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Background. The technological progress of the last two centuries of human history makes it relevant to study human attitudes to digital technologies, in particular the study of such socio-psychological phenomena as technophobia and technophilia, not only for marketing purposes, but also to understand the socio-psychological mechanisms of social change. Objective. To develop and validate the Technology Attitude Scale that takes into account cognitive and emotional aspects in adolescents and parents of adolescents 14—17 years old. Study design. The study was carried out in a correlation design and included full-time filling of the methods by all respondents. Participants. 448 parents of adolescents 14—17 years old and 360 adolescents 14—17 years old from six cities of the Russian Federation. Methods. Participants filled out Technology Attitude Scale and appraised their user activity, Internet addiction tendencies, parental mediation strategies, and the frequency of using gadgets during performing various daily activities. For data processing, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach coefficient alpha in the IBM SPSS Statistics v. 22.0, the EQS software package and statistical packages as part of the R programming language. Results. The structure of the scale was refined based on the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and included four subscales: technophilia, technophobia, technorationalism, and technopessimism (Cronbach’s alpha 0.66—0.88). Technophilia and technorationalism dominate in the profile of attitudes towards technology. For parents, the emotional aspects of attitudes towards technology are associated with user activity and use of gadgets in everyday activities. In adolescents, technophilia is associated only with the use of gadgets in everyday activities. In adolescents, the experience of parental restrictions and technical control of their online activity is associated with a negative attitude towards technologies and the difficulties of a rational attitude towards them, while active parental mediation is associated with a higher level of technorationalism. Conclusion. The Technology Attitude Scale is a reliable scale that can be used in psychological research.

Relevance. The focus of modern dental treatment not only on the elimination of aesthetic, but also functional disorders requires an understanding of the functional conjugation of the chewing muscles, the possibility of interprognosis of parameters. Objective. Assess the functional relationship between the tone of the chewing muscles proper and the bioelectric activity of the temporal and sublingual muscle groups in children with anomalies of the dentoalveolar system. Materials and Methods. The study involved 36 patients of Childrens Clinical Dental Clinic No. 2 of Voronezh, aged 6 to 12 years, who had not previously received orthodontic treatment and had distal occlusion anomalies. Evaluation of the bioelectric activity of temporal and sublingual muscles was carried out using surface electromyography on the Electromyograph Dental apparatus (Taganrog, Russia), the Chewing General sample. Evaluation of the tone of the chewing muscles proper was carried out using the Mioton-3C device in a state of physiological rest of the lower jaw. Statistical processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel, version 7.0 and the statistical programs SPSS Statistics 21 and STATISTICA 7. Results and Discussion. Correlation analysis revealed the presence of 4 weak positive, 2 weak negative, 14 moderate positive, 3 moderate negative, and 1 noticeable positive correlation between the tone of the right chewing muscle proper and the parameters of the bioelectric activity of the right and left temporal and sublingual muscles. Correlation analysis revealed the presence of 5 weak positive, 7 weak negative, 9 moderate negative correlations between the tone of the left chewing muscle proper and the parameters of bioelectric activity of the right and left temporal and sublingual muscles. Conclusion. A greater effect of the tone of the right chewing muscle on the bioelectric activity of temporal and sublingual muscles was found compared to the tone of the left chewing muscle itself. 27 equations have been derived that can be used as predictive models for calculating the tone of right and left chewing muscles proper depending on the indicators of bioelectric activity of temporal and sublingual muscles.

The agricultural industry in the Russian Federation is dynamically developing; the agricultural export amounts to $ 25 billion. In other countries, in turn, this figure is much higher, for example, in China it has exceeded $ 75 billion. The existing potential can be realized if the efficiency of agricultural production is increased by creating and implementing automation, robotization, digital technologies, and artificial intelligence. As a result it may lead to a 2.5-3.5-fold increase in labor productivity; a 2-3-fold increase in the yield of crops; a 3-4-fold cut in energy consumption and material costs, ensuring the ecological safety of agricultural production and the environment. The authors developed the concept of intelligent agriculture and identified the following areas of digital technology applications: integrated production management; digital technologies in crop production, animal husbandry, energy supply, products storage and processing ; digital engineering for rural areas. The authors presented the stages of agricultural production digitalization, including: a system for monitoring the conditions and parameters of agricultural production; information transmission system; artificial intelligence and cloud technologies, setting the foundation for management decision-making; the implementation of management decisions by robotic devices. The authors presented the examples of using digital technologies in soil cultivation, horticulture, animal husbandry, and artificial ecosystems. In animal husbandry, these technologies prove to facilitate the monitoring of the animals movement, their physiological state, parameters of the microclimate on the premises, feed and milk quality control. The Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM is reported to have the necessary educational infrastructure, accredited Master’s and postgraduate studies for training specialists in digital agriculture.

