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Special libraries, as differentiated from general public libraries and academic libraries, are devoted to specialized fields of science and technology, agriculture, medicine, social sciences, economics and the like. Such libraries are attached to research organizations, government departments, departments in universities, industrial organizations, professional societies and trade associations, etc. Special libraries customarily maintain a regular and systematic information service covering the immediate and future interests of the organizations of which they are part. This necessitates the development and management of an adequate collection of books, periodicals, reports, patents, standards, government publications, maps, audio-visual records, etc. issuing from a multitude of publishing bodies. In house publications, market surveys, data files, etc. are also brought together in these collections. All items are of course made available for consultation by being adequately classified or indexed and organis...

Persons at least sometimes act in a manner which does not promote their own immediate interests but rather their own future interests. Correspondingly, it is at least sometimes true that they have reasons to act in this manner. Thus, any theory of practical reasons which is to be at all convincing must be able to supply some plausible explication of what it is to have a prudential reason. In recent years, theories of practical reasons which are grounded upon persons' present desires have come under fresh attack just because of a purported inability to provide such an explication. Hence, it has been claimed that a theory of practical reasons which seeks to understand what it is for a person to have a reason to do something in terms of the present desires of that person cannot be an adequate theory of practical reasons. Against such claims, I will argue that the problems which are sometimes thought to prevent the desire theory of practical reasons from generating an adequate account of prudential reasons can be overcome and that, thus, criticism of the desire theory on these grounds is unconvincing.

During 1980–81, the Sub-Committee on Undergraduate Curriculum of the Committee on International Criminal Justice of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (of which I was the chair) distributed a questionnaire to criminal justice programs at universities, colleges, and community colleges in the United States. The purpose of this questionnaire was to assess current and future interests in offering undergraduate courses of comparative criminal justice and criminology. A number of impressions were gleaned from the information collected in this survey. They are presented here in the form of a Report that should be of interest to all who participate in comparative criminal justice education.

battlefield of Kukureshtra rising from the Ganges, friends and foes reconciled, all resplendent in youth and glory. Technically we are still at war and all men of good-will are thinking how to get out of war, how to make peace, not a temporary one, but a lasting peace based upon solid foundation. Two great aggressive empires, Russia and Austria-Hungary, have passed away and upon their ruins, new states have sprung up, full of life, with new interests and a new outlook. The Balkans, that is what the politicians used to call the Balkans, have disappeared also. Only Bulgaria will remain a purely Balkan state. All other Balkan nations will have their future interests mainly outside the confines of the Balkan peninsula. Greece will extend to Asia Minor and look for the penetration of those vast territories which for some time were the dependencies of Helenic civilization and later on were the stronghold of Byzantium. Serbia and Montenegro have ceased as independent states and have merged themselves into a larger national commonwealth of Jugoslavia, now officially called the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. With its territories on the left banks of the

THE problem of economic security concerns the physician not only for himself but also for those dependent upon him — his wife, his children and occasionally his grandchildren, parents and other relatives. With certain limitations the analysis of these problems and lending of specialized assistance in their solution falls into the field of estate analysis or estate planning. This requires a knowledge of intricate aspects of the law — primarily in the fields of insurance, probate, wills, trusts, taxation and future interests. Unfortunately, specialists are as yet few, since the busy family attorney, enmeshed in a multitude of diverse phases . . .

The control of secular climates is obviously a condition prerequisite to biologic continuity. The preservation of a narrow range of temperature and a limited variation of atmospheric constituents throughout the millions of years of the biologic past was absolutely essential to organic evolution. Continued preservation for millions of years to come seems equally a condition precedent to an intellectual and spiritual evolution commensurate with the physical and biological evolutions that have preceded it. Only such a prolonged evolution of the intellectuality now just dawning gives full moral satisfaction to our conception of the sum-total of terrestrial history. The narrowness of the range to which temperatures must be confined to permit progressive organic and intellectual evolution takes on its true meaning only when we recall that the natural temperature range on the earth's surface is sixteen times as great as this, while that affecting the solar family is at least sixty times as great. For a hundred million years, more or less, this narrow range of temperature has been maintained quite without break of continuity, unless geologists and biologists are altogether in error in their inductions. On the further maintenance of this continuity hang future interests of transcendent moment.

