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The Thanetian phosphatic series of Jebel Dyr syncline, northeastern Algeria, are analyzed for their paleontological content. Materials were concentrated by sample washing and outcrops surface collecting of friable phosphorites facies, yielding a multitude of phosphatised fish teeth rich in species of variable morphology, representing 28 species of Elasmobranchii. The fish fauna indicates tropical to temperate paleo-environmental conditions. Most of the species represent benthic/nektonic forms of coastal areas with neritic and midwater depths of the continental slope.

Monitoring evapotranspiration and surface energy fluxes over a range of spatial and temporal scales is crucial for many agroenvironmental applications. Different remote sensing based energy balance models have been developed, to estimate evapotranspiration at both field and regional scales. In this contribution, METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration), has been applied for the estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the Ghriss plain in Mascara (western Algeria), a semiarid region with heterogeneous surface conditions. Four images acquired during 2001 and 2002 by the Landsat-7 satellite were used. The METRIC model followed an energy balance approach, where evapotranspiration is estimated as the residual term when net radiation, sensible and soil heat fluxes are known. Different moisture indicators derived from the evapotranspiration were then calculated: reference evapotranspiration fraction, Priestley-Taylor parameter and surface resistance to evaporation. The evaluation of evapotranspiration and surface energy fluxes are accurate enough for the spatial variations of evapotranspiration rather satisfactory than sophisticated models without having to introduce an important number of parameters in input with difficult accessibility in routine. In conclusion, the results suggest that METRIC can be considered as an operational approach to predict actual evapotranspiration from agricultural areas having limited amount of ground information. Resumo O monitoramento dos fluxos de energia e da evapotranspiração em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais é crucial para muitas aplicações agroambientais. Diferentes modelos baseados no sensoriamento remoto têm sido desenvolvidos para estimativa da evapotranspiração tanto em escala local como em largas escalas. Neste contexto, o METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) tem sido aplicado para a estimative da evapotranspiração em “Ghriss plain” em Mascara, uma região semiárida no noroeste da Argélia com condições e superfícies heterogêneas. Quatro imagens adquiridas durante 2001 a 2002 com o sensor Landsat-7 ETM+ foram usadas. O modelo METRIC computa o balanço de energia onde a evapotranspiração é estimada como resíduo quando o saldo de radiação e os fluxos de calor sensível e no solo são conhecidos. Diferentes indicadores de umidade derivados da evapotranspiração foram então calculados: a fração da evapotranspiração de referência, o parâmetro Priestley-Taylor e a resistência da superfície à evapotranspiração. As avaliações da evapotranspiração e dos fluxos de energia foram suficientemente precisas para detecção das variações espaciais da evapotranspiração, sendo mais satisfatórias que aquelas provenientes de modelos sofisticados sem a necessidade de introdução de vários parâmetros de difícil obtenção rotineiramente. Concluiu-se que, pelos resultados da aplicação do METRIC, o modelo pode ser considerado operacional para predição da evapotranspiração atual em áreas agrícolas com informações de campo limitadas.

Background Patients with cervical dystonia (CD) typically require regular injections of botulinum toxin to maintain symptomatic control. We aimed to document long-term patient satisfaction with CD symptom control in a large cohort of patients treated in routine practice. Methods This was a prospective, international, observational study (NCT01753349) following the course of adult CD treated with botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) over 3 years. A comprehensive clinical assessment status was performed at each injection visit and subjects reported satisfaction in two ways: satisfaction with symptom control at peak effect and at the end of treatment cycle. Results Subject satisfaction remained relatively stable from the first to the last injection visit. At 3 years, 89.9% of subjects reported satisfaction with symptom control at peak effect and 55.6% reported satisfaction with symptom control at end of treatment cycle. By contrast, objective ratings of CD severity showed an overall reduction over 3 years. Mean ± SD Toronto Western Spasmodic Rating Scale (TWSTRS) Total scores (clinician assessed at end of treatment cycle) decreased from 31.59 ± 13.04 at baseline to 24.49 ± 12.43 at 3 years (mean ± SD reduction from baseline of − 6.97 ± 11.56 points). Tsui scale scores also showed gradual improvement; the percent of subjects with a tremor component score of 4 reduced from 12.4% at baseline to 8.1% at 3 years. Conclusions Despite objective clinical improvements over 3 years, subject satisfaction with symptom control remained relatively constant, indicating that factors other than symptom control also play a role in patient satisfaction.