Introduction. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a severe condition that remains a challenge to treat. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is used in cases of insufficient efficacy of conservative treatment. However, in contrast to many other neuropathic pain syndromes, there is a huge problem in reaching long-term stable pain relief in patients with PHN using conventional tonic SCS. The objective of this article was to present a review of the current management strategies of PHN, their efficacy, and safety. Materials and Methods. We searched for articles containing the keywords “spinal cord stimulation AND postherpetic neuralgia,” “high-frequency stimulation AND postherpetic neuralgia,” “burst stimulation AND postherpetic neuralgia” and “dorsal root ganglion stimulation AND postherpetic neuralgia” in Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. There were no publication period limitations. Bibliographies and references of selected publications on neurostimulation for PHN were further manually screened. The full text of each article was studied once the abstract was analyzed by the searching reviewer and found appropriate. The initial search yielded 115 articles. Initial screening based on abstract and title allowed us to exclude 29 articles (letters, editorials, and conference abstracts). The full-text analysis allowed us to exclude another 74 articles (fundamental research articles, research utilizing animal subjects, and systemic and nonsystemic reviews) and results of PHN treatment presented with other conditions, leaving 12 articles for the final bibliography. Results. 12 articles reporting on the treatment of 134 patients with PHN were analyzed, with a disproportionally large amount of traditional SCS treatment than that to alternative SCS: DRGS (13 patients), burst SCS (1 patient), and high-frequency SCS (2 patients). Long-term pain relief was achieved in 91 patients (67.9%). The mean VAS score improvement was 61.4% with a mean follow-up time of 12.85 months. Although the number of patients in alternative SCS studies was very limited, almost all of them showed good responses to therapy with more than 50% VAS improvement and reduction of analgesic dosage. The article contains a review analysis of 12 articles concerning the current methods of treatment for postherpetic neuralgia including conservative treatment, spinal cord stimulation, and novel neuromodulation strategies. Available information on the pathophysiology of PHN and the effect or stimulation on its course, together with a number of technical nuances concerning various types of neurostimulation are also elucidated in this article. A number of alternative invasive treatments of PHN are also discussed. Conclusions. Spinal cord stimulation is an established treatment option for patients with pharmacologically resistant PHN. High-frequency stimulation, burst stimulation, and dorsal root ganglion stimulation are promising options in the management of PHN due to the absence of paresthesias which can be painful for patients with PHN. But more research is still required to recommend the widespread use of these new methods.

Contamination of the inner surface of milk hoses of milking systems with milk residues, water residues and pathogenic microflora has a negative impact on milk quality and can affect the accuracy of light-scattering sensors measuring milk quality parameters. A three-stage study of the influence of milking system operating conditions on the accuracy of a light-scattering sensor is presented. The growth of pathogenic microflora on the inner surface of milk hoses was studied, the flow of milk and milk hoses rinsing was simulated and the accuracy of the light-scattering sensor was tested under conditions of low-quality rinsing of the milking system. A significant difference in the total microbial count was detected between the milk residues of healthy animals and the milk residues of animals with subclinical mastitis (1.2 × 104 CFU/mL and 9.2 × 104 CFU/mL). The presence of Staphylococcus (aureus and epidermidis) was detected in quantities much lower than those that could interfere with the analysis of milk quality parameters. Simulation modeling allowed us to prove that even when rinsing with hot water (80 °C) without chemical solutions, pathogenic microflora in milk hoses of the milking system will be suppressed. Modeling of the milk flow in the measuring chamber of the device showed the stable replacement of milk in the measuring chamber and provided actual measurements of milk quality parameters. It has been determined that low-quality rinsing and water residues in milk hoses lead to a significant increase in measurement error up to 15–20% during the first 30–40 s after the milking system starts operating. The study results confirm that the light-scattering sensors are resistant to such factors of the milking system operation as contamination by pathogenic microflora (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) and low-quality rinsing of milk hoses.

