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In their works on the medieval village, historians had established the typology and chronology of the successive forms that reflected the high points in the establishment of feudality. Over the last two decades, these interpretive models have been countered by the contributions of archaeology, in the same way that the idea of the “ birth” of the medieval village in the 11th century was contradicted by the many discoveries of villages dating back to before the year 1000. With the abandonment of these models, diversity became the rule and the villages as defined by archaeologists have replaced villages as modelled by historians in textbooks. Renewing links between archaeology and history on the subject of the village is today possible by promoting, within villages of the present day, joint archaeological and historical studies, which are still too rare. They would nonetheless propose irreplaceable elements in helping to understand the formation, development and success of villages which have prospered up to the Modern Era. Such a quest of promotion can only exist if new forms of dialogue are opened between the two disciplines. Both have acquired their autonomy, but cannot do without each others respective contributions., Dans leurs exposés sur le village médiéval, les historiens avaient établi une typo-chronologie de formes successives reflétant les temps forts de la mise en place de la féodalité. Depuis deux décennies, ces modèles d’interprétation ont été battus en brèche par les apports de l’archéologie, de la même façon que l’idée d’une «naissance » du village médiéval au XIe siècle a été contredite par les nombreuses découvertes de villages antérieurs à l’an mil. Avec l’abandon des modèles, c’est la diversité qui est devenue la règle, et les villages des archéologues remplacent dans les manuels le village médiéval modélisé par les historiens. Renouer les liens entre archéologie et histoire autour du village est possible aujourd’hui en promouvant les études archéologiques et historiques conjointes au sein des villages actuels, trop rares encore. Elles auraient pourtant des éléments irremplaçables à apporter à la compréhension de la formation, de l’évolution et du succès des villages qui ont prospéré jusqu’à nos jours. Cette recherche à promouvoir ne peut exister qu’avec l’ouverture de nouvelles formes de dialogue entre deux disciplines qui ont chacune acquise leur autonomie mais qui ne peuvent se priver de leurs apports respectifs., En sus presentaciones sobre el pueblo medieval, los historiadores habían creado una tipocronología de formas sucesivas que reflejaba los momentos clave del establecimiento del feudalismo. Durante las dos últimas décadas, estos modelos de interpretación se han visto socavados por las aportaciones de la arqueología, de la misma manera que la idea del «nacimiento » del pueblo medieval en el siglo XI se vio contrarrestada por los numerosos descubrimientos de aldeas anteriores al año 1000. Con el abandono de estos modelos, la diversidad se ha convertido en la regla, y las aldeas de los arqueólogos sustituyen en los libros de texto a la aldea medieval modelada por los historiadores. El restablecimiento de los vínculos entre la arqueología y la historia en torno al pueblo es posible hoy en día gracias a la promoción de estudios arqueológicos e históricos conjuntos en los pueblos existentes hoy día. A pesar de ofrecer elementos irremplazables para comprender la formación, evolución y éxito de los pueblos que han prosperado hasta el día de hoy, dichas investigaciones siguen siendo demasiado escasas. Este trabajo sólo puede existir mediante el establecimiento de nuevas formas de diálogo entre dos disciplinas que han adquirido su autonomía, pero que no pueden privarse de sus respectivas contribuciones., Catafau Aymat,Passarrius Olivier. Histoire et archéologie au village : amorce d’un bilan historiographique et de propositions de travail commun.. In: Archéologie du Midi médiéval. Tome 36, 2018. Numéro spécial. L'archéologie au village. Le village et ses transformations, du Moyen Âge au premier cadastre. Actes du colloque de Perpignan, 20-22 septembre 2017 - Travaux réunis par Olivier Passarrius et Aymat Catafau. pp. 5-13.

Dans la première partie de cet ouvrage, neuf contributions de géologues, préhistoriens, archéologues, numismates et historiens dressent un inventaire des occupations humaines de la vallée de Tautavel-Vingrau, depuis la Préhistoire ancienne à la Caune de l’Arago jusqu’à la fin du Moyen Âge. Une seconde partie réunit quatre études qui évoquent le déroulement des fouilles à la grotte, puis la communication et la mise en valeur de ces découvertes exceptionnelles, une richesse patrimoniale qui a bénéficié à toute la vallée de Tautavel.

