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Culture, livelihoods and political-economic status all influence people's perception of introduced and invasive species, shaping perspectives on what sort of management of them, if any, is warranted. Indigenous voices and values are under-represented in scholarly discourse about introduced and invasive species. This paper examines the relationship between the Xeni Gwet'in First Nation (one of six Tsilhqof in communities) and wild or free-roaming horses in British Columbia, Canada. We outline how Xeni Gwet'in people value horses and experience management actions, contextualising the controversy over wild horses amidst power imbalances in the expression of environmental values. We suggest that Indigenous voices are vital to include when evaluating impacts of controversial species and developing management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming, including family farming, is now dominated by vertically controlled operations that deplete the soil, pollute water, and produce food designed more to satisfy marketing requirements than human nutritional needs. Agricultural practices today are a result of abdicating control over our lives to a thoroughly industrialized culture, in which institutions are governed by the single criterion of efficiency--finding least-cost solutions. Standardization is a major part of that process. But living systems cannot be standardized. They require diversity and some degree of redundancy to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In the cultural contest between the machine and the garden, the machine has definitely won, but if we do not make room for the garden again, our victory will be our own funeral. New Agrarianism seeks to encourage diversity of species on each farm and across farms within entire landscapes. But farmers cannot carry out the restoration of ecologically-oriented agriculture on their own. They need support from cities: 1) in the form of markets to sell locally-grown produce at prices that will support their work, 2) in a new understanding of ecosystems that focuses on inhabited spaces and not just wilderness, and 3) in an orientation that questions whether efficiency should be the paramount value of our culture. Finally, the transition to more biologically-diverse human settlements can come about only if economic incentives are modified to remove the unrelenting pressure on farmers to expand their operations or go out of business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses an article in the journal by author Evan Leonard on the concept of agrarianism and biological diversity and how what he calls a New Agrarianism can help people adapt to nature in rural and urban areas.

Sense of place is an important concept for understanding how people construct relations with their surroundings. A thorough analysis of place meanings needs to consider (1) natural and anthropogenic features that are the sources of place formation; (2) scales over which these features occur; (3) the range of potential responses to these features; and (4) functional and emotional forms of place attachment. However, previous approaches to assessing sense of place have not encompassed all these elements. Using case studies of two Tasmanian protected areas, we demonstrate a mixed-method approach that enabled comprehensive assessment of stakeholders’ senses of place. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This Article considers the past and possible future of the effort to provide legal protection for tracts of federal lands under the umbrella of the Wilderness Act of 1964. Because legal protection comes through the political process, the task requires examining the politics of wilderness. Therefore, the Article spends considerable time looking at the political forces that led up to enactment of the Wilderness Act of 1964, and have shaped its implementation in the half-century that has followed. It explores the political compromises contained in the Wilderness Act, and how these have worked out in practice. It discusses how the legal meaning of wilderness has been shaped since enactment, and how successful the idea of legally protecting wild values has been. It also puts the Wilderness Act in the broader context of changes in federal land management policy since 1964. For example, whereas in 1964 wilderness designation was Just about the only reasonably secure way to protect land from road building and other forms of intensive development, today many legal tools are available to accomplish it. Finally, the Article discusses current and likely future challenges to wilderness protection, some but not all of which stem from a destabilizing climate. The cumulative effect of these and other factors identified in the paper has already slowed down expansion of the National Wilderness Preservation System, and will likely continue to do so. Nevertheless, the System stands as a monumental achievement, expressing some of the more high-minded objectives of American political culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On its 50th anniversary, the Wilderness Act owes much to the effect of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), both in terms of the number of acres in the national wilderness system and in the management of designated wilderness areas. Courts have closely scrutinized federal land management agency actions that threaten wilderness qualities, and this Article maintains that the usual vehicle has been NEPA. Enacted a little over a half-decade after the Wilderness Act, NEPA was instrumental in the doubling of wilderness acres in the 1980s, as Congress added wilderness areas and released other areas to multiple uses in response to a NEPA injunction imposed on U.S. Forest Service management. NEPA has also had a considerable effect on wilderness area management, curbing timber cutting and recreational activities and, in combination with the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, requiring the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to pursue the least damaging environmental alternative to rerouting a road bisecting wilderness study areas. NEPA's influence on potential wilderness remains large a half-century after the passage of the Wilderness Act, as NEPA has ratified the Forest Service's "Roadless Rule," which will protect potential wilderness areas from most developments, making them eligible for future wilderness