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Metacognitive accuracy is understood as the congruency of subjective evaluation and objectively measured learning performance. With reference to the "cue utilisation framework" and the "embedded-processes model of working memory," we proposed that prompts impact attentional processes during learning. Through guided prompting, learners place their attention on specific information during the learning process. We assumed that the information will be taken into account when comprehension judgments are formed. Subsequently, metacognitive accuracy will be altered. Based on the results of this online study with pre-service biology teachers, we can neither confirm nor reject our main hypothesis and assume small effects of prompting on metacognitive accuracy if there are any. Learning performance and judgment of comprehension were not found to be impacted by the use of resource- and deficit-oriented prompting. Other measurements of self-evaluation (i.e. satisfaction with learning outcome and prediction about prolonged comprehension) were not influenced through prompting. The study provides merely tentative evidence for altered metacognitive accuracy and effects on information processing through prompting. Results are discussed in light of online learning settings in which the effectiveness of prompt implementation might have been restricted compared to a classroom environment. We provide recommendations for the use of prompts in learning settings with the aim to facilitate their effectiveness, so that both resource-oriented and deficit-oriented prompts can contribute to metacognitive skill development if they are applied appropriately.

The multiple benefits of virtual experiments applied to science education depend heavily on science teachers' intentions to use them. The inducing mechanism is a process that combines different conditions of multiple factors. From the perspective of overall configuration, this study used the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method, based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 (UTAUT2), to construct a causal explanation model of Chinese K-12 science teachers' intentions to use virtual experiments. Additionally, the snowball method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey of 342 Chinese K-12 science teachers. The results show that different conditions of the seven factors, performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI), facilitating conditions (FC), hedonic motivation (HM), price value (PV), and habit (H), do not have the necessary explanatory power for the results. Three paths for science teachers' high intentions to use virtual experiments were obtained by configuration analysis: Configuration 1 (PE*EE*SI*HM*PV*H), Configuration 2 (EE*SI*FC*PV*H), and Configuration 3 (PE*EE*FC*HM*H). These findings effectively broaden the scope of knowledge and interpretation of the original inductive mechanism of intentions to adopt technology. They provide theoretical and practical support for education departments to design more targeted programs to improve the ability of science teachers to apply virtual experiments in K-12 education. Finally, future research directions are explored.

There is tension about teachers' professional use of social media platforms, such as Pinterest, to access instructional resources for teaching science. Teachers' frequent use of Pinterest signals their perceived value despite concerns about the quality of the resources found there. These resources can constitute a part of teachers' network of resources, contributing in some ways and constraining in others. This study seeks to contribute to the discussion about online resources through an in-depth content analysis of 438 websites on Pinterest related to two elementary science topics: adaptation and force. Findings indicate the potential of Pinterest to expand the number and variety of examples available to teachers for both topics. However, findings also demonstrate ways resources for both topics could constrain teachers' knowledge systems: they may narrow teachers' vision of quality science instruction to engaging in activities and the resources for both topics may constrain teachers' knowledge of the science subject matter.

Science teachers have been urged to use emerging technologies, such as robots, in ways that empower K-12 students as active participants responsible for their learning and knowledge development within the scientific domain. And yet, little is known about whether the use of robots effectively supports students' epistemic agency in science learning. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate to what extent elementary preservice teachers use educational robots in ways that promote epistemic agency in science lessons. Seven data sources were gathered for this study: individual reflections about lesson planning and lesson design, team reflection about teaching with robots, robotics-enhanced science lessons, posters, video-recorded presentations about designed lessons, and participant interview. A framework of epistemic practices for science inquiry was adopted to analyze the data followed by qualitative thematic analysis. Results indicate that the use of robots in science lessons promotes content assimilation rather than self-driven inquiry, robot movement rather than evidence drives science explanations, science activities with robots are situated in a social vacuum, and robot assembly and programming are underutilized in the lessons. Implications for preservice science teacher education and future research are discussed.

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is the leading education reform worldwide, yet many teachers need more knowledge and confidence to teach integrated STEM. This study examines the initiative of teaching a STEM-integrated approach through the collaboration of mathematics and science university lecturers and preservice teachers in a teaching and learning subject-specific course. The study presents the preservice teachers' knowledge development about integrating STEM into their lesson plans and their views and attitudes toward the STEM approach to teaching. Data were collected through presurveys, postsurveys, lesson plans, and presentations from 12 groups (N = 51) of preservice mathematics and chemistry teachers. Results show that these preservice teachers' experiences with STEM learning and teaching positively impacted their understanding and importance of STEM and their motivation and enthusiasm to design and present STEM lesson plans in group settings while integrating mathematics, chemistry, and other subjects. However, the findings of this research showed that these preservice teachers needed more knowledge regarding the inclusion of formative assessment strategies in their lesson plans. Thus, more research is required to understand better how to support preservice and in-service teachers' formative assessment practices in the context of STEM education. In summary, the finding suggests policymakers and educational institutions should advocate for additional high-quality integrated STEM courses, programs, and research to enhance and institutionalize teaching and learning of integrated STEM and, as a result, increase the number of individuals working in STEM professions while promoting a consistent vision of integrated STEM education across the school system.

