultural complex. Although these communities have left us a large number of archaeological sites, this period is rather poorly known and understood, mostly because the investigation of Late Bronze Age (LBA) sites is very rare, usually consisting of small test trenches or fieldwalks. The main characteristic of these communities and the subject of our study is represented by the so-called ashmounds (grey, quasi-circular spots, visible on the soil surface, with small elevations and diameters of 25–30 m), present inside most settlements. Our paper aims at highlighting the spatial characteristics of these sites, using GIS (Geographic Information System) tools, as well as aerial photographs, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) measurements, magnetometry and geo-electrical methods, in order to identify the relationship existing between Noua communities and the inhabited environment, in the area known as the Jijia River catchment. Thus, our approach was able to outline the way in which the geographical peculiarities determined the establishment of new settlements, revealing that the human groups from the end of the Bronze Age preferred low terrains with smooth slopes, located in the immediate vicinity of the most important watercourse of the inhabited micro-area. Additionally, our geophysical studies allowed us to confirm the lack of ash located within the ashmound, as well as to signal the possibility that these features have become visible on the soil surface only due to the irreversible damage caused by intensive agricultural processes. Despite the small number of excavations, to this day an important number of studies have been dedicated to the communities and features in question; however, no analysis has yet been performed that unites the tools specific to GIS software with the usage of non-invasive methods (such as aerial photographs, LiDAR measurements and geophysical techniques). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the results of comparative visual analysis and instrumental processing of space and aerial photographs of the Azerbaijani part of the Greater Caucasus Lateral Range to assess the relief conditions affecting the formation of high mountain landscapes. The development of exogenous processes in the mountain-meadow and subnivalnival belts in this area has a great impact on the transformation of high mountain landscapes, degradation of soil and vegetation. There is a certain territorial and time differentiation in the intensity of these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of space in facilitating forms of political power, as shown in the destruction of landscape in the center of Israel by the Hiriya landfill. That failed infrastructure wrecked the delicate legacies of mankind and nature, thus sealing the area's fate as a city's repellent dumping ground that attracted all kinds of liminal activities. After the 1948 war, which resulted in the establishment of the state of Israel, the destruction of hundreds of Palestinian towns and villages and the erasure of their people's legacy, Tel Aviv begun dumping its household waste near an Arab village, the residents of which had been expelled during the conflict. The authorities promised the local inhabitants — Jewish newcomers and refugees in the nearby transit camp, as well as local city dwellers — a new and modern compost plant, but the plant's opening was repeatedly postponed. This article reveals the rapid changes that occurred in the early 1950s in the Hiriya area, and how insistence on a modern, technologically based solution to waste treatment, suffused with Zionist ideology, resulted in the creation of an infamous site that became a symbol for environmental, infrastructural, social and health hazards. Drawing from diverse unexplored textual and visual archival sources, including aerial photographs, historical maps, printed texts and interviews, we argue that this combined method of landscape reading is crucial for understanding such a tragedy of landscape. Our study of the Hiriya landfill points to the challenges posed by infrastructure, and contributes to future research into post-industrial sites, including landfills, quarries, airfields, mines and factories. • Hiriya landfill exacerbrated the destruction of a typical Arab landscape. • Insisting on a technological modern solution caused infrastructural dysfunction. • The landscape destruction turned the environment hostile to humans and nature. • A combined landscape reading is crucial for understanding a tragedy of landscape. • Hiriya landfill contributes to understanding post-industrial sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jostedalsbreen ice cap is mainland Europe's largest ice cap and accommodates 20% (458 km2 in 2019) of the total glacier area of mainland Norway. Jostedalsbreen and its meltwater contribute to global sea-level rise and to local water management, hydropower and tourism economies and livelihoods. In this study, we construct a digital terrain model (DTM) of the ice cap from 1966 aerial photographs, which by comparing to an airborne LiDAR DTM from 2020, we compute changes in surface elevation and geodetic mass balances. The area mapped in both surveys cover about 3/4 of the ice cap area and 49 of 82 glaciers. The measured glacier area has decreased from 363.4 km2 in 1966 to 332.9 km2 in 2019, i.e. a change of −30 km2 or −8.4% (−0.16% a−1), which is in line with the percentage reduction in area for Jostedalsbreen as a whole. The mean geodetic mass balance over the 49 glaciers was −0.15 ± 0.01 m w.e. a−1, however, large variability is evident between glaciers, e.g. Nigardsbreen (−0.05 m w.e. a−1), Austdalsbreen (−0.28 m w.e. a−1) and Tunsbergdalsbreen (−0.36 m w.e. a−1) confirming differences also found by the glaciological records for Nigardsbreen and Austdalsbreen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, I determined the roughness conditions of the flood plain in an area of 523 ha in the southern part of Bodrogzug based on aerial photographs from 1965 and 2016. The inspiration for conducting the tests was the three recordings that were made of the area at the beginning and in the middle of the 20th century, and in the early 2000s. Based on the two previous recordings, the roughness of the area may have been much smaller than today due to the short grass pastures and the small amount of woody vegetation. To determine the roughness values, I used the categories developed by CHOW