designation. Additionally, NEPA has required BLM to identify and publicly disclose lands with wilderness characteristics when revising its land plans. Thus, NEPA has fulfilled its mission of improving environmental decision making by encouraging the designation of new wilderness areas, insisting on careful management of existing wilderness, and approving both the protection of large roadless areas in national forests and the identification of roadless areas in BLM land plans. Without NEPA, there would be considerably less to celebrate on the Wilderness Act's 50th anniversary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web 2.0 technologies including Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) provide methods for engaging multiple publics in public lands management. We examined the effects of sampling in a PPGIS/VGI application for national forest planning in the US. A random sample (RS) of households and a volunteer public (VP) were invited to participate in an internet-based PPGIS to identify national forest values and use preferences. Spatial and non-spatial group responses were analysed. The VP group expressed stronger utilitarian values and consumptive use preferences while the RS group preferred forest amenities. These results would lead to different planning decisions. PPGIS/VGI methods should include scientific sampling to ground-truth voluntary participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses closely the role of civil society in the local translation and adaptation of transnational standards of responsible use of natural resources in global certification regimes. The study builds on original evidence from Russia on civil society and forest certification, based on extensive fieldwork. It argues that the local translation of global sustainability standards into on-the-ground practices is not a straightforward execution of rules imposed by powerful transnational actors—e.g. international nongovernmental organizations, multinationals, governments, or consumers. Rather, local civil society actors elaborate the ways in which transnational standards are implemented locally and thereby construct new knowledge related to standard implementation and responsible natural resource management. The paper contributes to the literature on transnational governance by examining the involvement of civil society organizations in the translation, adaptation, and learning dynamics in global certification regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to address part of the "legitimacy crisis" currently underway in the international investment regime. It identifies shortcomings in the jurisprudential coherence of investor-state arbitral awards in expropriation cases where the state defends its actions by invoking human rights considerations. This article suggests the interpretation of the scope and characteristics of investors' property rights under investment law--as well as the property rights of non-parties to investor-state disputes, such as the ancestral land rights of Indigenous peoples--should be in line with the meaning of property rights under human rights law. This approach has the methodological benefit of incorporating to investment law human rights law theory's, methods of interpretation and jurisprudence--which favours a balancing act and proportionality analysis, and provides a margin of appreciation to state authorities when addressing multiple human rights considerations. It provides consistent analytical tools to overcome the difficulties of broadly stating that human rights should apply to investment law, which can be insufficient as a guide to interpretation in the context of specific disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human values are embedded in forest management decisions but are rarely systematically and explicitly included in the decision process. National legislation for public lands often provides conflicting goals but little guidance for agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service to operationalize public value preferences. The historical difficulty of integrating public values into forest management decisions includes the problems of measurement, aggregation, and tradeoff analysis. In this paper, we present a method for measuring and integrating spatially-explicit public values collected using public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) into a decision support framework we call values compatibility analysis (VCA). We provide a case study to demonstrate how spatially-explicit public values can be used to determine the compatibility of designating ATV/OHV routes on national forest land. The applications and limitations of VCA for decision support are elaborated and we conclude that an effective decision support framework should provide some degree of standardization, be broadly inclusive, and provide the opportunity to engage in systematic place-based value trade-off analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism in Antarctica has grown substantially over recent decades and has diversified into different activities and modes of transport. This paper presents a first attempt to explore the implications of this diversification trend for Antarctic tourist experiences, wildlife and onsite management. Evidence from a passenger survey, participatory observations and expert interviews using video elicitation has been collected during, and in the context of, a diving expedition cruise. The data suggests that significant differences can be detected in the way divers and non-divers experience aspects of the trip, most notably regarding guides. The results also indicate that diverse activities generate a broader variance in attitudes and behaviours, which may have repercussions for wildlife, site use and onsite management. Given the diversification trend it is timely and necessary to revisit and consistently enforce site guidelines and visitor guidelines with an eye on multi-activity trips. In addition, further studies on the implications of this trend are needed by means of case studies, surveys looking at a wider range of tourist trips, and monitoring programmes assessing wildlife behaviour and impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Landscape metrics are used in landscape ecology to quantify landscape characteristics related to structure, function and change by quantifying the structure and distributional pattern of landscape elements such as