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Objet Faire une mise au point sur les syndromes hereditaires predisposant au cancer gastrique en abordant leurs manifestations, les methodes diagnostiques et les modalites de prise en charge des sujets atteints.

Objet Faire une mise au point sur les modalites de diagnostic de la denutrition chez les patients atteints de cancers digestifs et sur sa prise en charge.

Faire une mise au point sur la place de la chimiotherapie dans le traitement des cancers des voies biliaires. Revue de litterature au sujet des cancers des voies biliaires et de facon plus particuliere les essais relatifs a la chimiotherapie. Les etudes realisees evaluant l’apport de la chimiotherapie dans les cancers biliaires presentent des limites sur le plan methodologique et un effectif faible. Ceci ne permet donc pas de se prononcer sur la place de cette derniere. Neanmoins, il parait benefique de proposer une chimiotherapie ou une radio-chimiotherapie en adjuvant chez des patients selectionnes, ainsi qu’une chimiotherapie dans les formes localement avancees et metastatiques de la maladie.

The most critical steps during the conservation-restoration treatment applied in Moroccan libraries are the deacidification using immersion in a saturated aqueous calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution and the consolidation of degraded manuscripts using Japanese paper. The present study aims to assess the effciency of this restoration method using a multi-analytical approach. For this purpose, three ancient Arabic Moroccan manuscript papers dating back to the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries were investigated to characterize the paper support and make a comparative study between pre-restoration and post-restoration states. Three structural and molecular characterization techniques including solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on 13C with cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP-MAS NMR), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to elucidate the cellulose main features, to identify the inorganic composition of the papers, and to study the crystallinity of the samples. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) allowed us to obtain a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the mineral fillers used in the manufacturing of the papers. Scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) ascertained the state of conservation of the different papers and helped us to study the elemental composition of the samples. After restoration, it was shown that the deacidification improved the stability of papers by providing an important alkaline buffer, as demonstrated using FT-IR and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) results. However, XRD and ICP-AES did not confirm the pertinence of the treatment for all samples because of the unequal distribution of Ca on the paper surface during the restoration. The consolidation process was studied using SEM analysis; its effectiveness in restoring torn areas was found to be significant.

Studies have demonstrated the robust performance of the ensemble machine learning classifier, random forests, for remote sensing land cover classification, particularly across complex landscapes. This study introduces new ensemble margin criteria to evaluate the performance of Random Forests (RF) in the context of large area land cover classification and examines the effect of different training data characteristics (imbalance and mislabelling) on classification accuracy and uncertainty. The study presents a new margin weighted confusion matrix, which used in combination with the traditional confusion matrix, provides confidence estimates associated with correctly and misclassified instances in the RF classification model. Landsat TM satellite imagery, topographic and climate ancillary data are used to build binary (forest/non-forest) and multiclass (forest canopy cover classes) classification models, trained using sample aerial photograph maps, across Victoria, Australia. Experiments were undertaken to reveal insights into the behaviour of RF over large and complex data, in which training data are not evenly distributed among classes (imbalance) and contain systematically mislabelled instances. Results of experiments reveal that while the error rate of the RF classifier is relatively insensitive to mislabelled training data (in the multiclass experiment, overall 78.3% Kappa with no mislabelled instances to 70.1% with 25% mislabelling in each class), the level of associated confidence falls at a faster rate than overall accuracy with increasing amounts of mislabelled training data. In general, balanced training data resulted in the lowest overall error rates for classification experiments (82.3% and 78.3% for the binary and multiclass experiments respectively). However, results of the study demonstrate that imbalance can be introduced to improve error rates of more difficult classes, without adversely affecting overall classification accuracy.