A method for stimulating the growth of spruce and strawberry in the early phases of development is proposed. A technology for obtaining plasma-activated water (PAW) with the help of a glow discharge plasma generator was developed. The method is proposed for increasing the shelf life of PAW by adding an aqueous colloid of polyvinylpyrralidone (PVP) polymer. It is shown that after treatment with a PAW + PVP mixture, the seeds have a higher percentage of germination, the plants develop faster in the early stages, and they are more viable. At the physicochemical level, after seed treatment with PAW + PVP, higher rates of metabolite outflow from seeds are observed. At the biological level, seed treatment with PAW + PVP leads to a slight decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and a higher content of chlorophylls in the leaves, and a slightly higher assimilation rate is observed. In the leaves, there is higher content of the growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), whereas the content of the growth-inhibiting hormone abscisic acid decreases. The use of a stimulating drug based on the composition of an aqueous solution activated by plasma and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PAW + PVP) polymer can be an effective means of a single pre-sowing treatment of spruce seeds in solving the problem of reforestation and strawberry during plant propagation.

The obtained results of experimental studies on the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of an elastoplastic material (clods of soil and potato tubers) on the factors of its destruction when interacting with an absolutely solid body (separating working body) established that an increase in the density of a soil clod leads to an increase in the effort expended on dynamic destruction, regardless of the size fraction. Within one fractional group, the increase in force from the minimum value necessary for the destruction of the soil clod in the density range from 1300 to 1700 kg/m3 is on average 56–67 N. However, there is a tendency to increase the effort to destroy the soil clod with an increase in the size fraction, including identical density, by 7–8 N, which is 4–5% of the initial value of the destruction force of a given density. The greatest destruction of soil clods is provided at a moisture content of 22–24%, which should be explained by the formation of the physical ripeness of the leached chernozem. In addition, a decrease in soil moisture leads to a more intense adhesion of soil particles to each other and, consequently, to an increase in the force on the soil clod to destroy it.

This article deals with toroidal concentrators of solar radiation. The developed design configurations have been described. The base model is a semi-torus obtained by cutting full torus along the symmetry plane, the inner surface of semi-toroidal surface is of specular type. The inner surface of semi-toroidal surface is of specular type. The semi-circles of the concentrator cross-section are the generatrices of the surfaces. The radiation receiver is mounted in the midsection, and the radiation receiver symmetry point coincides with that of the concentrator. Results of experimental and theoretical studies of their characteristics have been discussed. Various models employing the advantages of toroidal concentrators have been considered. Analysis results of the most preferable radiation receivers have been presented. Layout options of integration of photoelectric plants equipped with toroidal concentrators of solar radiation into buildings and landscape design objects have been described. Physical limitations of application of installations based on concentrators of this type have been defined and substantiated. Methods for evaluating coast-related characteristics of toroidal concentrators depending on values of their output parameters and on those of design have been presented.

The research was carried out in 2019 - 2020 in the department of closed artificial agroecosystems for plant growing in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM”, Moscow. The study focused on the seeds of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variety “Lyana”. Amber acid was used as a biostimulating factor at the stage of pre-sowing seed treatment (factor A) and with constant drip irrigation of plants (factor B) throughout the entire growing season – 145 days. The use of аmber acid can increase the crop yield from 2.34 to 3.84 kg/bush when growing tomatoes under controlled conditions in a climatic chamber. Inoculation of seeds with a biostimulant substance promoted an increase in the content of vitamins C (23.23 mg/100 g) and B1 (0.041 mg/100 g) and dry matter (5.06 %) compared to the control. As a result of determining the content of nitrates, it was revealed that the maximum permissible concentration in all samples did not exceed the permissible norm. Thus, the use of amber acid is very promising for growing Lyana tomato plants in artificial agroecosystems.