In the world, people are increasingly exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes. To this end, seismic risk mapping remains an essential topic of study in order to minimize their destructive effects. These maps are needed for both seismic risk management and for the design of infrastructure. The challenge is to take into account local information provided by seismic sources (historical seismicity) as well as information related to active tectonic faults. In this article, we calculated the seismic risk in the Mascara Mountains (western Algeria) using the geo-metric characteristic of known faults. This study is based on an important collection of a tectonic database of these faults (Nature, geometry and geological context). This information is relevant for their seismic potential. Indeed, by including these formations we tried to compute the seismic risk this region characte-rized by weak seismicity. Our results show more or less alarming facts. Indeed, the magnitude values calculated are between 4.85 and 7.25, whereas the magnitudes obtained by experimental seismicity do not exceed 6 on the Richter scale. The values of the maximum ground acceleration (PGA) are between 0.03 and 0.28g. These results were compared with assessments made on the basis of historical seismicity; the maximum values obtained do not exceed 0.2 g. The higher values of magnitude calculated from the active faults is due to: (i) the nature of the faults (inverse, normal and strike slip), (ii) the geometry (length and depth) and (ii) that some of these faults may have an aseismic character.

The present investigation attempts to highlight clay minerals existing in fluvial shaly sandstones belonging to the Upper Triassic reservoir (Rhaetian) using the French abbreviation “TAGS” for Trias argilo-greseux superieur. This reservoir is localized in the Toual Field SE in Algeria. In absence of core samples, three types of clay minerals are detected by wireline log analysis and core data (porosity and permeability measurements). The Thomas and Stieber petrophysical model (shale volume vs. total porosity) was applied to differentiate allogenic clay (laminated and structural clays) from authigenic clay (dispersed clay). This model clearly shows that dispersed clay type has a leading presence in the reservoir’s sandstone. The Neasham petrophysical model (porosity versus permeability) allowed us to find that authigenic illite (a dispersed type of clay) is dominant in TAGS sandstones. This model also shows that permeability is highly influenced by authigenic illite whereas porosity is less affected.

Water management remains a complex task due to the multiplicity of users-consumers, which necessitates the use of planning tools and decision support in a rigorous manner. The objective of the present study is to find an alternative solution to the water use conflict applied to a scale of a hydrographic unit. Our choice focused on the Mebtouh River watershed (1306 km2), where there is a chronic water shortage. With an irrigated perimeter of 8200 ha and an urban area with a regional dimension, the hydraulic system is based on a Dam (Cheurfa) with a capacity of 83 hm3 and diversions by pumping over the river. The methodology adopted is the application of the WEAP software, with a view to constructing a water resource allocation model by 2050. The data set consists of the physical parameters of the study area, hydroclimatic records for the reference year (2015), and the estimation of urban and agricultural water demand sites. The results obtained by the WEAP model applied to our study area confirm the validation of the data used. Therefore, it is timely to develop a water resources management tool to reduce user-consumer tensions at the planned planning timeline.

In Algeria, the essential oils market is very modest and the development of this sector remains a problem to be solved. Artemisia herba alba (white wormwood) is aromatic and medicinal plant rich in essential oils. It is in great demand by the national and international industrial sectors: pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics …). The extraction by conventional hydrodistillation gives low yield, a solution presented in this article is to make a pulsed electric field treatment to intensify the extraction of essential oils. The results indicate a good influence of the PEF on the efficiency of HE with reduction of the extraction time. The extraction yields obtained, for example being 2.05% for only 30 min of distillation after treatment with PEF (3kV / cm, n = 100) is 03 times more than a traditional extraction. This result will undoubtedly have a major socio-economic impact.