The preservation of manuscripts and archive materials is a serious problem for librarians and restorers. Paper manuscript is subjected to numerous degradation factors affecting their conservation state. This research represents an attempt to evaluate the conservation restoration process applied in Moroccan libraries, especially the alkaline treatment for strengthening weakened paper. In this study, we focused on six samples of degraded and restored paper taken from three different Moroccan manuscripts aged 150, 200 and 800 years. In addition, the Japanese paper used in restoration has been characterized. A modern paper was also analyzed as reference. A three-step analytical methodology based on infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) analysis was developed before and after restoration in order to determine the effect of the consolidation treatment on the paper structure. The results obtained by XRD and ATR-FTIR disclosed the presence of barium sulfate (BaSO4) in all restored paper manuscripts. The presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in all considered samples was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The application of de-acidification treatment causes significant changes connected with the increase of intensity mostly in the region 1426 cm−1, assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric C O stretching mode of calcite, indicating the effectiveness of de-acidification procedure proved by the rise of the alkaline reserve content allowing the long term preservation of paper. Observations performed by SEM magnify the typical paper morphology and the structure of fibbers, highlighting the effect of the restoration process, manifested by the reduction of impurities.

Purpose To describe the epidemiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic profile of the oesophageal cancer through a monocentric study in the university hospital of Rabat, Morocco.

International audience

FLEXICIENCY project aims at providing a Market Place for European electricity distribution stakeholders. This paper focuses on modelling activities held in the project on meter data and their exchange among stakeholders.

This study describes the architecture of the Flexiciency project, looking at functional and non-functional requirements, for B2B interactions (mainly between distribution system operator and data requester) including the market place as a contact point and information technology (IT) innovative platform to be developed. A common architecture framework is defined and requirements are listed for data and service exchange at EU level, addressing data privacy and interoperability, among regulated and unregulated energy players.

The main goal of this study is to design a method to describe the structure of forest stands from Very High Resolution satellite imagery, relying on some typical variables such as crown diameter, tree height, trunk diameter, tree density and tree spacing. The emphasis is placed on the automatization of the process of identification of the most relevant image features for the forest structure retrieval task, exploiting both spectral and spatial information. Our approach is based on linear regressions between the forest structure variables to be estimated and various spectral and Haralick’s texture features. The main drawback of this well-known texture representation is the underlying parameters which are extremely difficult to set due to the spatial complexity of the forest structure. To tackle this major issue, an automated feature selection process is proposed which is based on statistical modeling, exploring a wide range of parameter values. It provides texture measures of diverse spatial parameters hence implicitly inducing a multi-scale texture analysis. A new feature selection technique, we called Random PRiF, is proposed. It relies on random sampling in feature space, carefully addresses the multicollinearity issue in multiple-linear regression while ensuring accurate prediction of forest variables. Our automated forest variable estimation scheme was tested on Quickbird and Pleiades panchromatic and multispectral images, acquired at different periods on the maritime pine stands of two sites in South-Western France. It outperforms two well-established variable subset selection techniques. It has been successfully applied to identify the best texture features in modeling the five considered forest structure variables. The RMSE of all predicted forest variables is improved by combining multispectral and panchromatic texture features, with various parameterizations, highlighting the potential of a multi-resolution approach for retrieving forest structure variables from VHR satellite images. Thus an average prediction error of ∼ 1.1 m is expected on crown diameter, ∼ 0.9 m on tree spacing, ∼ 3 m on height and ∼ 0.06 m on diameter at breast height.

The potential of very high spatial resolution Pléiades image texture for forest structure quantification and mapping was assessed on maritime pine stands in south-western France. A preliminary step showed that multi-linear regressions allowed a reliable prediction of forest variables (such as crown diameter or tree height) from a set of features automatically selected among a huge number of texture features with various spatial parameterizations. The image classification was performed using the Random Forests (RF) ensemble classifier in order to discriminate five forest structure classes using a hierarchical approach. The RF-variable importance is used for texture feature selection. The results highlight the contribution of process automation and the need for a joint use of both Pléiades image resolutions (panchromatic and multispectral) to derive the best performing texture features., Cette étude montre le potentiel de l'information texturale des images à très haute résolution spatiale Pléiades pour la quantification et la cartographie de la structure forestière des peuplements de pin maritime du sud-ouest de la France (massif forestier landais). Une première étape montre qu'il est possible d'estimer, par régressions linéaires multiples, les variables de structure forestière (comme le diamètre des couronnes ou la hauteur des arbres) à partir d'un ensemble d'attributs de texture automatiquement sélectionnés parmi un grand nombre de paramétrages possibles. La classification de l'image est ensuite effectuée en utilisant l'algorithme des forêts aléatoires (RF) pour discriminer cinq classes de structure forestière avec une approche hiérarchique. L'importance de variable des RF est utilisée pour la sélection des attributs de texture. Les résultats montrent l'intérêt de l'automatisation du processus et de l'utilisation conjointe des deux résolutions des images Pléiades (mode panchromatique et mode multispectral) pour dériver les attributs de texture les plus performants pour détecter de fines variations de structure forestière.