V. T. (1959) and NÉMETH E. (1959). The plant cover values recorded at the two times show significant differences. The proportion of very dense forests increased greatly, with the weighted roughness increasing by two and a half times in 2016 compared to 1965. This significantly reduces the speed of flood waters, which can lead to gradual siltation of the area. At the same time, the direction of landscape development is developing favourably, as the area's biodiversity is increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural values of the fens and moorgrass meadows at Göd became known in the 1980s. The area of almost 70 hectares, previously used for centuries as pasture and meadow, has been isolated by urbanisation and land use has changed over the last three decades, with the ploughing up and conversion into a golf course and the designation of part of the valuable fen and Molinia meadows as nature reserves. These protected areas are well studied from a botanical point of view, even on a national scale, and the trends in vegetation change since the 1990s are therefore well understood. The aim of this article is to provide a historical overview of the landscape change in the fen and to explore the changes in flora and habitats. The research involved the analysis of historical maps and archival aerial photographs, the evaluation of flora lists from three botanical surveys carried out at 15-year intervals and a comparative analysis of habitat maps using GIS. The results show that the water regime of the studied wetlands is changing, the vegetation is degraded and becoming poorer in fen specialists, while at the same time the increase in habitat diversity has led to an enrichment of the fauna of the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial photographs of the European Alps usually only reach back to the middle of the 20th century, which limits the time span of corresponding studies that quantitatively analyse long-term surface changes of proglacial areas using georeferenced orthophotos. To the end of the Little Ice Age, this leads to a gap of about 100 years. Using digital monoplotting and several historical terrestrial photographs, we show the quantification of surface changes of a Little Ice Age lateral moraine section until the late second half of the 19th century, reaching a total study period of 130 years (1890–2020). The (initial) gully system expands (almost) continuously over the entire study period from 1890 to 2020. Until 1953, the vegetation-covered areas also expanded (mainly scree communities, alpine grasslands and dwarf shrub communities), before decreasing again, especially between 1990 and 2003, due to large-scale erosion within the gully system. Furthermore, our results show that the land-cover development was impacted by temperature and precipitation changes. With the 130-year study period, we contribute to a substantial improvement in the understanding of the processes in the proglacial by analysing the early phase and thus the immediate response of the lateral moraine to the ice exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast majority of coastal dunes in Europe have been stabilized by increasing vegetation cover since the mid‐20th century. However, some systems may experience a remobilization phase, generally occurring locally and further propagating alongshore, the drivers of which remain poorly documented. This study investigates the evolutionary paths (stabilization/destabilization/remobilization) from 1945 to 2020 of a 2 km‐long modern coastal transgressive dunefield located in southwest France with a holistic approach (GPR profiles, aerial photographs and LiDAR topographic data). Results show a landward migration of the transgressive dune by approximately 233 ± 7.5 m, through two distinct stages of rapid landward migration from 10 to 23 m/yr (Stage I: 1949–1959 and Stage III: 2000–2021) separated by an approximately 40‐year stage of slow to no migration, but with substantial windward slope deflation (Stage II). The onset of Stage II is due to the fixation of vegetation by human action between 1950 and 1959. The onset of Stage III is hypothesized to be driven by long and sustained upper backshore/dune toe erosion beginning in 1968 due to a massive shoal welding that locally disturbed the longshore drift. It induced a destabilization of the dune and erosion of the vegetation cover over some decades. A non‐synchronization is therefore observed between the start of the perturbation (1968), then the migration (2000), in line with the hysteresis concept of Tsoar (2005). This study shows that almost all of the sedimentary volume of the 1945 dune has been remobilized by translation to shape the dune system in its current form. The 2.2 km dunefield has grown by approximately 673 000 ± 190 000 m3 during the 2005–2020 period. Among this volume, there is a new foredune that was built from 2005 between the upper beach and the transgressive dune (volume in 2020 of about 394 000 ± 68 000 m3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping with UAVs is a large-scale mapping strategy or method that can shorten the implementation time compared to conventional survey methods that sometimes cannot represent an area as a whole. Aerial photos recorded by drones generally still have a level of position error of up to several meters, so tie points are needed to improve the accuracy of aerial photos. This research aims to utilize drone camera technology to produce geospatial data, both in the form of raster data from aerial photographs and vector data in the form of land contours showing the height of the land surface in Gampong Cot, Gampong Blang, Krueng Kalee, and Angan in Darussalam District, Gampong Durung and Neuheun in Masjid Raya District, Gampong Labuy and Lam Ujong in Baitussalam District. Aerial photo processing produces highresolution image data of 5 cm/pixel. Ground Control Points (GCPs) are used as tie points to improve the accuracy of aerial imagery. GCP measurements use geodetic GNSS, which has an accuracy of cm to mm. Aerial photos that previously had an error rate of 2-7 meters, after being bound with GCP points, the error rate decreased to below 1 meter. Aerial photographs also show that the land cover in the study area is partly forest. Some areas in the west and north are C excavation mining areas. Based on the contour extraction results, the ground elevation in block 1 (Gampong Durung, Gampong Cot, Gampong Angan, and Gampong Lam Ujong) is 