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I wish to begin by paying tribute to the figure of cImad al-Din Yahya Ibn Hamz, the renowned Zaidi scholar and Imam (669-750AH). He greatly enriched the canon of Islamic studies with his output, in particular with his major work on Arabic grammar entitled al-Hasir li Fawa' id al-Muqaddima li Tahir, which constitutes the subject of this thesis. Al-Hasir li Fawa'id al-Muqaddima li Tahir is, in effect, an extensive commentary on the short grammatical treatise of al-Muqaddima al-Muhsiba (or al-Muqaddima al-Nahwiyya) by the Egyptian grammarian Ibn Babshadh Tahir Ibn Ahmad al-Jauhari (d. 469AH). The commentary amounts to a detailed analysis of Ibn Babshadh's text providing an exhaustive and original treatment of most major aspects of Arabic grammar. I have divided the thesis into two parts. Part one, a study, consists of eight chapters. In the first chapter I discuss the Arabic manuscripts of al-Hasir, six copies of which I managed to obtain from various Islamic and Western institutions, as well as the method I followed in editing the text. In Chapter two I introduce the figure of the Imam Yahya, provide a short biography covering his childhood, education and his writing, and discuss his milieu from a political, social and cultural perspective including a comment on the origin of the Zaidi state in al-Yaman and the Rasulid dynasty there under which the Imam Yahya lived. In Chapter three I give a brief history of Arabic grammar and its development up to the time of al-Imam Yahya. In Chapter four I offer a short biography of Ibn Babshadh and his works, especially his principal work al-Muqaddima al-Muhsiba and its commentary Sharh al-Muqaddima al-Muhsiba the subject of Imam Yahya's revision under the title of al-Hasir, and cover also the major commentaries written on al-Muqaddima produced by the celebrated grammarian of the period under discussion. In Chapter five I discuss the Imam Yahya's orientation in Arabic grammar and his position with respect to the traditional grammatical school's (Basran, Kufan and Baghdadi). In Chapter six I discuss the subject and method in al-Hdsir. In Chapter seven I discuss the importance of the shawahid in Arabic grammar, as a source of the Imam Yahya's work in al-Hasir derived from the Qur'an, the Hadith, ancient Arabic poetry and prose, as well as shawahid by analogy. Chapter eight deals with the significance of al-Hasir as a work of Arabic grammar and presentation comparing with the work of al-Zamakhshari's al-Mufassal and the Shark al-Muqaddima al-Muhsiba by Ibn Babshadh. The second part of the thesis covers the Arabic edition of al-Hasir. It is based upon the oldest available manuscript and supplied with a full critical apparatus.

Teaching Arabic as foreign language is a fairly new field of study, particularly in Western Universities. The aim of this thesis is to discuss one aspect of this field by concentrating on text-book analysis and evaluation. In carrying out this task we have formulated a set of questions to serve as parameters in the collection and analysis of data relevant to this task (appendix II). The subject of this practical study is vol. 1, entitled "Arabic for Beginners" of a series of books used for teaching Arabic to foreign adults at the Arabic Language Institute. Our study utilises a number of notions and considerations which are applicable to text-book analysis and evaluation generally. In Appendix I we deal with some of these points in an attempt to specify the theoretical dimension presupposed by our practical analysis. The thesis contains two main parts:- the theoretical part which deals with different aspects belonging to the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language, including the characteristics of the Arabic language and the teaching of sounds, vocabulary, constructions, and culture. The practical part, on the other hand, is concerned with the practical application and the outcome of the analysis of the text-book in terms of a set of criteria which may have applicability outside the immediate realm of Arabic foreign language teaching. The thesis contains four chapters. Chapter one deals with the characteristics of the Arabic language and its importance as a foreign language; it also concentrates on the objectives of Arabic language teaching as well as on the problem of syllabus design in relation to this language. Chapter two gives a general outline of the institutes and the materials of teaching Arabic as a foreign language in Saudi Arabia. Chapter three deals with the importance of sounds, vocabulary, constructions and culture, paying attention to their place in the text-book of teaching Arabic as a foreign Language. Chapter four sets out the results of applying the criteria of text-book evaluation to the book under investigation, pointing out its positive and negative features in the areas of sounds, vocabulary, constructions and culture.

Since the nineteenth century, the modernisation of Arabic vocabulary has been subject of a great concern for Arab scholars who are loyal to the language while aware of the need to adapt it to the demands of the modern world. This thesis attempts to present a comprehensive view of the subject by examining linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects of the process of lexical development in Modern Standard Arabic. The thesis comprises six chapters: Chapter One: is a brief introduction to the emergence of the movement for cultural and linguistic revival in the Arab world, leaders of linguistic reform, and the Arabic language academies. Chapter Two: examines the phenomenon of Ishtiqāq (Derivation) in Arabic, and its role in providing the language with native means of generating new lexical items. Chapter Three: discusses the assimilation of foreign words. It investigates the concept of borrowing in both classical and modern theory, and presents a description and analysis of this process as adopted for Modern Standard Arabic. Chapter Four: deals with the methods of Tarkīb and Naẖt (Compounding and Blending), and assesses their significance in the growth of Arabic vocabulary. Chapter Five: gives a brief introduction to the question of terminology formation and reviews the terminological activities in the Arab world which, aim at the standardization of current terminological work and the creation of a unified Arabic vocabulary. Chapter Six: provides a brief summary of the conclusions and findings of this study.

This study consists of three parts comprising twelve chapters. Part One I Tense and Aspect in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic t consists of five chapters 1-5. In chapter one 'Previous Treatments', we tried to show where we differ from previous treatments dealing with the same subject. Starting with chapter two is our treatment of the subject. In the three chapters two to five, we deal with Tense and Aspect. This treatment has resulted in a different and more elaborate system of verbal patterns from the previous treatments and shown now semantic references for many old ones. This approach has entailed the setting up of three major verb classes. In chapter five 'Categories of the Conditional Sentence', the polysystemic approach in dealing with the categories of the conditional sentence independently of the normal sentence results in some simplification of earlier treatments

This study is concerned with Arabic phonology. In particular it deals with morphophonemic alternations in standard Arabic and Kuwait dialect. The research is carried out within the framework of generative phonology. The work is arranged in four parts. Part one is a theoretical introduction which includes an outline of the different views on the phoneme since early in the century, phonemic analyses, taxonomic and systematic, the different variants of the phoneme, and the different thoughts on treating alternations are all reviewed. Similarly, an outline is provided on the theory of generative phonology. The first impression of it - the transformational view - and its strong abstraction is discussed. The other version of generative phonology - the natural view - which came as a reaction to the transformational abstractness is also outlined. Part two is devoted to standard Arabic. It is divided into two sections. The first of which deals with the phonological system. This includes a discussion on the vocalic system, the consonantal system, the syllable structure, assimilation and stress. Section two deals with the morphophonemic alternations in the language, both masculine and feminine. Part three is concerned with Kuwait dialect. It is also divided into two sections, the first of which discusses the phonological system of the dialect in the same way that the first section of part two discusses the phonological system of standard Arabic. Section two of part three deals with the morphophonemic alternations in the dialect in the same way that section two of part two deals with the morphophonemic alternations in standard Arabic. Part four attempts to account for the phonological dissimilarities between standard Arabic and Kuwait dialect. Such dissimilarities are grouped under: emphatic influence, phonemic merger, phonemic split, vowel insertion and deletion, vowel raising, syllable structure, and neutralization.