Introduction. An increase in crop production from the growing area of both vegetable root crops and all agricultural products results in grows of the load on the machine-technology complex when harvesting. The reason is that in the structure of machine-technological complexes there are not devices providing the qualitative screening of the heap incoming for processing. The purpose of the study is to identify the areas with the minimum value of soil screening on the rod elevator surface depending on the elevator apron angle and to develop recommendations and proposals for improving the separation quality. Materials and Methods. The article describes the methodology and results of laboratory studies of rod elevators with an asymmetric arrangement of web agitators and an adjustable elevator apron angle to determine the soil screening quality on its surface. We used the method of comprehensive assessment of the quality and stability of technological operations based on quantitative optimization criteria. Results. The highest value of the screened soil weight is at the wavelength attenuation section of the rod elevator working branch 1,020 mm cause by action of the elliptical web agitator at an elevation angle of 5 gon. Discussion and Conclusion. The rod elevator with asymmetric arrangement of web agitators and adjustable elevator apron angle increases the soil screening quality along the entire length of the elevator apron by 10 %, and therefore increases the completeness of separation of root crops from soil impurities.

The problems of environmental pollution caused by the operation of power plants and engines motivate researchers to develop new biofuels. The environmental aspect of composite biofuels appears to have great potential because of the carbon neutrality of plant raw materials. This study analyzes recent advances in the production of biofuels and their application. The research findings on the properties of promising plant raw materials and their derivatives have been systematized. The most important stages (spraying, ignition, and combustion) of using biofuels and mixtures based on them in internal combustion engines have been analyzed. A separate section reviews the findings on the environmental aspect of using new fuel compositions. Most studies show great prospects for involving bio-components in the development of composite fuels. The real issue is to adjust existing engines and plants to non-conventional fuel mixtures. Another big problem is the increased viscosity and density of biofuels and oils, as well as the ambiguous effect of additives on burnout completeness and emissions. The impact of the new kinds of fuels on the condition of components and parts of engines, corrosion, and wear remains understudied. The interrelation of industrial process stages (from feedstock to an engine and a plant) has not been closely examined for composite liquid fuels. It is important to organize the available data and develop unified and adaptive technologies. Within the framework of this review work, scientific approaches to solving the above problems were considered and systematized.

The process of combustion of a liquid fuel layer (diesel, kerosene, gasoline, separated petroleum, and oil) in the presence of CO2 hydrate has been studied. These fuels are widely used in engineering, which explains the great interest in effective methods of extinguishing. Extinguishing liquid fuels is quite a complicated scientific and technical task. It is often necessary to deal with fire extinction during oil spills and at fuel burning in large containers outdoors and in warehouses. Recently, attention to new extinguishing methods has increased. Advances in technology of the production, storage, and transportation of inert gas hydrates enhance the opportunities of using CO2 hydrate for extinguishing liquid fuels. Previous studies have shown a fairly high efficiency of CO2 hydrate (compared to water spray) in the extinction of volumetric fires. To date, there are neither experimental data nor methods for determining the dissociation rate of CO2 hydrate powder at the time of the gas hydrate fall on the burning layer of liquid fuel. The value of the dissociation rate is important to know in order to determine the temperatures of stable combustion and, accordingly, the mass of CO2 hydrate required to extinguish the flame. For the first time, a method jointly accounting for both the combustion of liquid fuel and the dissociation rate of the falling powder of gas hydrate at a negative temperature is proposed. The combustion stability depends on many factors. This paper defines three characteristic modes of evaporation of a liquid fuel layer, depending on the prevalence of vapor diffusion or free gas convection. The influence of the diameter and height of the layer on the nature of fuel evaporation is investigated.