plants, animals and other physical landscape features. To date, there has been little published research on landscape metrics that include social perceptions of landscape. In this paper, we introduce the concept of social landscape metrics that quantify human perceptions of place resulting from the use of public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS). We present and explain a set of social landscape metrics that measure the composition and configuration of human perceptions of landscapes from multiple study areas using empirical data from PPGIS studies. We distinguish between two classes of social landscape metrics, boundary and inductive, present methods to develop them, and describe some of their applications to land use planning and management. We conclude with a discussion of future research needs for advancing knowledge about social landscape metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Context: This review paper provides an overview of approaches to which we may resort for handling the complex decision problems involving uncertainty and risk that climate change implies for forest managers. Modelling approaches that could support adaptive management strategies seem to be called for, not only as climate change denotes increased economic uncertainty but also because new and more reliable information becomes available as time passes and climate changes. • Aims: The paper (1) provides a broad overview of state-of-the-art methods for optimal decision making under risk and uncertainty in forestry and (2) elaborates on the possible use of these methods in adaptive forest management under climate change. • Method: A survey of the current literature is carried out to identify approaches and developments that may prove most promising in relation to different challenges to the adaptive management of forest ecosystems under climate change. • Results: Most studies focusing on changing, typically increasing, risks in forest management under climate change tend to build on existing approaches about changes in risk levels contingent on climate change scenarios. • Conclusion: Finally, we discuss what to emphasise in future studies to improve the understanding of adaptive forest management and decision support tools needed to cope with climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data about values are beneficial for resolving disagreements over conservation policy choices because values influence policy acceptance and compliance with conservation rules. Empirical conservation ethics integrate social science methods with conservation dilemmas to determine the origins of values and contribute new solutions to resolving debate. Using the case of genetically rescuing an inbred population of wolves as a policy exemplar, we explored (1) ethical paradigms invoked in justifying policy choices; (2) objects of moral relevance related to choices; and (3) ascriptions of responsibility for action. Discussion board posts revealed diverse ethical paradigms and ascriptions of responsibility, a strong tendency toward collectivism, and associations between some policy choices and ethical paradigms. Conservation ethics can help the conservation community better understand key human dimensions of conservation problems by providing a novel diagnostic framework for policy debate, structuring stakeholder engagement, and informing evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the concept of ecosystem services has drawn a prolific amount of recent research, little work has been done on the links between marine ecosystem services and coastal human well-being at a regional scale. Key questions in this context are that of appropriate categories for assessing human well-being and how to link different determinants of human well-being to specific ecosystem services supplied in adjacent marine areas. This paper presents the results of a case study that links tangible and intangible ecosystem benefits to a range of material and immaterial factors constituting human well-being. Determinants of human well-being were defined and indicators selected to make these linkages traceable. Ecosystem services were assessed for the offshore environment along the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, based on the assumption of strong future development of offshore wind farming and considering the environmental and socio-economic impacts of such developments on the coastal region. This paper illustrates some conceptual problems in linking ecosystem benefits to human well-being. Based on an economic analysis and a questionnaire survey, two examples are presented where an evidence-based link could be demonstrated between an ecosystem service impacted by offshore wind farming and change in human well-being. The results presented should be understood as an analytic framework and precondition for gathering empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Arctic and sub-Arctic are increasingly subject to environmental change. An important component of such change is biological invasion in which tourism and related transport is increasingly significant. The expansion of the cruise ship and marine expedition market poses substantial threats as a potential vector of invasive species. The study examines cruise operators in the Arctic and high-latitude North Atlantic. Many operators are not members of the Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators. An analysis is provided of the environmental and biosecurity communications of cruise operators in the region to identify if appropriate information to reduce the likelihood of biological invasion is being provided to consumers. It is concluded that the great variability in information suggests a significant gap in the biosecurity regime for the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of developing protected areas in Antarctica. It provides an overview on developments in protected areas in the continent as well as the establishment of environmental protection policy after it signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. The author explores the arguments among Consultative Parties at the Antarctic Consultative Meetings which pose challenges towards the effective management of protected areas. It also offers information on the process of considering areas as Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPA) which will play essential role in enhancing environmental protection in the continent.

