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We describe here an experimental prototype designed for registration of nanosecond discharge current pulses with an amplitude of up to 600 mA and a negative/positive polarity in the air gap between the +Z surface of a pyroelectric lithium niobate crystal and a flat copper electrode during the crystal heating/cooling cycles. The experiments were carried out in air at atmospheric pressure using a cylindrical lithium niobate sample with a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness of 7 mm. With the temperature varying from 20 to 80 °C, there were registered over 50 discharge pulses for heating as well as for cooling stage. Their parameters testify to pyroelectric generation of pulsed electron beam with a current at maximum from 45 mA to 600 mA, duration of about 15 ns, rise time from 1 to 1.9 ns, and transferred charge from 0.95 to 5.7 nC.

Hepatocyte proliferation is the main cellular mechanism of liver regeneration. However, after removal of more than 80 % of the liver mass, a temporary block of hepatocyte proliferation is observed, which may be the cause of impaired regeneration during transplantation and liver resection in the clinical practice. The current study aims to analyze the molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte proliferation impairment after subtotal liver resection in rats. In male Wistar rats, a model of liver regeneration after subtotal resection is reproduced - removal of more than 80 % of liver mass. Using the methods of immunohistochemistry, PCR-RT, western blot, possible molecular mechanisms of slowing down the proliferation of hepatocytes were studied. It was found that expression of cyclin D1 and E increased only 30 hours after surgery. Their appearance coincides with the beginning of transcription of genes for Cyclins D1 and E1 at 30 h after surgery. The corresponding increase in concentrations of cyclin D, and E proteins is further delayed till 48 h after surgery. These results indicate that, in this particular model, hepatocytes are reluctant to undergo transition between G0- and G1 -phases of cell cycle. We have observed a prolonged decrease in the expression of protooncogene C-met (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor-encoding gene Met). We have also observed an increase in expression of the transforming growth factor beta-1 receptor-encoding gene TgfbrII. At the same time, irreversible block of hepatocyte proliferation was prevented by expression of certain factors, notably of the TWEAK/ Fn14 signaling pathway: concentrations of the corresponding proteins in remnant livers have peaked from 24 h to 48 h after surgery. Thus, after subtotal liver resection, the remaining hepatocytes are exposed to a large scope of both mitogenic and antimitogenic factors. Proliferative behavior of hepatocytes in remnant livers is determined by fine balance of these factors. The prevalence of antimitogenic factors in the early period after surgery delays the onset of hepatocyte proliferation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate physical, mechanical, and biological properties of the polydioxanone (PDO) monofilament meshes and polyglycolide (PGA) polyfilament meshes in comparison with Permacol® implants. In rat experimental model, a 1.5 × 2.0 cm defect in abdominal wall was reconstructed by using the Permacol surgical implant or knitted meshes produced from either PDO monofilament, or PGA multifilament. The implant sites were assessed for the tensile strength and the extents of material resorption, host inflammatory response and host tissue replacement on days 3, 10, 30, or 60 after the surgery. The PDO and PGA meshes were rapidly pervaded by the host connective tissue with elements of skeletal muscle histogenesis. The degree of adhesions was significantly higher in the Permacol group. All of the prostheses underwent resorption, which correlated with gradual decreases in the overall tensile strength of the site and the Col1a1 gene expression level. Elevated expression of Fgf2 gene maintained longer in the PDO group, and the Mmp9 gene expression level in this group was higher than in the other groups. Gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were higher in the Permacol group. The foreign body giant cell numbers were lower in the PDO and Permacol groups than in the PGA group. Minimal macrophage infiltration with predominance of M2 cells was observed in the PDO group. Overall, the PDO prosthesis turned out to be significantly better than the PGA or Permacol prostheses by a number of indicators of biocompatibility and efficacy. © 2018 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 00B: 000-000, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 652-663, 2019.