Objet Notre mise au point vise a rapporter les dernieres recommandations en matiere de diagnostic et de prise en charge du syndrome de Lynch.

National audience

Ensemble methods have been successfully used as a classification scheme. The reduction of the complexity of this popular learning paradigm motivated the appearance of ensemble pruning algorithms. This paper presents a new ensemble pruning method which highly reduces the complexity of ensemble methods and performs better than complete bagging in terms of classification accuracy. More importantly, it is a very fast algorithm. It consists in ordering all base classifiers with respect to a new criterion which exploits an unsupervised ensemble margin. This method highlights the major influence of low margin instances on the performance of the pruning task and, more generally, the potential of low margin instances for the design of better ensembles. Comparison to both the naive approach of randomly pruning base classifiers and another ordering-based pruning algorithm is carried out in an extensive empirical analysis.

Mucosal malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is an extremely rare condition. It has a poor prognosis. Here we report two typical cases of malignant melanoma. In the first case, 64 years old man developed an exophytic tumor in the hard palate. Head and neck and chest computerized tomography scan showed a large aggressive tumor of the hard palate. The patient also had multiple lung metastases and a cervical lymph node. The second case is a 73 years old woman presenting a burgeoning mass on the right palate. Facial CT reveals a malignant tumor lateralized in the right palate with ipsilateral metastatic lymph nodes. Histological with immunohistochemical studies assigned both cases to a malignant melanoma. Due to the rarity of oral malignant melanomas, case reports are a necessary source of information.

La prescription de molécules onéreuses en cancérologie coûte cher à la société et implique un effort très important de la collectivité en faveur d'un malade. La prescription de ces médicaments doit d'une part être assortie à une efficacité notable et avoir un coût raisonnable. Pour pouvoir mesurer ce coût, il faut d'abord mesurer le bénéfice. QALY ‘Quality adjusted life year’ ou année de vie pondérée par la qualité est un indicateur qui évalue simultanément l'espérance de vie avec la notion de qualité de vie et permet de l'associer à un coût. L'impact de ce coût sur la société varie d'un pays à l'autre en fonction des ressources économiques disponibles .A travers cet article nous suggérons l'introduction d'un nouvel indice économique qui permet de mesurer l'impact réel du coût du bénéfice en rapportant le coût d'une action de santé au produit intérieur brut par habitant. Nous avons choisi de nommer cet indice: le coût par QALY rapporté au PIB (CQP).A titre d'exemple le CQP du Bevacizumab dans l'indication du cancer colorectal en première ligne métastatique varie entre 75.51 au Maroc ,70.47 en Egypte ,43.57 en Algérie et 5.5 en France.Key words: Coöt-efficacité, indice économique, Bevacizumab

Introduction de l’article de Melvin Pollner « Les versions mondaine et constitutive de la theorie de l’etiquetage » (« Constitutive and Mundane Versions of Labeling Theory », Human Studies, vol. 1, n° 3, july 1978, pp. 269-288), traduit de l’anglais par Kamel Boukir et Louis Quere.