Dans la vision historique classique, celle de Pierre Bonnassie, le cimetière paroissial fut utilisé par les paysans et par les clercs pour mettre leurs récoltes (ou leurs revenus issus des dîmes) à l’abri des rapines seigneuriales sur l’espace consacré, la sagrera. Dans cette perspective, l’initiative, comme pour la Paix de Dieu, est d’abord populaire, puis encadrée et favorisée par l’Église pour protéger les inermes et pour assurer ses propres intérêts et possessions. C’est cette voie histor...

Depuis les travaux de Philippe Aries dans les annees 1970, la mort et les morts sont entres dans le champ des etudes historiques. Nourrie d’approches diverses, de la philosophie a l’anthropologie sociale en passant par la paleodemographie ou l’archeologie, l’analyse des vestiges funeraires du passe offre un regard original sur les societes anciennes et non sans echo avec les questionnements actuels. En effet, autour du cimetiere, se construisent des identites religieuses, politiques, sociales, qu’il donne a voir dans ses formes spatiales, dans son organisation monumentale, dans sa conformite (ou non) avec les normes edictees par les autorites ou les communautes qui le gerent et le controlent. C’est ainsi qu’entre la fin de l’Antiquite et les temps modernes se formalise le modele du cimetiere paroissial, situe au sein de l’habitat, autour de l’eglise, reunissant les morts et les vivants dans une conception de l’ecclesia a la fois communaute, institution et lieu englobant. Les 35e Journees de Flaran consacrees a ce theme ont centre la focale sur le cimetiere rural, quelque peu delaisse jusqu’alors par les historiens. Articulees a plusieurs echelles, de celle globale de l’Europe aux cas regionaux, les communications ont permis de mettre a l’epreuve certains modeles theoriques et, par la meme, de les amender et de les nuancer. En considerant la societe rurale a la fois dans son ensemble et dans ses composantes particulieres, religieuses ou sociales, et en portant une attention particuliere a des circonstances specifiques de mortalite de masse, ces etudes transdisciplinaires offrent une vision plus riche et plus fondee des societes europeennes anciennes, sur lesquelles se construit la notre.

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. Its presentation ranges from self-limiting disease to acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) with multiorgan failure and a high mortality. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are non-immunogenic, non-toxic, and water-soluble chemicals composed of repeating units of ethylene glycol. The present article explores the effect of PEG35 administration on reducing the severity of ANP and associated lung injury. ANP was induced by injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct. PEG35 was administered intravenously either prophylactically or therapeutically. Three hours after ANP induction, pancreas and lung tissue samples and blood were collected and ANP severity was assessed. To evaluate the inflammatory response, gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine and the changes in the presence of myeloperoxidase and adhesion molecule levels were determined in both the pancreas and the lung. To evaluate cell death, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and apoptotic cleaved caspase-3 localization were determined in plasma and in both the pancreatic and lung tissue respectively. ANP-associated local and systemic inflammatory processes were reduced when PEG35 was administered prophylactically. PEG35 pre-treatment also protected against acute pancreatitis-associated cell death. Notably, the therapeutic administration of PEG35 significantly decreased associated lung injury, even when the pancreatic lesion was equivalent to that in the untreated ANP-induced group. Our results support a protective role of PEG35 against the ANP-associated inflammatory process and identify PEG35 as a promising tool for the treatment of the potentially lethal complications of the disease, This study was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the FIS project PI13/01224 to Emma Folch-Puy (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund).

© 2020 by the authors., Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is related to different surgical interventions such as organ resection and transplantation, and therefore its prevention is of great interest. However, several decades of investigations have not, unfortunately, lead to a definitive solution for the treatment of IRI due to its complex and multifactorial pathophysiology with a plethora of underlying mechanisms that are shared among different organs (heart, brain, liver, kidney, etc.) [1–3]. The deep exploration of specific IRI pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms is needed to define strategies to reduce its deleterious effects., This study was supported by grant from the European Comission H2020-MSCA-ITN-ETN2016 “FOIE GRAS—Metabolism and the Liver-Gut Axis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease” and by Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Madrid, Spain), No PI 115/00110.