The objective of this study was to evaluate physical, mechanical, and biological properties of the polydioxanone (PDO) monofilament meshes and polyglycolide (PGA) polyfilament meshes in comparison with Permacol® implants. In rat experimental model, a 1.5 × 2.0 cm defect in abdominal wall was reconstructed by using the Permacol surgical implant or knitted meshes produced from either PDO monofilament, or PGA multifilament. The implant sites were assessed for the tensile strength and the extents of material resorption, host inflammatory response and host tissue replacement on days 3, 10, 30, or 60 after the surgery. The PDO and PGA meshes were rapidly pervaded by the host connective tissue with elements of skeletal muscle histogenesis. The degree of adhesions was significantly higher in the Permacol group. All of the prostheses underwent resorption, which correlated with gradual decreases in the overall tensile strength of the site and the Col1a1 gene expression level. Elevated expression of Fgf2 gene maintained longer in the PDO group, and the Mmp9 gene expression level in this group was higher than in the other groups. Gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were higher in the Permacol group. The foreign body giant cell numbers were lower in the PDO and Permacol groups than in the PGA group. Minimal macrophage infiltration with predominance of M2 cells was observed in the PDO group. Overall, the PDO prosthesis turned out to be significantly better than the PGA or Permacol prostheses by a number of indicators of biocompatibility and efficacy. © 2018 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 00B: 000–000, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 652–663, 2019.

This paper presents the results of numerical and experimental study of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov oscillator with average diameter of the slow-wave structure ${D} \approx \text {2.6}\lambda $ . ( $\lambda $ is a wavelength). The combined mode selection including the diffraction loss in the electron diode was applied. The high-current accelerator SINUS-200 provided the thin-walled annular electron beam in the range of voltages 350–420 kV and currents of 2.9–3.8 kA at pulsewidth of 10 ns. The generation of 2.5–3-ns pulses at the central frequency 36.4–36.8-GHz and 400–600-MW output microwave peak power was realized. The corresponding efficiency of 42% ± 5% in power conversion has been obtained.

Macrophages of mammals are a heterogeneous population of cells. This applies both to the functional parameters of macrophages and to the sources of their development. The comparative characteristics of macrophages of embryonic origin on the example of Kupffer cells and macrophages of bone marrow origin on the example of macrophages of monocyte derivatives were carried out. Cultures of Kupffer cells and macrophages of monocytic origin were obtained. The phenotype, profile of gene expression of native macrophages activated in direction M1 and M2 was studied. The phenotype of isolated cultures is characterized by methods of immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry. Gene expression was studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Under the influence of inducing factors, the phenotype of two populations of macrophages changes in a similar way: under the influence of M1-factors, the synthesis of CD86 and iNOs is activated in cells, under the influence of M2 - CD163 and Arg1. In Kupffer cells, expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines - il4, il13, is more pronounced, and in macrophages of monocytic origin of pro-inflammatory cytokines - il1b, tnfa, il12a. The induction of the genes of proinflammatory cytokines in Kupffer cells is slower compared to macrophages of monocytic origin.

Тhe article is devoted to peculiarities of legal regulation under the legislation of the Russian Empire of the early twentieth century extradition at the request of a foreign state and of a foreign state for criminal prosecution in Russia. In modern conditions, international cooperation in the fight against crime is of particular importance. In this regard, the relevance of research on this topic, including historical and legal aspects, is growing, since the study and generalization of historical experience helps to know and use the laws of social development, to avoid repeating mistakes. The chronological framework of the study is due to the fact that at the beginning of the twentieth century, normative acts were issued in the Russian Empire, which, summarizing previous experience, formed a system of legal norms regulating the extradition of criminals. Despite the short duration of its operation, the fundamental nature of these regulations is obvious. Conceptual ideas on this issue were reflected in the Criminal Code of 1903, the law "On the extradition of criminals at the request of foreign States" of 1911 practically step-by-step defined the procedure and procedure for the extradition of a criminal. The conducted research allowed the author to conclude that the main provisions of the extradition of criminals to foreign countries, formulated by lawyers in the legislation of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century, served as the basis for the development of this legal institution in modern Russia.

