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L'objectif de cette recherche est d'évaluer l'efficacité du protocole de traitement intégratif de groupe par la désensibilisation et le retraitement par les mouvements oculaires (PTIG-EMDR) dans la réduction des symptômes d'état de stress post-traumatique (ESPT) liés au diagnostic et au traitement de différents types de cancer chez des femmes adultes. La thérapie intensive PTIG-EMDR a été administrée pendant trois jours consécutifs, deux fois par jour, à 24 femmes adultes diagnostiquées avec différents types de cancer (cancer du col de l'utérus, du sein, du côlon, de la vessie et de la peau) et présentant des symptômes d'ESPT liés à leur diagnostic et à leur traitement. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide d'une ANOVA factorielle sur les effets du PTIG-EMDR, évalués avec le Short PTSD Rating Interview (entretien court d'évaluation de l'ESPT) comme variable dépendante, et le groupe (deux groupes de patientes : phase active et phase de suivi du traitement du cancer) et le temps (quatre intervalles de temps) comme variables indépendantes. Des analyses post hoc ont été effectuées. Les résultats ont montré des effets principaux significatifs pour le temps et le groupe. Aucune interaction importante n'a été observée. Les résultats ont également montré une amélioration subjective globale chez les participantes. Cette étude pilote suggère qu'une administration intensive du PTIG-EMDR peut être un apport valable pour des patients atteints du cancer et présentant des symptômes d'ESPT liés au diagnostic et au traitement. D'autres recherches comportant des études contrôlées randomisées seront nécessaires pour démontrer l'efficacité du PTIG-EMDR sur cette population.

A study on cosmic muons has been performed for the two identical near and far neutrino detectors of the Double Chooz experiment, placed at $\sim$120 and $\sim$300 m.w.e. underground respectively, including the corresponding simulations using the MUSIC simulation package. This characterization has allowed to measure the muon flux reaching both detectors to be (3.64 $\pm$ 0.04) $\times$ 10$^{-4}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ for the near detector and (7.00 $\pm$ 0.05) $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ for the far one. The seasonal modulation of the signal has also been studied observing a positive correlation with the atmospheric temperature, leading to an effective temperature coefficient of $\alpha_{T}$ = 0.212 $\pm$ 0.024 and 0.355 $\pm$ 0.019 for the near and far detectors respectively. These measurements, in good agreement with expectations based on theoretical models, represent one of the first measurements of this coefficient in shallow depth installations., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures

Lancé à l’occasion du Grenelle de l’environnement de 2007, le plan Ecophyto a pour objectif de réduire de moitié le recours aux produits phytopharmaceutiques en France, à l’horizon 2025. Certaines des substances jugées préoccupantes ont déjà été retirées du marché et d’autres, à l’instar du glyphosate ou des néonicotinoïdes, le seront dans les années à venir. C’est une excellente nouvelle pour l’environnement comme pour notre santé. Mais ça n’est pas sans conséquence pour l’ensemble des filières agricoles. En effet, par quoi va-t-on remplacer les produits phytosanitaires pour protéger les cultures des bioagresseurs qui les menacent? Ne risque-t-on pas de voir ressurgir des maladies ou des insectes phytophages jusqu’alors efficacement contrôlés? Et comment lutter contre les nouvelles espèces envahissantes venues du bout du monde et qui se répandent à toute vitesse sur notre territoire? Pour faire face à ces immenses défis, l’Inra est en première ligne. Et parmi les stratégies mises en œuvre pour y répondre, le biocontrôle figure en tête de liste. Le biocontrôle, c’est un ensemble de méthodes de protection des cultures basées sur l’utilisation d’organismes vivants ou de substances naturelles. Les produits de biocontrôle sont classés en quatre catégories: les macro-organismes (principalement insectes, nématodes, acariens...), les micro-organismes (virus, bactéries, champignons...), les médiateurs chimiques tels que les phéromones et enfin les substances naturelles d’origine minérale, végétale ou animale. L’Inra n’a pas attendu Ecophyto pour s’intéresser au biocontrôle. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les chercheurs mènent des travaux sur les interactions entre les plantes et leurs ravageurs. Ils développent des méthodes de lutte qui, utilisées seules ou dans le cadre d’une stratégie de contrôle globale, jouent un rôle croissant dans la protection des cultures. Et l’Institut est à l’origine d’innovations qui sont utilisées dans le monde entier, telles que la confusion sexuelle à l’aide de phéromones. En tant qu’organisme public de recherche finalisée, l’Inra s’associe à des partenaires privés pour mettre au point des solutions de biocontrôle et étudie leurs impacts sur la santé et l’environnement. L’Institut propose également des pistes pour aménager les paysages agricoles, en vue de favoriser le développement ou la conservation des auxiliaires de cultures, alliés précieux en agriculture.