Embracing curricular reforms such as the Next Generation Science Standards poses unique challenges for early childhood science teachers who often value play and curiosity, but are challenged by the depth of scientific disciplinary practices expected by these standards. To explore possibilities for teacher growth, this research draws on Noddings' theory of relational care as being foundational to teachers' use of dialogue for the purpose of knowledge generation in science. This research relied on an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design to examine the views and practices of 33 early childhood teachers. Data sources included teachers' written reflections on a professional workshop, interviews, and responses to a survey measuring their Epistemic Orientations. Findings suggest that most early childhood teachers were oriented toward knowledge replication, not knowledge generation, which limits their ability to use dialogue as an epistemic tool. Relatedly, most teachers who were oriented toward knowledge replication expressed views consistent with the virtue of care, while teachers oriented toward knowledge generation described enacting relational care with their students as they used dialogue to support and challenge their scientific explanations. Implications of this study indicate the importance of early childhood teachers' Epistemic Orientations as a foundational component of how they engage in science teaching through dialogue and their willingness to teach in ways aligned with curricular reforms.

This study aimed to examine the integration of four elementary science teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) components during emergency remote teaching. Data sources included teaching video recordings and stimulated interviews conducted after analyzing the teachers' teaching videos. The data were analyzed by identifying the practical TPACK (TPACK-p) segments and by adopting the enumerative and constant-comparative approaches. Major findings of the analysis were (i) the integrations seen in the teachers' maps become richer and more diverse as their TPACK-p proficiency increases; (ii) the learner and assessment components are the most prominent components when the teachers can integrate learners into the lesson; and (iii) the instructional management and curriculum-design components have limited integrations with other TPACK-p components. The results are discussed in light of related literature and implications are provided for science teacher education. Remote science teaching courses should be incorporated into preservice teacher education programs. Likewise, professional development programs should train in-service teacher for distance science teaching.

Science teachers crave instructional materials and an increasing number of them are going to online educational marketplaces to purchase them. This study reports on a content analysis of highly rated products marketed for middle level science (grades 6, 7, and/or 8) on TeachersPayTeachers.com (TpT), one of the most prominent online educational marketplaces. Thirty-three products were reviewed in this study and they contained a variety of student tasks (e.g., investigations & worksheets) and teacher resources (e.g., PowerPoint slides, lesson plans, & answer keys). Instructional materials obtained from these products yielded more than 1,500 pages for analysis. The first layer of the analysis focused on the alignment of these materials to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), and results indicated that few materials included any key features of NGSS design (n = 2). The second layer of the analysis focused on the treatment and presentation of nature of science (NOS) ideas in these instructional materials. Of the 27 products that included any representation of NOS, the majority of these materials included empirical NOS (n = 22) and the myth of the "Scientific Method" (n = 21). Fewer representations were found for social NOS (n = 4), creative (n = 3), tentative (n = 3), theory-laden (n = 3), and along with social and cultural embeddedness (n = 1). Results revealed mixed messages among the instructional materials reviewed, examples are shared to frame a discussion about features that can foster the development of NOS understandings. Implications of this research regarding the preparation of teachers to evaluate instructional materials are discussed alongside research highlighting how educative features can support NOS instruction.

This study focuses on how science teachers' Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) can be captured and developed with the support of Content representation (CoRe) in combination with video-based reflection when they plan, teach, and reflect on their teaching in sustainable development (SD). The theoretical framework is based on PCK, and the Refined consensus model (RCM) is used as a theoretical lens for conceptualising links between teaching practice and PCK development. Eleven upper-secondary school science teachers participated in the study. Data from two teachers were chosen to illustrate representative examples from the analysis. The findings indicate that the use of CoRe and video-based reflection provides opportunities for teachers to make their knowledge of practice explicit and help them begin to identify aspects within their own practice that are important for the further development of teaching SD. The use of RCM as an analytical tool also makes an important contribution to how RCM can be used to identify and capture teachers' PCK.

LGBTQ+ undergraduates have higher attrition from science and engineering (S&E) than straight and cisgender undergraduates and perceive that having LGBTQ+ instructors would benefit them. However, it is unknown how many S&E instructors are LGBTQ+, the extent to which they disclose this information to students, and how disclosure affects "all" students, both LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+. In study I, we surveyed 108 LGBTQ+ S&E instructors across the U.S. to explore the extent to which they reveal their LGBTQ+ identities across professional contexts and why they reveal or conceal their identities to undergraduates. Overall, 75% of instructors came out to at least some colleagues but only 48% came out to any undergraduates. Instructors most commonly chose to conceal LGBTQ+ identities from undergraduates because they perceived their identities to be irrelevant to course content and anticipated negative student reactions. In study II, 666 introductory biology undergraduates were randomly assigned to evaluate one of two identical teaching demonstration videos except the instructor revealed her LGBTQ+ identity in one but not the other. We assessed differences in students' impressions of the instructor across conditions. We found no differences in most ratings of the instructor except participants reported higher rapport with the instructor when she came out.

Concealable stigmatized identities (CSIs) are identities that can be kept hidden and carry negative stereotypes. To understand the potential influence instructors have as role models, we must first explore the identities instructors have and whether they disclose those identities to undergraduates. We surveyed national samples of science instructors (n = 1248) and undergraduates (n = 2428) at research institutions to assess the extent to which instructors hold CSIs, whether they reveal those identities to undergraduates, how the prevalence of CSIs among instructors compares to their prevalence among undergraduates, and the reasons instructors reveal or conceal their CSIs. The most common CSIs instructors reported were having anxiety (35%) and being a first-generation college student (29%). Relatively few instructors revealed CSIs to students. The largest mismatches of CSI prevalence were for struggling academically in college (-30%) and having anxiety (-25%); all mismatches grew when accounting for instructor CSI disclosure, highlighting that students perceive fewer role models of scientists with CSIs than actually exist.