AIM To investigate the influence of the umbilical cord-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) on recovery of the liver after the subtotal resection, that is, removal of 80% of the organ mass, a renowned model of the small-for-size liver remnant syndrome. METHODS The MSCs were obtained from the intervascular tissue of umbilical cords, dissected from rat fetuses, by the explant culture technique. The vital labeling of MSCs with РКН26 was carried out on the 3rd passage. The subtotal resection was performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats. The experimental group animals received a transplant 106 MSCs infused into the spleen. Hepatocyte proliferation was assessed by counting of either mitotic figures or Ki67-positive cells in microscopic images. MSC differentiation was assessed with antibodies to hepatocyte-specific marker cytokeratin 18 (CK18), cholangiocyte-specific protein CK19, smooth muscle cell-specific protein α-SMA, the endothelial cell marker CD31, or the active fibroblast marker FAPα. Total macrophages of the liver were selectively stained in cryosections incubated with anti-CD68 antibodies (1:100, Abcam), while the M2a and M2c macrophage populations were selectively stained with anti-CD206 antibodies. Expression of interleukin and growth factor genes was evaluated with PCR-RT. RESULTS Intrasplenic allogeneic transplantation of the umbilical cord-derived multipotent stromal cells stimulates reparative processes within the residual liver tissue after subtotal resection (removal of 80% of the organ mass), as indicated by increased rates of hepatocyte proliferation and accelerated organ mass recovery. These effects may result from paracrine influence of the transplanted cells on the resident macrophage population of the liver. The transplantation favors polarization of macrophages to M2 phenotype (the M2-polarized macrophages specifically express CD206; they are known to suppress inflammation and support tissue repair). No differentiation of the transplanted cells into any of the liver cell types have been observed in the study. CONCLUSION We found no direct evidence for the paracrine effect of MSCs on liver regeneration after the subtotal liver resection in rats. However, the paracrine mechanism of the therapeutic activity of transplanted MSC is indirectly indicated by a decrease in the total number of CD68 + macrophages and an increase in the proportion of M2 pro-repair macrophages in the regenerating liver as compared to animals in which the transplantation was only mimicked.

A plasmid vector pSVB was developed, which allows integrating an expression cassette containing the maral prochymosin gene into the genome of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Producer strains have been obtained that ensure the accumulation of recombinant maral chymosin in the culture medium with a milk-clotting activity of up to 145 AU / ml.

Liver diseases are one of the main causes of mortality. In this regard, the development of new ways of reparative processes stimulation is relevant. Macrophages play a leading role in the regulation of liver homeostasis in physiological conditions and in pathology. In this regard, the development of new liver treatment methods is impossible without taking into account this cell population. Resident macrophages of the liver, Kupffer cells, represent a unique cell population, first of all, due to their development. Most of the liver macrophages belong to the self-sustaining macrophage cell population, whose origin is not bone marrow. In addition, Kupffer cells are involved in such processes as regulation of hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the intercellular matrix, lipid metabolism, protective function, etc. Such a broad spectrum of liver macrophage functions indicates their high functional plasticity. The review summarizes recent data on the development, phenotypic and functional plasticity, and participation in the reparative processes of liver macrophages: resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and bone marrow-derived macrophages.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) influx to mitochondrial matrix is crucial for the life of a cell. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mtCU) is a protein complex which consists of the pore-forming subunit (MCU) and several regulatory subunits. MtCU is the main contributor to inward Ca2+ currents through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Extensive investigations of mtCU involvement into normal and pathological molecular pathways started from the moment of discovery of its molecular components. A crucial role of mtCU in the control of these pathways is now recognized in both health and disease. In particular, impairments of mtCU function have been demonstrated for cardiovascular and skeletal muscle-associated pathologies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on mtCU structure, regulation, and function in different types of muscle tissues in health and disease.

The proper functioning of the monocyte−macrophage system, an important unit of innate immunity, ensures the normal course of pregnancy. In this review, we present the current data on the origin of the monocyte−macrophage system and its functioning in the female reproductive system during the ovarian cycle, and over the course of both normal and complicated pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a crucial gestation disorder characterized by pronounced inflammation in the maternal body that affects the work of the monocyte−macrophage system. The effects of inflammation at preeclampsia manifest in changes in monocyte counts and their subset composition, and changes in placental macrophage counts and their polarization. Here we summarize the recent data on this issue for both the maternal organism and the fetus. The influence of estrogen on macrophages and their altered levels in preeclampsia are also discussed.