Le protocole EMDR (désensibilisation et retraitement par les mouvements oculaires) individuel pour une utilisation paraprofessionnelle dans les situations de traumatisme aigu (EMDR-PROPARA) fait partie d'un projet développé à l'initiative du Dr Francine Shapiro. Cet essai clinique randomisé a examiné l'efficacité de ce protocole, administré par des thérapeutes EMDR expérimentés. Trente-neuf premiers intervenants en service actif ayant subi des traumatismes ont été répartis de manière aléatoire en deux groupes et ont reçu des séances de quatre-vingt-dix minutes, soit d'EMDR-PROPARA, soit de thérapie de soutien. Les participants du groupe EMDR-PROPARA ont montré une amélioration immédiatement après le traitement, et leurs scores au Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT), lors d'un suivi à trois mois, avaient encore baissé. Comparativement, les participants du groupe ayant bénéficié de la thérapie de soutien présentaient une amélioration non significative après le traitement et une augmentation des scores au SPRINT lors du second suivi. La différence significative entre les deux traitements donne un support préliminaire à l'hypothèse de l'efficacité de l'EMDR-PROPARA pour réduire la gravité des symptômes post-traumatiques et favoriser une amélioration subjective globale. Les auteurs recommandent que des études mieux contrôlées soient menées afin d'évaluer plus précisément l'efficacité de cette intervention.

This research evaluated the effectiveness of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents (EMDR-PRECI) in reducing posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the explosion in an explosives manufacturing factory north of Mexico City that killed 7 employees. The EMDR-PRECI was administered on 2 consecutive days to 25 survivors who had posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the critical incident. Participants’ mean score on the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) was 22, well above the clinical cutoff of 14. They were randomly assigned to immediate and waitlist/delayed treatment conditions and therapy was provided within 15 days of the explosion. Results showed significant main effects for the condition factor, F(1, 80) = 67.04, p < .000. SPRINT scores were significantly different across time showing the effects of the EMDR therapy through time, F(3, 80) = 150.69, p < .000. There was also a significant interaction effect, condition by time, F(2, 80) = 55.45, p < .001. There were significant differences between the two treatment conditions at Time 2 (post-immediate treatment vs. post-waitlist/delayed), t(11) = −10.08, p < .000. Treatment effects were maintained at 90-day follow-up. Results also showed an overall subjective improvement in the participants. This randomized controlled trial provides evidence for the efficacy of EMDR-PRECI in reducing posttraumatic stress symptoms after a technological disaster.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-IGTP) in reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancer in adult women. EMDR-IGTP intensive therapy was administered for 3 consecutive days, twice daily, to 24 adult women diagnosed with different types of cancer (cervical, breast, colon, bladder, and skin) who had PTSD symptoms related to their diagnosis and treatment. The data was analyzed using factorial ANOVA with the effects of the EMDR-IGTP evaluated with the Short PTSD Rating Interview as dependent variable and group (two groups of patients: active phase and follow-up phase of cancer treatment) and time (four time points) as independent variables. Post hoc analyses were carried out. Results showed significant main effects for time and group. No significant interaction was found. Results also showed an overall subjective improvement in the participants. This pilot study suggests that intensive administration of the EMDR-IGTP can be a valuable support for cancer patients with PTSD symptoms related to their diagnosis and treatment. Further research with randomized controlled studies is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR-IGTP in this population.