As the key to STEM education, teachers' level of STEM literacy plays a crucial role in teaching and learning. The purpose of this study is to assess the current STEM literacy of science teachers in China. This is a survey study using a questionnaire instrument to gain both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) to evaluate the status of STEM literacy among China's school science teachers. Interpretive methods were applied for qualitative data analysis to support the quantitative data. The researcher found that current science teachers generally have a poor understanding of STEM education, lack STEM knowledge and teaching skills, but have the awareness to improve their own literacy. It is hoped that by investigating the STEM literacy of science teachers, the research will have a positive impact on improving science education and is expected to contribute to the development of science education in China.

This research probed the perceptions of secondary school science teachers concerning the objective and utility of assessment, exploring the influences of gender, teaching experience, and specific science subject components. A total of 100 secondary school teachers from Selangor participated in the study, completing the Teacher's Conception of Assessment (TCoA) online questionnaire. This instrument comprised 27 statements categorized into four key aspects: Improvement, Irrelevance, School Accountability, and Student Accountability. Interestingly, the data revealed that the highest mean score was attributed to the irrelevance of assessments (M=4.44; SD=0.86), followed by assessment for improvement (M=4.21; SD=0.95), student accountability (M=4.18; SD=1.32), and lastly, school accountability (M=4.15; SD=1.44). A closer examination of the data pointed towards significant gender-based differences in teachers' perceptions of institutional accountability and educational enhancement through assessments, with female and male teachers scoring higher in these respective areas. However, the length of teaching experience did not appear to significantly affect the teachers' perceptions across any of the assessed parameters. There were noteworthy differences in teachers' perceptions of student accountability in assessments when evaluated based on the subject taught, with Biology teachers reporting higher mean scores as compared to Chemistry and Physics teachers. Additionally, teachers' perceptions regarding the improvement role of assessments and their irrelevance differed significantly across subjects, with general science teachers attaining higher mean scores than Chemistry, Biology, and Physics teachers. The findings of this study shed light on teachers' understanding of assessment, particularly in the field of Science, and serve as a valuable resource for all educational stakeholders. By understanding teachers' perceptions, policymakers and school administrators can make informed decisions that would potentially enhance teaching and learning processes.

The aim of this study was to explore the needs for the identification of design elements of a web-based learning system that would help students develop their science process skills (SPS) to be used in science lessons. A descriptive survey method was adopted as the methodology of the study. Survey data was collected from a sample of 36 teachers and 196 middle school students (grades 5 to 8). The results of the study indicated that students had difficulty in learning science subjects. They thought that they could learn the subjects in the science course better with technological and educational support, and various teaching activities. Teachers stated that the web-based education system should meet the following requirements be simple and understandable, be relevant to real/everyday life, be an interactive system, which is rich in content and images, and include various multimedia elements such as simulations, animations, and 3D materials. On the other hand, many students stated that a web-based learning system that will help them learn the subjects in the science course should have course videos (educational videos), test/solved/sample questions, practice exams, accurate and reliable information. In addition, the students stated that this web-based learning system should be simple and understandable, have easy and rich content, be interactive and have a good technical infrastructure. Both teachers and students thought that "observing", and "experimenting" skills would be improved the most in technology-enhanced learning environments. In addition, teachers stated that the benefits of developing students' science process skills in real life would be "gaining a scientific perspective on events", "awareness of the problem(s) around them", "science literacy", "enabling the student to access the information himself/herself", "expanding perspectives on events", and "able to solve the problems they encounter more easily".

Teaching green chemistry within the K-12 classroom has a positive impact on attitudes and perceptions of chemistry in society for future scientists and professionals, resulting in safer, less hazardous chemistry experiments and demonstrations. The state of New York has taken advantage of the benefits that green chemistry provide in the classroom and is a leader in professional development for high school teachers throughout the state. Between 2011 and 2016, Beyond Benign and Siena College implemented 14 workshops across the state as part of New York's Department of Environmental Conservation goal of reducing hazardous chemicals in schools. At these workshops, 224 teachers were introduced to green chemistry principles and practices and provided resources for replacing traditional laboratory experiments with alternatives that used safer materials. Two professional development models were implemented, a one-day introductory workshop and a three-day train-the-trainer style in-depth workshop, using collaborative, hands-on, intensive, and peer-learning techniques. In response to a 2021 follow-up survey, participants shared that they continue to use skills from the professional development they received and reported sharing about green chemistry with peers, parents, and administrators. The long-term engagement of the participants indicates that successful models were implemented to provide a path to develop teacher leaders. Professional development models are presented herein for sharing best practices and approaches for training high school teachers on green chemistry, providing numerous benefits to both teachers and students in high school classrooms.