Endometriosis and cancer have much in common, notably their burgeoning of cells in hypoxic milieus, their invasiveness, and their capacity to trigger remodeling, vascularization, and innervation of other tissues. An important role in these processes is played by permissive microenvironments inhabited by a variety of stromal and immune cells, including macrophages. Remarkable phenotypical plasticity of macrophages makes them a promising therapeutic target; some key issues are the range of macrophage phenotypes characteristic of a particular pathology and the possible manners of its modulation. In both endometriosis and cancer, macrophages guard the lesions from immune surveillance while promoting pathological cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. This review article focuses on a comparative analysis of macrophage behaviors in endometriosis and cancer. We also highlight recent reports on the experimental modulation of macrophage phenotypes in preclinical models of endometriosis and cancer.

2-(2-Furyl)-1H-naphto[2,3-d]imidazole was synthesised by interaction of 2,3-diaminonaphtalene with furfural in the conditions of Weidenhagen reaction. At its N-methylation in the KOH-DMSO system the 1-methyl-2-(2-furyl)-1H-naphto[2,3-d]imidazole was obtained, which we subjected to reactions of electrophilic substitution (nitration, bromination, sulfonation, formylation, and acylation). This compound possesses a specific reactivity: all reactions, as a rule, proceed at the naphthalene scaffold while the furan ring is not involved.

Due to the scarcity of natural rennet, in this study we have considered an option of using in cheesemaking a milk-clotting enzyme produced by the Irpex lacteus fungus. We describe main properties of I. lacteus coagulant: milk-clotting activity (МА), overall proteolytic activity (PA), thermal stability, MА dependence on рН level and calcium ions content. Partially purified preparations of I. lacteus milk-clotting enzyme was obtained by salting out and gel-filtration. Technological properties of the I. lacteus coagulant were compared to natural calf rennet and cow pepsin (CP). МА of I. lacteus enzyme amounted to 29.1 ± 0.7 RU/ml, with protein content of 23 mg/ml. The coagulant was completely inactivated at 60○С. Thermal stability of I. lacteus milk-clotting enzyme, MA sensitivity to pH variations and Ca2+ content were comparable to respective parameters of calf rennet and CP. Overall PA of the I. lacteus coagulant exceeded CP and calf rennet activity by 33 and 220 times, respectively. As for enzymatic specificity, the following order was observed: calf rennet (100%) > CP (14.9%) > I. lacteus coagulant (0.5%). These findings suggest that there is a need to increase the MA of I. lacteus coagulant in order to be able to use it in cheesemaking. We have considered chemical, biochemical, and genetic corrective actions applicable to technological properties of microfungal milk coagulants.

The mechanisms of proangiogenic activity of multipotent stromal cells from human umbilical cord were analyzed in vitro. The absence of secreted forms of proangiogenic growth factor VEGF-A in the culture medium conditioned by umbilical cord-derived multipotent stromal cells was shown by ELISA. However, the possibility of paracrine stimulation of cell proliferation, mobility, and directed migration of endothelial EA.hy926 cells was demonstrated by using MTT test, Transwell system, and monolayer wound modeling. The capacity of multipotent stromal cells to acquire the phenotype of endothelium-like cells was analyzed using differentiation media of three types. It was found that VEGF-A is an essential but not sufficient inductor of differentiation of umbilical cord-derived multipotent stromal cells into CD31+ cells.

Preeclampsia is a gestation-associated hypertensive syndrome that threatens the life and health of the mother and the child. The condition is presumably caused by systemic failure with a strong involvement of innate immunity. In particular, it has been associated with flexible phenotypes of macrophages, which depend on the molecules circulating in the blood and tissue fluid, such as cytokines and hormones. This study aimed at a comparative evaluation of pro-inflammatory (TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (CD206, MMP9, HGF) markers, as well as the levels of estrogen receptor α, expressed by decidual macrophages in normal pregnancy and in patients with early- and late-onset preeclampsia. The tissue samples of decidua basalis were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Isolation of decidual macrophages and their characterization were performed using cultural methods, flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Over 50% of the isolated decidual macrophages were positive for the pan-macrophage marker CD68. In the early-onset preeclampsia group, the levels of estrogen receptor α in decidua were significantly decreased. Furthermore, significantly decreased levels of HGF and CD206 were observed in both preeclampsia groups compared with the control group. The observed downregulation of estrogen receptor α, HGF and CD206 may contribute to the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages and thereby to pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