Identification du locus synthétisant l’odilorhabdine, antibiotique produit par Xenorhabdus nematophila. Congrès de la Société Française de Microbiologie (SFM)

DNA Adenine Methyltransferase (Dam) plays a role in Photorhabdus luminescens motility and virulence in insects. Congrès de la Société Française de Microbiologie (SFM)

Vaccination is a major stake of primary prevention but is increasingly weakened by its own success. The emergence of a category of patients known as « hesitant », largely influenced by mass media, jeopardizes future immunization coverage. To deal with these patients, whose doubts are fed on erroneous informations, lack of confidence in the health system and their own representations, communication about immunization is difficult, especially for the primary care physician who remains the principal interlocutor and the most reliable source of information for patients. In this paper, we suggest some communication tools to help physicians deal with their « hesitant » patients.La vaccination est un enjeu majeur de prévention primaire mais de plus en plus fragilisée par son propre succès. On assiste à l’émergence d’une catégorie de patients que l’on qualifie de « réticents », principalement influencée par les médias grand public, et mettant en péril la couverture vaccinale future. Face à ces patients, dont les doutes sont nourris d’informations erronées, d’un manque de confiance envers le système de santé et de représentations propres à chacun, la communication sur la vaccination est délicate, surtout pour le médecin de premier recours (MPR) qui reste l’interlocuteur privilégié et s’avère être la source d’informations la plus sûre aux yeux des patients. Nous proposons dans cet article quelques outils de communication afin d’aider le MPR à faire face aux patients réticents.

Dam overexpression increases biofilms formation but impairs motility and pathogenicity of Photorhabdus luminescens. 7. congress of European Microbiologists FEMS 2017

La place de l'individu bactérien dans les interactions tripartites entre [i]Xenorhabdus/Photorhabdus[/i], les nématodes et les insectes. Les Entomophagistes

Ineluctable cheaters emergence in pathogens : the case of [i]Xenorhabdus[/i]. Meeting 2017 LabEx TULIP

A New Member of the Growing Family of Contact- Dependent Growth Inhibition Systems in [i]Xenorhabdus doucetiae[/i]. Réseau Ecologie des Interactions Durables (REID)

Phenotypic switching in Xenorhabdus: some hints on how and why. Réseau Ecologie des Interactions Durables (REID)

Some of the bacterial cells in isogenic populations behave differently from others. We describe here how a new type of phenotypic heterogeneity relating to resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) is determinant for the pathogenic infection process of the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. We demonstrate that the resistant subpopulation, which accounts for only 0.5% of the wild-type population, causes septicemia in insects. Bacterial heterogeneity is driven by the PhoPQ two-component regulatory system and expression of pbgPE, an operon encoding proteins involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modifications. We also report the characterization of a core regulon controlled by the DNA-binding PhoP protein, which governs virulence in P. luminescens. Comparative RNAseq analysis revealed an upregulation of marker genes for resistance, virulence and bacterial antagonism in the pre-existing resistant subpopulation, suggesting a greater ability to infect insect prey and to survive in cadavers. Finally, we suggest that the infection process of P. luminescens is based on a bet-hedging strategy to cope with the diverse environmental conditions experienced during the lifecycle.

Childhood obesity is a critical and growing public health crisis across the world, with implications ranging from the development of noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, which has been especially revelant in recent months due to the associated risk with COVID-19 recovery, to psychosocial consequences such as low self-esteem. Habits pertaining to diet and exercise may affect a child’s risk of becoming obese, with consumption of processed foods or a lack of physical exercise as risk factors. The objective of this study was to implement a school-based progam in two cities in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, with the goal of preventing the development of childhood obesity through building life skills, gaining knowledge, and reducing psychosocial barriers to adopting a healthier lifestyle. Teachers were trained in workshops which prepared them to facilitate life skills, reduce psychosocial barriers and disseminate information through interactive activities with their fourth and fifth grade students, as well as engage in conferences with parents to review similar content regarding healthy practices. Results showed a statistically significant increase in the teacher’s role as a health promoter in the classroom, compared with a no treatment group (F1,74=4,302, p=0.042, η2=0.57), an increase in knowledge about diabetes and health care, as well as increased capability in taking care of their own diet (F1,74=6.103, p=0.006, η2=0.937). Students’ results in the treatment group showed a significant effect in knowledge about the healthy portion size of various types of food including the importance of daily consumption of vegetables (F1,1596=4.033, p=0.045), a significant decrease in consumption of junk food and sodas (F1, 1593=7.074, p=0.008), and a significant decrease in drinking soda (F1,1593=6.618, p=0.010), compared with a no treatment group. Parents increased their knowledge of maintaining healthy eating habits and the importance of exercise as well as their self confidence to promote healthy habits in the family. These results demonstrate the success of the implementation of this comprehensive model based on life skills and intrinsic empowerment in encouraging behaviors as well as emotional and physical habits that reduce risk of childhood obesity, although long-term tracking of indicators such as body mass index (BMI) are needed to determine the efficacy of the program over an extended period of time.