The study reported on here was a qualitative interpretative case study. We explored the pedagogical issues of Senior Phase natural sciences teachers when teaching the matter and materials strand in some of the schools in the Siyabuswa circuit. This study was motivated by the concerted focus on the Fourth Industrial Revolution in developing countries with a particular focus on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects, fast-tracked by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The following question guided the study: What are the classroom practices of teachers when teaching the matter and materials strand in the Senior Phase? Semi-structured interviews and observations were used to collect data from 2 purposefully sampled participants. The findings show that some natural sciences teachers are frustrated with the teaching of natural sciences as they are teaching out of their fields of expertise. Furthermore, they are not qualified to teach the subject and the workshops presented are not capacitating them to teach the strand. Their limited content knowledge (CK) and weak subject matter knowledge (SMK) result in misconceptions, which could be transferred to their learners. Moreover, the lack of CK and SMK also impacts on their choice of instructional strategies as they still prefer traditional methods of teaching, which promotes memorisation. In the study, even the teacher who was qualified to teach the subject still lacked content knowledge and instructional strategies like the unqualified one. The challenge is that the core resource in increasing interest and uptake in the STEM subjects, the teacher, is lacking knowledge and instructional strategies. It is, therefore, prudent to recommend tailor-made content enrichment workshops on the matter and materials strand. These workshops should also be intertwined with pedagogical issues. We also recommend studies on specific topics in the matter and materials strand as this study focused only on a broad overview of the strand.

This study aims to examine the unique educational films prepared by science teacher candidates about biotechnology applications and getting their perceptions on the process/the educational films they have prepared. The phenomenology method was used. The study group consists of 30 sophomore teacher candidates. Teacher candidates prepared educational films. Then, the perceptions of the teacher candidates about this process were taken. According to the results of the study educational movies were prepared by teacher candidates by way of their writings about stem cells, genetically modified organisms, nanotechnology and cloning. The educational films focused on the positive and negative aspects of these biotechnology subjects, on the basis of daily life scenarios. Even though the short movies contained both negative and positive references, they mostly had a positive note.

This study investigates the extent of implementation of blended learning in senior high school (SHS) science education as to the content, communication, technology, pedagogy, and assessment vis-à-vis students' academic achievement. In this analytical research design, data were gathered from 182 students and 12 science teachers using stratified random sampling. Gathered data were systematically treated and analyzed utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage count, mean, standard deviation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Findings revealed the extent of implementation of blended learning in SHS science education as moderately implemented as perceived by the students and teachers. As to the students' profiles, there was a significant relationship between technology and the parent's monthly income. There was no significant difference in the extent of implementation of blended learning across all variables as perceived by the teachers. After implementing blended learning, the student's academic achievement in science was outstanding, and this put forward a significant relationship between content and assessment in their academic achievement. The study concluded that several things should be considered in implementing blended learning in the new normal education. Students' and teachers' involvement in the implementation is essential for improving the modality and the school administrators may consider undertaking specific plans and activities such as the need for teachers to attend training, seminars, and workshops related to blended learning implementation.

The cooperative learning Jigsaw technique is one learning management that promotes learning in the 21st century, and it is a learning management that promotes student learning achievement. Therefore, the researcher is interested in studying the learning achievement of science teacher students before and after learning with the Jigsaw technique and exploring the retention of students' learning using the experimental research. The participant in this research consisted of 32 second-year students in the Department of General Science at Rajabhat University in southern Thailand who enrolled in the course Learning Management 1 in the first semester of the academic year 2022. The research tools consisted of (1) the JIGSAW technique lesson plan and (2) a learning achievement test. The statistics used in data analysis were mean standard deviation and dependent Sample t-test. The result of the learning achievement test of the science teacher students who learned by using the Jigsaw technique found that the mean score of learning achievement after learning was significantly higher than before learning at the 0.05 level. After the 2-week learning period, it revealed that the student's learning achievement was not different from after learning at the statistical significance level of 0.05. The findings suggest that the Jigsaw technique is one learning management that can improve learning achievement and learning retention. So, it can be applied to subjects that focus on cognitive learning.

The study aimed to investigate cognitive and metacognitive strategies and products of cognitive and metacognitive processes that preservice science teachers engaged in while reading heat-temperature text after being exposed to no reading strategy instruction, explicit reading strategy instruction,and peer tutoring reading strategy instruction. This study differs from other strategy teaching studies in terms of determining the cognitive and metacognitive reading strategies used by individuals after being exposed to different types of reading strategy instruction, which which was specifically designed to improve conceptual understanding. This study employed holistic multiplecase study wherein preservice teachers were assigned to one of the three groups that received no reading strategy instruction (n = 9), explicit reading strategy instruction (n = 10), and peer tutoring (n = 10) based on their scores on Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory and good communication among them. The content of strategy instruction included various domain-specific reading comprehension strategies used for activating cognitive and metacognitive processes that contribute to improving conceptual understanding and conceptual change. It was found that the diversity and frequency of using cognitive strategies and products of cognitive processes were the highest in the explicit strategy instruction group, and the metacognitive strategies and products of metacognitive processes were more diverse and frequent in reading strategy instruction groups compared to no strategy instruction group. [Paper presented at the National Science and Mathematics Education Congress (13th, Denizli, Turkey).]