I wish to pay a tribute to Ibn Usfur, whose name is mentioned in most of the grammatical works, such as by editing "al-Muthul ala Kitab al-Muqarrab". I have divided this thesis into three chapters: In the first I deal with the biography of Ibn Usfur, and with a brief statement about the political and cultural influences that surrounded his life. Ibn Usfur, the bearer of the banner of Arabic in his time in al-Andalus, was born in Seville in the year 597/1200. He studied Arabic and literature in al-Andalus until he had mastered them, having studied there under a group of great scholars. Of these were the teacher Abu Ali al-Shalawbin head of the grammarians in al-Andalus, and the teacher Abu al-Hasan al-Dabbaj Shaykh of al-Andalus. He then began to teach in his country, teaching grammar for a while. After that a quarrel with his master took place which made him leave his native town, Seville, and travel throughout al-Andalus, staying in several towns and studying under many scholars. Many students came to him for study and to aquire benefit from his knowledge. Later on he crossed the sea to Ifriqiya and stayed in Tunis, highly respected by the Hafsid Caliph, al-Mustansir bi 'Llah. On returning to his own country he again travelled throughout al-Andalus, Then he passed over to al-Maghrib, staying in Sala. At the invitation of the forementioned Caliph he returned to Ifriqiya, and settled in Tunis where he died in the year 669/1271. Ibn Usfur grew up in Seville which was at that time the centre of the Almohad government in al-Andalus. In the year 643/1245 Seville came under the rule of the Hafsids. In the year 647/1248 Seville fell to the Christians. With regard to the cultural life no one denies the Almohads' care for culture, and the great efforts they made to nourish it. With regard to the Hafsid state in which Ibn Usfur was highly considered and respected all its rulers were highly educated, therefore they facilitated the coming of the Andalusians in large numbers to Ifriqiya and al-Maghrib. Besides this Seville the birthplace of Ibn Usfur had flourished at the time of Banu Abbad 414-484/1023-1091, and remained for half a century the brilliant centre of literature, verse and prose in al-Andalus. So it was not strange that Ibn Usfur became known as a scholar, jurisprudent, grammarian, linguist, historian, and poet. This chapter is preceded by an introduction, showing the high standing of Ibn Usfur among the other grammarians. In the second chapter I deal with the works of Ibn Usfur, and their importance in Arabic grammatical studies. Al-Shaykh al-Ghubrini says: "The works of Abu al-Hasan - meaning Ibn Usfur - in Arabic are considered to be some of the best and the most dignified subjects and compilations". The third chapter is the edition which deals with many points of Arabic grammar, with examples of correct usage. In my edition I have followed this way: 1. I have copied the text carefully in my own handwriting, and I have done my best to present it in a good way in regard to vocalization and punctuation. 2. I have shown the difference among the manuscripts exactly as it is in regard to vocalization. 3. I have explained the words and expressions which I think are in need of explanation. 4. I have clarified the quotation [Arabic characters] by mentioning what comes before or after it in "al-Muqarrab" when it is in need of clarity. 5. I have tried to give more explanations of the grammatical points by referring to other references. 6. I have mentioned the metre of the poetic grammatical examples. 7. I have given a brief definition to the proper names, and names of the cities that occur in the text. Finally, and with respect to the years that occur within the whole thesis I have added the Christian date, and put it between two brackets when it is not mentioned by the reference.

This thesis is an attempt to follow, at the level of syntax, the complete process, from the onset to the close, of a contact situation that existed in the Iberian Peninsula between the dialects of two language families, the Latin-based or Romance and the Semitic, illustrated primarily by Arabic. Part I contains the socio-historical background in which attitudes to prestige and colloquial varieties have been investigated and the population of speakers quantified. Measurement is discussed in Part II. A framework had to be found to cope with variation in its several aspects: change, evolution, borrowing, convergence and divergence; all of which inform the various Spanish Arabic dialects, Mozarabic, Aljamia, Judesmo, Ladino and Iberian Romance. This new approach made it possible to bring together these varieties which up to now had been treated separately. Part III deals with the study of Arabic texts. A number of dated texts have been collected from different regions of Spain to assess parallel change or divergence in documents of a similar nature for a given period. Part IV considers the impact of Arabic on Latin-based dialects in a number of texts over the same period. A translation follows each. The study provides a detailed analysis of the demise of the Arabic language in Spain. Since the emphasis is on spoken varieties, the analysis has a contribution to make to the better understanding of several regional dialects of this language in the Peninsula. This is illustrated by 24 tables. Finally, simplification as a linguistic concept has been further specified and an order of exit for patterns established. Supplementary material will be found in the appendices where the remaining deeds from the Arabic collection of Nuestra Senora del Pilar, Zaragoza, are translated and considered for their legal Jargon, together with the Lord's Prayer in several dialects, and an article submitted as a contribution to the subject of this study.

The present study deals with the intonation of Kuwaiti Bedouin Arabic (KBA). This is the product of an earlier Central Arabian intonation type which is yielding to the speech patterns of the majority of the population. It does not contrast very extensively with standard Kuwaiti. The main intonation systems of the dialect are shown and illustrated. Some indication is given of what intonations are dying out and what usages have survived and reasons are suggested for why they have survived. Chapter One traces the background of the people, their origin and settlement patterns. Reading conventions and the method of indicating intonation are provided. Chapter Two reviews what has been said in the literature, and treats the most relevant work in English and Arabic. Chapter Three shows the intonation patterns of KBA, their contours and what they communicate. Some visible intonation contour traces from a speech meter are included. Chapter Four exhibits the sentence types distinguished by intonation, and shows what tones go with what kind of sentence. Since attitude is diffused in the system and no single utterance can be said to be without emotion, attitude becomes a very difficult factor to contrast in the analysis, because one cannot fix exact emotions that go with specific tones. However, the writer tries to deal with the situations in which the particular utterance is associated with specific tones. Chapter Five provides three main models that intonation can display according to Kalliday's well known contrastive categories, which are tonality, tonicity and tone, to show how speakers manipulate their intonation patterns to fit their communication needs. Chapter Six ends with a short summary to pinpoint the main findings in the thesis. The appendix consists of some texts of different topics and their translations.