This longitudinal multicenter randomized controlled trial has three objectives 1) to evaluate the EMDR-PRECI in the remission of the PTSD Diagnosis on female minors who were victims of sexual and/or physical violence compared to treatment as usual (TAU), 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the EMDR-PRECI in the reduction of the PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms of the participants compared with TAU, and 3) to expand the knowledge on the existing correlation between the PCL-5 core criteria for PTSD provisional diagnosis and the CAPS-5 PTSD clinical diagnosis on this population. The study was conducted in 2019 in the cities of Puebla, Mexico, and Mexico City, in three sites of a non-profit organization who provide services to women in vulnerable situations. A total of 32 minors met the inclusion criteria. Participants’ ages ranged from 12 to 17 years old (M =15.35 years old). Participation was voluntary with the participant’s and their legal guardian's consent. It is relevant to mention that 31 of the 32 participants were pregnant during treatment with an average of 24.63 weeks (6.15 months) of pregnancy. All patients in the EMDR treatment group did not meet PTSD diagnostic criteria after treatment and at 90-days-follow-up assessments, while all patients in the TAU group maintained their PTSD baseline clinical diagnosis after treatment and at 90-days-follow-up assessments. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements were used for PTSD, Anxiety and Depression; t test and Cohen´s d effect size were calculated using within and between designs for the different measurements. ANOVA revealed a significant effect for time (F (2, 52) = 149.53 p

El Protocolo Individual de Terapia de Reprocesamiento y Desensibilización a través del Movimiento Ocular para uso de Paraprofesionales en situaciones de trauma agudo (EMDR-PROPARA), es parte de un proyecto desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de la Dra. Francine Shapiro. Este estudio aleatorio controlado investigó la efectividad del protocolo administrado por Terapeutas EMDR con experiencia. En el estudio participaron 39 auxiliadores traumatizados y en servicio activo, que fueron asignados al azar para recibir una sesión de 90 minutos, ya fuera del EMDR-PROPARA o de Consejería de Apoyo. Los participantes tratados con el EMDR-PROPARA mostraron beneficios inmediatos después del tratamiento; con un decremento de los puntajes de la Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT), que continuó observándose hasta el segundo seguimiento a los tres meses. En comparación, los participantes que fueron tratados con Consejería de Apoyo, tuvieron un decremento no significativo después del tratamiento y un aumento en los puntajes del SPRINT en el segundo seguimiento. Las diferencias significativas entre los dos tratamientos proporcionan evidencia preliminar, que apoya la eficacia del EMDR-PROPARA para reducir la severidad de los síntomas postraumáticos y en la mejoría subjetiva global. Se recomienda realizar mayor investigación controlada para evaluar de manera más extensa la eficacia de esta intervención.

Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus are symbionts of soil entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema. This symbiotic association constitutes an insecticidal complex active against a wide range of insect pests. Unlike other Xenorhabdus species, Xenorhabdus poinarii is avirulent when injected into insects in the absence of its nematode host. We sequenced the genome of the X. poinarii strain G6 and the closely related but virulent Xenorhabdus doucetiae strain FRM16. G6 had a smaller genome (500-700 kb smaller) than virulent Xenorhabdus strains and lacked genes encoding potential virulence factors (haemolysins, type 5 secretion systems, enzymes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, toxin-antitoxin systems). The genomes of all the X. poinarii strains analysed here had a similar small size. We did not observe the accumulation of pseudogenes, insertion sequences or decrease in coding density usually seen as a sign of genomic erosion driven by genetic drift in host-adapted bacteria. Instead, genome reduction of X. poinarii seems to have been mediated by the excision of genomic blocks from the flexible genome, as reported for the genomes of attenuated free pathogenic bacteria and some facultative mutualistic bacteria growing exclusively within hosts. This evolutionary pathway probably reflects the adaptation of X. poinarii to specific host.