This study aims to reveal the need-support profiles of science teachers by using three variables (teachers' autonomy support, involvement, and structure support), as well as the role of the teachers with such profiles in students' collective engagement. Within the scope of the study, first of all, the observation form developed by Reeve, Jang, Carrell, Jeon, and Barch (2004) was adapted into Turkish. Then, 41 science lessons taught by different teachers were observed using the form during a class hour. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and independent samples t-tests were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 to analyze the data. The cluster analysis showed that teachers in most classes (n = 35) were highly need-supportive, while a few teachers (n = 6) were moderately need-supportive. The independent samples t-test analysis demonstrated that the collective engagement of the students in the classrooms where the teachers were highly need-supportive was more than those of the students in the classrooms where the teachers were moderately need-supportive. Students' collective engagement varied according to the teachers' need-supportive profiles. In other words, it can be assumed that teacher behaviors play a crucial role in students' collective engagement.

A team of literacy, science, and theatre educators have been working to engage children in an urban public school system in the United States through embodied performances, where students embody and dramatise science ideas. This study focuses on one fourth-grade classroom when instruction was done remotely due to Covid-19. Children in the class were asked to compose videos of themselves acting out and/or exploring science phenomena and concepts, and we analysed the affordances of these multimodal compositions. We situate the need for this study in claims from the Next Generation Science Standards that literacy skills are necessary to build and communicate science knowledge. In doing so, we center social semiotics perspectives that conceive of composition broadly as production-oriented processes drawing from various semiotic resources. The multimodal compositions in Mr. M's science class included both primarily embodied compositions and primarily digital compositions, and we elaborate on one focal example of each in the findings. Intertwined affordances of the focal children and their classmates' multimodal science compositions include opportunities to creatively engage with and negotiate science ideas, to draw from personal and social knowledge during meaning-making, and to intentionally make rhetorical choices.

This study delves into the cultural perspectives surrounding gifted education practices in Ghana, focusing on 10 junior high school classroom mathematics and science teachers. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analysis of lesson plans. The results brought to light a notable gender disparity of female participation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)-intensive courses compared to males. Teachers' beliefs concerning giftedness tended to be tacitly naive, rooted in traditional notions and influenced gifted students' development. Spiritual and supernatural giftedness emerged, perceiving the gifted to possess mystical powers. Implications underscore the implementation of gifted education within teacher educational institutions. This, in turn, addresses the tacit opinions and knowledge gaps among educators regarding gifted education in Ghana. The study advocates for a holistic approach to nurturing giftedness that extends beyond conventional academic realms, ensuring a more inclusive and equitable educational landscape.

Preservice secondary science teachers often experience science learning in narrow and marginalizing ways in their science preparation. These experiences cause harm, particularly for preservice teachers of color. They also limit the disciplinary resources they can develop for later teaching science in ways that value and sustain their students' ways of knowing and being in the world. Our research explores possibilities for cultivating new spaces for preservice secondary science teachers to engage in science. In a content-focused education course, we designed for and studied preservice teachers' engagement in expansive and connective sensemaking, incorporating heterogeneity, power, and historicity in pursuits of explanatory accounts of the natural world. In this article, we examined how this course design can support preservice teachers to attune to heterogeneity in ways of knowing in science and to connect to identity and historicity in scientific sensemaking. Our analysis suggests that students' final projects reflected attunements to diverse knowing, communicating, and relating in science and deep connections with their identities and future-making, yet had fewer connections to sociohistorical narratives and structures. We developed illustrative case studies of four student projects, highlighting the personal, social, and political possibilities of creating space for future educators to imagine more expansive and connective forms of science. This study contributes a novel model for preservice science teacher education to support teacher learning to value and sustain their students' ways of knowing and being in the world.

Sensemaking has been advocated as a core practice of science education to support students in constructing their own understanding through a prolonged trajectory. However, the field lacks a discussion of teaching strategies that can better support students as they develop in the trajectory of sensemaking, which includes four phases: initial engagement with a driving question related to a target phenomenon; identification of incoherence and insufficiency in existing understanding; exploration of multiple resources to help develop plausible explanations; and synthesis of solutions and application of new understanding to interpret the target phenomenon. With the view that students' scientific uncertainty, including conceptual and epistemic uncertainties, can motivate or drive the trajectory of sensemaking coherent with students' understanding, this multiple case study examined how two science teachers, one from South Korea and one from the USA, supported students to navigate their scientific uncertainties to shape a trajectory of sensemaking that is coherent to them. Transcripts of video recordings of classroom discourses and student-created artifacts were analyzed. We identified the dynamic nature of students' scientific uncertainties in the four phases and the teaching strategies in each phase. Three main findings emerged from this study: (1) student uncertainty as a key not only to initiate the trajectory of sensemaking meaningfully but also to continuously develop the trajectory along a coherent pathway, (2) conceptual and epistemic uncertainties having different roles in building different phases of sensemaking, and (3) teaching strategies that support student navigation of scientific uncertainty that drives the trajectory of sensemaking.

This study sought to examine the kinds of mindsets that the participating teachers demonstrated in their teaching and the impact of teachers' mindsets on their ways of teaching mathematics and science. Seven teachers who were teaching science or mathematics in high-needs schools in the urban context of the Bronx, New York were the participants of the study, with interview data and analysis provided for three participants representing the low, medium, and high mindset groupings. Qualitative research method was used to analyze the data. The data were collected through three different questionnaires, lesson observations, and interviews. Data analysis revealed that six participating teachers demonstrated a growth mindset with different degrees and one teacher seemed to have a fixed mindset. Teachers with a growth mindset adopted instructional practices that are more aligned with those that are recommended in the growth mindset literature.

