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Additional file 6. Mediation models with additional control for baseline material conditions. Results of mediation models with additional control for baseline material conditions are presented, the rationale for running these models is elaborated upon, and differences in results from the models presented in the main text are described and interpreted.

Additional file 9. Detailed results of the meta-analyses using partial correlation coefficients. This file contains the complete output of the random-effects meta-analysis (main and secondary analysis) using partial correlation coefficients.

Additional file 2. Definition of variables on income and area deprivation. This file contains details of how the variables on income and area deprivation were defined.

Additional file 2. Overview of variables included in the analyses. A table containing all variables used in the analyses, including the description, year, survey question, and possible answer choices is presented.

Additional file 1. Details about the GLOBE sample selection. In this additional file, the GLOBE sampling strategy and selection are described in detail.

Additional file 6. Equity-specific baseline MVPA levels. This file contains information on equity-specific baseline MVPA levels (main and secondary analysis).

Additional file 3. Full overview of direct and indirect effects estimated in the mediation models. Results including the estimated indirect effects through the sequence of mediators, total indirect effects, direct effects, and total effects for each of the two hypotheses investigated in the study are presented in this additional file.

Additional file 7. General and equity-specific intervention effects. This file contains the results of the general, gender-, and education-specific intervention effect analysis at T1 derived from the minimally adjusted models as well as the results of the secondary and sensitivity analyses on general and equity-specific intervention effects.

Additional file 1. Characteristics of intervention studies included in the collaboration. This file contains a table in which characteristics of the included intervention studies are summarized.

Additional file 5. Equity-specific dropout. This file contains the results of the secondary analysis on equity-specific dropout.

Background: More recent birth cohorts are at a higher depression risk than cohorts born in the early twentieth century. We aimed to investigate to what extent changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity and obesity, contribute to these birth cohort variations. Methods: We analyzed panel data from US adults born 1916-1966 enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study (N=163,760 person-years). We performed a counterfactual decomposition analysis by combining age-period-cohort models with g-computation. This allowed us to compare the predicted probability of elevated depressive symptoms (CES-D 8 score ≥3) in the natural course to a counterfactual scenario where all birth cohorts had the health behavior of the 1945 birth cohort. We stratified analyses by sex and race/ethnicity. Results: Depression risk of the 1916-1949 and 1950-1966 birth cohort would be on average 2% (-2.3 to -1.7) and 0.5% (-0.9 to -0.1) higher had they had the alcohol consumption levels of the 1945 cohort. In the counterfactual with the 1945 BMI distribution, depression risk is on average 2.1% (1.8 to 2.4) higher for the 1916-1940 cohorts and 1.8% (-2.2 to -1.5) lower for the 1950-1966 cohorts. We find no cohort variations in depression risk for smoking and physical activity. The contribution of alcohol is more pronounced for Whites than for other race/ethnicity groups, and the contribution of BMI more pronounced for women than for men. Conclusion: Increased obesity levels exacerbated depression risk in recent birth cohorts in the US, while drinking patterns only played a minor role.

Additional file 3. Results of Risk of Bias assessment. This file contains the detailed results of the risk of bias assessment.

Additional file 5. Mediation models without control for baseline health behavior. Results of mediation models without control for baseline health behavior are presented, and differences in results from the models presented in the main text are described and interpreted.

Additional file 8. Detailed results of the meta-analyses using raw coefficients. This file contains the complete output of the random-effects meta-analysis (main and secondary analysis) using raw coefficients.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Rotated factor loadings of individual perceptions of neighborhood social factors (N = 1092). Table S2. Linear regression analysis of the individual perceptions of social neighborhood factors with mental health in older adults (N = 1255). Table S3. Mediation analysis between the neighborhood age composition and mental health in older adults of individual perceptions of neighborhood social factors (N = 1255). Table S4. Sensitivity analysis: Mediation analysis between the neighborhood age composition and mental health in older adults of individual perceptions of neighborhood social factors without neighborhood income as a confounder (N = 1255).

Additional file 4. Equity-specific intervention adherence. This file contains the detailed results of the equity-specific intervention adherence analyses (main and secondary analysis).