Marshman’s devastating assessment of British policy in the First Afghan War seems, at first, an obscure starting point for a discussion of US policy toward the Iraq-Iran war. However, a careful examination of the history of that policy, particularly the turn it has taken since late 1986, suggests that Marshman’s assessment may yet be as painfully true of US policy as it was of Great Britain’s. Indeed, while explicably charting the oscillations of US policy may be taxing of social scientific theory, the implications of such a study for analysis of US decision-making and for the future interests of the United States in the Gulf region are deeply distressing. This chapter attempts, first, to summarise the history of this policy and, second to venture some preliminary generalisations from that history about the policy which may enable explanation and prediction of that policy’s future course and consequences. If it is neither pleasant nor comforting, it has, at least, the saving grace of being true.

The following Memoir, bearing date the 2nd July, 1816, was written on the occasion of Lord Amherst's Embassy to Pekin. A few copies were printed at the Company's press at Macao, early in the year 1817, for private circulation only, and were very sparingly distributed, so that this memoir has now become scarce, and not to be found, except in a few public and private libraries. The publication of it, therefore, at the present moment, when our relations with China are exciting an intense interest, seems highly desirable. The time is now come when we are called upon to decide what new privileges we have to demand of the Chinese: and since a more unrestricted intercourse with that country is looked for, it becomes an object of the first importance to ascertain at what Ports these privileges may be best obtained; for on that decision the future interests of the trade depend. It will be found that this memoir enters upon that subject with a minuteness of detail and fulness of illustration, not even attempted in any other publication. And though the principles laid down and course of arguments employed, may seem exclusively confined to the state of the trade under the control of the East India Company, yet they will be found, in fact, equally applicable to the circumstances of the trade at the present moment, and to contain matter eminently worthy of the attention of the public. It has been deemed advisable not to alter the original text, but to add a few notes, marked thus, where any change of circumstances in the trade, or matter furnished by more recent information, seemed to render such observations necessary. For greater ease of reference, the Chinese names of places have been altered and adapted to the orthography of Arrowsmith's map.—Edit.

Professor Dukeminier and I agree on most of the important points concerning perpetuity law and perpetuity reform. We agree that the Rule Against Perpetuities still serves a socially useful function of limiting dead hand control, and should not be abolished. We also agree that the common law Rule is needlessly harsh and should be softened. Finally, we agree on the type of reform that is most desirable-waitand-see. Our only disagreement -concerns the best method of marking off the wait-and-see perpetuity period-the period of time during which dispositions that would have been invalid under the common law Rule are to be given the chance to work themselves out. There are substantial parts of his argument on this latter point, set forth in Perpetuities: The Measuring Lives,' that I do not find convincing.

THE FREQUENT FAILURE of beneficiaries in wills to live for the expected length of time has given rise to certain legal problems. A younger person does not always outlive an older one. The weak and sickly individual may outlast the one who is healthy and strong. In an automotive, aeronautic and atomic era there is no reason to anticipate a decrease in the instances of this inverse order of mortality. It is not an uncommon occurrence for a beneficiary in a will, contrary to expectations, to die before the testator. In such a case, the gift is said to fail or lapse, unless the testator has anticipated this possibility and has provided in his will for a substitute beneficiary.' Statutory provision for substitute beneficiaries under certain circumstances is well-nigh universal.2 Even though there is no provision for a substitute beneficiary either in the original will or by any applicable anti-lapse statute, the testator himself sometimes makes such a provision in a later will or codicil executed after his learning of the death of the original beneficiary. Where the gift involves a future interest, however, a different problem arises, namely whether the beneficiary must survive until the time when the future interest becomes possessory. Unlike the case where the beneficiary predeceases the testator, making a later will or codicil after knowledge of the beneficiary's death is very obviously no solution here. The beneficiary has survived the testator but, contrary to the testator's assumptions, has not survived to the time when he was to receive his interest. Here again, the testator should have anticipated the possibility of the beneficiary's earlier death and made express provision in his will as to how the property should go in such a contingency. The fact remains, however, that the instances of neglect to make such provision are of frequent occurrence. These instances, unfortunately, are not restricted to "home-made" wills, drawn without legal advice. No statutory solution, comparable to that effected by the anti-lapse statutes when the beneficiary predeceases the testator, is available. In each case the court must decide whether the testator "intended" to impose survival by the beneficiary to the time of possession as a condition of his gift. The common law rule of construction in favor of early vesting prevails