This study examines the certification pathway of science teachers in Texas, how science teacher certification patterns have changed over time, and the association of certification pathway to student outcomes in science. This quantitative study uses administrative data from the Texas Statewide Longitudinal Data System (UH-ERC). The UH-ERC database includes data from the Texas Education Agency (TEA), The Higher Education Coordinating Boards (THECB), and the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) which can be linked together to provide a cradle-to-workforce portrait of Texas residents. Cohorts were created of novice teachers to isolate teacher preparation rather than professional development associated with years of experience. Results indicated that teachers new to the labour market are increasingly being certified through alternative pathways, particularly in districts closer to metropolitan areas. Findings suggest that students who are taught by teachers who were prepared through an alternative pathway have lower test scores on the biology end-of-course State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR) test than students who were taught by teachers prepared through a traditional certification pathway.

Marginalized communities cannot and do not have decontextualized experiences with how socioscientific issues, such as exposure to COVID-19 as frontline essential workers, high Black infant mortality rates, air pollution leading to respiratory problems, and other issues, affect their communities. As PreK-12 science teachers and teacher educators strive to dismantle oppressive practices in their classrooms and curriculum, it would be helpful to learn from Black women science teachers who have been engaging in anti-racist practices before the racial awakenings of Summer 2020. In this study, three different virtual focus groups, or Sista Circles, were conducted with 18 Black women secondary science teachers. Ranging from 1 to 22 years of experience, Black women teachers across the country and international participants in Canada and Qatar participated in the Sista Circles. From intersectional qualitative analysis and narrative inquiry, the findings of the study reveal that Black women science teachers enact anti-racist science teaching by bringing something new to the community; using NGSS standards within the context of the community; teaching at the intersection of history, culture, and science learning and teaching; and building critical consciousness in the science classroom. Furthermore, the findings of the study have implications for the use of anti-racist frameworks within the context of science education that were authentically the practices of the Black women in the study. This study offers insights into how the critical consciousness of Black women teachers can be represented in the science classroom even in times of nonsupport from peers and administration. The power and necessity of Black women teachers are paramount in science classrooms specifically because of the neutral, apolitical ways science teaching has been approached in the past. The narratives and stories shared here exemplify how Black women science teachers transform science teaching and learning by displaying various acts of Criticality.

When designing a study, the sampling method for selecting research participants is an important decision with a host of considerations. When designing a professional development (PD) program with a limited number of spaces, the method of choosing participants from the applicants is also important. When research and professional development are entwined, sets of sampling criteria could conflict. Additionally, in a mixed methods study, such as the one undertaken by the researchers, additional trade-offs exist when considering the many potential methods of sampling and participant selection. In this report, we present a novel solution to the problem of multiple-criterion-focused selection of research and PD participants when the number of applicants to participate outnumbers the availability of resources. By using a weighted ranking system, we were able to incorporate multiple purposive sampling criteria in a simultaneous, rather than sequential, fashion. This allowed us to focus our evaluation of chemistry-specific free-response questions on a narrower pool of finalists and more consistently rate their responses. This multipurposive sampling method and a novel tool developed herein have broad implications for both sampling for chemistry education research and participant selection in professional development.

Numerous academic studies in the field of chemical education utilize the conceptual framework of three distinct tiers that underlie the instruction and acquisition of chemical knowledge. This framework is commonly depicted in a chemistry triangle, with the vertices denoted as macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic. The ability of students to effectively convert between various representations and develop triple representation thinking can be advantageous in comprehending chemical concepts and the underlying micro essence. However, studies have shown that students have certain difficulties with triple representation. A microcomputer-based laboratory provides students with intuitive material by dynamically presenting data images in real time, helping students transfer among triple representations. This study investigated the effect of a microcomputer-based laboratory on the triple representation of a chemistry lesson based on eye-tracking evidence. The experimental group (N = 14) completed the test by watching the experimental video of the microcomputer-based laboratory, while the control group (N = 13) watched the traditional experimental video. Eye-tracking was used to make real-time recordings of the experimental procedures carried out by each of the groups. By comparing the triple representation test results and eye-tracking indicators of the two groups, the results show that a microcomputer-based laboratory has a positive effect on the triple representation, and the experimental group performed significantly better when acquiring image information under the influence of the microcomputer-based laboratory.

This research is based on an approach that looks at cross-cultural research design as a "lens" for a deeper understanding of what goes on in the classroom. The research question is how a cross-cultural study like this one can lead to identifying the cultural script of teaching and help educators reflect on their practice. In this context, Chinese lessons could be described as a case-based study of pedagogical reasoning that drives a shift from focusing on "content" to "competence". This article draws on qualitative data collected by the researchers and a cross-cultural analysis of a science lesson in an elementary school in Beijing, China. Using the Japanese educators' critiques and Chinese reviews, the article determines the cultural script of teaching science (the first research question) and the way Chinese teachers reflect on their practice through the Japanese lens (the second research question). This study exposes the importance of teachers' understanding and reflecting on their practice, "technically," "practically," and "critically." The analysis results show how teachers learn to change their lenses, to reflect on their teaching and reconstruct their understanding about teacher professionalism through at least four basic elements: "didactics," "praxis," "pedagogy," and "theory."