The principles of eco-tourism allude to the importance of socio-cultural and psycho-social aspects in natural resources management. However, approaches to natural resources management are more often addressed in isolation from cultural and heritage resources. For Botswana, this loophole is illustrated within a community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) programme that focuses exclusively on natural and neglects cultural resources. Botswana Tourism Policy is another example.1 I argue that these management approaches negatively impact on sustainable conservation and development of both natural and cultural resources. A case study of a community-based organisation (CBO) called Sankuyo Tshwaragano Management Trust (STMT) is used to illustrate that the current CBNRM programme originates from a management failure to perceive cultural and heritage resources as components of the broader 'environment' and hence neglects the significance of alternative resources in nature tourism. An operational point of departure for an Ecotourism of Cultural Heritage Management ECT-CHM model is identified using a Community Based Cultural Heritage Resources Mangement (COBACREM) approach and an operational definition of eco-tourism that acknowledges alternative resources suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected area establishment can be a source of land-use conflicts. National parks are particularly prone to such conflicts as they tend to cover large, sometimes remote, areas, involve many stakeholders, and often constitute an important venue for both tourism and outdoor recreation. Identifying potential conflict issues at an early stage is crucial to prevent further escalation and preserve public support for conservation. This article presents the findings of a nation-wide survey focusing on the establishment of the Central Highland National Park (CHNP) in Iceland, with the aim of identifying such points of contention. The results show that while the establishment of the CHNP enjoys broad public support, concerns over access restrictions are the most common reason for opposition. The majority of respondents support limiting the number of visitors to the area, which can hardly be implemented without conflicting with public access rights, deeply embedded in local culture and uses. In this remote area, access facilitation through road and accommodation development, however, appears very divisive, either seen as providing increased opportunities for the general public to enjoy the area or as threatening the authenticity of travel experiences in a wilderness destination, and paving the way for further developments. It is argued that refraining from building up roads is the most diplomatic way to limit visitor numbers without seriously impairing travel freedom, therefore preserving the wilderness qualities of the area while meeting users' expectations. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of public opinion research and stakeholder consultation when planning and managing tourism and outdoor recreation in wilderness settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We designed and developed an internet mapping application to collect data on the locations of forest landscape values across a 2.4 million hectare study area in the province of Alberta, Canada. Four communities in the study area were surveyed and 8053 point locations were mapped for 10 different value types. Importance weights of landscape values were determined through a ranking exercise. Nearest-neighbour and second-order spatial point pattern analysis (K functions) suggested that all value types were significantly clustered across the study area. Recreational, wilderness, existence, and biological diversity values exhibited maximum clustering at larger spatial scales in comparison with educational, economic, historic or cultural, and spiritual values. Maximum clustering was positively related to mean road density and negatively related to mean distance to water, which suggests that landscape features influence the spatial pattern of values by acting as focal points or attractors for values. An applied use of the data for values hotspot detection and community protection zoning in forest fire management planning is presented. Nous avons conçu et développé une application cartographique accessible via Internet pour ramasser des données sur les valeurs du paysage forestier couvrant une aire d’étude de 2,4 millions d’hectares dans la province d’Alberta, au Canada. Quatre communautés situées à l’intérieur de l’aire d’étude ont été sondées et 8 053 endroits ont été cartographiés pour 10 types différents de valeurs. Le poids à accorder aux valeurs du paysage a été déterminé par un processus d’ordination. L’analyse du plus proche voisin et l’analyse de second ordre de la structure spatiale de points (fonctions K) indiquent que le regroupement de tous les types de valeurs est significatif partout dans l’aire d’étude. Comparativement aux valeurs éducationnelles, économiques, historiques et spirituelles, les valeurs associées aux activités récréatives, à la nature, à l’existence et à la biodiversité étaient les plus fortement regroupées à plus petite échelle. Le plus intense regroupement était positivement relié à la densité moyenne des chemins et négativement relié à la distance moyenne d’un plan d’eau, ce qui indique que les caractéristiques du paysage influencent la structure spatiale des valeurs en agissant comme point de convergence ou zone d’attraction pour les valeurs. Nous présentons une utilisation concrète des données pour la détection des points névralgiques dans le cas des valeurs et pour le zonage visant à protéger les communautés dans le cadre de la planification de la gestion des incendies de forêt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, the African continent has experienced