Spodoptera littoralis, one of the major pests of many important crop plants, is more susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai delta-endotoxins than to those of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki. Within the framework of the development of efficient bioinsecticides and the prevention against insect resistance, we tested the effect of mixing B. thuringiensis kurstaki delta-endotoxins and Photorhabdus luminescens cells on S. littoralis growth. The obtained results showed that the growth inhibition of this insect was more effective when B. thuringiensis kurstaki spore-crystal mixture and Photorhabdus luminescens cells were used in combination. Furthermore, this synergism is mainly due to the presence of Cry1Ac, which is one of the three delta-endotoxins that form the crystal of B. thuringiensis kurstaki strain BNS3 in addition to Cry1Aa and Cry2Aa. This work shows a possibility to use B. thuringiensis as a delivery means for Photorhabdus bacteria in order to infect the insect hemocoel and to reduce the risk of developing resistance in the target organism.

There is a complex interplay between the regulation of flagellar motility and the expression of virulence factors in many bacterial pathogens. Here, we review the literature on the direct and indirect roles of flagellar motility in mediating the tripartite interaction between entomopathogenic bacteria (Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus), their nematode hosts, and their insect targets. First, we describe the swimming and swarming motility of insect pathogenic bacteria and its impact on insect colonization. Then, we describe the coupling between the expression of flagellar and virulence genes and the dynamic of expression of the flagellar regulon during invertebrate infection. We show that the flagellar type 3 secretion system (T3SS) is also an export apparatus for virulence proteins in X. nematophila. Finally, we demonstrate that phenotypic variation, a common property of the bacterial symbionts of nematodes, also alters flagellar motility in Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. Finally, the so-called phenotypic heterogeneity phenomenon in the flagellar gene expression network will be also discussed. As the main molecular studies were performed in X. nematophila, future perspectives for the study of the interplay between flagellum and invertebrate interactions in Photorhabdus will be discussed.

Determine the frequency of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) associated with non-identified ANCA (non-MPO, non-PR3 ANCA) and secondarily compare their clinic with GPA associated with MPO-positive or PR3-positive ANCA.In a monocentric retrospective observational study, clinical data of 398 patients with non-identified ANCA (titer of ANCA at least 1/80 by immunofluorescence on ethanol fixed PMN) was gathered over a period of 6 years. GPA patients from this population were compared with GPA patients with identified ANCA on the basis of clinical, biological, immunological and histological features.The most common diseases associated with non-identified ANCA were inflammatory bowel diseases accounting for 17% of diseases. GPA accounted for only 1.8% of cases. There were no significant differences in terms of clinical and histological characteristics between GPA with non-identified ANCA and GPA with identified ANCA, but significantly higher CRP levels were observed in GPA patients with identified ANCA (p = 0.005). Localized disease (ear, nose and throat and/or lung involvement without any other systemic involvement) was more frequent in the group of GPA with nonidentified ANCA (p = 0.047) as compared to GPA with identified ANCA. This explains that the former group of patients was less frequently treated by cyclophosphamide than the latter (p = 0.016).GPA with non-MPO, non-PR3 ANCAs is relatively rare. Our study suggests that GPA with nonidentified ANCA differs from GPA with identified ANCA by the frequency of localized forms.

The Tetraconata (Pancrustacea) concept proposes that insects are more closely related to aquatic crustaceans than to terrestrial centipedes or millipedes. The question therefore arises whether insects have kept crustacean-specific genetic traits that could be targeted by specific toxins. Here we show that a toxin (nigritoxin), originally identified in a bacterial pathogen of shrimp, is lethal for organisms within the Tetraconata and non-toxic to other animals. X-ray crystallography reveals that nigritoxin possesses a new protein fold of the α/β type. The nigritoxin N-terminal domain is essential for cellular translocation and likely encodes specificity for Tetraconata. Once internalized by eukaryotic cells, nigritoxin induces apoptotic cell death through structural features that are localized in the C-terminal domain of the protein. We propose that nigritoxin will be an effective means to identify a Tetraconata evolutionarily conserved pathway and speculate that nigritoxin holds promise as an insecticidal protein., The Tetraconata concept suggests that insects and crustaceans may share evolutionarily conserved pathways. Here, the authors describe the animal tropism and structure-function relationship of nigritoxin, showing that this protein is lethal for insects and crustaceans but harmless to other animals.