This is a study of the Nominal Piece and its Temporals in Dargiyyah Arabic based on the Theory of Government and Binding. Dargiyyah is the hometown of the Saudi Royal Family and the informants participating in the collection of data from this Arabic dialect are aged women who have had very little exposure to foreign influences, such as Classical or Egyptian Arabic. This restriction on the informants is because the new generation no longer speaks this dialect of Arabic. The analysis of this dialect of Arabic ie Dargiyyah Arabic Dialect (D.A.D.) has shown that sentential configurations are of two different kinds: verbal or nominal. The verbal sentence has a VP category while the Nominal sentence has no VP category at any level of syntactic representation, rather it has an NP or a PP predicate. The NP predicate may have a noun, an adjective, an ordinal numeral, or a participle as its head because all these word classes in D.A.D. represent nominals. As for the PP predicate, it is composed of a preposition and its complement. The assumption that the D.A.D. nominal sentence is not derived from a sentential configuration that has a VP category at its Logical Form (ie LF) is verified by two basic premises. The first is the fact that the D.A.D. nominal sentence subsumes to different syntactic rules from those applicable to the verbal sentence. The second is the fact that time is indicated in the nominal sentence by means of an NP that is generated in its Comp, and is called a "temporal NP"; therefore, there is no logical necessity for the assumption that the nominal sentence has a VP category at its LF. The first premise may be exemplified by the fact that the rule of subject inversion is only applicable to the verbal sentence, and not to the nominal sentence. It may also be demonstrated by the fact that the reflexive clitic in the nominal sentence is different from the verbal sentence ie in the nominal sentence, it is a nominal and in the verbal sentence it is a verbal affix. Furthermore, the NP predicate in a nominal sentence is assigned nominative Case whereas it is assigned objective Case in the verbal sentence. As for the indication of time in the D.A.D. nominal sentence, it is solely dependent on the presence of a temporal NP in its Comp., contrary to the verbal sentence, in which it is partly indicated by the temporal NP in its Comp, and partly by the verb form ie whether it be perfective or imperfective. This not only demonstrates the difference in the syntactic behaviour between a nominal sentence and a verbal one but also verifies the second premise ie as an NP in D.A.D. syntax is capable of indicating time, there is no need for the assumption that the nominal sentence in D.A.D. has a VP category at its LF or even an "abstract" VP category at all its levels of syntactic representation. The non-feasibility of the presence of an "abstract" VP category in the D.A.D. nominal sentence for the sake of its time indication is not only refuted on the basis of the fact that the NP in D.A.D. syntax may also indicate time but also on the basis of the fact that a category may be empty if and only if its features are semantically recoverable by another element in the same sentence. Such is the case with the NP category when it is empty, for example in D.A.D., we have an argument small pro, an impersonal small pro, an NP-trace and a variable, all of which partition the syntactic distribution of the NP category and whose features are recoverable by a local determiner or an antecedent. If on the other hand, we assume that the VP category may also be empty, then its features must be recoverable by another element in the sentence. But this is not possible in D.A.D. syntax because the verb form is associated with either the Perfective or the Imperfective aspect whereas the D.A.D. temporals, which are generated in Comp, as an NP, are associated with the syntactic features of present, past, future or continuous time reference; therefore, neither the temporal nor the verb can substitute for the other because each conveys a different time perspective. Accordingly, it is maintained that whenever the perfective or the Imperfective aspect is required, then the sentential configuration has a VP category at every level of its syntactic representation and in such a case we have a verbal sentence. But whenever these aspects are not required, then there is no VP category at any level of its syntactic representation and we have a nominal sentence, whose present, past, future and continuous time reference is indicated by the presence of a temporal NP in its Comp. The temporal in D.A.D. has been regarded as being of the NP category because it may have as its head a temporal nominal, which represents one of the subclasses in the general class for nominals in D.A.D. syntax. That is, as the time expressions in D.A.D. syntax have some of the syntactic behaviour of the noun in its syntactic system, they have been regarded as nominals and are called temporal nominals. In turn the category they are generated in is an NP category and it is called a temporal NP. This in turn leads to the verification of the fact that there is no logical necessity for the assumption that every clause has a VP category (at least at its LF for its time indication) even when it does not appear at its surface structure.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and study analytically the dialect of the Harb tribe, and to determine its position among the neighbouring tribes. Harb is a very large tribe occupying an extensive area of Saudi Arabia, and it was impracticable for one individual to survey every settlement. This would have occupied a lengthy period, and would best be done by a team of investigators, rather than an individual. Thus we have limited our investigation to-two-selected regions, which we believe to be representative, the first ranging from north-east Rabigh up to al-Madina (representing the speech of the Harb in the Hijaz), and the second ranging from al-Madina to al-Fawwara in al-Qasirn district (representing the speech of the Harb in Central Arabia). We have thus left out of consideration an area extending fromCOsfän to Räbigh, where some-. members-of the Harb, particularly those of the Muabbad, Bishr and Zubaid clan live. We have been unable in the northern central region, to go as far as al-Quwära and Dukhnah.

The thesis is a descriptive analysis within a sociolinguistic framework of forms of address in Kuwaiti colloquial Arabic. The thesis consists of four main parts and three appendixes. Part One is devoted to an account of the social and linguistic background, methods of data collection, followed by a chapter on theoretical and methodological sociolinguistic principles. This part ends in a chapter on morphological, collocational and colligational preliminaries. Sociolinguistic and morphological principles have been put to a test of illustrative material of Kuwaiti Arabic to see which principles are valid, as a prelude to constructing a framework for the description of Kuwaiti Arabic address-forms. Determining principles of description have been linguistic (phonological, morphological (i. e. in terms of root and schema), collocational and colligational) and socio-cultural (including situational or domain-bound forms and personal, i. e. depending on the status and role-relationships of interlocutors. Part Two deals in greater detail with the description of different address-forms such as kin-terms, personal names, teknonyms, patronyms, nicknames, etc. which are used in the Family Domain. Part Three deals with modes of address regularly observed in the Domain of Social Activities, such as "courtesy formulas", "forms of reproach" and "forms of imploring". It has been found that the two dimensions of "solidarity" and "power" are determining criteria in the choice of reciprocal and nonreciprocal modes of address. Part Four deals primarily with "respectful addressforms" in the Work Domain. These have been found to comprise "respectful idiomatic formulas", "titles", "occupational names" as well as other forms available for command/request distinctions, such as imperatives, declaratives, tag-questions, etc.