exponential growth in tourism, where growth in numbers of visitors has not necessarily meant economic, social or environmental benefits for the host community. A review of the literature concerning tourism development and its effects on local communities forms the basis for the investigation of the reasons behind community based tourism (CBT) being identified as a tool for development in Namibia. An assessment of the planning and implementation phases of the CBT strategy enables consideration on the role played by international and national governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in laying down policies and providing proactive support for CBT related projects. This paper presents the results of an ongoing empirical research conducted since 2003 in the Kunene region of Namibia, which is an important part of the overall Namibian tourism destination, with world-renowned resources such as Etosha National Park, the Himba culture, Epupa Falls, the desert-adapted elephant and the rhino, to name just a few. By attempting an overall assessment of the Namibian current CBT situation, a set of considerations are offered with regard to its practicalities and in terms of benefits, problems and future outlooks for this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study illustrates how neighbouring countries (Angola and Namibia) can collaborate on an EIA for a project on a shared river (the Cunene), which is also their common boundary. The case study was also highly controversial, and thus illustrates the tensions that can result from a process that is charged with emotion and where stakeholders adopt entrenched positions from the start. Although the project has not been implemented, the EIA had a considerable and fundamental role in the decision-making process with regard to which dam site to pursue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional park and reserve selection techniques that rely exclusively on expert assessment can marginalize local knowledge and values in the review process. Using survey data from the Otways region of Victoria, Australia, we present a method that differentiates between public and private lands using locally perceived landscape values. The results are used to assess prospective national park expansion areas. Two data models of mapped landscape values - vector and raster - were analysed using discriminant analysis to classify and predict land status. Results indicate survey respondents hold more indirect and less tangible values for national parks and reserves, and more direct use values for private lands. There was moderate agreement between public and expert-derived national park boundaries. The mapping of local landscape values appears useful in planning and reviewing public land classifications, and when combined with biological assessments, can strengthen protected areas planning and management in Australia and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for measuring and analysing tourism and residential development options using survey research techniques that spatially locate public-perceived landscape values and development preferences. Using survey data from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, landscape values and preferences for tourism development are analysed to determine the relative strength of landscape values as predictors of place-specific development preferences. Results indicate that tourism development preferences are most closely associated with recreation, economic and scenic landscape values whereas residential development preferences are most closely associated with recreation, economic and learning values. Preferences for ‘no development’ are most closely associated with wilderness, therapeutic and intrinsic landscape values. A simple development index is generated from the spatial data that ranges from positive (acceptable development) to negative (no development) values. The potential benefits of the method for land-use planning processes are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the European Union, the tourism issues facing many peripheral areas are similar to those elsewhere in the world. Beginning in the late 1980s, the emphasis of thinking in the Union moved away from large automatic grants to attract inward investment projects, towards small firms and indigenous development. As party to this thinking, tourism SMEs have been assigned an important role in the process of regional convergence. While investment subsidies remain a key instrument, they have been supplemented by technical support to tailor assistance to the needs of the individual firm. The latter aspect is an important plank in Swedish regional policy, which sees investing in human competencies as the core to innovative development at the local level. This paper examines the progress and the outcomes of a four-year programme to upgrade the level of business skills in eight tourism SMEs, which are located in the sparsely populated regions of northern Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional survey research measures attributes such as opinions, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms, and preferences. Few public surveys have attempted to map perceived spatial attributes of places and landscapes, a subject of increasing importance to environmental and natural resource management. For the past 5 years, this researcher has included spatial measures of landscape values and attributes in five separate surveys of the general public in Alaska (1998-2003). This article reviews the spatial data collection rationale behind these studies, design concepts, methods, and implementation issues when administering a general public survey that includes a spatial mapping component. A research framework for using landscape values and spatial measures in GIS planning applications is presented, including