The control of surface bioadhesive properties of the subcutaneous implants is essential for the development of biosensors and controlled drug release devices. Poly(alkyl ethylene phosphate)-based (co)polymers are structurally versatile, biocompatible and biodegradable, and may be regarded as an alternative to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) copolymers in the creation of antiadhesive materials. The present work reports the synthesis of block copolymers of &epsilon, caprolactone (&epsilon, CL) and 2-ethoxy-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-2-oxide (ethyl ethylene phosphate, EtOEP) with different content of EtOEP fragments, preparation of polymer films, and the results of the study of the impact of EtOEP/&epsilon, CL ratio on the hydrophilicity (contact angle of wetting), hydrolytic stability, cytotoxicity, protein and cell adhesion, and cell proliferation using umbilical cord multipotent stem cells. It was found that the increase of EtOEP/&epsilon, CL ratio results in increase of hydrophilicity of the polymer films with lowering of the protein and cell adhesion. MTT cytotoxicity test showed no significant deviations in toxicity of poly(&epsilon, CL) and poly(&epsilon, CL)-b-poly(EtOEP)-based films. The influence of the length of poly(EtOEP)chain in block-copolymers on fibrotic reactions was analyzed using subcutaneous implantation experiments (Wistar line rats), the increase of the width of the fibrous capsule correlated with higher EtOEP/&epsilon, CL ratio. However, the copolymer-based film with highest content of polyphosphate had been subjected to faster degradation with a formation of developed contact surface of poly(&epsilon, CL). The rate of the degradation of polyphosphate in vivo was significantly higher than the rate of the degradation of polyphosphate in vitro, which only confirms an objective value of in vivo experiments in the development of polymer materials for biomedical applications.

Background Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which represents a valuable source of growth factors, is increasingly being applied in regenerative medicine. Recent findings suggest the feasibility of using PRP in the treatment of infertility secondary to refractory thin endometrium. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) of the endometrium are an essential cellular component responsible for extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, cell-to-cell communication, and postmenstrual tissue repair. Using a rat model, we examine the effects of autologous PRP on MSCs isolated from the uterus and compare them with the effects of autologous ordinary plasma (OP) and complete growth medium. Methods MSCs were isolated from uterine tissues via enzymatic disaggregation. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping of the primary cell cultures was complemented by immunocytochemistry for Ki-67 and vimentin. The ability of MSCs to differentiate in osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenic directions was assessed using differentiation-inducing media. The levels of autophagy and apoptosis markers, as well as the levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and estrogen receptor α, were assessed by western blotting. Results After 24 h incubation, the proliferation index of the PRP-treated MSC cultures was significantly higher than that of the MSC cultures treated with complete growth medium. PRP treatment elevated production of LC3B protein, an autophagy marker, while OP treatment upregulated the expression of stress-induced protein p53 and extracellular enzyme MMP9. The results indicate practical relevance and validity for PRP use in the treatment of infertility.

This study delves into possible mechanisms underlying the stimulating influence of UC-MSCs transplantation on functional and structural recovery of ischemic skeletal muscles. Limb ischemia was created in Sprague-Dawley rats by excision of femoral and popliteal arteries. Allogeneic rat PKH26-labeled UCMSCs were administered by direct intramuscular injection. Animals of experimental group responded to the transplantation by improvement in their locomotor function as assessed by the rotarod performance test on day 9 and 29 after transplantation. Histomorphometric analysis showed that relative area of the lesions in the experimental group was significantly smaller than in the control group at all time points during the observation. Calculated densities of microcirculation vessels within the lesions were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group on day 10 after transplantation. Only a part of the transplanted allogeneic UC-MSCs survived within the ischemic muscle tissue, and a considerable portion of these surviving cells were found alongside the VEGFproducing preserved muscle fibers. The РКН26 label was not found within the walls of capillaries or larger blood vessels. The administration of allogeneic UCMSCs significantly increased the proportion of M2 macrophages, exhibiting proangiogenic and antiinflammatory properties, for at least 10 days following the transplantation