This thesis consists of a critical edition of Tuhfat dhawi al-irab fi mushkil al-asma' wa al-nisab by Abu al-Thana' Nur al-Din Mahm-ud b. Ahmad b. Muhammad known as Ibn Khatib al-Dahshah: an alphabetical dictionary which deals with the vocalization of the names and nisbas which occur in the three canonical hadith collections, namely the Sahihayn and the Muwatta' regardless of whether these names occur in the isnads or in the matn of these books. This work is divided into two parts, an introduction and the edition of the text. The first part consists of a biographical account of the author, his works and a review of the previously published edition of the Tuhfah. A study of the work comprising the author's sources, a discussion of his alleged carelessness in copying, his arrangement, the subject and the title of the work is undertaken. A description of the MSS and an account of the method of edition adopted is also given. The second part comprises a critical edition of the Tuhfah, depending on five MSS, with the necessary explanatory notes, indices and bibliography.

After studying this linguistic dictionary in manuscript: Al-Tahḏīb by Ibn Manẓūr, I realised the importance of studying and editing the manuscript. This research on Tahḏīb and the development of lexical studies and linguistics led me to note the strong relationships between classical and modern studies especially in Arabic linguistics. Here we can follow the developments of texts and the ideas behind them, both in dictionaries of different schools and in general linguistic works, from the beginnings of the study of the Arabic language, tracing the influence of Arabic studies on that of some eastern and western languages in the mediaeval period. Arabic grammar was developed by treating problems in spoken language. People were in need of rules to help them acquire correct style, to be able to understand the meaning of Qur'ān and Ḥadīth. The scholars, whose work has influenced present-day Arab linguistics and grammatical theory, based their studies on Qur'ānic texts and quotations taken from early poetry. The method of study was generally inductive. Moving from the particular to the general, the scholars discussed various language phenomena in booklets and books concerned with texts, listing words which they had heard from Arabs employing their own local usages and dialects. These indexes became the data of the lexicons and linguistic books. From the first study of Arabic, the linguists dealt with Al-Laḥn, the phenomena affecting the pronunciation of Arabic, observing the errors in the speech of the ordinary people, of the educated people, and even of the scholars. Al-Durrah by Al-Ḥarīrī was one of the most famous works in Arabic linguistics. To treat the scholars' errors rather than those of the ordinary people, it follows no system or method in its structure. Ibn Manẓūr had to classify its lexical items and to arrange them on his Lisān Al-Arab system, with a special critical approach. Some books written before Al-Durrah had the same aim to note Al-Laḥn. In Al-Durrah we can follow the train of those books, which dealt with linguistic materials, especially Adab Al-Kātib by Ibn Qutaiba which we consider an ancient precursor of Al-Durrah and on the other hand of Al- Tahḏīb, the dictionary which we are here editing for the first time.

The thesis deals with the phonology, morphology and grammar of the 'verbal piece' in an Arabic dialect of Khuzistan in Southern Iran. The study is divided into three parts. Part One gives a general introduction to the dialects of Khuzistan and their relationship to neighbouring dialects and defines the actual corpus on which the study was made. Following this is an account of the grammatical categories set up for the verbal piece, which also discusses the delimitation of the 'verbal piece' followed. Also discussed is the semantic reference of terms in these grammatical categories.

The main body of the thesis consists of three parts with fifteen chapters in all. The Linguistic approach in the first part is based on the Standard Theory as presented in Chomsky and Halle (1968). The other two parts offer a nonlinear analysis of the phonology and morphology of Moroccan Arabic. The two most important versions of nonlinear theory are the Metrical and the Autosegmental with the topics of prosodic structure and interaction between prosody and phonology included in the former. First Part (Chapters I - V), which is an. introductory part, consists of a historical inquiry into the origins and nature of Modern Sedentary dialects of Arabic. The inquiry centers around elucidation of two major areas: - The linguistic situation of Arabia (3rd - 6th C.A.D.). - The phonological and morphological features of the spoken Koine from which Modern Sedentary dialects are believed to have developed. Second Part (Chapters VI - IX) is a metrical analysis of the prosodic structure in Arabic. It examines the interaction between stress and syllable weight, along the lines presented in Liberman and Prince (1977). A revised version of this theory based on works by Halle and Vergnaud (1978), McCarthy (1979) and Hayes (1979) is applied to word-stress assignment in the Moroccan Arabic dialect of Rabat. This part also gives a metrical representation of syllable-initial bi-consonant clusters, and offers a solution to some phonotactic constraints of Rabati. Third Part (Chapters X - XV) consists of two major sections. Section one (Chapters X - XII) analyses the importance of prosody in the application of certain phonological rules such as Syncope and Epenthesis. An attempt is also made to account for the dual behaviour of geminates. Section two (Chapters XIII - XV) shows how McCarthy's (1981b) version of Autosegmental theory can be applied to some aspects of Nonconcatenative morphology of Moroccan Arabic. It attempts to describe the permutations of consonants and vowels in the formation of Triliteral and Quadriliteral verb classes.

This work dealing with the spoken Arabic of Baskinta is the result of material collected during two visits to that area in 1968 and 1969, and research carried on in this country. While in Baskinta I have particularly avoided consulting educated members of the community and those whose work had taken them to other parts of the country or abroad, for fear that their spoken language might be different from the standard local speech. I, therefore, relied mainly on people with little education or none at all. I tried especially to consult both Greek Orthodox and Maronites as regards comparative lexicography, but found very little material in this field. In London I was fortunate in meeting and consulting several Baskintäwis who were most helpful in answering questions put to them. In the introduction I have discussed the geographical, historical and social background. I have divided the thesis proper into three major sections on phonology, morphology and syntax. Following the syntax I have included some texts transcribed from unprepared spontaneous speech, which I feel is necessary in the presentation of any work of this kind. In the appendixes I have given paradigms of the conjugation of verbs and notes on the treatment of loan words, since the spoken language of Baskinta includes a large number of non-Arabic words. I have also included in the appendixes some notes on the correspondence between Classical Arabic and Baskintawi forms.