The purpose of this study was to find the differences and relationships between student responses, student character, and student attitudes towards the inquiry learning model for physics subjects. The contribution given in this study is useful if the student's response to learning is not good then there are problems in the learning taught by the teacher so that the teacher can improve better teaching techniques. This study uses mixed research methods designed with an explanatory design which is a combination of two methods, namely quantitative and qualitative research methods. The results of the t-test and correlation test of student variables, student character, and student responses can be said to be good but need to be improved optimally so that these variables are beneficial to students. The conclusion of this study is that there is a comparison and influence between students, student characters, and student responses at State Senior High School (SMA) 10 Jambi City on the inquiry learning model in physics subjects. The implication of this research is very important, namely the short-term impact of this research is useful and can be used as a benchmark to improve the quality of student responses, student character, and student attitudes, especially at the high school level.

The impacts of a technology-integrated formative assessment technique on students' conceptual and procedural knowledge in studying chemical equilibrium are studied in this study. To attain the purpose, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest strategy nested with a qualitative study method was adopted. The study has three groups: two experimental and one comparative. A random sample strategy was utilized to select two intact classes for treatment and one intact class for comparison groups. Data was collected using the chemical equilibrium conceptual test, the procedural test, and classroom observation. The data was examined using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one-way ANOVA, one-way MANOVA, and Pearson product moment correlation). According to the findings, technology-integrated formative assessment processes outperformed traditional techniques and formative assessment strategies alone in enhancing students' conceptual and practical understanding of chemical equilibrium. Similarly, when technology-integrated formative assessment processes are used, classroom observations show that students have a strong motivation to learn and that the instructor is more skilled than the other two teachers. Technology-integrated formative assessment processes were shown to be more effective than the other two groups in promoting students' conceptual and procedural understanding when learning chemical equilibrium.

Presenters' pedagogical choices are strongly affected by whether they view knowledge as coherent or fragmented. This mixed-methods survey study seeks to contribute to epistemological discussions and associated pedagogical suggestions in the context of mole ratio related mistakes evident in stoichiometry calculations performed by in-service teachers in a developing world country. Physical sciences teachers in South Africa were asked to solve four stoichiometry calculation questions, and their written solutions (361 sets) were analyzed for consistency of various types of mole ratio related mistakes. The study found high levels of inconsistencies in each observed mistake, supporting the view that most participants' knowledge lay closer to the fragmented end of the coherent-fragmented epistemological continuum. Evidence is presented for differential cognitive load, overgeneralization, and intuitive heuristics as possible explanations for these mistakes. Pedagogical suggestions are made for addressing such errors in in-service chemistry teacher workshops about stoichiometry calculations, although these may only be applicable where teacher subject matter knowledge tends to be low, such as within the developing world.

Fostering experiential learning experiences that allow students to apply their design thinking skills is important for developing technological and engineering (T&E) literacy. However, K-12 schools must ensure that educators providing these experiential T&E experiences are adequately prepared and supported to maintain a safer teaching and learning environment. Therefore, this study examined the safety characteristics of 191 K-12 educators from the northeastern United States (U.S.) who were teaching core T&E disciplinary standards and practices within various science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) contexts. Analyses revealed there was a significantly higher proportion of accident occurrences in northeastern STEM related classes compared to other regions of the U.S. Further analyses identified 10 risk factors that were significantly associated with increased accident occurrences, and two protective factors that were significantly associated with decreased accident occurrences. Moreover, there were significant differences in the types of safety training completed by educators in the northeast compared to educators from other regions of the U.S. Taking all of this into account, it was discovered that when controlling for significant safety risk factors, safety protective factors, and completion of undergraduate coursework that covered safety topics, the odds of an accident occurrence decreased by 83%. This research has the potential to assist educators, administrators, school systems, state education departments, teacher preparation programs, and others with identifying safety areas of concern and to provide safer T&E teaching and learning experiences. Additionally, this research could inform efforts to help students develop safer habits, which they will carry into higher education programs and the workplace.

Pedagogical content knowledge, PCK, a concept in teacher education requires additional focus and attention by pre-tertiary teachers to improve teaching and learning and learners' performance. The study adopted PCK model developed by Magnusson et al. (1999) to investigate senior high school (SHS) chemistry teachers PCK in teaching the concept of hybridization. The study adopted a qualitative approach using the case study design. Six chemistry teachers from six SHSs in the Upper West Region of Ghana were purposively sampled for the study. Semistructured interviews, lesson plans analysis and observations were used as data collection instruments. Data was analyzed using content analysis. The findings reveal that most of the teachers have high knowledge of instructional strategies and knowledge of the science curriculum. In addition, it was revealed that many of the teachers have inadequate knowledge in their orientation towards science teaching, assessment of scientific knowledge, and in knowledge of students understanding of science. It was concluded that the teachers' PCK was inadequate since knowledge of instructional strategies and knowledge of curriculum alone does not define an effective science teacher. The study recommended that in-service professional training in PCK should be organized for teachers to improve their classroom practices.