Resumen del trabajo presentado en el American Transplant Congress 2020, originalmente programado para tener lugar en Filadelfia (Estados Unidos), se convirtió en un Congreso Virtual debido a COVID-19, celebrado del 30 de mayo al 3 de junio de 2020, Purpose: Preservation solutions (UW, HTK and IGL-1) are widely used in clinical liver transplantation. It is well known that the composition of the preservation solution determines the outcome of the transplanted liver. It has been demonstrated that PEG35 is a key factor in the IGL-1 preservation solution. Therefore, a modified IGL-1 solution (with increased PEG concentration) was compared to HTK and UW preservation solutions. The aim of this communication is to investigate the effects of the oncotic agent PEG 35 on NLRP3 inflammasome activity and redox state during static preservation. Methods: Fatty livers from male Zücker obese rats were preserved for 24 h at 4ºC in the studied solutions. After organ recovery and rinsing liver grafts with Ringer Lactate solution, liver injury was measured as AST/ALT and GLDH; redox state as GSH/GSSG, GST, GR, GPx, 4HNE; and inflammasome and precursors measured as NLRP3, HMGB1, and GRP78. Results: Increases in the reducing redox capability of the cell are associated with decreased inflammasome activation and liver damage. Conclusions: Data reported here show that the solution with increased content of PEG35 (Modified IGL-1) well correlated with a better protection through a significant prevention of inflammation in front of UW and HTK.

BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammatory process of the pancreas that may also involve surrounding tissues and/or remote organs. Inflammation and parenchymal cell death are common pathological features of this condition and determinants of disease severity. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are nonimmunogenic, non-toxic water-soluble polymers widely used in biological, chemical, clinical and pharmaceutical settings. AIM To evaluate the protective effect of a 35-kDa molecular weight PEG (PEG35) on the pancreatic damage associated to cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Wistar rats were assigned at random to a control group, a cerulein-induced AP group and a PEG35 treatment group. AP was induced by five hourly intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg/bw), while the control animals received saline solution. PEG35 was administered intraperitoneally 10 minutes before each cerulein injection in a dose of 10 mg/kg. After AP induction, samples of pancreatic tissue and blood were collected for analysis. AR42J pancreatic acinar cells were treated with increasing concentrations of PEG35 prior to exposure with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), staurosporine or cerulein. The severity of AP was determined on the basis of plasma levels of lipase, lactate dehydrogenase activity, pancreatic edema and histological changes. To evaluate the extent of the inflammatory response, the gene expression of inflammation-associated markers was determined in the pancreas and in AR42J-treated cells. Inflammation-induced cell death was also measured in models of in vivo and in vitro pancreatic damage. RESULTS Administration of PEG35 significantly improved pancreatic damage through reduction on lipase levels and tissue edema in cerulein-induced AP rats. The increased associated inflammatory response caused by cerulein administration was attenuated by a decrease in the gene expression of inflammation-related cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme in the pancreas. In contrast, pancreatic tissue mRNA expression of interleukin 10 was markedly increased. PEG35 treatment also protected against inflammation-induced cell death by attenuating lactate dehydrogenase activity and modulating the pancreatic levels of apoptosis regulator protein BCL-2 in cerulein hyperstimulated rats. Furthermore, the activation of pro-inflammatory markers and inflammationinduced cell death in pancreatic acinar cells treated with TNFα, cerulein or staurosporine was significantly reduced by PEG35 treatment, in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION PEG35 ameliorates pancreatic damage in cerulein-induced AP and AR42J-treated cells through the attenuation of the inflammatory response and associated cell death. PEG35 may be a valuable option in the management of AP., Supported by the grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, No. PID2019-104130RB-I00