Introduction de l’article de Melvin Pollner « Les versions mondaine et constitutive de la théorie de l’étiquetage » (« Constitutive and Mundane Versions of Labeling Theory », Human Studies, vol. 1, n° 3, july 1978, pp. 269-288), traduit de l’anglais par Kamel Boukir et Louis Quéré. Introduction of the Melvin Pollner’s paper « Les versions mondaine et constitutive de la théorie de l’étiquetage » (« Constitutive and Mundane Versions of Labeling Theory », Human Studies, vol. 1, n° 3, july 1978, pp. 269-288), translated from English to French language by Kamel Boukir and Louis Quéré. Introducción del texto de Melvin Pollner « Les versions mondaine et constitutive de la théorie de l’étiquetage » (« Constitutive and Mundane Versions of Labeling Theory », Human Studies, vol. 1, n° 3, july 1978, pp. 269-288), traducido del inglés por Kamel Boukir y Louis Quéré.

PePSOL: une base de données pour capitaliser les données sur les propriétés fonctionnelles des sols français. Séminaire IGCS (Inventaire Gestion et Conservation des Sols)

This paper presents a new unsupervised classification method which aims to effectively and efficiently map remote sensing data. The Mean-Shift (MS) algorithm, a non parametric density-based clustering technique, is at the core of our method. This powerful clustering algorithm has been successfully used for both the classification and the segmentation of gray scale and color images during the last decade. However, very little work has been reported regarding the performance of this technique on remotely sensed images. The main disadvantage of the MS algorithm lies on its high computational costs. Indeed, it is based on an optimization procedure to determine the modes of the pixels density. To investigate the MS algorithm in the difficult context of very high resolution remote sensing imagery, we use a fast version of this algorithm which has been recently proposed, namely the Path-Assigned Mean Shift (PAMS). This algorithm is up to 5 times faster than other fast MS algorithms while inducing a low loss in quality compared to the original MS version. To compensate for this loss, we propose to use the K modes (cluster centroids) obtained after convergence of the PAMS algorithm as an initialization of a K-means clustering algorithm. The latter converges very quickly to a refined solution to the underlying clustering problem. Furthermore, it does not suffer the main drawback of the classic K-means algorithm (the number of clusters K needs to be specified) as K is automatically determined via the MS mode-seeking procedure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this two-stage clustering method in performing automatic classification of aerial forest images. Both individual bands and band combination trails are presented. When compared to the classical PAMS algorithm, our technique is better in terms of classification quality. The improvement in classification is significant both visually and statistically. The whole classification process is performed in a few seconds on image tiles of around 1000 x 1000 pixels making this technique a viable alternative to traditional classifiers.

As part of the valorization of medicinal and aromatic plants in Morocco, we studied the effect of the provenance on the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of red juniper (Juniperus phoenicea). The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from branches were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The most abundant compounds identified vary according to their origins: α-pinene (64,19 to 76,33%), δ-3-carene (0 to 14,84%), germacrene B (1,23 to 2,98%), myrcene (1,69 to 2,69%), E-β-caryophelene (0,70 to 2,38%) and fenchone (0,42 to 2,12%). The influence of the provenance on the antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was also highlighted.

The compositions of the essential oils isolated from leaves of five natural popu-lations of Cupressus atlantica (Cupressaceae), an endemic species from Morocco, were investi-gated by GC-FID and GC-MS. The analysis showed sixty one constituents, of which fifty seven constituents were identified, accounting for 83.8–95.5 % of the total oils. These oils were domi-nated by the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; four of them (germacrene D, o-cadinene, y-cadinene and s-caryophyllene,) constituted 21- 52.2 % of the oil, except for Talat N’os population which showed a high rate of monoterpene hydrocarbons (41.4 %). Quantitative, rather than qualitative difference of components found in the essential oil was noted. This variation seems to depend on environmental aspects existing in the plant collection sites.

Primary pulmonary lymphoma is a very rare neoplasm that represents only 3-4% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), less than 1% of NHL and only 0.5-1% of primary pulmonary malignancies. Primary pulmonary NHL is most commonly represented by marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT lymphoma). The clinical characteristics, methods of treatment, and outcomes are not well-elucidated. We, therefore, reviewed the medical records of five Moroccan patients who were pathologically and clinically diagnosed as primary pulmonary lymphoma and treated in our institute of oncology.