In the present work, we investigated the effect of light conversion using europium (Eu(III))-based photoconversion covers on the cultivation of agricultural plants and their resistance to stress conditions. Two types of europium nanoparticles were used. The first one was obtained from europium oxide (Eu2O3) by laser fragmentation. The second one was Eu3+:LaF3 nanocrystals obtained by hydrothermal-microwave treatment, the content of europium ions in which was 50% of the total amount of cations. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) were used as model plants. It was shown that plants grown under cover with Eu2O3 (PCC-Eu2O3) were 30–40% larger, gave a higher yield, and the activation of gas exchange processes and the light phase of photosynthesis in the leaves in response to the lighting was faster. On the contrary, plants grown under cover with Eu3+:LaF3 (PCC-Eu3+:LaF3) tended to slow down the rate of biomass accumulation and decrease the rate of gas exchange activation. It was shown that photoconversion covers change the resistance of plants to stress conditions: if plants grown under PCC-Eu2O3 became more sensitive to heat (+40 °C) and cold (+4 °C) treatment, then plants grown under PCC-Eu3+:LaF3 became more resistant to high and low temperatures. It was found that PCC-Eu2O3 inhibited the development of the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans on tomato plants. It was assumed that changes in the illumination spectrum by the photoconversion covers cause both the activation of plant growth in the case of Eu2O3 and an increase in plant resistance in the case of Eu3+:LaF3 applications.

This method is a variant of non-destructive multiparametric surface analysis and includes the implementation of hyperspectral and RGB image processing approaches from different angles. This work is based on a fundamental hyperspectral survey system for obtaining data on scanned biological objects in many spectral ranges and with several possible variants of assembling a system with different types of surface illumination with point light and diffuse illumination. The implementation of the technology through the use of a diffused light source provides the diffuse illumination of a biological object with pronounced symptoms of rarefaction on the surface of a biological object—in this case, potato tubers, due to the presence of signs of disease on the potato peel, as well as their deformation. Using broadband lamps, a short-pass filter is located between the source and the object (λ ≤ 400 nm, λ may vary depending on the excitation length), and a long-pass filter (λ ≥ 400 nm) between the root or onion and the chamber. The use of a vision system with a created database containing models of real defects in potato tubers showed a high sorting efficiency, providing an accuracy of sorting by size of 95.4%, and an accuracy by the presence of defects of 93.1%.

Developing an energy supply based on resources whose use does not spoil the noosphere and the creation of such energy supply of efficient equipment whose operation does not cause any damage to nature and man is an urgent task. The need for such an approach is especially relevant and noticeable in agriculture. This article presents the final results of complex studies of new PV devices and PV systems based on them. Considered in the article are the best solutions we propose to improve PV equipment and make it more attractive for agricultural consumers. The developed vertical and planar high-voltage multijunction silicon PV cells and PV modules on their basis are presented. The first type of modules have a maximum power point voltage of up to 1000 V, specific power of up to 0.245 ± 0.01 W/cm2, and efficiency of up to 25.3% under a concentration ratio range of 10–100 suns. The samples of the second module type (60,156.75 × 156.75 mm PV cells) have an open-circuit voltage of 439.7 V, a short-circuit current of 0.933 A, and a maximum power of 348 W. Additionally, two types of newly designed solar energy concentrators are described in this article: one-dimensional double-wing concentrator ensuring low Fresnel optical losses and multi-zone parabolotoric microconcentrator with the uniform radiation distribution in the focal region, as well as modules based on these concentrators and the developed PV cells. For PV modules, the maximum power degradation is 0.2–0.24% per year in a wet ammonia environment. For concentrating PV modules, this degradation is 0.22–0.37% per year. This article sets out the principles of increasing the efficiency of PV systems by increasing the level of systematization and expanding the boundaries of PV systems. The thus-created PV systems satisfy 30–50% more consumer needs. Thanks to a higher output voltage and other specific features of the developed modules, PV system loss decreased by 12–15%, and maintenance losses also decreased.