In order to define clearly the subject of the essay which is The spoken Arabic of Syria, it is perhaps necessary to say a word about it. The thesis treats of the dialect spoken by all classes of people - the rich and the poor, the high & the low, the learned and the ignorant - both at home and in the street, & for all purposes, except the literary i.e. writing and lecturing. It is really the language of the masses, called [??], and therefore it is considered an unpardonable breach of literary etiquette to use it in modern periodicals, public addresses, or even in private correspondence. The object of this thesis is to show the contrast between the classical and the vulgar, to examine, classify & account for all the changes to phonetic, linguistic & grammatical as far as possible. As it is beyond the scope of this thesis to deal with the various dialects current in Syria, I have confined myself to that of Beirut and its neighbourhood. Beirut, besides being the most important town in Syria commercially, politically + ecclesiastically is the centre of intellectual activity with its three universities, numerous schools, 20 printing presses and 12 Arabic periodicals. Its language, therefore, may be considered the standard Syrian Arabic dialect.

The dialect under discussion is the one generally spoken by the Moslems of Algiers in 1830, and now spoken by members of a few old families in that city, The "grammatical text" that is analysed grammatically is written according to a system closely parallel to that of ordinary Arabic writing, In the analysis, successively larger grammatical structures are defined in terms of smaller ones, until sentences have been defined in a way that makes the sentence as grammatical structure correspond fairly closely to the utterance as a natural division of speech.

Maltese is a separate language resulting from the interaction and fusion of North-African Arabic Siculo-Italian, covering two different cultural strata. The Arabic element in Maltese very often corresponds to the Anglo-Saxon in English, while the Romance loans correspond to the Norman-French element. Also as in English, the primitive linguistic stratum is confined mainly to the description of the obvious facts of Nature and the Individual's reactions to them while the abstract and progressive vocabulary of the intelligentsia belongs to later times. The result of this fusion is a mixed grammar and vocabulary as we shall show when studying the structure of spoken Maltese. In order to be able to distinguish the two elements, we have established a series of descriptive criteria that together make possible a detailed phonological analysis of the language. The thesis begins with a description of Maltese sounds, followed by Phonology, where these criteria are based on a study of the Vowels, their quantity, position and sequences; the semi vowel, the diphthongs, their position, stress, the consonants, their sequences including initial groups in phonological junction (zero vowel). In Morphology the words are studied as patterns, with particular attention to the formal arrangement of the consonants and the correlative vowels which are described in their various semantic changes with lists of examples from spoken and archaic Maltese. In both parts the two elements have been treated separately but under Semitic Maltese are treated those words which have been assimilated partially or completely to a Semitic pattern. Words which have not been so assimilated are of course treated under the head of Romance Maltese.

Introduction; A short notice on the foundation of Basra and its cultural milieu is followed by a discussion of the most important representatives of the literary life there, and a survey of works by modern European and Arab scholars on Basran literary figures, A section on the importance of Abu 'Ubaida and the sources upon which the study is based concludes the introduction. The thesis is divided into five parts; Part One; This consists of three chapters (I, II & III), the first dealing with Abu 'Ubaida's life, the second with his socio-religious views. In this chapter I discuss in detail the so-called Shu'ubite and Kharijite leanings of Abu 'Ubaida. Chapter III deals with Abu 'Ubaida's output, in the form of an introduction followed by a list of his books. Part Two: This consists of two chapters (IV & V), In chapter IV I deal with Abu 'Ubaida's poetical transmissions, and discuss in detail the diwans and anthologies which he has transmitted. In the following chapter I deal with Abu 'Ubaida's method of transmission, in connection with which the various problems of authenticity are discussed. The last part of this chapter deals with Abu 'Ubaida's opinions on poetry and poets. Part Three: This consists of two chapters (VI & VII). This part is in the main devoted to study Abu 'Ubaida's attitudes towards language, and his standing as a philologist. In the first chapter of this part (Ch. VI) I discuss Abu 'Ubaida's opinion of language and its nature, and then deal with Abu 'Ubaida as a lexicographer and grammarian. The following chapter deals with him as a collector of dialect material, Part Four: This consists of one chapter, in which I study the Kitab al-Majaz. The first part of this chapter gives a short introduction to Quranic studies followed by an examination of the nature of the book under consideration, and a discussion of opinions, ancient and modern, about it. The concept of majaz, and its various kinds in the works of Abu 'Ubaida are discussed. There then follows a study of Abu 'Ubaida's methods in dealing with the Quranic modes of expression. Part Five: This consists of two chapters (IX & X). Chapter IX gives an introduction to Abu 'Ubaida's historical writings, and a thorough examination of the Ayyam al-'Arab, their transmission, contents, and historical importance. The final chapter deals with the diction, style and language of the Ayyam. The thesis is appended with an unpublished work by Abu 'Ubaida called Tasmiyat Azwaj al-Nabi, and specimens from Ayyam al-'Arab and Sirat 'Antara.

The thesis consists of two parts and one appendix as well as the introduction and the reading transcription. Part I deals with types of sentences which are divided in four different ways according to the characteristics on which the attention is focussed. It consists of four chapters followed 1317 a table showing the different types of sentences in the language. In Chapters I, II, III and IV affirmative and negative sentences; simple, compound and complex sentences j declarative request-, interrogative and question-sentences and aspect I- and aspect II-sentences are discussed respectively. Sentences are subdivided under each heading into different sub-classes in accordance with the characteristics they exhibit. In Part II, grammatical categories within simple affirmative declarative sentences of aspect I are established. Before proceeding with the-analysis in this part, a chapter is devoted to general classification of the categories treated in the rest of it. The remaining nine chapters of Part II deal with verb, I participle, noun, adjective, personal pronoun demonstrative and deictic, numeral, the relative and particle, Each of these categories is subdivided into whatever sub-classes the material suggests. The appendix contains eight Arabic texts relating to agriculture in the day-to-day life of Tahway, and their English translation. A map of the village and the surrounding area is provided with the thesis.

