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With innate biological immunity proving inept and an acute lack of effective SARS-CoV-2 medication/immunization, strict restrictive, preventive, and protective measures were introduced worldwide. Despite flattening the pandemic-growth curve, these were met with resistance and heightened psychopathology among the masses. Acknowledging individuals’ distinct adaptations towards supporting and protecting their health before/when any disease-state emerges in their body or the population surrounding them holds implications for population health and the public health programs. Humans have evolved a concomitant behavioral immune system (BIS), a coordinated suite of psychological mechanisms (affective-cognitive-behavioral) that motivate prophylactic avoidance of infectious-disease vectors. They also possess Psychological Immune System (PIS) comprising personal resilience resources and adaptive capacities that can promote psychological health-protective behaviors. The present phenomenological study explores the dynamics of general populations’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, to understand their behavioral immune, psychological immune, and general psychophysical health functioning and the association between them. An attempt has been made to validate the BIS model (Schaller & Park, 2011) and the PIS (Olah, 1996) within the pandemic context. Semi-structured and in-depth telephonic interviews were conducted with thirty-five participants. Data was analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis. Participants had deteriorated psychophysical health and an activated BIS. Heightened BIS consequated negative attitudes and outcomes. PIS resources helped maintain functionality, positivity, and stress-resistance, and those with lower behavioral immune activation and psychological immunity had more health-related complaints. The study demonstrates that BIS and PIS are important factors for health behavior and well-being and suggests a more integrative approach to health research.

Land and water are the most necessary natural resources because the entire life system depends on them. It requires proper management to achieve maximum utilization. When used in conjunction with Arc GIS, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a promising model for simulating the agricultural watershed since it can forecast runoff, sediment and nutrient transport, and erosion under various management scenarios. Furthermore, the model is better at evaluating both the spatial and non-spatial variation of hydrological methods under a very large watershed. This study uses the methodology employed by the SWAT model for the estimation of surface runoff and sediment yield and discusses in detail the setup of the model computer file needed by the model sensitivity analysis parameter and validation area unit. SWAT is a well-known hydrological modeling method used in many hydrologic and environmental simulations. Over 17 years (2005-2021), 212 studies were found from various peer-reviewed scientific publications listed on the SWAT online database (CARD). Applicability studies were divided into five categories: water resources, streamflow, erosion, land-use planning and agricultural settings, climate change scenarios, and model parameterization. Hydrologic phenomena and adaptations in various river basins have been investigated. They mostly examined environmental impacts and preventive techniques to ensure an understanding of effective environmental regulation. Streamflow susceptibility to climatic changes was shown in climate change studies. Modeling streamflow parameters, model modifications, and basin-scale calibrations were investigated. Future simulation aspects such as data sharing and the opportunity for improved future analysis are also discussed. A multimodal approach to future simulations, as well as more efforts to make local data available, are both very good ideas.

Pea is third most important pulse crop of the world which is being cultivated all over the globe over the land area of two million hectares. Despite of its being grown in large area, this crop is infected by numerous pathogens including rust disease. This rust is disease of pea is caused by Uromyces viciae fabae affect the pea crop all over the mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Therefore, the present study was conducted in mid-hill regions lies in District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh out to know the epidemiology of rust disease on pea (Pisum sativum). A survey of total thirteen study sites was carried out and effects on different plant characteristics like plant height, number of leaves, pods (number of pods and seeds per pod), leaf length and length of pods was evaluated. Results revealed that rust disease on pea crop was observed from seven study areas. Disease symptoms appeared as rust sori of aecia, uredia and telia which poses severe infection on entire plant. Variable degrees of disease severity and incidence of pea rust was observed in different study areas where infection was observed. An increase in disease severity and incidence was observed with the growth of pea crop. The disease severity (DS) was found in the range of 1.4–46.3% whereas, diseases incidence (DI) was observed in the range of 3.3–47.5%. Analysis of results revealed that infected plants showed significant decline in plant height, number of leaves, pods (number of pods and seeds per pod) and leaf length as compare to healthy plants. The plant height of infected plants was observed in the range of 17.8-16.3cm, whereas, number of leaves, pods (number of pods and seeds per pod) and leaf length were observed in the range of 87-65.6, 16-14, 11-7 and 4-3cm respectively. However, no significant difference was recorded in length of pods in infected and healthy plants. It is necessary to use suitable preventive and curative control measures to avoid heavy losses in final yield. Besides the use of chemical pesticides, the use of mycorrhizal fungi now days is proving beneficial to enhance overall growth performance of the plants for sustainable agricultural production