International audience

The discovery of inflammasomes has enriched our knowledge in the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory diseases. The NLR pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) has emerged as the most versatile and well-characterized inflammasome, consisting of an intracellular multi-protein complex that acts as a central driver of inflammation. Its activation depends on a tightly regulated two-step process, which includes a wide variety of unrelated stimuli. It is therefore not surprising that the specific regulatory mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain unclear. Inflammasome-mediated inflammation has become increasingly important in acute pancreatitis, an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas that is one of the fatal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. This review presents an update on the progress of research into the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome to acute pancreatic injury, examining the mechanisms of NLRP3 activation by multiple signaling events, the downstream interleukin 1 family of cytokines involved and the current state of the literature on NLRP3 inflammasome-specific inhibitors., This study was supported by grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, reference PID2019-104130RB-I00 awarded to E.F.-P.

Organ transplantation is a multifactorial process in which proper graft preservation is a mandatory step for the success of the transplantation. Hypothermic preservation of abdominal organs is mostly based on the use of several commercial solutions, including UW, Celsior, HTK and IGL-1. The presence of the oncotic agents HES (in UW) and PEG35 (in IGL-1) characterize both solution compositions, while HTK and Celsior do not contain any type of oncotic agent. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are non-immunogenic, non-toxic and water-soluble polymers, which present a combination of properties of particular interest in the clinical context of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI): they limit edema and nitric oxide induction and modulate immunogenicity. Besides static cold storage (SCS), there are other strategies to preserve the organ, such as the use of machine perfusion (MP) in dynamic preservation strategies, which increase graft function and survival as compared to the conventional static hypothermic preservation. Here we report some considerations about using PEG35 as a component of perfusates for MP strategies (such as hypothermic oxygenated perfusion, HOPE) and its benefits for liver graft preservation. Improved liver preservation is closely related to mitochondria integrity, making this organelle a good target to increase graft viability, especially in marginal organs (e.g., steatotic livers). The final goal is to increase the pool of suitable organs, and thereby shorten patient waiting lists, a crucial problem in liver transplantation., This study was supported by grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, reference PID2019-104130R B-I00 awarded to E.F.-P., the European Comission H2020-MSCA-ITN-ETN-2016 “FOIE GRAS – Metabolism and the Liver-Gut Axis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease” and the Marie Curie Fellow to Rui Teixeira da Silva. The authors thank Veronica Raker for revising the manuscript.

Resumen del trabajo presentado en el American Transplant Congress 2020, originalmente programado para tener lugar en Filadelfia (Estados Unidos), se convirtió en un Congreso Virtual debido a COVID-19, celebrado del 30 de mayo al 3 de junio de 2020, Purpose: HOPE has shown to optimize graft liver preservation. However, the most used perfusion solutions as such as Belzer-MPS and its generics were initially for kidney purposes and given its composition, may not be the most suitable for the liver. The aim of this study is to compared Belzer-MPS generic (Perf-gen) with an IGL-2 solution (a modified IGL-1 solution enriched with increased PEG35 and glutathione contents) for HOPE purposes. Methods: Livers from Sprague Dawley rats were extracted and preserved either in IGL-2 or PerfGen solution (7 hours; 4ºC), followed by HOPE (1 hour at 4 ºC) and then normothermic reperfusion (1 hour at 37ºC). After organ recovery, liver injury mitochondrial damage (GLDH) and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) activity were measured. Results: Liver injury (measured as ATL/AST) and mitochondrial damage (measured as GLDH) levels, shows a significant decrease during HOPE phase. Mitochondrial ALDH2 activity is enhanced in the IGL-2 group when compared to Perf-gen. Conclusions: IGL-2 perfusate improved liver graft preservation when compared with Perf-gen during HOPE through mitochondrial protection.

Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis Consortium (ENIGMA)—Genetics working group., The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The investigations carried out by Charlotte von Horn and Thomas Minor 1 deal with the potential benefits of controlled hyperthermia for improving liver graft preservation against reperfusion insult. The authors, based on well‐known heat shock preconditioning strategies as an effective method to protect the liver from subsequent IRI 2, 3, suggest that a transient hyperthermia step graft reconditioning from 35 to 42°C for 10 min contributes to liver graft protection against reperfusion injury., Supported by Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Madrid, Spain). No PI 115/00110.