suitability analysis, gap analysis, and hot-spot identification. Spatial measure ambiguity and survey response rates will require future research attention. The mapping of psychometric attributes of place through survey research remains a field open to active inquiry and experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In remote areas, wild-fires often must be controlled by applying fire-retardants and suppressants dropped from small aircraft. However, impacts of these chemicals on natural stream ecosystems are poorly known. Unintentional aerial application of fire-fighting chemicals (Phos-Chek WD-881 and ForExspan S) onto two small streams during a natural wildfire on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, provided an opportunity to study the short-term effects on water chemistry and aquatic invertebrates. Within 2 weeks of application, samples of water and macroinvertebrates were collected from sites upstream of the application point, within the zone of application, and downstream where burning had been controlled on two streams. Three sites on a reference stream in the same sub-catchment that had been burned by the same fire but without application of fire-suppressants were also sampled. All sites were resampled three months later (within two weeks of the first flushing rains). There were no marked differences in water quality among the sites on the reference stream but in one of the impacted streams where flow had ceased before the fire, dissolved and total phosphorus concentrations were elevated at the site where the fire-suppressants were applied. Phosphorus concentrations were reduced 2–3-fold at this site after brief flushing by rain. Conversely, dissolved and total N and P concentrations at the other impacted stream that flowed permanently did not differ among the sites and there was no evidence for persistent changes to water quality from the applied fire-suppressant foams. Taxon richness was higher at the application and downstream sites than at upstream sites in the two impacted streams. There were also no discernible effects of the fire-suppressants on macroinvertebrate assemblage composition or taxon richness within the two streams two weeks after the chemical application or soon after flushing rains. Assemblage composition in the temporary stream was significantly different from that in the reference and the other impacted stream but also appeared unaffected by the fire-suppressants. The lack of impact on resident stream macroinvertebrates may result partly from their inherent high tolerance to the harsh physical and chemical conditions of these streams, many of which typically cease flow in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses some of the possibilities of adopting an alternative approach to institutions in the study of global environmental governance (GEG). Analysis of the regime approach to GEG; Information on John Searle's theory of institutions; Definition of governance institutions.

This paper analyses the NGO campaign against the proposed development of the Okavango Delta in 1990, and the subsequent policy change by the Botswana government. Four explanatory factors are explored: the democratic attributes of the domestic political context; the internationalisation of the issue; the complementary role of different NGOs; and the relative lack of impact on major economic stakeholders. The limitations of the campaign are noted in relation to more recent developments. We conclude that confrontation and collaboration can complement each other. Framing environmental issues as international, mobilising communities and facilitating participation, and providing independent technical expertise, are all important NGO activities. However, whereas in 1990 these were carried out in opposition to government, nowadays they are likely to be undertaken in a co-operative framework of international agreements. NGOs may thereby gain more political space, but be in danger of co-option. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines the chronology of reserve selection in South Australia in the context of changing social, political and economic attitudes. The effect of these changing attitudes on reserve selection in South Australia is assessed in the light of the principles of a comprehensive, adequate and representative (CAR) National Reserve System. The outcome of reserve selection in South Australia is the establishment of a vast network of reserves in the arid regions and many fragmented and small reserves in the agricultural regions. It is likely that the remnant ecological system in the agricultural regions is not representative of the regional environmental diversity and that land clearance has precluded the establishment of a CAR reserve system in South Australia. The rate of reserve selection for nature conservation has decreased over the past decade as the opportunities for reserve acquisition decrease. It is concluded that large-scale and strategic revegetation will be required to facilitate a CAR reserve system in South Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilderness conservation has a checkered history in Australian politics. Initially, wilderness was protected in national parks, and specific areas or legislation did not exist. In the 1960s, wilderness conservation became an important issue in Australian politics. Pressure from environmental groups and the general public created several conflicts. Several successes were scored by the joint efforts of interest groups, the public, charismatic individuals, the media, and support of governments and politicians. A number of areas were declared wilderness areas and several states now have wilderness protected through legislation. The 1990s have not been as good as the previous decades for wilderness. Large forest areas are still being cleared and bias toward consumptive use of forest by governments is emerging. Clearly, wilderness protection in Australia is intensely political. It is important that interest groups maintain pressure to protect future wilderness. Efforts to obtain national legislation for wilderness and to couch wilderness in terms of other aspects such as biodiversity and ecosystems values may prove necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Article 3 of the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties committed themselves to 'the protection of the Antarctic environment and the intrinsic value of Antarctica, including its wilderness and aesthetic values.' The phraseology of the Protocol requires clarification. 