L’objectif de ce present travail est l’etude comparative du rendement et de la composition chimique de l’huile essentielle (HE) issue de l’armoise blanche (Artemisia herba-alba) de la region de Guercif (Maroc oriental) selon la date de recolte ainsi que la determination de son activite antibacterienne et antifongique vis-a-vis de sept micro-organismes. Les rendements en HE exprimes en millilitre par rapport a 100 g de la matiere seche de l’Artemisia herba-alba recoltee en avril, juin et septembre (2008) sont respectivement de 0,86, 1,23 et 0,56 %. Les analyses chromatographiques des HE ont revele l’existence de deux composes majoritaires, le chrysanthenone et le camphre pour les echantillons des mois d’avril et juin, par contre ceux du mois de septembre se distinguent par la presence du camphre et de l’α-terpin-7-al. L’HE de l’Artemisia herba-alba a montre une importante activite antimicrobienne.

The 1H chemical shifts, 1H-1H coupling constants, 13C chemical shifts, and some 1H-13C and 13C-19F coupling constants have been determined for seven 3-substituted-9-chloroacridines and for the corresponding 3-substituted-9-aminoacridines. The effects produced by the substituent in position 3 on the 1H and 13C chemical shifts are discussed using two empirical models, those of Smith and Proulx (F, R, Q*) and Reynolds (σF, σR0, I, O, M).

We have synthesized new supports for the purification of insulin and IgG by affinity chromatography. These supports combine the advantages of biospecific ligands with the excellent separation properties of thiophilic sorbents. The existence of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in insulin receptor and in the antigenic determinant of IgG suggests that such an acid may develop specific interactions usable in affinity chromatography. Therefore, N-acetylneuraminic acid was used as an active ligand in comparison with the β-mercaptoethanol. The performances of these supports were tested under static and dynamic (LC) conditions. The support functionalized by sialic acid appears significantly more selective than the support grafted by β-mercaptoethanol; and its purification yield is better. This new support showed similar adsorption characteristics with thiophilic adsorbent. These affinity supports allowed a one-step separation of the insulin and IgG subclasses from a pancreatic extract and mouse ascitic fluids, respectively, by LC.

As non-destructive technique, FT-Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the molecular structure and monitor changes in the composition of carbohydrates and lignin components containing wood materials. For this purpose, four samples originated from Moroccan cedar wood were analyzed. Following the FT-Raman spectra, it was found that carbohydrates were identified by the bands at 898, 1098, 1123 and 1456 cm-1, while lignin matrix was evaluated by the bands at 1657, 1598 and 1267 cm-1. The decrease of the intensities related to these feature bands reflects the effects of natural degradation phenomenon and shows the evidence of chemical changes and quick deterioration of these contents upon exposure time to natural degradation process. Thus, the FT-Raman tool has the potential to be one of crucial sources to characterize composite materials and to evaluate the chemical changes occurred on their structures under the influence of physico-chemical or biological attacks without causing any damage of the wood surfaces or their supports.

In this work, we use the strong stability method to study the batch arrival queue after a perturbation of the batch size distribution. We show that, under some hypotheses, the characteristics of the batch arrival queueing system M X /M/1 may be approximated by the correspondent characteristics of the system M Geo /M/1. After clarifying the conditions of approximation, we obtain stability inequalities with an exact computation of constants.

The volatiles of the leaf oil and some Cistus ladanifer L. extracts from the North of Morocco were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography-FID. The major constituents of Cistus leaf oil were viridiflorol (19.6%), bornyl acetate (16.7%) and camphene (12.3%). The main identified compounds of resinoid, concrete and absolute of labdanum were labd-14-ene-16,18-diol; labd-14-ene-8,13-diol; labda-8(20),13(16),14-triene; labd-12-ene-15,18-diol; 16-kaurene; labda-8,14-dienoic acid; labdanoic acid; labdenoic acid; labda-7,8-dienoic acid and 6-oxo-cativic acid. The antimicrobial activity of the oil and extracts of C. ladanifer were examined against various fungi and bacteria strains. It was found that the oil possessed the highest antifungal and antibacterial activity followed by the concrete. Labdanum resinoid had the lowest activity while the absolute exhibited intermediate activity.