Resume La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est la plus frequente des maladies neurodegeneratives du sujet âge apres la maladie d’Alzheimer. Elle ne connait pas d’etiologie, mais des facteurs genetiques et environnementaux sont incrimines dans la degenerescence des neurones dopaminergiques. Objectif Determiner les facteurs environnementaux et professionnels dans la survenue de la MP. Methodes Enquete cas-temoins multicentrique realisee dans trois CHU de l’ouest algerien. Les cas sont les malades atteints de la MP diagnostiquee par un neurologue ; les temoins sont des sujets indemnes de la maladie et apparies selon l’âge et le genre avec estimation du risque par le calcul des odds ratio avec IC95 % en analyse univariee puis multivariee par regression logistique. Resultats Au total, 321 cas ont ete apparies a 322 temoins. L’âge moyen de debut de la maladie etait de 60,24 ± 12,12 ans chez les hommes et de 61,39 ± 11,04 ans chez les femmes. En analyse univariee, antecedents familiaux de MP, la notion de traumatisme crânien dans le passe, le travail dans l’agriculture et dans l’administration publique ainsi que l’exposition aux pesticides et aux solvants sont des facteurs de risque de la MP. Apres ajustement (a l’âge, genre, traumatisme crânien, histoire familiale, et tabac a priser), les facteurs de risque professionnels sont restes significativement lies a la MP. Le travail dans la construction etait un facteur de protection. Conclusion Le travail dans l’agriculture, l’administration publique et l’exposition aux pesticides et aux solvants augmentent le risque de la MP. D’autres investigations sont necessaires afin de preciser le type de pesticides impliques dans la pathogenie de la maladie.

The aim of this work is to understand the role of unsaturated zone on the functioning of karst aquifers. The easy infiltration of water into the system explains the expansion of karstification through the saturated zone. The unsaturated zone is largely involved in the flow on the overall karstic system. For this purpose, we use the environmental tracing, namely the calco-carbonic equilibrium elements (CO2, CO32−, HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+), TOC, and isotopic elements (14C, 13C, and 3H) interesting tracers of residence time. Result obtained from TOC and Mg2+ enabled us to classify the behavior of systems to fissured type with a low average and restricted fluctuation of TOC concentrations and relatively high Mg2+ (inertial system). The second functioning type is characterized by a very high average and important variation of TOC with low contents of Mg2+ (perched system with fast infiltration). The values of 3H and 14C allow to distinguish three categories of water (old, mixture actual-old, and actual) with the predominance of actual waters. The comparison of the measured δ13C with those calculated shows that the majority of the karstic aquifers of Tlemcen Mountains are open systems with respect to the soil biogenic CO2. The piston flow in the unsaturated zone puts in charge the drains and stops drainage in the lower part of the system. The direct participation of infiltration is relatively low for all systems.

Water management remains a difficult and complex task due to the multiplicity of user-users, which necessitates the use of decision-making tools, especially in regions with high water stress. This paper attempts to test a model to develop an integrated water resource management scenario, applied to a watershed (Mabtouh River in northwestern Algeria), hosting hydro-agricultural infrastructure (dam, irrigated perimeter), an industrial zone as well as urban agglomerations. The methodology adopted consists in applying the Water Assessment and Planning System (WEAP) model based on a reference year dataset (2014), which attempts to consider the allocation of water to the Horizon 2050, according to two scenarios involving climatic constraint. The results lead to the implementation of scenarios contributing to reducing conflicts of use between consumers.

Mining Science

The objective of the present study is to present the parameters of the hydrological assessment of a steppe area from the data of remote sensing. ¶Adopted methodology rests on the cartography of the various parameters of the hydrous and energy balance on one year scale. ¶Several methods are used. ¶Thus, for cartography of precipitations, one uses in a combined way the relief, the distance of the sea and the exposure. ¶The second method is used for the cartography of the streaming on an each pixel scale. ¶This method utilizes a matrix which calls upon the information contained in space variability and information resulting from the first method. ¶The combination of information of precipitation and the streaming allow the development of the chart of infiltration. ¶The third method consists with the estimate of the evapotranspiration on broad scale. ¶This last method uses images AVHRR and the model of assessment of energy Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). ¶The quality and the space precision of these cartographies using imagery NOAA AVHRR open a broad hydrological field of application and can be extended for the exploration of all the Algerian steppe area.¶ Key words: Balance of water¶, Brezina, mapping, surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL), energy balance.