The development of various nanomaterials production technologies has led to the possibility of producing nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructures, which can find a wide range of applications, from the fabrication of microelectronic devices to the improvement of material properties and the treatment of cancer. The unique characteristics of nanoparticles are primarily due to their small size, which makes size control important in their preparation. Modification of nanoparticles by laser irradiation and obtaining desired nanoparticle properties is a promising approach because of its ease of implementation. The purpose of this review is to analyze the works devoted to the study of laser-induced heating and melting of nanoparticles, to collect information and evaluate the results of using this method for functionalization and modification of metallic nanoparticles, and to discuss promising directions for the use of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The process of forming selenium nanoparticles with various shapes and structures through laser ablation and fragmentation in various solvents has been explored. Methods: Laser ablation and laser fragmentation techniques were employed using nanosecond Nd:YAG second harmonic laser irradiation in 9 different working fluids, including water. The characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Results: Laser ablation and subsequent laser fragmentation of some organic solvents, such as ethanol, propanol-2, isobutanol, polyethylene glycol, and diethanolamine, have been found to produce trigonal selenium in the form of elongated nanorods approximately 1 μm long and 200 nm thick, with a well-defined crystal structure. In contrast, the use of deionized water, acetone, glycerol, and benzene as solvents results in the formation of spherical amorphous nanoparticles approximately 100 nm in diameter. Discussion: The polarity of the solvent molecules has been shown to influence the growth of crystalline selenium nanorods in solution during laser ablation and laser fragmentation. Generally, polar solvents hinder the growth of crystalline nanorods, due to interactions between selenium and solvent molecules. Nonpolar solvents, on the other hand, allow for laser fragmentation to reduce particle size and initiate the epitaxial growth of elongated, crystalline selenium nanorods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection and mapping of Sosnowsky's hogweed (HS) using remote sensing data have proven effective, yet challenges remain in identifying, localizing, and eliminating HS in urban districts and regions. Reliable data on HS growth areas are essential for monitoring, eradication, and control measures. Satellite data alone are insufficient for mapping the dynamics of HS distribution. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with high-resolution spatial data offer a promising solution for HS detection and mapping. This study aimed to develop a method for detecting and mapping HS growth areas using a proposed algorithm for thematic processing of multispectral aerial imagery data. Multispectral data were collected using a DJI Matrice 200 v2 UAV (Dajiang Innovation Technology Co., Shenzhen, China) and a MicaSense Altum multispectral camera (MicaSense Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). Between 2020 and 2022, 146 sites in the Moscow region of the Russian Federation, covering 304,631 hectares, were monitored. Digital maps of all sites were created, including 19 digital maps (orthophoto, 5 spectral maps, and 13 vegetation indices) for four experimental sites. The collected samples included 1080 points categorized into HS, grass cover, and trees. Student's t-test showed significant differences in vegetation indices between HS, grass, and trees. A method was developed to determine and map HS-growing areas using the selected vegetation indices NDVI > 0.3, MCARI > 0.76, user index BS1 > 0.10, and spectral channel green > 0.14. This algorithm detected HS in an area of 146.664 hectares. This method can be used to monitor and map the dynamics of HS distribution in the central region of the Russian Federation and to plan the required volume of pesticides for its eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a new method for determining the pathological state of a plant, based on a combination of the method for measuring the dynamics of photosystem II pigment fluorescence in the leaves of L. sativa plants and analyzing the resulting time series using bispectral analysis based on the wavelet transform. The article theoretically shows a possible mechanism for the appearance of a peak on the map of bispectrum indexes during nonlinear analog conversion of a physiological signal in a biological object. The phenomenon of increasing the degree of nonlinearity in the transmission of an external periodic signal in plant signaling systems has been experimentally demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bostrycoidin is one of the pigments produced by the Fusarium genus of fungi. On the one hand, it has significant pharmacological importance, while on the other hand, it serves as a presence marker of Fusarium infection in useful grain crops, fruits, and soils. In this regard, the structural and optical properties of the bostrycoidin molecule were studied in the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The most stable geometry as well as higher-energy conformers and tautomers were investigated. The lowest-energy tautomer was found to be about 3 kcal/mol higher in energy than the most stable structure, resulting in relatively low population of this state. The obtained conformational rotamers associated with the rotation of the OMe group possess similar energy. The vibrational spectrum was modeled for the most stable conformer, and the most active peaks in the IR absorbance spectrum were assigned. Moreover, the electronic absorption spectrum was simulated within the time-dependent DFT approach. The obtained theoretical spectrum is in good agreement with the experimental data and the theoretically calculated longest-wavelength transition (HOMO–LUMO) was about 498 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]