The material presented in this thesis was collected mainly during the course of a sabbatical leave in the Persian Gulf in 1958-1959. Little work has been done up to the present on the dialects of this area , and this thesis attempts to present the salient features of these dialects , along with texts illustrating facets of their grammar and vocabulary. The thesis contains an introductory chapter, in which it is attempted to show the relationship of this group of dialects to those other dialects of Arabia , with which comparison seemed relevant, but no final classification can be attempted until further comparative material is available. Section I discusses the phonetics and grammar of the Kuwaiti dialect, and presents some texts. Phonetics and morphology are discussed fairly fully here, so that similar points can be treated more briefly in the succeeding sections. Section II consists of notes on the Beduin dialects spoken in Kuwait. The main work in this field was done in Dosiri, and this is set out in the article submitted with this thesis . Some further notes on this dialect are given in the text of the thesis. Section III deals with the Bahraini dialect. Here there is good illustrative material available, and this has been utilised in setting out the description of this dialect . Section IV deals with the Qatari dialect and, very briefly, with the Hajiri dialect as spoken in Qatar • Texts illustrating both dialects are included. Section V gives notes on tbe dialects of Abu Dhabi (Zabi) , Buraimi and Dubayy. The texts here cover only the Dubayy dialect. The thesis is not presented as a comparative study of this group of dialects, but the numeration of the various parts is standard throughout from Section I, in order to facilitate cross-reference.

The aim of the thesis is to study some aspects of the surface structure of the contemporary Arabic spoken in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is concerned mainly with the morphology (sound pattern) of the verb. it proposes a rule-system for the derivation of actual phonetic forms. from abstract, underlying forms. Broadly speaking, the mode of analysis employed here is that of Generative, Phonology as developed by Chomsky, Halle, and others, some of whom are cited in the Bibliography, The thesis consists of two main parts. One part treats the rules of the morphological component; the other treats those of the phonological component. It in assumed that the former part constitutes the input to the latter. As for the morphological component, it contains at least three main oats of rules: those which produce mainly the consonantal bases, the Derivational rules (Chapter XI); those which develop such bases into fully-fledged verb forms, the Inflectional rules (Chapter XII); and those which state the redundant features of the segments before they enter the phonological component, the Redundancy rules (Chapter X). The phonological component consists of the rules that convert the output of the above component into final, surface forms. Chapter I suggests the possibility that the traditional Paradigm can be incorporated in the phonological component of the language to capture some important generalizations, Chapter II, which also introduces the notion of Prominence into the phonological component, and Chapters III-V treat the various types of stems (Strong, Weak, etc) and give the rules that can handle the Subjective Verb. Chapters VI and VII analyses the Objective Verb and the Dative Verb, respectively, Chapter VIII investigates the system of Distinctive Features that arc required in the present analysis. Chapter IX discusses some irregular verbs and their treatment in the light of the previous discussion.

This thesis is a phonetic and phonolological study of the verbal piece in the Yatta dialect. It consists of three main parts. Part One, which involves Chapters 1-3, handles the grammatical framework in terms of which this phonetic and phonological study is presented. Chapter I treats the grammatical categories in terms of which the verbal piece is defined. Chapters 2 and 3 deal with the classification of the various patterns of the verb in the Y. D. Part Two (Chapters 4-9) deals with the phonological elements of structure and their phonetic exponents. The phonetic description, based on the writer's feeling as a native speaker of the language, is supported by experimental evidence and the whole experimental description is involved in this part. The experimental data, however, is presented in a separate volume. Part Three (Chapters 10-20) which forms the bulk of this thesis deals in elaborate detail with=the phonological structures of the verbal piece within the framework of affixes (Chapter 10) and stem (Chapter 11-2--0) of the 10 3R and the 2 4R Patterns of the verb in terms of the phonological elements of structure set up and handled in detail in Part Two.

The thesis treats of pitch features of Riyadhi Colloquial Arabic in terms of thirteen tones, ten "finals" and three "medials", an exponent of any of these being termed a "tone group". The distinction between final and medial here was based upon the fact that members of the former may occur both singly and in combination, whereas members of the medial type do not occur singly. Differentiation between one final tone and another was based upon contrastive pitch features coupled with parallel situational ones. Grammatically similar utterances were found to stand in functional contrast to each other on account of their being associated with contrastive, tono-situational features. Although the function was assigned to the tone group, or combination of tone groups, as a single indivisible unit, it was realized that no thorough comparison, ". or indeed a clear one, could be made between the various tones unless their multiplicity of patterns were first to be reduced to elements of tonal structure common to each and every one of them. These were established as: pretonic and tonic, the latter subsequently subdivided into tonic syllable and tonic extension. Because tone groups occurred singly and in combination and because the latter consisted of varying numbers and various types of components, it was necessary to establish a higher unit of structure, the contour. And in order to account for the very apparent characteristics of spontaneous speech (viz. hesitation, interruption, repetition etc. ) the contour was subdivided into "complete", "incomplete" and "interrupted". The function of the complete contours was then studied in association with "single tone groups" and "combination of tone groups". Finally the perceptual and instrumental observations upon which the analysis was based were supported by some spectrographic evidence. Because of the poor quality of the original recordings from which the spectrographic tracings were made, this evidence was given in a separate appendix.

The title of this thesis is "The phonetics and phonology of an Aden dialect of Arabic." Three terms are necessary to be clarified here; these are Aden, dialect and Arabic. 1. "Aden colony and protectorates cover some 112000 square miles and stretch along the southern coast of Arabia from the Shaikh said peninsula opposite Perim Island eastwards for some 700 miles to the frontier of Oman. On the north west they are bounded by Yemen. Further to the east the frontier merges with the desert. Its depth from Hadramaut, or southern coast, varies from 50 miles in the west to 200 miles in the east." 2. "The Port of Aden is formed by two volcanic peninsulas - Aden (jabal Shamsan) and Little Aden (Jabal Insan) - which are connected with the mainland to the north by short necks of sand. The area of the Crown Colony is small, only 75 square miles, exclusive of its two dependencies - Perim Island (7 square miles), and Kuria Muria Islands (30 square miles). The population of the colony at the census in 1946 was 80,516 of whom 51000 were males. It includes Arabs (58,500), Somalis, Indians and Jews."1 The dialect studied here is of the 'Port of Aden' or more accurately of the part of this port known as "The Crater". "The term 'dialect' has a connotation in technical linguistic usage which is somewhat different from its ordinary meaning. To the linguist there is no real difference between a 'dialect' and a 'language' which can be shown to be related, however, remotely, to another language. By reference the term is restricted to a form of speech to be unintelligible to the speakers of the latter."2 The term 'Arabic' in the title includes a number of contemporary spoken dialects in the region between the Atlantic Coast of North Africa and the Western Persian frontier and from Syria to the Southern Sudan. Such term does not exclude Classical Arabic, which varies in pronunciation from one country in the region to the other, as the term 'Modern Arabic' would. This latter term covers the spoken unwritten dialects of the Arabs of today. 1. The Middle East. A Political and Economic Survey. RIIA.1950 - p.104. 2. Sapir, Selected Writings of Edward Sapir, p.83. The polycommunal character of the Aden population will, later, be related to the dialect studied as far as the vocabulary is concerned. The Arabs, as can be seen from the above quotations, are the largest single community, but they are not all 'Aden born'. The term 'Aden born' has, in the administrative context, a special implication as opposed to newcomers among the population. Those newcomers are chiefly from the neighbouring districts of the South such as the Protectorates and Yemen. As the town started in its history as a fishing village, the fishermen of the town claim to be the oldest group in settlement. This claim seems to win acceptance by all others. The fishermen are few in numbers. Second to these in antiquity of residence are some old families who planted themselves in the port long before the colonization of South Arabia and who are influential within the Aden town. The family of my informant is one of these; therefore, not only he, but also his father at least are 'Aden born'. These families, beside the fishermen, are the speakers of the Aden dialect. An educated member of an Aden family, such as my informant is, can be described as 'bidialectal' in different social settings. Within the circle of the family, as well as when talking to any fellow Adenese, he speaks Aden Dialect, but when talking to an educated Arab from outside the town, he speaks a modified 'Aden Dialect': a mixture of C.A. and A.D. words phonologically conforming to the characteristics of Aden Dialect. The contrast has then to be made between Aden Dialect and 'Aden Dialect', as this has to be made for every dialect of Modern Arabic as far as educated speakers are concerned. Care, however, has had to be taken to separate these two and to exclude 'Aden Dialect' of the educated speakers as far as possible from the data of this work, and to study an Aden dialect spoken by my informant as in his family circle.