The sedimentary phosphate of marine origin mark the Paleo-Eocene period in the region of Tebessa, as elsewhere in northern Africa. The study sector of El Kouif is considered as a part of the eastern Saharan Atlas. The lithological description of the studied Cups has allowed showing a bundle of phosphate take by carbonate formations sprinkle of flint. The grain size analysis of sandyphosphorites revealed phospharenite deposits which were generally heterometric and misclassified. Moreover, the mineralogical and magnetic analysis of some samples of phosphatic sands showed a predominance of light minerals. As well as the sorting and morphoscopic observation led the isolation of coprolites, of fossil teeth of fish and lithoclasts but mainly ovoid phosphatic pellets. The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of apatitic minerals (Hydroxyapatite, Fluroapatite, francolite and Dahlias), of carbonates (Calcite, Magnesium calcite, Ankerite, dolomite), the quartz, opal-CT and even sulphides and gypsum. The petrographic analysis of phosphate samples has permit to surround primordially, a phosphatic pellets rich in organic matter, devoid of nucleus and others nucleated. The phases of connections are clay, carbonate or silica. The notable amounts of allochems have an impact on textures of typewackstone, packstone, and sometimes grainstone for bio-pel-microspars.

Ouarsenis mountain range located in the NW of Algeria is affected by numerous slope instabilities: (i) rock falls, related to Jurassic limestone formation and (ii) landslides initiated on moderate slopes angles ranging from 11 to 22 %, which can be related to very sensible lithology (colluviums and turbidity). These slopes show an important fluid circulation activity. This circulation is ensured by a complex karstic system embedded within the limestone mountains in high altitude (>900 m). The rose diagrams establishing of faults lineation, landslides, and elongate slope axis show a strong coincidence between the tectonic fractures and the rupture axis (RA) of the landslides (N10°, N40°, N120°, N140°). The orientations of elongate slope axis coincide mainly with the directions ~N30° and ~N160. The north slopes are affected by a high number of identified landslides because these mountain sides correspond to wetland areas. The topographic and border conditions can highly control the geometry of the landslides: the type of slope and the spread in length of the destabilized materials are strongly related. This is confirmed by the possible linear fit which links the mobility index to the maximum length of the landslides, either with fluid flow or situated in the front of tectonics overlap; these two types of landslides are characterized by low coefficients of friction 0.23 and 0.24, respectively. The landslides situated above the geomorphologic knickpoint are represented by a higher friction coefficient (0.25), as well as landslides initiated in zones without seepage water (0.29): these different apparent friction values can explained the spread in length variability of the debris. Moreover, the high landslide zone is located near a seismic area which can be related to an active deformation process associated to seismogenic faults (e.g., the earthquake which occurred in the Chlef area in October 1980).

L’effet conjugué de la sécheresse et de l’affectation prioritaire des eaux du triplex à l’eau potable d’Oran se sont traduits par une réduction importante des irrigations ; les sols agrumicoles et oléicoles irriguées se sont réduits considérablement. L’objet de cette contribution consiste à l’évaluation de cette nouvelle expérience de la gestion de l’eau à l’échelle de la parcelle, en vue de l’identification les contraintes liées au mode de gestion des ressources en eau. Le site expérimental retenu a été porté sur le périmètre irrigué Habra, surtout à l’organisation générale de l’irrigation ONID des outils d’aide à l’exploitation et de gestion de systèmes hydrauliques en simulant le stockage disponible et l’utilisation de la ressource en eau depuis les ouvrages de mobilisation jusqu’à la desserte . La méthodologie adoptée dans ce travail est basée sur la création un modèle qui servira à réduire la période et l’effort d’organisation des tours d’eau, résoudre le problème lié à l’usage de l’eau en présence des incidences, conflit amont aval du vol d’eau, minimisé les pertes d’eau et une durée minimale d’arrosage.