Dam, the most described bacterial DNA-methyltransferase, is widespread in gamma-proteobacteria. Dam DNA methylation can play a role in various genes expression and is involved in pathogenicity of several bacterial species. The purpose of this study was to determine the role played by the dam ortholog identified in the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Complementation assays of an Escherichia coli dam mutant showed the restoration of the DNA methylation state of the parental strain. Overexpression of dam in P. luminescens did not impair growth ability in vitro. In contrast, compared to a control strain harboring an empty plasmid, a significant decrease in motility was observed in the dam-overexpressing strain. A transcriptome analysis revealed the differential expression of 208 genes between the two strains. In particular, the downregulation of flagellar genes was observed in the dam-overexpressing strain. In the closely related bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila, dam overexpression also impaired motility. In addition, the dam-overexpressing P. luminescens strain showed a delayed virulence compared to that of the control strain after injection in larvae of the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis. These results reveal that Dam plays a major role during P. luminescens insect infection.

The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) individual protocol for paraprofessional use in acute trauma situations (EMDR-PROPARA) is part of a project developed at the initiative of Dr. Francine Shapiro. This randomized clinical trial examined the effectiveness of the protocol administered by experienced EMDR therapists. There were 39 traumatized first responders on active duty randomly assigned to receive two 90-min sessions of either EMDR-PROPARA or of supportive counseling. Participants in the EMDR-PROPARA group showed benefits immediately after treatment, with their scores on the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) showing further decreases at 3-month follow-up. In comparison, supportive counseling participants experienced a nonsignificant decrease after treatment and an increase in the SPRINT scores at the second follow-up. The significant difference between the two treatments provides preliminary support for EMDR-PROPARA’s effectiveness in reducing severity of posttraumatic symptoms and subjective global improvement. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the efficacy of this intervention.

Comparative genomics in the entomopathogenic genera [i]Xenorhabdus[/i] and [i]Photorhabdus[/i]: insight in the XaxAB binary cytolysin-encoding locus. 49. Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology

Resume L’hypothese neurodeveloppementale est aujourd’hui l’un des modeles phares pour expliquer la schizophrenie. Selon ce modele, la schizophrenie est la consequence d’anomalies cerebrales precoces engendrees par l’interaction de facteurs genetiques et de facteurs environnementaux. Les donnees en faveur de ce modele sont nombreuses. Plusieurs etudes retrouvent des anomalies perinatales beaucoup plus nombreuses que chez les sujets controles. Sur le plan clinique, les sujets schizophrenes presentent de multiples deficits cognitifs bien avant l’eclosion de la maladie. Ces anomalies parfois subtiles sont selon le modele neurodeveloppemental l’expression des anomalies precoces du systeme nerveux central. Ces donnees sont concordantes avec les donnees en imagerie cerebrale qui montrent des anomalies precoces mais egalement des changements progressifs du systeme nerveux central. Enfin, les donnees genetiques et histologiques confirment que les genes impliques dans la schizophrenie sont les genes codant les differentes etapes du developpement du systeme nerveux central.

Xenorhabdus nematophila engages in complex interactions with invertebrates, through its symbiosis with soil nematodes and its pathogenicity to a broad range of insect larvae. Among the regulatory proteins of Xenorhabdus involved in host interactions, the sigma factor FliA and the regulator FliZ, expressed from the fliAZ operon, play a key role in mediating the production of exoenzymes, motility and full virulence in insects (Lanois et al., 2008). In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the FliA-dependent flagellin gene fliC and FliZ-dependent haemolysin genes xaxAB during insect infection and nematode association by carrying out real-time expression analysis using an unstable GFP monitoring system. We showed that expression of the FliAZ-dependent genes in infected insects is not restricted to a specific tissue but increases significantly just prior to host death and reaches a maximal level in larvae cadaver. Using an iron availability reporter construct, we also showed that iron starvation conditions inhibit expression of FliAZ-dependent genes in vitro, as well as during the first steps of the infectious process. These findings shed further light on the role of the FliAZ regulon in the Xenorhabdus life cycle and suggest that iron may constitute a signal governing Xenorhabdus adaptation to shifting host environments.