Socioscientific issues (SSIs) have a scientific basis, have a dilemma in their nature and are often discussed under political and social influences. Teachers perceive SSIs as a difficult subject to teach. This project was carried out to guide teachers in overcoming this difficulty and to enable them to include practices that they can adapt more easily to their lessons. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the views of science teachers on the teaching of SSIs and the project carried out within the scope of a funding project for teaching SSIs. The study was designed according to a single-group pre-test post-test experimental design. The study group the study comprises teachers from different branches of science (15 middle school science teachers, four biology teachers, three physics teachers and two chemistry teachers) from various provinces of Türkiye. As the data collection tools of the study, the Project Participation Form, the Scale of Views on Teaching Socioscientific Issues, the Know-Want-Learn Form and the Project Evaluation Form were used. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were used together in the evaluation of the data. Because of the study, the implemented project activities contributed to the development of the participants' views on the teaching of SSIs and caused a positive development in their views on the project. Suggestions were made considering the results of the project so that guidance could be provided for teachers and teacher educators.

Protocol-guided teaching is a student-centered instruction paradigm in which teachers compose learning protocols in advance to guide students through the entire learning process in an effort to foster in them the capacity for autonomous learning. Effective learning protocols can have a substantial impact on classroom outcomes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the significance of protocol-guided teaching in chemistry education through an examination of a learning protocol designed for the instruction of omnipresent CaCO[subscript 3]. This protocol emphasizes learning based on real-world experience.

The present study aims to examine the effect of the life skills training guide on the development of pre-service science teachers' professional knowledge of entrepreneurial skills. The study included 82 pre-service science teachers studying in the third year of a public university in Turkey during the 2019-2020 academic year. The data of the study, which was conducted with a one-group pre-test-post-test experimental design, were collected using the entrepreneurship skills professional knowledge test. The data were analyzed using the professional knowledge assessment rubric and entrepreneurship skill indicators. The results of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between the pre-and post-test scores of the pre-service teachers in favor of the post-test scores. Following the experimental process, their professional knowledge about entrepreneurship increased. However, the number of pre-service teachers who were able to improve their professional knowledge scores to a high level was limited. Furthermore, following the experimental process, there was an increase in the number of pre-service teachers who were able to develop appropriate activities for students to gain entrepreneurial skills and to prepare tools for measuring and evaluating students' entrepreneurial skills in a way to include stressed indicators. Consequently, the present study provides science teacher educators with educational activities that they can model within the scope of teaching professional knowledge of entrepreneurship skills to pre-service science teachers.

The aim of the study is to reveal the experiences of social studies and science preservice teachers on the use of creative comics in the teaching of subjects related to environmental education. Since this study focuses on the pre-service teachers' experiences was used phenomenology design. A totally of 65 pre-service teachers participated in the study (35 social studies teacher candidates, and 30 science teacher candidates). Within the scope of the research, environmental education was given to pre-service teachers during one semester. This education process also includes creating and using creative comics in environmental education. Semistructured interviews and observations were used as data collection methods. Thematic analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. The results of the research show that creative comics can be used as an alternative teaching material in environmental education. According to pre-service teachers, creative comics enrich the learning environment. Results of the research, teachers need to pay attention to some issues for efficient use of creative comics. When using creative comics, teachers should keep students away from competition and negative criticism, which can negatively affect creativity.

This study aims to examine pre-service science teachers' (PSTs') model-based (MB) content knowledge (CK) and knowledge of students' understanding (KSU) of chemical bonds. The participants of the study consist of 229 senior pre service science teachers. The study is a case study from qualitative research designs. The data of the study were collected by using the "Chemical Bonds Model Knowledge Test (CBMKT)". The obtained data were analyzed using the "Model Based-Content Knowledge Rubric (MB-CK Rubric)" and "Model Based-Knowledge of Students' Understanding Rubric (MB-KSU Rubric)". The findings showed that PSTs mostly have an understanding of wrong modeling and not being able to make any modeling in terms of MB-CK on chemical bonds. In addition, it has been determined that the majority of pre-service teachers have an invalid and weak level in terms of MB-KSU. These findings indicate that PSTs' professional knowledge of chemical bonds in their undergraduate education should be supported by model-based teaching.

This study aims to examine the 9th-grade 2018 physics curriculum according to various criteria. A cross-sectional survey model was used. The sample consists of 36 physics teachers working in various high schools in 12 regions of Turkey in the 2022-2023 academic year. The data of the study were collected via the "9th-grade 2018 physics curriculum Evaluation Form". The data collected via the evaluation form were determined with the multilevel Rasch analysis program. The results of the research revealed that the criteria determined in the evaluation of the 9th-grade physics curriculum differed in terms of strictness and generosity. In addition, the quantitative data analysis revealed that the physics teachers mostly comply with the criteria set in the program while they disapprove of some criteria. The physics teachers reported some deficiencies in the objectives, content, and educational status of the elements included in the program. In this context, it is recommended that the achievements of the 9th-grade 2018 physics curriculum be reviewed in line with the evaluations of the stakeholders related to the subject.

Teachers grow from sharing their practice and receiving feedback, yet it can be difficult for teachers to welcome others into their classrooms without feeling judged. Observers need to enter teachers' classrooms projecting respect and value for the challenging work of teaching. In this article, we share an approach to visiting classrooms, called "Affirming Learning Walks," that differs in comparison to more typical learning walks, instructional rounds, or classroom observations. Affirming learning walks are hosted by teachers or administrators, conducted with other teachers, designed around eight practices known to support student achievement, and focused only on those productive practices that are present rather than on the absence of practices or areas for improvement. This approach provides an opportunity to value many of a teacher's practices that are productive and encourages teachers to engage in more of the productive practices because they are highlighted and celebrated.