The Ouarsenis area is one of the most developed karstic systems of Algeria. It is a karst reservoir drinking water with a population of more than 50,000 people taking fully benefit from it. To understand the development of this karstic system, the local tectonic history of the four main mountain ranges of this culminating area (Ouarsenis) has been analyzed. Although previously identified primarily Cenozoic tectonic activities have been observed, a set of NW-SE joints intersecting the Jurassic limestone has been associated to a post-nappes tectonic events. Moreover, numerous joint sets oriented NNE/SSW have been identified almost over the entire culminating area. These joints are the direct consequence of the following stress history: (i) a NW/SE shortening responsible for a major overlap and the first fold (P1) phase, (ii) a second NNE/SSW shortening stage responsible for the second folding (P2) phase associated with 70° N sinistral strike-slip trend, (iii) a WNW/ESE extension phase resulting from the change of σ 3 stress vertical axis, and (iv) a shearing stress creating a 120° N sinistral strike-slip fault. Only the late phases are responsible of the development of joints, which have been karstified later on. Indeed, significant families of karstified joints, i.e., 20° and 70° N have been found. These joints are related to the extensional and shearing modes, respectively, and linked to a particular in situ karstogenesis. Moreover, this study suggests an ancient establishment of the karstic systems in the Ouarsenis region in at least two stages: pre-figured and activated behaviors during the Cenozoic.

Background/Aims: The prevalence of epilepsy in Algeria is unknown. The aims of this multicenter transversal study were to determine the national prevalence and clinical characteristics of epilepsy in the Algerian population. Methods: This two-phase study was conducted in 5 circumscriptions and included 8,046 subjects aged over 2 months who attended the randomly selected public and private primary care clinics. In the phase 1 study, a questionnaire was submitted to the sample of patients. In the phase 2 study, all potentially epileptic people were examined by neurologists and a second questionnaire was submitted, eventually assessed by appropriate investigations. Results: Sixty-seven patients were identified as having active epilepsy, giving a crude prevalence ratio of 8.32 per 1,000 (95% CI, 6.34–10.3) and an age-adjusted prevalence ratio of 8.9 per 1,000. The highest age-specific ratio was found in patients aged 10–19 years (16.92 per 1,000). Generalized seizures (68.7%) were more common than partial seizures (29.8%). Perinatal injuries were the major leading putative causes (11.9%). Conclusion: The prevalence of epilepsy of 8.32 determined in this study is relatively high. These results provide new epidemiological data and suggest that epilepsy remains an important public health issue to consider in Algeria.

I.Contexte du travail: Actuellement on remarque que L‟extraction et la mise en évidence de données pertinentes est une tâche difficile, en particulier lorsque les utilisateurs sont confrontés à de gros volumes de données pouvant être comparées selon de nombreux critères et que la majorité des requêtes employées par les décideurs ont une complexité très élevée en terme de calcul et nécessite par fois des mécanismes d‟optimisation. Dans ce contexte la communauté de recherche a introduit le concept de „‟Skyline‟‟ qui représente une solution Pareto optimale aux problèmes d‟optimisation multicritères (ou multi-objectifs). Dans les années 60, ce problème était connu comme le problème de la recherche des points adminissibles ou des vecteurs maximaux. Ces premiers algorithmes se sont montrés inefficaces dans le contexte des grandes bases de données, contenant de nombreux points et de nombreux critères. Les auteurs de furent les premiers à proposer des solutions dans ce contexte en intégrant un opérateur Skyline étendent le langage SQL. Désormais de nombreux outils d‟aide à la décision intègrent des méthodes de recherche de Skyline et permettent de formuler des requêtes multicritères et d‟extraire les points globalement optimaux pour l‟ensemble des critères considérés