In quest of phytopreservatives, the present experiment was designed to explore potential of edible mushroom extract for storage stability of chevon nuggets. Mushroom extract was added in the formulation at the rate of 0% (control), 5% (T1), 7.5% (T2), and 10% (T3). The shelf-life of products were compared with a control without extract. Physicochemical, antioxidant potential, oxidative changes, microbial quality, and sensory characteristics of these nuggets under refrigeration were assessed for 15 days. The results revealed that incorporation of mushroom extract significantly enhanced the total phenolic and DPPH radical scavenging efficacy of nuggets. Peroxide and TBARS values were also significantly ( P < 0.05 ) lower in treatments. Incorporation of extract did not affect the pH, water activity, and sensory characteristics. The microbial proliferation was also significantly ( P < 0.05 ) restricted during storage in treatments. Significant differences were evident at 7.5% level of incorporation (T2) which did not differ from that of 10% incorporation (T3). It can be concluded that incorporation of mushroom extract at 7.5% in chevon nuggets efficiently controls deteriorative changes up to 15 days of storage at refrigeration without affecting its sensory quality.

Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB) is a foliar disease, caused by a fungal pathogen (Setosphaeria turcica) that damages maize crop due to heavy losses in every year. A study was conducted for NCLB and identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in maize. Mapping population F2:3 families was developed involving two inbreds viz CM 212 (susceptible) & CM 145 (resistant).The F2:3 families mapping population was evaluated in two environments (BHU, Varanasi and Nagenahalli, Mandya) for resistance to NCLB. In the polymorphic survey about 360 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer used between two parents (CM 212 & CM 145)and identified 54 polymorphic markers. Data was recorded for disease severity traits viz Percent Disease Index (PDI), Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) based on PDI, Lesion Area, AUDPC based on lesion area in QTL Mapping. The QTLs were identified interestingly, on 4th chromosome viz: 4.03/4.05, 4.08/4.1, 4/4.07 and 4.08/4.1 from observed disease severity in both environments. The initially two QTLs (QTL-1 & QTL-2) detected with trait Percent Disease Index and other two (QTL 3 & QTL 4) detected with AUDPC based on PDI.

Soil amendment by organic matter (O.M.) has been widely accepted as an efficient nutrient-management technique in agriculture. The study was conducted as pot culture experiment at the Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.) Mirzapur, which is located in the Vindhyan zone of Mirzapur district at 25º 10” latitude, 82º 37” longitude with an altitude of 427 meters above the sea level. The soils of the study region are mostly having poor fertility and shallow depth. Different sources of organic manures Sewage Sludge (S.S), Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Vermi-Compost (V.C.) with different doses (10, 20 and 30 grams) were applied in pot along with soil and were incubated for 90 days. Required amount of water was added to soil in order to keep it moist as and when required. pH, electrical conductivity(E.C) , O.M. and nutrient content (N, P, K and S) had shown significant changes due to different treatments applied in soil. Applications of organic amendments in this study indicated considerable changes in the basic soil physio-chemical properties, different levels of available nutrient and their release pattern. With increase in doses of S.S and V.C. soil pH also increased but, it was decreased with increase in doses of FYM. Increase in the dose of S.S., F.Y.M. and V.C. had increased the E.C. and O.M. of soil. The available N content decreased with increase in the incubation interval. The available P increased from 30 Days After Incubation (DAI) to 60 DAI but it decreased at 90 DAI. Availability of S content increased with increase in duration of incubation period.

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive Rabi seasons 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Students’ Instructional Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The field experiment allocated three irrigation scheduling namely: I1: two irrigations at CRI (crown root initiation) and Jointing stage, I2: three irrigations at CRI, Jointing and Booting stage and I3: Four irrigations at CRI, Tillering, Booting and Milking stage, two moisture conservation practices viz: M0: without mulching and M1: Organic mulch at the rate of 10 t ha-1 + Kaolin 6% spray and three nutrient management practices viz: N1: 100% Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (150:60:40 kg ha-1 NPK), N2: 85% RDF + Farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5.0 t ha-1 and N3: 75% RDF + FYM @ 10.0 t ha-1. The field experiment was laid out in double split plot design with three replications. On pooled basis of two years experimentation the results indicated that, four irrigations at CRI, Tillering, Booting and Milking stage recorded significantly highest value of crop growth rate (CGR) (13.15 and 19.28 g m-2 day-1 at 30-60 and 60-90 days after sowing (DAS), respectively), grain yield (4381.60 kg ha-1) and consumptive use of water (457.39 mm) while, significantly highest water use efficiency (11.97 kg ha-1 mm) was received under two irrigations at CRI and Jointing stage over the rest of irrigation schedules. In respect of moisture conservation practices, organic mulch @ 10 t ha-1 + Kaolin 6% spray recorded significantly water use efficiency (11.41 kg ha-1 mm) compared to without mulching treatment while, highest consumptive use of water (380.72 mm) was recorded under without mulching. Integration of 85% RDF + FYM @ 5.0 t ha-1 recorded significantly maximum water use efficiency (10.99 kg ha-1 mm) compared to other treatments while, highest consumptive use of water (381.41 mm) was recorded under the treatment of 100% RDF.