The aim of this longitudinal multisite randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to evaluate the effectiveness of the EMDR-Integrative Group Treatment Protocol for Ongoing Traumatic Stress (EMDR-IGTP-OTS) in reducing severe posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety symptoms in refugee minors living in Valencia, Spain. The study was conducted in 2019 in the city of Valencia, Spain, in six sites for refugees (homes or residences). A total of 184 minors (all males) met the inclusion criteria. Participants’ ages ranged from 13 to 17 years old (M =16.36 years). Participants’ time since the arrival to the sites in Valencia varied from January 2018 to March 2019. Participation was voluntary with the participants and their legal guardian's consent. In this study, intensive EMDR therapy was provided. This intensive format allowed the participants to complete the full course of treatment in a short period. Treatment was provided simultaneously by eighteen licensed EMDR clinicians formally trained in the protocol administration divided into six teams. Each of the treatment group participants received an average of eight hours of treatment, provided during nine group-treatment sessions, three times daily during three consecutive days in a setting inside the six refugee sites. EMDR-IGTP-OTS treatment focused only on the distressing memories related to their life as refugees and did not address any other memories. No adverse effects were reported during treatment or at three-month post-treatment assessment. Data analysis by repeated measures ANOVA showed that the EMDR-IGTP-OTS was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms in the treatment group (F (2, 122) = 43.17p

Vibrio splendidus, strain LGP32, is an oyster pathogen associated with the summer mortalities affecting the production of Crassostrea gigas oysters worldwide. Vibrio splendidus LGP32 was shown to resist to up to 10 µM Cg-Def defensin and Cg-BPI bactericidal permeability increasing protein, two antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) involved in C. gigas immunity. The resistance to both oyster Cg-Def and Cg-BPI and standard AMPs (polymyxin B, protegrin, human BPI) was dependent on the ompU gene. Indeed, upon ompU inactivation, minimal bactericidal concentrations decreased by up to fourfold. AMP resistance was restored upon ectopic expression of ompU. The susceptibility of bacterial membranes to AMP-induced damages was independent of the ompU-mediated AMP resistance. Besides its role in AMP resistance, ompU proved to be essential for the adherence of V. splendidus LGP32 to fibronectin. Interestingly, in vivo, ompU was identified as a major determinant of V. splendidus pathogenicity in oyster experimental infections. Indeed, the V. splendidus-induced oyster mortalities dropped from 56% to 11% upon ompU mutation (Kaplan-Meier survival curves, P < 0.01). Moreover, in co-infection assays, the ompU mutant was out competed by the wild-type strain with competitive indexes in the range of 0.1-0.2. From this study, ompU is required for virulence of V. splendidus. Contributing to AMP resistance, conferring adhesive properties to V. splendidus, and being essential for in vivo fitness, the OmpU porin appears as an essential effector of the C. gigas/V. splendidus interaction.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de "Yo quiero, yo puedo. . . prevenir la violencia", un programa diseñado para transmitir conocimiento sobre violencia y desarrollar habilidades psicosociales en adolescentes. 178 docentes en Ciudad Juárez/MX, Mérida/MX y la Ciudad de México/MX, y 1052 estudiantes en Mérida y en la Ciudad de México del último grado de primaria y de secundaria, fueron evaluados antes y después de la implementación del programa. 718 estudiantes participaron como grupo control. Después del programa, los participantes incrementaron significativamente sus conocimientos sobre violencia, los derechos de los niños y adolescentes, equidad de género y mejoraron de manera significativa su desempeño en asertividad, toma de decisiones y expresión de emociones, en comparación con el grupo control.

Reverse Osmosis is the most widely used method for treating municipal solid waste landfill leachates, since it produces a permeate in compliance with reject requirements. However, the efficiency of this process at the industrial scale is limited mainly because of membrane fouling and the high osmotic pressures involved. Although lime precipitation is traditionally used to eliminate the temporary hardness of water by decarbonation, it has also been shown to be highly efficient in removing humic substances which are known to have strong fouling potential towards membranes. Our objective is to study the lime/leachate physico-chemistry, in order to determine the potential of the lime precipitation as pre-treatment for reverse osmosis. The results show that the lime treatment makes it possible (i) to act efficiently on the inorganic fraction of leachates through a decarbonation mechanism which entails massive precipitation of the carbonates under the form of CaCO3, (ii) to eliminate by co-precipitation the high Molecular Weight (MW) organic macromolecules (>50,000 g.mol−1) such as humic acids, and (iii) to generate a stable residue that can be easily stored at a landfill. The reverse osmosis step will be facilitated through significant reduction of the osmotic pressures and prevention of membrane fouling.