Ethnopharmacological relevance Medicinal plants are considered as a rich source of bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to document the local knowledge of medicinal plants' use by traditional healers in Mascara, North-west Algeria. Materials and methods The present study was carried out in Mascara (North West of Algeria). Ethnobotanical data were recorded from 43 traditional healers practicing in Mascara. Data collected was analysed using quantitative indices such as the use value (UV), fidelity level (FL) and Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Results Traditional healers reported 141 medicinal plant species belonging to 54 families and 125 genera for the treatment of different ailments grouped into 14 ailments categories. Lamiaceae were the most represented family with 19 species (13.57%) followed by Asteracea, Apiaceae and Fabaceae. Thymus vulgaris L. was the most frequently used by local informants, with the highest UV of 0.883 (38 use reports). Our findings revealed that 39 species have not been previously reported as medicinal plants in the region. Furthermore, we report for the first time a total of 100 new therapeutic uses for 37 known plant species. FIC values ranged from 0.125 to 0.658. Gastro-intestinal diseases had the highest FIC (0.658) with 60 species and 261 use reports. Conclusion The present study revealed the important local knowledge as showed by the variety of species used to treat several ailments. Recorded species with high UV should be subjects of further pharmacological studies to validate their popular use and to isolate the bioactive compounds.

Stratigraphic, sedimentological and magnetic study was conducted on alluvial terraces, rich in archaeological tools, site BEN HLIEM in northeastern Algeria. The sedimentological point of view, the sediments are dominated by the sand fraction followed by the silt fraction; moderate levels of CaCO3 are the result of the dissolution of the surrounding limestone hills (Maastrichtian limestone). The observation morphoscopic quartz grains under a binocular microscope allows us to offer a more or less important development since they are often dull or sub-blunted. The exoscopy quartz grains shows that these grains have undergone a complex evolution before capital episode in the terrace. The results of the study are consistent with magnetic of the sedimentological study. The values of the magnetic susceptibility are strong in the middle part of the stratigraphic section (just above the archaeological level) and decreased slightly at the top. The lowest values are stored in the lower part. The dependence of frequency values of magnetic susceptibility (fdχ) are strong throughout the stratigraphic section and indicate the presence of a mixture of single-domain grain size (R), pseudo-single domain (PMD) and superparamagnetic (SP) (with a predominance of SP grains). The high concentration of SP grain size indicates the presence of an important soil formation during the implementation of the sediment., Une étude stratigraphique, sédimentologique et magnétique a été réalisée sur des terrasses alluviales, riches en outils archéologiques, du site BEN HLIEM, dans le nord-est de l'Algérie. Du point de vue sédimentologique, les sédiments sont dominés par la fraction sableuse suivie par la fraction limoneuse; les teneurs modérées en CaCO 3 sont le résultat de la dissolution des reliefs calcaires avoisinants (calcaire maastrichtien). L'observation morphoscopique des grains de quartz à la loupe binoculaire permet de proposer une évolution plus ou moins importante, puisqu'ils sont souvent émoussés ou sub-émoussés. L'exoscopie des grains de quartz montre que ces grains ont subi une évolution complexe avant leur épisode d'immobilisation dans la terrasse. Les résultats de l'étude magnétique concordent avec ceux de l'étude sédimentologique. Les valeurs de la susceptibilité magnétique sont fortes dans la partie médiane de la coupe stratigraphique (juste au-dessus du niveau archéologique) et diminuent légèrement dans la partie supérieure. Les plus faibles valeurs sont enregistrées dans la partie inférieure. Les valeurs de la dépendance en fréquence de la susceptibilité magnétique (xχ fd) sont fortes tout le long de la coupe stratigraphique et témoignent de la présence d'un Approche Stratigraphique et Sedimentologique de Terrasses Alluviales Quaternaires du Site de Ben Hliem Sud-Ouest de Tébessa, (Algérie) 396 mélange de grains de taille monodomaine (MD), pseudo-monodomaine (PMD) et superparamagnétiques (SP) (avec une prédominance des grains SP). La forte concentration de grains de taille SP révèle la présence d'une pédogenèse importante lors de la mise en place des sédiments.