The thesis presents an edition of Imam al-Saghani's al-Takmilah, Part I accompanied by a critical introduction. The author had written al-Takmilah as a supplement to al-Jauhari's al-Sihah. He included quite a lot of articles, items, extra meanings of some words and expressions that were left out by al-Jauhari. While supplementing al-Jauhari's work he also made innumerable corrections of the various types of mistakes committed by the former, namely grammatical, linguistic, genealogical, poetical and in the citation of traditions. al-Saghani did not only concentrate on al-Jauhari's shortcomings but also corrected the errors of some of the early lexicographers. Such a campaign was waged by him in order to improve the usage of Arabic language. His chief concern was to interpret the words according to phonetic structure, in strict obedience to the grammatical rules and in harmony with the historical facts. The text consists of first four letters - Alif, Ba, Ta and Tha. The version is based upon four manuscripts, the variations of which have been indicated in the footnotes. Five appendices have been included in the text; one dealing with the letters, the other with the articles left out by al-Jauhari, the third with the quotations from Qur'an, the fourth with the traditions and the fifth with the poetical quotations. The introduction comprises three parts. Part A is mainly biographical. Part B is divided into three sections. Section I describes al-Saghani as a scholar and teacher with a brief reference to his prominent teachers and students, whereas Section II depicts him as an author. Section III discusses his position as a lexicographer with a fairly comprehensive account of his lexical works. In Part C a comprehensive survey of the book has been made. This is followed by an account of the MSS referred to.

The basis of modern written Arabic is the language of the grammars, the standard dictionaries, and the classical literature. This language has been considerably influenced during the past century and a half by contacts with modern Western civilization. On the one hand these contacts have augmented and accelerated the normal processes of linguistic change and resulted in a number of modifications of the Arabic language. On the other hand these modifications have in turn aroused widespread interest in and concern with their language on the part of the Arabic speaking peoples and led to the emergence of a group of reformers the majority of whom wish to reject the changes of the past hundred and fifty years and return to the Arabic of the first few centuries of Islam as the basis for developing a language suited to present-day needs. The interaction of these two essentially antagonistic forces has produced a language that differs from classical Arabic principally in its vocabulary and to a lesser extent in its grammar, idiom, and orthography and that is now capable of meeting most of the demands of contemporary life.

It would be well to ask first of all what the intention of this thesis is, and what is its aim. Perhaps the answer can best be summed up in the one word "why? " A large number of competent grammars have been written by scholars, both Oriental and Western, which deal at varying lengths with the various aspects of Arabic grammar. However, most'-of these works give only the rules for the various syntactical points: this work is concerned with trying to establish why and not simply when, the accusative is used, and the depth of the Arabs' thought into their grammar and its analysis. This is not an endeavour to write another grammar, but of necessity much of what the grammarians had to say must be reproduced, since no analysis can be made until the facts have been revealed.

The thesis is primarily concerned with the investigation, within a socio-linguistic framework, of linguistic forms of address regularly observed in Jordanian Speech, having regard particularly to the status and role-relations of interlocutors. The linguistic characteristics of such relations are stated in lexical, grammatical and phonological terms and some attention is paid to interrelationships obtaining between these levels. In addition, a specification is given of important linguistic features characterizing Jordanian speech fellowships and a statement made as to variation in forts of address according to the speech fellowships of interlocutors.

The present work is concerned with the influence of English grammar, syntax, idiom and style upon contemporary literary Arabic. Loan-words-which have been arabicized or directly adopted into Arabic have not been included in this study. The work is in two parts. Part I treats the historical background of the influence, the native attempts at resistance or adaptation, a historical survey of the standard Arabic (a definition of this is given later in this chapter), previous studies and observations in this field, and evaluation of the material used, which covers works (books) as well as the press. Biographical notes of the authors used in this work and their association with the patterns and examples quoted in Part II are included here. At the end of Part I there is a Questionnaire answered by three of the authors treated in this mark, namely Najib Mahfuz, Ahmed Zaki, and Jabra Ibrhim Jabri.

The phenomenon of the influence of one language upon another is closely related to that of the influence of a culture upon another. Cultures are always travelling from place to place carrying with them linguistic elements to other peoples and influencing their lives as well as their languages in various degrees. When the British and the Americans came to the Middle Eastern Arab countries as missionaries and military invaders, they brought the English language with them, and its standing in the Arab world improved considerably with the development of commercial and educational relations with Britain and America. Consequently, a process of borrowing from English into Arabic started. It was encouraged by various factors, namely insufficient knowledge of their own language among Arabic speakers, the absence of a competent body of qualified scholars to deal with the problem of establishing e4ýivalentsj the lack of Arabic equivalents and the ignorance of such equivalents when they exist,. attraction of the English expression or image, love for the new and the strange, and a sense of inferiority. These factors were later augmented by the emergence of the mass-information media, which encouraged, and in certain cases relied on translation, mainly from English and employed translators whose Arabic and English were not idiomatic. On the other and there were factors that reduced borrowing, such as the religious and nationalist spirit which saw in borrowing a threat to the purity and continued vitality of the language, lack of emotional attachment to English, the phonological and morphological differences between the two languages, and the differences in the cultural backgrounds of the two nations which influence their modes of expression.