'Wilderness and aesthetic values' links two disparate concepts, best handled by separation. Annex V, Article 3, of the Protocol covers many topics, and their assessment must be by a composite of frameworks specifically designed for the different purposes set out in the Annex. A working definition of wilderness in the Antarctic is suggested: 'Any part of the Antarctic in which neither permanent habitation nor any other permanent evidence of present or past human presence is visible.' Using this, a very high proportion of the continent will be recognised as having wilderness status. The phrase 'aesthetic values' should be seen as part of a wider process -- Landscape Character Assessment -- that is at present unknown to most in the Antarctic community. It is based on the principle of objective description and classification of landscape character. This basic characterisation can then be put to different uses, one of which may be to make more subjective judgements or evaluations that lead to area designations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of articles on urban planning. History of cities and regions; Land use controls; Health, education and social services; Community and neighborhood development.

The negative impacts of tourism development are increasing environmental problems related to the destruction of the global environment, calling on scholars and practitioners to look more at the relationship between people and place. In this concern, place attachment has attracted wide interest, especially from environmental psychologists, to investigate this relationship. This paper presents different approaches to analyze place attachment and related concepts to determine pro-environmental behavior in tourism consumption. It identifies critical gaps in the literature and extends existing theoretical frameworks by considering additional factors, and the entire process from input (participation), through mediations (attachment, meanings, satisfaction) to output (behavior). It reviews the definition of place attachment and essential place-related concepts and outlines why the suggested framework is necessary to extend the current body of research in people–place relationships. It also broadly evaluates current scales and measurement models of constructs included and the structural model of this framework, thereby making recommendations relevant for subsequent empirical research. Finally, contributions to theory, limitations, and suggestions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian and American wildland preservation systems began at the end of the nine teenth century and have evolved legally and philosophically along parallel but different courses . The Russian scientific / preservationist community worked within a totalitarian , corporatist state , which resulted in the research - oriented zapovednik system of preserves . The American romantic / preservationist movement worked within the confines and liberties of a democratic , pluralist society , which resulted in the recreation - oriented wilderness system . The authors propose that the two systems remained fundamentally distinct from 1919 until the 1970s , but since the mid 1970s , the policy goals and content of the two nations have been converging . This analysis describes convergence theory , reviews the history of zapovednik and wilderness policy , presents the evidence of convergence , and then explains the processes of convergence in protected area policy . The authors conclude that con vergence theory helps policy analysts understand the process of two dissimilar countries adopting similar policy goals and content . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars from backgrounds in philosophy, economics and psychology have described the complexity of values and their role in natural resource policy and management. Using a multidisciplinary hermeneutic approach and semi-structured interviews, we investigate the relationship between statements of willingness to pay fees for wilderness use and descriptions of spiritual and intrinsic wilderness values. Specifically, we sought to understand if, in the mind of the wilderness user, spiritual and intrinsic values are adequately reflected in statements of willingness to pay fees. Our findings provide empirical evidence for an incongruity between the understandings of value presented by economists and the narratives of wilderness users. Furthermore, our findings show the possibility of simultaneous pragmatic support for wilderness fees and conceptual disapproval of treating die wilderness as a commodity'. This indicates a need for further research regarding the relationships between willingness to pay and multiple wilderness values so that the design and implementation of wilderness fee programs can achieve cost recovery without offending users who disapprove of commodifying the wilderness resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the use of spatial scarcity approach in the evaluation of wilderness. Ability of the approach to account for the organization of land use; Existing approaches to evaluating wilderness; Application of spatial scarcity.