66 to 301 meters, block 2 (Gampong Neuhen) is 50 to 260 meters, and block 3 (Gampong Lam Ujong and Labuy) is 90 to 188 meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitisation for the purposes of recording cultural heritage and its condition is conventionally associated with the task of documentation for conservation. Occasionally emergency recording will anticipate the potential imminent destruction of heritage at risk. By contrast here, although the heritage status of the site whilst proposed in the 1990s, it was never secured yet the closure and eventual dismemberment of the buildings is a plan that is already underway. The coal washeries of Onllwyn sit within a vast landscape that is now most widely recognised as a National Park. During the last century, however, it was a thriving industrial site. The assembly of buildings used to wash and sort coal prior to distribution were recorded using a terrestrial laser scanner and an aerial drone in August 2022 shortly prior to the closure of a site that had been part of a changing industrial landscape since the mid-nineteenth century. As part of a wide agreement to build a historic narrative for a once large industrial site with a planned closure a comprehensive historical review has been built. This included the acquisition of historic maps but also of numerous historical aerial and terrestrial photographs as well as the collation of films and oral histories. Here pointclouds generated from terrestrial laser scans, photogrammetry from drone imagery and photogrammetry from historical aerial images have been combined in an attempt to create a navigable digital backdrop to the decommissioning of a vast industrial landscape as it anticipates a new future. The aim of the models created is to provide a virtual spatial platform to co-locate memories of a community life that is left centred around a lost place of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Urban forests are highly heterogeneous; information about the combined effect of forest classification scale and algorithm selection on the estimation accuracy for urban forests remains unclear. In this study, we chose Chongming eco-island in the mega-city of Shanghai, a national experimental carbon neutral construction plot in China, as the study object. Remote sensing estimation models (simple regression models vs. machine learning models) of forest carbon density were constructed across different classification scales (all forests, different forest types, and dominant tree species) based on high-resolution aerial photographs and Sentinel-2A remote sensing images, and a large number of field surveys and optimal models were screened by ten-fold cross-validation. The results showed that (1) in early 2020, the total forest area and carbon storage of Chongming eco-island were 307.8 km2 and 573,123.6 t, respectively, among which the areal ratios and total carbon storage ratios of evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, and warm coniferous forest were 51.4% and 53.3%, 33.5% and 32.8%, and 15.1% and 13.9%, respectively. (2) The average forest carbon density of Chongming eco-island was 18.6 t/ha, among which no differences were detected among the three forest types (i.e., 17.2–19.2 t/ha), opposite to what was observed among the dominant tree species (i.e., 14.6–23.7 t/ha). (3) Compared to simple regression models, machine learning models showed an improvement in accuracy performance across all three classification scales, with average rRMSE and rBias values decreasing by 29.4% and 53.1%, respectively; compared to the all-forests classification scale, the average rRMSE and rBias across the algorithms decreased by 25.0% and 45.2% at the forest-type classification scale and by 28.6% and 44.3% at the tree species classification scale, respectively. We concluded that refining the forest classification, combined with advanced prediction procedures, could improve the accuracy of carbon storage estimates for urban forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Taravu valley, located in the south-west of Corsica, is one of the most extensive watersheds on the island. Recent paleoenvironmental studies allowed to restitute the chronostratigraphy of the two ponds in the lower valley. However, the paleogeographic evolution of this sector still remains largely to be specified. In order to reconstruct the transformations of the landscape of the lower Taravu valley during the Late Holocene (2250 BCE), we have developed an innovative interdisciplinary approach combining the methods of historical geography (ancient maps and aerial photographs), geoprocessing of topographic data (slope map and drainage map) that we associated with the results of an electromagnetic survey (EMI) and previous stratigraphic data. This synthesis enables the creation of a geomorphological map of the lower Taravu valley, to identify several major landscape changes since the Neolithic period (5800-3000 BCE), and to follow the evolution of the alluvial forms of the Taravu and the shore line since the end of the 18th c. CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few fires are known to have burned the tundra of the Arctic Slope north of the Brooks Range in Alaska, USA. A total of 90 fires between 1969 and 2022 are known. Because fire has been rare, old burns can be detected by the traces of thermokarst and distinct vegetation they leave in otherwise uniform tundra, which are visible in aerial photograph archives. Several prehistoric tundra burns have been found in this way. Detection of tundra fires in this sparsely populated and remote area has been historically inconsistent and opportunistic, relying on reports by aircraft pilots. Fire reports have been logged into an administrative database which, out of necessity, has been used to scientifically evaluate changes in the fire regime. To improve the consistency of the record, we completed a systematic search of Landsat Collection 2 for the Brooks Range Foothills ecoregion over the period 1972–2022. We found 57 unrecorded tundra burns, about 41% of the total, which now numbers 138. Only 15% and 33% of all fires appear in MODIS and VIIRS satellite-borne thermal anomaly products, respectively. The fire frequency in the first 37 years of the record is 0.89 y−1 for natural ignitions that spread ≥10 ha. Frequency in the last 13 years is 2.5 y−1, indicating a nearly three-fold increase in fire frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]