This thesis consists of three parts and two appendices. In the course of part l affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences are discussed. Sentences of the three types are divided into different groups according to their characteristics, and various patterns of these groups are set up and analysed. After a brief introduction the discussion proceeds under three headings referring to the three grammatical categories to which these sentence-types belong, viz affirmation, negation and interrogation. At the beginning of part II the category of verbals is established and classified into groups and sub-groups, each of which is given a particular term. This is followed by separate accounts of the characteristics of two particular groups of verbs; the imperfect verb with its different forms and auxiliary verbs. } Nominals are the main theme of part III. The first chapter of this part is devoted to the establishment of the category of nominals and to the differentiation between various groups of this category. The remaining chapters -deal with important characteristics of nouns, numerals and personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns. These groups of nominals are examined as they appear in different linguistic pieces which may contain nominals only, or nominals together with forms of other categories such as verbals and particles. A: Particles and adverbs (and adverbial pieces) are classified. B: Translated texts.

The thesis is a description of some aspects of the syntax of present-day spoken Cairene Arabic, using the transformational- generative model of grammar developed by Noam Chomsky. The Introduction reviews briefly work already done on Egyptian Arabic and describes the grammatical model to be used. The first chapter provides the basic phrase structure rules of the grammar, with a brief explanation of the principal categories and formatives they introduce. Subsequent chapters examine in detail some of the transformations required to produce the surface structure of the language, such as nominalisation of verbs, passivisation, and pronominalisation. Particular attention is paid to transformations involving the verb, and problems of aspect, tense and modality are discussed. The Appendix outlines rules of nominal and verbal concord, and a brief lexicon is included.

This thesis deals with "The Category of Number" as it functions in my own speech as a typical speaker of 'Manzala' dialect. 'Number' is considered as asproperty of the two-phrase 'typifiable' clause structure in subject-predicate relationship. The study concentrates on the concordial relationship between these two phrases and in most examples each consists, in general, of one word. The thesis is divided into two parts: Part One includes, besides the introduction, six chapters. Chapter One recapitulates the earlier treatments of Number in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic; Chapter Two begins with showing how this category can be set up on 'formal' criteria and ends with presenting the sets of two phrase typifiable clause structures; Chapter Three deals with some considerations of the 'Control' in the choice of number concord; Chapter Four with the implications of 'Definiteness' for number; Chapter Five with 'Basic Nominal Phrase Structures', and Chapter Six with 'Extended Nominal Phrase Structures'. Part Two includes an introductory section and five chapters, 7 to 11. Chapters Seven to Nine deal with seta of two phrase typifiable clause 'structures requiring three terms, two terms and one term in the category of number respectively. Chapter Ten deals with 'Noun Forms and Classes' as, in general, nouns are involved - actually or potentially - in the concordial process of number. Chapter Eleven deals with the concordial relation-ship of clauses involving Construct 'Quantifier + Noun' because of the difficulty in ascertaining in certain examples which of these two elements controls the number concord.

The Thesis is an attempt to reconstruct the dialect geography of the North-Arabian language area before its enlargement by the Islamic Conquests in the seventh century A.D. It is based on statements by native philologists of the second to fourth centuries of the Hijra, as recorded in their own works and in later dictionaries, grammars, and commentaries. The data are examined in the light of phonetic and linguistic theory, and the geographical extension of the phenomena ascertained, wherever this is possible. The results of the geographical investigations are illustrated by a number of maps. Similarities between the different dialects and the other Semitic Languages on one hand, and the modern Arabic colloquials on the other, are pointed out, though no systematic treatment of these relationships is aimed at. CONTENTS: Reasons for the neglect of the dialects by the native philologists - The axiom of the identity of the Classical language with the Hijaz dialect - Nature and quantity of the available material The sholars from whom observations on the dialects are reported - Their scientific background - The value of their data - Discussion of some early works - The secondary sources - Their attitude to the dialects - Some sources of false data - Former studies of the subject by modern European and Oriental scholars - Methods of the Thesis - Map of the tribes dealt with. Discussion of the material pertaining to phonetics, morphology, and syntax of the following dialects: Yemen - Hudhail - Azd Sarat - Hijaz - Tayyi - Qudaa - The Eastern Group - Temim - Asad - Rabi'a Uqail - The Central dialects. The stratification of the dialects - The dialects and the modern colloquials - The basis of the Literary idiom. Alphabetical list of ca, 750 purely lexicographical data for all dialects - The data for the dialect of Jurhum - Data for South - Arabian dialects.

This work consists of two volumes. The first deals with the development of Arabic lexicography. The second consists of extracts from the text of the earliest Arabic dictionary, i.e., al-'Ain by al-Khalil. PART I deals with the first stage in the development of Arabic lexicography, in which dictionaries were arranged in the "Anagrammatical" order. This order was founded by al-Khalil. The first chapter gives a biographical sketch of al-Klialil and discusses the plan of his dictionary. The second deals with lexicographers following al-Khalil's model in the East, and the third with those in the West. PART II deals with the second stage in Arabic lexicography, which is that of the "Qafiyah" order. These three chapters deal with the following topics: (1) Early works, (2) Late works, (3) Shidyaq's rebellion against that order. PART III deals with the third stage, in which dictionaries are arranged according to a "strict alphabetical" order. Its four chapters deal with the following headings respectively; (1) The vocabulary of the Quran and Hadith, (2) Early Works, (3) Late Works, (4) The attempt to compile a major Arabic lexicon. PART 17 deals with the text of al-'Ain. It has three chapters which deal with the following topics: (1) The controversy over the authorship of al-'Ain, (2) The question of the real author of that work, (3) Karmali and al-'Ain, and (4) The -process of editing al-'Ain, VOLUME II This volume comprises some sections chosen from al-'Ain to serve as a specimen of the text. As every letter of the alphabet is dealt with by al-Khalil under seven heads, we have selected sections from different parts of the book, each representing one such head. The sections selected are representative of the beginning, the middle and the end of the book to emphasise the structural unity of the text. These heads are: (1) Reduplicated bilateral words, (2) Trilateral words with three radical consonants, (3) Trilateral words with one weak letter, (4) Trilateral words with only one strong consonant, (5) (Quadrilateral words, (6) Quintiliteral words, and (7) Words containing no consonants as radicals, but only weak letters. There is no comprehensive account of the development of Arabic lexicography from its beginning to the present day, and it is hoped that this thesis will make a contribution to our knowledge of this important field of Arabic literature.